CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Officer–involved domestic violence - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"24ae60dc-1214-4597-a5d2-8c71ef579d69","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Officer–involved_domestic_violence","wgTitle":"Officer–involved domestic violence","wgCurRevisionId":1259343206,"wgRevisionId":1259343206,"wgArticleId":76097966,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description with empty Wikidata description","Orphaned articles from August 2024","All orphaned articles","Articles with limited geographic scope from November 2024","United States-centric","Domestic violence","Crimes committed by law enforcement"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Officer–involved_domestic_violence", "wgRelevantArticleId":76097966,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Officer_Involved_Domestic_Violence","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false, "wgWikibaseItemId":"Q126901197","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP", "ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Officer–involved domestic violence - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Officer–involved_domestic_violence rootpage-Officer–involved_domestic_violence skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Officer%E2%80%93involved+domestic+violence" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Officer%E2%80%93involved+domestic+violence" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Officer%E2%80%93involved+domestic+violence" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Officer%E2%80%93involved+domestic+violence" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History_&_Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_&_Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History & Research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_&_Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History & Research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_&_Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1991_Congressional_Hearing_"On_the_Front_Lines:_Police_Stress_and_Family_Well-being"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1991_Congressional_Hearing_"On_the_Front_Lines:_Police_Stress_and_Family_Well-being""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1991 Congressional Hearing "On the Front Lines: Police Stress and Family Well-being"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1991_Congressional_Hearing_"On_the_Front_Lines:_Police_Stress_and_Family_Well-being"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1994_Violence_Against_Women_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1994_Violence_Against_Women_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1994 Violence Against Women Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1994_Violence_Against_Women_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1996_Domestic_Violence_Offender_Gun_Ban" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1996_Domestic_Violence_Offender_Gun_Ban"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1996 Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1996_Domestic_Violence_Offender_Gun_Ban-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1997_Report_on_Domestic_Violence_in_the_Los_Angeles_Police_Department" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1997_Report_on_Domestic_Violence_in_the_Los_Angeles_Police_Department"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1997 Report on Domestic Violence in the Los Angeles Police Department</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1997_Report_on_Domestic_Violence_in_the_Los_Angeles_Police_Department-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1998_FBI_Conference_on_Domestic_Violence_by_Police_Officers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1998_FBI_Conference_on_Domestic_Violence_by_Police_Officers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1998 FBI Conference on Domestic Violence by Police Officers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1998_FBI_Conference_on_Domestic_Violence_by_Police_Officers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1999_International_Association_of_Chiefs_of_Police_Model_Policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1999_International_Association_of_Chiefs_of_Police_Model_Policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>1999 International Association of Chiefs of Police Model Policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1999_International_Association_of_Chiefs_of_Police_Model_Policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Notable Cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Officer–involved domestic violence</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q126901197#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence&oldid=1259343206" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence&id=1259343206&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOfficer%25E2%2580%2593involved_domestic_violence"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOfficer%25E2%2580%2593involved_domestic_violence"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q126901197" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Officer_Involved_Domestic_Violence&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer Involved Domestic Violence">Officer Involved Domestic Violence</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Domestic violence committed by law enforcement officers</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Orphan plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Orphan" role="presentation" style="display: none"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan" title="Wikipedia:Orphan">orphan</a>, as no other articles <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence&namespace=0">link to it</a></b>. Please <a href="/wiki/Help:Link" title="Help:Link">introduce links</a> to this page from <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Officer%E2%80%93involved+domestic+violence&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Officer%E2%80%93involved+domestic+violence">related articles</a></span>; try the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence">Find link tool</a> for suggestions. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Officer_Involved_Domestic_Violence#US-centric_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Talk:Officer Involved Domestic Violence">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Officer–involved domestic violence (OIDV)</b> is <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intimate_partner_violence" title="Intimate partner violence">intimate partner violence</a> committed by <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_officer" title="Law enforcement officer">law enforcement officers</a> against their marital or intimate partners, <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">children</a>, and cohabitating and non-cohabitating family members. OIDV is characterized as "<a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual</a>, emotional, <a href="/wiki/Economic_abuse" title="Economic abuse">economic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">psychological</a>, technological actions, and/or threats of actions or other patterns of coercive behavior that influence another person" including "any behaviors that intimidate, manipulate, humiliate, isolate, frighten, terrorize, coerce, threaten, blame, hurt, injure, or wound someone"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with whom the officer has a intimate or familial relationship with. </p><p>Officer–involved domestic violence is exacerbated by the law enforcement officer's exposure to violence at work, alcohol abuse, identity and culture of authoritarianism and coercive force amongst police, and access to firearms.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OIDV is difficult to collect empirical data on, prevent, and prosecute due to the <a href="/wiki/Blue_wall_of_silence" title="Blue wall of silence">blue wall of silence</a>, victims' belief in the "<a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">omnipotence</a> of the abuser,"<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officer offender's training of coercive tactics, knowledge of the law and court system, access to surveillance technology, and unwillingness to investigate and charge officers with domestic violence which would prevent them from possessing a firearm under the <a href="/wiki/Domestic_Violence_Offender_Gun_Ban" title="Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban">Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_&_Research"><span id="History_.26_Research"></span>History & Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History & Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1991_Congressional_Hearing_"On_the_Front_Lines:_Police_Stress_and_Family_Well-being""><span id="1991_Congressional_Hearing_.22On_the_Front_Lines:_Police_Stress_and_Family_Well-being.22"></span>1991 Congressional Hearing "On the Front Lines: Police Stress and Family Well-being"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1991 Congressional Hearing "On the Front Lines: Police Stress and Family Well-being""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conducted by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Representatives_Select_Committee_on_Children,_Youth,_and_Families&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Representatives Select Committee on Children, Youth, and Families (page does not exist)">House of Representatives Select Committee on Children, Youth, and Families</a> on May 20, 1991 in Washington, D.C., this hearing offered testimony from professionals from police employment agencies, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police officers</a> and spouses, police chiefs, psychologists from the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>, and professors specializing in family welfare and workplace violence.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such professor, Leonor Boulin-Johnson testified that, while conducting a study of 728 officers and 479 spouses, one "officer dedicated to our efforts committed suicide, two women officers shot their husbands, a male officer killed his estranged wife and dozens of spouses in stable marriages shared with us heart rendering testimonies about their work-family tensions and hardships."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson's study attributed OIDV to workplace stress, alcohol abuse, and the "perceived requirements of the job-rugged individualism, authoritativeness, and emotional detachment."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her study found that 77 percent of spouses reported stress from the workplace, 36 percent of officers reported fear about their alcohol use, 40 percent of officers "stated that in the last six months prior to the survey they had gotten out of control and behaved violently towards their spouse and children" while only 10 percent of spouses reported recent spousal or child abuse, and that rates of violence increased with number of years on the force.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1994_Violence_Against_Women_Act">1994 <a href="/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act" title="Violence Against Women Act">Violence Against Women Act</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1994 Violence Against Women Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Signed into federal law on September 13, 1994 by President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) established domestic violence as "'criminal behavior' and a national crime problem, created federal law which "revised and expanded protections for women against violent crime," established grant programs for "state and local government for law enforcement, prosecution, and victim services in violent crimes against women" and battered women's shelters community programs on domestic violence, rural domestic violence, and child abuse enforcement," and created the "<a href="/wiki/National_Domestic_Violence_Hotline" title="National Domestic Violence Hotline">national domestic violence telephone hotline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>" Additionally, the VAWA created a provision that any offender subject to a Domestic Violence <a href="/wiki/Restraining_order" title="Restraining order">Restraining Order</a> is prohibited from possession of firearms.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act was reauthorized in 2000, 2005, 2013, and 2022 to expand the provisions to include stalking, support for the <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBTQ</a> community, and procedures for tribal justice against Native American women.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1996_Domestic_Violence_Offender_Gun_Ban">1996 <a href="/wiki/Domestic_Violence_Offender_Gun_Ban" title="Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban">Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1996 Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also referred to as the "Lautenberg Amendment," named for its sponsor Senator <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lautenberg" title="Frank Lautenberg">Frank Lautenberg</a> (D-NJ), the Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban was enacted by Congress in conjunction with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omnibus_Consolidated_Appropriations_Act_of_1997&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act of 1997 (page does not exist)">Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act of 1997</a>. The amendment expanded the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Gun_Control_Act_of_1968" title="Gun Control Act of 1968">1968 Gun Control Act</a>, which prohibited those convicted of a felony domestic violence charge or subject to a protective order from owning or possessing a firearm, to include those convicted of minority domestic violence charges and contained broad directives for removal of firearms from individuals deemed to be a danger to themselves or others.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This provision laid the legal groundwork for later risk-based gun removal laws also commonly known as "<a href="/wiki/Red_flag_law" title="Red flag law">red flag laws.</a>" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1997_Report_on_Domestic_Violence_in_the_Los_Angeles_Police_Department">1997 Report on Domestic Violence in the Los Angeles Police Department</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1997 Report on Domestic Violence in the Los Angeles Police Department"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the 1991 beating of African-American <a href="/wiki/Rodney_King" title="Rodney King">Rodney King</a> on camera by <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department" title="Los Angeles Police Department">Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD)</a>, investigative reports of LAPD conduct were performed, and one of the resulting reforms was the creation of the LAPD Inspector General's office.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first person to hold this office was Katherine Mader, and in 1997 she conducted a formal investigation of incidents of OIDV by LAPD officers, at the request of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_Council" title="Los Angeles City Council">Los Angeles City Council</a>. Of the 225 cases she was able to identify, occurring between 1990-1997, 30 percent of officers with complaints of OIDV were able to be promoted, and "repeat offenders on the force accounted for 31 percent of all domestic violence complaints in the department," while only 40 percent of all accusations resulted in written warnings or terminations. Of such punishments, Mader's report identified cases where an officer was "drunk in public, assaulting his wife, fleeing an accident and failing to have his car insured" which resulted in a 10 day suspension, as well as another officer who "was found by the department to have raped his girlfriend" and "received only an 'official reprimand,' and later that same year, "received another official reprimand after "inserting a 9-millimeter handgun into girlfriend's vagina without her consent."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mader later "quit in frustration" citing limitations to what data she was allowed to have access to, and “was even instructed that she could not speak to the civilian Police Commission that manages the department, but instead could report only to its executive director.”<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1998_FBI_Conference_on_Domestic_Violence_by_Police_Officers">1998 FBI Conference on Domestic Violence by Police Officers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1998 FBI Conference on Domestic Violence by Police Officers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1998, then Supervisory Special Agent of the <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_Science_Unit" title="Behavioral Science Unit">Behavioral Science Unit</a> at the FBI Donald C. Sheehan presented a report to the Bureau titled "Domestic Violence by Police Officers."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report presented additional evidence which supported Johnson's 1991 claims, with 41 percent of officers, majority male, reporting recent incidents of domestic violence and a further 8 percent reporting "'severe' physical aggression including choking, strangling, and/or the use or threatened use of a knife or gun."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally studies presented cited a 29 increase in OIDV cases in the past 24 months, with more than 45 percent of departments having no official policy for dealing with the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Sheehan's presentation identified that "if a police officer batters himself, his ability to conduct an objective investigation of the problem in other cases decreases," which leads to under-enforcement of domestic violence laws, underutilization of protective measures, and an increased "risk for use of <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">excessive force</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1999_International_Association_of_Chiefs_of_Police_Model_Policy">1999 International Association of Chiefs of Police Model Policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1999 International Association of Chiefs of Police Model Policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Developed after four 1997 national summits hosted by police departments in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City, NY</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana" title="Evansville, Indiana">Evansville</a>, IN, <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University, NC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a>, the model for department policy on OIDV was released by the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Chiefs_of_Police" title="International Association of Chiefs of Police">International Association of Chiefs of Police</a> (IACP) in 1999. Beyond defining the scope of the issue, the IACP policy model has components related to "prevention, education, and training," including "early warning and intervention" tactics such as hiring screening and hierarchal responses from supervisors of abusive officers, "incident response protocols" including "securing the scene and collecting evidence," "ensuring an arrest is made where probable cause exists," "removing weapons in the event of an arrest," and "post-incident administrative and criminal decisions," including a recommendation that "if an officer is found guilty of domestic violence through the administrative investigation" or convicted for a domestic violence crime, "the officer's police powers must be revoked."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IACP revised the protocols in 2003 after notable OIDV cases to be identified below. The IACP model policy is only present in 10 states, and OIDV recognized as a specialized issue in 9 others, without any specific policy, and the model is considered a guideline, not reflective of any binding legal directive upon departments.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Cases">Notable Cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notable Cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>On April 26, 2003 in <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma, WA</a>, Police Chief David Brame murdered his wife Crystal using a firearm, at a shopping mall in the presence of their two young kids, and then committed suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abuse was long-term, including threats and previous strangulation. The case and the media attention surrounding it caused the IACP to issue a revised policy of their earlier model<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the federal government passed a law in 2005 which provided grants for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crystal_Judson_Brame_Domestic_Violence_Protocol_Program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crystal Judson Brame Domestic Violence Protocol Program (page does not exist)">Crystal Judson Brame Domestic Violence Protocol Program</a> for widespread training and policy development.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In September 2010, Michelle O' Connell died after a gunshot wound which was reported to 911 by her boyfriend Jeremy Banks, then deputy sheriff for <a href="/wiki/St._Johns_County,_Florida" title="St. Johns County, Florida">St. Johns County</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine, FL</a>. Banks claimed that O'Connell had committed suicide with his semiautomatic duty firearm, which was found next to her body. Banks, who had been drinking, was removed from the home and told to sober up.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sheriff investigating the incident chose to handle the investigation internally rather than call independent investigators. During the course of the investigation, forensic evidence was left untested, and reports from witnesses about domestic violence committed by Banks were disregarded. The medical examiner initially cited cause of death as suicide but was forced to change his finding to homicide after a <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frontline_(American_TV_program)" title="Frontline (American TV program)">Frontline</a> investigation, which resulted special investigators from the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Department_of_Law_Enforcement" title="Florida Department of Law Enforcement">Florida Department of Law Enforcement</a> re-examining the case, finding additional witnesses to the domestic violence. The Florida governor "appointed a special prosecutor, who ultimately decided there was insufficient evidence to prosecute and closed the case."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case was covered in a 2014 episode Frontline titled "A Death in St. Augustine."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/ovw/domestic-violence">"Domestic Violence"</a>. <i>Office on Violence Against Women (OVW), U.S. Department of Justice</i>. December 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+on+Violence+Against+Women+%28OVW%29%2C+U.S.+Department+of+Justice&rft.atitle=Domestic+Violence&rft.date=2023-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fovw%2Fdomestic-violence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficer%E2%80%93involved+domestic+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStinson,_Sr.Liederbach2012" class="citation journal cs1">Stinson, Sr., Phillip Matthew; Liederbach, John (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/0887403412453837">"Fox in the Henhouse: A Study of Police Officers Arrested for Crimes Associated With Domestic and/or Family Violence"</a>. <i>Criminal Justice Policy Review</i>. <b>24</b> (5): 603–605. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0887403412453837">10.1177/0887403412453837</a> – via SAGE Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Criminal+Justice+Policy+Review&rft.atitle=Fox+in+the+Henhouse%3A+A+Study+of+Police+Officers+Arrested+for+Crimes+Associated+With+Domestic+and%2For+Family+Violence&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=603-605&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0887403412453837&rft.aulast=Stinson%2C+Sr.&rft.aufirst=Phillip+Matthew&rft.au=Liederbach%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fepub%2F10.1177%2F0887403412453837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficer%E2%80%93involved+domestic+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁvila2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ávila, Alejandra (July 1, 2015). "When the Batterer Wears a Badge: Regulating Officer-Involved Domestic Violence as a Line-of-Duty Crime". <i>American Journal of Criminal Law</i>. <b>42</b> (3): 217–219.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Criminal+Law&rft.atitle=When+the+Batterer+Wears+a+Badge%3A+Regulating+Officer-Involved+Domestic+Violence+as+a+Line-of-Duty+Crime&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=217-219&rft.date=2015-07-01&rft.aulast=%C3%81vila&rft.aufirst=Alejandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficer%E2%80%93involved+domestic+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED338997.pdf">"On the Front Lines: Police Stress and Family Well-Being. Hearing before the Select Committee on Children, Youth, and Families. House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, First Session. Printed for the Use of the Select Committee on Children, Youth, and Families"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Education Resources Information Center. May 20, 1991. pp. 37–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+Front+Lines%3A+Police+Stress+and+Family+Well-Being.+Hearing+before+the+Select+Committee+on+Children%2C+Youth%2C+and+Families.+House+of+Representatives%2C+One+Hundred+Second+Congress%2C+First+Session.+Printed+for+the+Use+of+the+Select+Committee+on+Children%2C+Youth%2C+and+Families.&rft.pages=37-53&rft.pub=Education+Resources+Information+Center&rft.date=1991-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.eric.ed.gov%2Ffulltext%2FED338997.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficer%E2%80%93involved+domestic+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolz1999" class="citation journal cs1">Stolz, Barbara Ann (September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epdf/10.1177/088740349901000304">"Congress, Symbolic Politics, and the Evolution of 1994 "Violence Against Women Act"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Criminal Justice Policy Review</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 401–408. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F088740349901000304">10.1177/088740349901000304</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0887-4034">0887-4034</a> – via SAGE Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Criminal+Justice+Policy+Review&rft.atitle=Congress%2C+Symbolic+Politics%2C+and+the+Evolution+of+1994+%22Violence+Against+Women+Act%22&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=401-408&rft.date=1999-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F088740349901000304&rft.issn=0887-4034&rft.aulast=Stolz&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fepdf%2F10.1177%2F088740349901000304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficer%E2%80%93involved+domestic+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atf.gov/file/58781/download">"PROTECTION ORDERS AND FEDERAL FIREARMS PROHIBITIONS"</a>. <i>atf.gov</i>. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives. September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=atf.gov&rft.atitle=PROTECTION+ORDERS+AND+FEDERAL+FIREARMS+PROHIBITIONS&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atf.gov%2Ffile%2F58781%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficer%E2%80%93involved+domestic+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nnedv.org/content/violence-against-women-act/#:~:text=The%20Violence%20Against%20Women%20Act,assault%2C%20dating%20violence%20and%20stalking">"Violence Against Women Act"</a>. <i>nnedv.org</i>. National Network to End Domestic Violence. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nnedv.org&rft.atitle=Violence+Against+Women+Act&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnnedv.org%2Fcontent%2Fviolence-against-women-act%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520Violence%2520Against%2520Women%2520Act%2Cassault%252C%2520dating%2520violence%2520and%2520stalking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficer%E2%80%93involved+domestic+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/archives/jm/criminal-resource-manual-1117-restrictions-possession-firearms-individuals-convicted">"1117. Restrictions on the Possession of Firearms by Individuals Convicted of a Misdemeanor Crime of Domestic Violence"</a>. <i>Criminal Resource Manual</i>. U.S. Department of Justice. July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Criminal+Resource+Manual&rft.atitle=1117.+Restrictions+on+the+Possession+of+Firearms+by+Individuals+Convicted+of+a+Misdemeanor+Crime+of+Domestic+Violence&rft.date=2013-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Farchives%2Fjm%2Fcriminal-resource-manual-1117-restrictions-possession-firearms-individuals-convicted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficer%E2%80%93involved+domestic+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChemerinsky2000" class="citation journal cs1">Chemerinsky, Erwin (Winter 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1684&context=faculty_scholarship">"Learning the Wrong Lessons from History: Why There Must Be an Independent Counsel Law"</a>. <i>Widener Law Symposium</i>. <b>5</b>: 8 – via Duke Law Scholarship Repository.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Widener+Law+Symposium&rft.atitle=Learning+the+Wrong+Lessons+from+History%3A+Why+There+Must+Be+an+Independent+Counsel+Law&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Chemerinsky&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.duke.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1684%26context%3Dfaculty_scholarship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficer%E2%80%93involved+domestic+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLait1997" class="citation news cs1">Lait, Matt (July 20, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-jul-20-mn-14630-story.html">"LAPD Abuse Probes of Its Officers Called Lax"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=LAPD+Abuse+Probes+of+Its+Officers+Called+Lax&rft.date=1997-07-20&rft.aulast=Lait&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1997-jul-20-mn-14630-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficer%E2%80%93involved+domestic+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheehan2000" class="citation book cs1">Sheehan, Donald C. (2000). <i>Domestic Violence by Police Officers</i>. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 1–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-050295-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-050295-0"><bdi>0-16-050295-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domestic+Violence+by+Police+Officers&rft.pages=1-9&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-16-050295-0&rft.aulast=Sheehan&rft.aufirst=Donald+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficer%E2%80%93involved+domestic+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/181409.pdf">"Police Officer Domestic Violence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Department of Justice. April 1, 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Police+Officer+Domestic+Violence&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Justice&rft.date=1999-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ojp.gov%2Fpdffiles1%2Fnij%2Fgrants%2F181409.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficer%E2%80%93involved+domestic+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theiacp.org/sites/default/files/all/d-e/DomesticViolencebyPolicePolicy.pdf">"Domestic Violence by Police Officers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Association of Chiefs of Police. July 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Domestic+Violence+by+Police+Officers&rft.pub=International+Association+of+Chiefs+of+Police&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theiacp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fall%2Fd-e%2FDomesticViolencebyPolicePolicy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficer%E2%80%93involved+domestic+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/archive/ovw/docs/stop_%20formula_grant_program.pdf">"42 U.S.C.A. § 3796gg: Purpose of program and grants"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>justice.org</i>. U.S. Department of Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=justice.org&rft.atitle=42+U.S.C.A.+%C2%A7+3796gg%3A+Purpose+of+program+and+grants&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Farchive%2Fovw%2Fdocs%2Fstop_%2520formula_grant_program.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficer%E2%80%93involved+domestic+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoughanSilber2014" class="citation news cs1">Koughan, Frank; Silber, Glenn (November 26, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/death-in-st-augustine/">"A Death in St. Augustine"</a>. <i>PBS.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PBS.org&rft.atitle=A+Death+in+St.+Augustine&rft.date=2014-11-26&rft.aulast=Koughan&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Silber%2C+Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Ffrontline%2Fdocumentary%2Fdeath-in-st-augustine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOfficer%E2%80%93involved+domestic+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/21px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/42px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Officer–involved_domestic_violence&oldid=1259343206">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Officer–involved_domestic_violence&oldid=1259343206</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Domestic_violence" title="Category:Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crimes_committed_by_law_enforcement" title="Category:Crimes committed by law enforcement">Crimes committed by law enforcement</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description" title="Category:Short description with empty Wikidata description">Short description with empty Wikidata description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orphaned_articles_from_August_2024" title="Category:Orphaned articles from August 2024">Orphaned articles from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_orphaned_articles" title="Category:All orphaned articles">All orphaned articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_limited_geographic_scope_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles with limited geographic scope from November 2024">Articles with limited geographic scope from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States-centric" title="Category:United States-centric">United States-centric</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 17:30<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b8d669998-hjvwj","wgBackendResponseTime":142,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.297","walltime":"0.391","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1179,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":40373,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1974,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":59185,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 339.917 1 -total"," 31.88% 108.371 8 Template:Cite_web"," 22.99% 78.134 1 Template:Short_description"," 16.52% 56.154 2 Template:Ambox"," 16.43% 55.861 1 Template:Orphan"," 15.26% 51.880 2 Template:Pagetype"," 14.97% 50.869 1 Template:Draft_other"," 8.38% 28.501 1 Template:Portal_bar"," 6.03% 20.483 4 Template:Cite_journal"," 4.33% 14.720 2 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.196","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5225637,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-kdfbg","timestamp":"20241124173033","ttl":541771,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Officer\u2013involved domestic violence","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Officer%E2%80%93involved_domestic_violence","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q126901197","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q126901197","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2024-02-14T21:30:48Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T17:30:30Z"}</script> </body> </html>