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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fascist_regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Fascist regime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fascist_regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Exile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Secretary of the Italian Communist Party </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Secretary_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Secretary of the Italian Communist Party subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Salerno_Turn_and_national_unity_governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salerno_Turn_and_national_unity_governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Salerno Turn and national unity governments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salerno_Turn_and_national_unity_governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constituent_Assembly_and_1947_May_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constituent_Assembly_and_1947_May_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Constituent Assembly and 1947 May crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constituent_Assembly_and_1947_May_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_Democratic_Front_and_assassination_attempt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_Democratic_Front_and_assassination_attempt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Popular Democratic Front and assassination attempt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_Democratic_Front_and_assassination_attempt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s_and_1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s_and_1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 1950s and 1960s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s_and_1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Italian_Road_to_Socialism"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Italian_Road_to_Socialism""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 "Italian Road to Socialism" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Italian_Road_to_Socialism"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Death and funeral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Electoral history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Palmiro Togliatti</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" > 42 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="بالميرو تولياتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بالميرو تولياتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%96" title="Пальміра Тальяці – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пальміра Тальяці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Палмиро Толяти – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Палмиро Толяти" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Palmiro Togliatti" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Palmiro Togliatti" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Palmiro Togliatti" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Palmiro Togliatti" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Palmiro Togliatti" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%BF_%CE%A4%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Παλμίρο Τολιάτι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παλμίρο Τολιάτι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Palmiro Togliatti" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Palmiro Togliatti" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="پالمیرو تولیاتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پالمیرو تولیاتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Palmiro Togliatti" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%94%EB%AF%B8%EB%A1%9C_%ED%86%A8%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%ED%8B%B0" title="팔미로 톨리아티 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팔미로 톨리아티" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8_%D5%8F%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB" title="Պալմիրո Տոլյատի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պալմիրո Տոլյատի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Palmiro Togliatti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Palmiro Togliatti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Palmiro Togliatti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99" title="פלמירו טוליאטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלמירו טוליאטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Palmiro Togliatti" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%89" title="بالميرو تولياتى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بالميرو تولياتى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Palmiro Togliatti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Palmiro Togliatti" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3" title="パルミーロ・トリアッティ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パルミーロ・トリアッティ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Palmiro Togliatti" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80" title="ਪਾਮੀਰੋ ਤੋਗਲਿਆਤੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਮੀਰੋ ਤੋਗਲਿਆਤੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Palmiro Togliatti" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Palmiro Togliatti" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Palmiro Togliatti" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8,_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Тольятти, Пальмиро – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тольятти, Пальмиро" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Palmiro Togliatti" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Palmiro Togliatti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%86_%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="پالمیرۆ تۆلیاتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پالمیرۆ تۆلیاتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%99%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Палмиро Тољати – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Палмиро Тољати" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Palmiro Togliatti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Palmiro Togliatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Palmiro Togliatti" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Palmiro Togliatti" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Leader of the Italian Communist Party (1893–1964)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Palmiro Togliatti</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Palmiro_Togliatti_Official_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Palmiro_Togliatti_Official_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Palmiro_Togliatti_Official_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Palmiro_Togliatti_Official_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="380" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party" title="List of secretaries of the Italian Communist Party">General Secretary of the Italian Communist Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office May 1938 – August 1964</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Grieco" title="Ruggero Grieco">Ruggero Grieco</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Longo" title="Luigi Longo">Luigi Longo</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office November 1926 – January 1934</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Grieco" title="Ruggero Grieco">Ruggero Grieco</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Italy)" title="Minister of Justice (Italy)">Minister of Grace and Justice</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 21 June 1945 – 1 July 1946</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Tupini" title="Umberto Tupini">Umberto Tupini</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fausto_Gullo" title="Fausto Gullo">Fausto Gullo</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Italy">Deputy Prime Minister of Italy</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 12 December 1944 – 21 June 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ivanoe_Bonomi" title="Ivanoe Bonomi">Ivanoe Bonomi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself (June 1944)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manlio_Brosio" title="Manlio Brosio">Manlio Brosio</a> <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Nenni" title="Pietro Nenni">Pietro Nenni</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 24 April 1944 – 18 June 1944</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Pietro Badoglio</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself Giulio Rodinò (December 1944)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">Minister without portfolio</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 24 April 1944 – 12 June 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Pietro Badoglio</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivanoe_Bonomi" title="Ivanoe Bonomi">Ivanoe Bonomi</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 8 May 1948 – 21 August 1964</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rome%E2%80%93Viterbo%E2%80%93Latina%E2%80%93Frosinone_constituency_(1946%E2%80%931994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome–Viterbo–Latina–Frosinone constituency (1946–1994)">Rome</a> (1948–1953; 1958–1964) <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">Italy at-large</a> (1953–1958)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy" title="Constituent Assembly of Italy">Constituent Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 25 June 1946 – 31 January 1948</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data">Italy at-large</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Palmiro Michele Nicola Togliatti</div> (1893-03-26)26 March 1893 <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 August 1964(1964-08-21) (aged 71) <a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Oblast">Crimean Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">PSI</a> (1914–1921) <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Italy">PCd'I</a> (1921–1943) <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">PCI</a> (1943–1964)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domestic partner(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rita_Montagnana" title="Rita Montagnana">Rita Montagnana</a> (1924–1948) <a href="/wiki/Nilde_Iotti" title="Nilde Iotti">Nilde Iotti</a> (1948–1964; his death)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Turin" title="University of Turin">University of Turin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="background:white"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Communism_in_Italy" title="Category:Communism in Italy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1715" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Covelli" title="Emilio Covelli">Emilio Covelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cafiero" title="Carlo Cafiero">Carlo Cafiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costantino_Lazzari" title="Costantino Lazzari">Costantino Lazzari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galleani" title="Luigi Galleani">Luigi Galleani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egidio_Gennari" title="Egidio Gennari">Egidio Gennari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Bombacci" title="Nicola Bombacci">Nicola Bombacci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Amadeo Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Fortichiari" title="Bruno Fortichiari">Bruno Fortichiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio" title="Giuseppe Di Vittorio">Giuseppe Di Vittorio</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palmiro Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Grieco" title="Ruggero Grieco">Ruggero Grieco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onorato_Damen" title="Onorato Damen">Onorato Damen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galvano_Della_Volpe" title="Galvano Della Volpe">Galvano Della Volpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Longo" title="Luigi Longo">Luigi Longo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altiero_Spinelli" title="Altiero Spinelli">Altiero Spinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Natta" title="Alessandro Natta">Alessandro Natta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilde_Iotti" title="Nilde Iotti">Nilde Iotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Panzieri" title="Raniero Panzieri">Raniero Panzieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Lama" title="Luciano Lama">Luciano Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pier Paolo Pasolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livio_Maitan" title="Livio Maitan">Livio Maitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucio_Colletti" title="Lucio Colletti">Lucio Colletti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano" title="Giorgio Napolitano">Giorgio Napolitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giangiacomo_Feltrinelli" title="Giangiacomo Feltrinelli">Giangiacomo Feltrinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armando_Cossutta" title="Armando Cossutta">Armando Cossutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Tronti" title="Mario Tronti">Mario Tronti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Scuderi" title="Giovanni Scuderi">Giovanni Scuderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Vattimo" title="Gianni Vattimo">Gianni Vattimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Occhetto" title="Achille Occhetto">Achille Occhetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausto_Bertinotti" title="Fausto Bertinotti">Fausto Bertinotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Curcio" title="Renato Curcio">Renato Curcio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Losurdo" title="Domenico Losurdo">Domenico Losurdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvia_Federici" title="Silvia Federici">Silvia Federici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margherita_Cagol" title="Margherita Cagol">Margherita Cagol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Screpanti" title="Ernesto Screpanti">Ernesto Screpanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Berardi" title="Franco Berardi">Franco Berardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Virno" title="Paolo Virno">Paolo Virno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Ferrando" title="Marco Ferrando">Marco Ferrando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Battisti_(militant)" title="Cesare Battisti (militant)">Cesare Battisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliviero_Diliberto" title="Oliviero Diliberto">Oliviero Diliberto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichi_Vendola" title="Nichi Vendola">Nichi Vendola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Ferrero" title="Paolo Ferrero">Paolo Ferrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Toscano" title="Alberto Toscano">Alberto Toscano</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani" title="Fasci Siciliani">Fasci Siciliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XVII_Congress_of_the_Italian_Socialist_Party" title="XVII Congress of the Italian Socialist Party">XVII Congress of the PSI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Italy" title="I Congress of the Communist Party of Italy">I Congress of the PCd'I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro%C5%A1tina_rebellion" title="Proština rebellion">Proština rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Republic_of_Caulonia" title="Red Republic of Caulonia">Red Republic of Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_De_Gasperi_government" title="Third De Gasperi government">Third De Gasperi government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portella_della_Ginestra_massacre" title="Portella della Ginestra massacre">Portella della Ginestra massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_101" title="Manifesto of the 101">Manifesto of the 101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Autumn" title="Hot Autumn">Hot Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primavalle_fire" title="Primavalle fire">Primavalle fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Sergio_Ramelli" title="Assassination of Sergio Ramelli">Assassination of Sergio Ramelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_and_murder_of_Aldo_Moro" title="Kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro">Moro case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitterrand_doctrine" title="Mitterrand doctrine">Mitterrand doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_1977" title="Movement of 1977">Movement of 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Compromise" title="Historic Compromise">Historic Compromise</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga#Theories_and_beliefs" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordigism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_road_to_socialism" title="Italian road to socialism">Italian road to socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migliorismo" title="Migliorismo">Migliorismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Gramscianism" title="Neo-Gramscianism">Neo-Gramscianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Marxism" title="Post-Marxism">Post-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workerism" title="Workerism">Workerism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterhegemony" title="Counterhegemony">Counterhegemony</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_centralism" title="Organic centralism">Organic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_revolution" title="Passive revolution">Passive revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subalterns</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Current organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticapitalist_Left_(Italy)" title="Anticapitalist Left (Italy)">Anticapitalist Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARC_Party" title="CARC Party">CARC Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Alternative_Party" title="Communist Alternative Party">Communist Alternative 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism_in_Italy" title="Template:Communism in Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism_in_Italy" title="Template talk:Communism in Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism_in_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism in Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Palmiro Michele Nicola Togliatti (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Italian: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[palˈmiːro toʎˈʎatti]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/ea\/It-Palmiro_Togliatti_2.oga\/It-Palmiro_Togliatti_2.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"It-Palmiro Togliatti 2.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/It-Palmiro_Togliatti_2.oga/It-Palmiro_Togliatti_2.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:It-Palmiro_Togliatti_2.oga" title="File:It-Palmiro Togliatti 2.oga">ⓘ</a>; 26 March 1893 – 21 August 1964) was an Italian politician and statesman, leader of Italy's <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Communist party</a> for nearly forty years,<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com-1">[1]</a> from 1927 until his death.<a href="#cite_note-WelfareNetwork_2022-2">[2]</a> Born into a middle-class family, Togliatti received an education in law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turin" title="University of Turin">University of Turin</a>, later served as an officer and was wounded in World War I, and became a tutor.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com-1">[1]</a> Described as "severe in approach but extremely popular among the Communist base" and "a hero of his time, capable of courageous personal feats",<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rai_2019-3">[3]</a> his supporters gave him the nickname il Migliore ("the Best").<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rai_Scuola_2021-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Romeo_2021-6">[6]</a> In 1930, Togliatti renounced Italian citizenship, and he became a citizen of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Upon his death, Togliatti had <a href="/wiki/Tolyatti" title="Tolyatti">a Soviet city</a> named after him.<a href="#cite_note-WelfareNetwork_2022-2">[2]</a> Considered one of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_father" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding father">founding fathers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Republic">Italian Republic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rota_2013,_p._1-8">[8]</a> he led Italy's Communist party from a few thousand members in 1943 to two million members in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-Rai_2019-3">[3]</a> Born in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> but culturally formed in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> during the first decades of the 1900s, when the first <a href="/wiki/Fiat" title="Fiat">Fiat</a> workshops were built and the Italian <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movement</a> began its battles, Togliatti's history is linked to that of <a href="/wiki/Lingotto" title="Lingotto">Lingotto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WelfareNetwork_2022-2">[2]</a> He helped launch the left-wing weekly <a href="/wiki/L%27Ordine_Nuovo" title="L'Ordine Nuovo">L'Ordine Nuovo</a> in 1919, and he was the editor of Il Comunista starting in 1922. He was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Italy">Communist Party of Italy</a> (Partito Comunista d'Italia, PCd'I), which was founded as the result of a split from the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a> (Partito Socialista Italiano, PSI) in 1921.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com-1">[1]</a> In 1926, the PCd'I was made illegal, alongside the other parties, by <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s government. Togliatti was able to avoid the destiny of many of his fellow party members who were arrested only because he was in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com-1">[1]</a> From 1927 until his death, Togliatti was the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_(title)" title="Secretary (title)">secretary</a> and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a> (Partito Comunista Italiano, PCI), except for the period from 1934 to 1938, during which he served as Italian representative to the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Communist International</a>, earning the il giurista del Comintern ("The Jurist of Comintern") nickname from <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WelfareNetwork_2022-2">[2]</a> After the dissolution of the Comintern in 1943 and the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a> in 1947, Togliatti turned down the post of <a href="/wiki/Secretary-general" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-general">secretary-general</a>, offered to him by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> in 1951, preferring to remain at the head of the PCI,<a href="#cite_note-WelfareNetwork_2022-2">[2]</a> by then the largest communist party in western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com-1">[1]</a> His relations to Moscow were a continuing subject of scholarly and political debate after his death.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> From 1944 to 1945, Togliatti held the post of <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Italy">Deputy Prime Minister of Italy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com-1">[1]</a> and he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Minister of Justice">Minister of Justice</a> from 1945 to 1946 in the provisional governments that ruled Italy after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Fascism">fall of Fascism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WelfareNetwork_2022-2">[2]</a> He was also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy" title="Constituent Assembly of Italy">Constituent Assembly of Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WelfareNetwork_2022-2">[2]</a> Togliatti inaugurated the PCI's peaceful and national road to <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, or the "Italian Road to Socialism",<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> the realisation of the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> project through democracy,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> repudiating the use of violence and applying the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Constitution">Italian Constitution</a> in all its parts (that is, that a Communist government would operate under <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary democracy</a>),<a href="#cite_note-WelfareNetwork_2022-2">[2]</a> a strategy that some date back to <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and that would since be the leitmotiv of the party's history;<a href="#cite_note-Bosworth_2023,_pp._152–186-14">[14]</a> after his death, it helped to further the trend of <a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a> in Western Communist parties.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com-1">[1]</a> He was the first Italian Communist to appear in television debates.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com-1">[1]</a> Togliatti survived an assassination attempt in 1948,<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com-1">[1]</a> a car accident in 1950, and he died in 1964 during a holiday in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-WelfareNetwork_2022-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmiro_Togliatti&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and family">edit</a>]</div> Togliatti was born in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> into a middle-class family,<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com-1">[1]</a> the third son of two elementary school teachers.<a href="#cite_note-Rai_Cultura_2021-15">[15]</a> His father Antonio was also an accountant in the <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a>, while his mother Teresa Vitale was a teacher.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> His father's job forced the Togliattis to move frequently to different cities. Before his birth, they moved from <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> to Genoa. He was named Palmiro because he was born on <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a>; Togliatti's parents were observant <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholics</a>. Togliatti had one sister, Maria Cristina, and two brothers, Enrico and Eugenio Giuseppe. <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Giuseppe_Togliatti" title="Eugenio Giuseppe Togliatti">Eugenio Giuseppe Togliatti</a> became a mathematician and discovered <a href="/wiki/Togliatti_surface" title="Togliatti surface">Togliatti surfaces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_military_service">Education and military service</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmiro_Togliatti&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education and military service">edit</a>]</div> In 1908, Togliatti studied at the Azuni classics high school (<a href="/wiki/Classical_lyceum" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical lyceum">classical lyceum</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Sassari" title="Sassari">Sassari</a>, where he was recognised as the best student in the school.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> After a series of studies concluded with an average of 30, the highest vote, Togliatti graduated in November 1915 with the thesis Il regime doganale delle colonie ("The colonial customs regime"), which was discussed with <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Luigi Einaudi</a>. He also enrolled in the faculty of letters and philosophy. When his father died on 21 January 1911 of cancer, his family ended up in poverty; it was only thanks to a scholarship that Togliatti was able to graduate from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turin" title="University of Turin">University of Turin</a> with a degree in law in 1917. In 1914, Togliatti had entered politics by joining the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a> (PSI) prior to the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, but focused on his studies rather than activism. The war and his political activity prevented him from obtaining a second degree: he dedicated himself to politics in 1923.<a href="#cite_note-Rai_Cultura_2021-15">[15]</a> At the outbreak of the First World War, Togliatti declared himself in favour Italy's intervention on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Entente_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Entente powers">Entente powers</a>, a minority view among <a href="/wiki/Socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialists">socialists</a> who distinguished, in the words of Battista Santhià, "between the imperialist war and the just national claims against the old imperialisms; they did not consider it right that some Italian provinces should remain under the dominion of a <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">foreign state</a>, moreover a reactionary one."<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> According to Togliatti's brother Eugenio Giuseppe, Togliatti and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> were "both hypercritical of the government's neutralist attitude and harshly anti-<a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti" title="Giovanni Giolitti">Giolittians</a>".<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The precise intellectual path of the young Togliatti is not clear. In the cultural climate of those years, the neo-<a href="/wiki/Idealistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Idealistic">idealistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hegelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelian">Hegelian</a> currents were prevailing, and they ranged from the teaching of <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Benedetto Croce</a> to the most exasperated expressions of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">spiritualism</a>. Togliatti would always declare that he remained a stranger to the latter; it is certain that Croce in particular, then <a href="/wiki/La_Voce_(magazine)" title="La Voce (magazine)">La Voce</a> of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Prezzolini" title="Giuseppe Prezzolini">Giuseppe Prezzolini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Papini" title="Giovanni Papini">Giovanni Papini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini" title="Gaetano Salvemini">Gaetano Salvemini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a> had no small part in his youthful formation. The first approach to <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> would have occurred all through the writings of <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Labriola" title="Antonio Labriola">Antonio Labriola</a>; the decisive elements that led Togliatti to Marxist socialism were his friendship with Gramsci and the concrete social reality of Turin, which saw the development of a strong and organised workers' movement.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Initially permanently discharged from military service due to physical incapacity (a severe <a href="/wiki/Short-sightedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-sightedness">short-sightedness</a>), Togliatti served as a volunteer army officer during the war,<a href="#cite_note-Romeo_2021-6">[6]</a> and he was later wounded in action and sent home to recuperate. In 1915, he had volunteered for the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a>, serving in various hospitals, including at the front. Meanwhile, wartime needs led the military commands to review the enlistment criteria, so he was declared able and enlisted in 1916; he was assigned to the 54th Infantry Regiment and then moved, at his request, to the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Alpini_Regiment" title="2nd Alpini Regiment">2nd Alpini Regiment</a>. In 1917, Togliatti was admitted to the official cadet course in <a href="/wiki/Caserta" title="Caserta">Caserta</a>; he passed it but did not obtain the appointment as an officer due to a serious <a href="/wiki/Pleurisy" title="Pleurisy">pleurisy</a> that had occurred in the meantime. He gained the rank of caporale maggiore (major corporal) in health care, and he was discharged in December 1918 at the end of a long leave.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'Ordine_Nuovo">L'Ordine Nuovo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmiro_Togliatti&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: L'Ordine Nuovo">edit</a>]</div> Returning at the end of the conflict, Togliatti was a part of the group around Gramsci's <a href="/wiki/L%27Ordine_Nuovo" title="L'Ordine Nuovo">L'Ordine Nuovo</a> paper in Turin, while working as a <a href="/wiki/Tutor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutor">tutor</a>. Like the other founders of L'Ordine Nuovo, Togliatti was an admirer of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution of 1917</a> and strongly supported the immediate creation of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a> in Italy. He believed that existing factory councils of workers could be strengthened so that they could become the basis of a <a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">communist revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Initially, the newspaper, which was founded with union backing, focused on cultural politics. In June 1919, the month following its founding, Gramsci and Togliatti pushed out <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Tasca" title="Angelo Tasca">Angelo Tasca</a> and re-focused as a revolutionary voice.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The newspaper reached a circulation of 6,000 by the end of the year and its reputation was heightened by its support of the April 1920 general strike, while the PSI and the affiliated <a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(Italy)" title="General Confederation of Labour (Italy)">General Confederation of Labour</a> did not support it.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> On 1 January 1921, the paper began to be published daily.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Like Gramsci, Togliatti took an interest in <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>, which was becoming a sport with massive following,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and was said to have been a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Juventus" class="mw-redirect" title="Juventus">Juventus</a>, as were other notable <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> leaders.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Allegedly, Togliatti used to ask <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Secchia" title="Pietro Secchia">Pietro Secchia</a> every Monday morning (according to others, the interlocutor was <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Longo" title="Luigi Longo">Luigi Longo</a>) what Juventus had done the day before; if the interlocutor did not have an answer, Togliatti was said to reply: "And you, do you expect to make the revolution without knowing the results of Juventus?" Some alleged that "What did Juventus do?" was the first question Togliatti had asked upon awakening after his assassination attempt on 14 July 1948.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> That same year, he had been pictured at the stadium with <a href="/wiki/Gianni_Agnelli" title="Gianni Agnelli">Gianni Agnelli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communist_Party_of_Italy">Communist Party of Italy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmiro_Togliatti&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Communist Party of Italy">edit</a>]</div> Togliatti was a member of the communist faction within the PSI, which was part of the Communist International, commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a>. On 21 January 1921, following a split in the PSI on their 17th Congress in <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a>, he was one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Italy">Communist Party of Italy</a> (PCd'I). The PCd'I was formed by L'Ordine Nuovo group led by Gramsci and the culturalist faction led by <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Tasca" title="Angelo Tasca">Angelo Tasca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1921_Italian_general_election" title="1921 Italian general election">1921 Italian general election</a> held on 15 May, the PSI suffered losses but remained the largest party, while the PCd'I achieved 4.6% of the votes and 15 seats. In 1923, some members of the party were arrested and put on trial for alleged conspiracy against the state. This allowed the intense activity of the Comintern to deprive the party's left-wing of authority and give control to the minority centre, which had aligned with Moscow. In 1924 and 1925, the Comintern began a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Bolshevisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevisation">Bolshevisation</a> that forced each party to conform to the discipline and orders of Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The policy of Bolshevisation moved Gramsci to write a letter in 1926 to the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> in which he deplored the opposition led by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> but also underlined some presumed faults of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. Togliatti, who was in Moscow as a representative of the party, received the letter, opened it, read it, and decided not to deliver it. This caused a difficult conflict between Gramsci and Togliatti,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> one that they never completely resolved.<a href="#cite_note-Lo_Piparo_2018-41">[41]</a> According to the journalists Mario Pendinelli and Marcello Sorgi, Togliatti did this because he was aware that Gramsci's hegemony and war of maneuver theories contrasted with Stalin's <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> orthodoxy; he kept the letter along with Gramsci's <a href="/wiki/Prison_Notebooks" title="Prison Notebooks">Prison Notebooks</a> and gave them to a journalist.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fascist_regime">Fascist regime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmiro_Togliatti&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fascist regime">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Il_giovane_Togliatti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Il_giovane_Togliatti.jpg/180px-Il_giovane_Togliatti.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Il_giovane_Togliatti.jpg/270px-Il_giovane_Togliatti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Il_giovane_Togliatti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Togliatti in the 1920s</figcaption></figure> In October 1922, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> (PNF), took advantage of a <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> by workers and announced his demands to the government to give the PNF political power or face a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>. With no immediate response, a small number of <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascists" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian fascists">Italian fascists</a> began a long trek across Italy to Rome that was called the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a>, and told Italians that they were intending to restore law and order. Mussolini himself did not participate until the very end of the march, with <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_d%27Annunzio" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriele d'Annunzio">Gabriele d'Annunzio</a> being hailed as leader of the march, until it was revealed that he had been pushed out of a window and severely wounded in a failed assassination attempt. This deprived d'Annunzio of the possibility of leading the coup orchestrated by an organisation he himself had founded. Under the leadership of Mussolini, the Fascists demanded <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Facta" title="Luigi Facta">Luigi Facta</a>'s resignation as <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Italy">prime minister of Italy</a> and that Mussolini be named prime minister. Although the Italian army was far better armed than the Fascist paramilitaries, the Italian government under <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a> faced a political crisis. The King was forced to choose which of the two rival movements in Italy would form the government: Mussolini's Fascists, or the anti-monarchist PSI. He selected the Fascists and appointed Mussolini as the new prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Initially, Togliatti minimised the dictatorial aspects of the new Fascist government. In the same year, he said: "The fascist government, which is the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_bourgeoisie" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie">dictatorship of the bourgeoisie</a>, will have no interest in getting rid of any of the traditional democratic prejudices."<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Upon taking power, attacks by the <a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a> on communist militants increased, as did their arrests.<a href="#cite_note-Rai_Scuola_2021-5">[5]</a> In August 1923, Mussolini pushed through the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Italian Parliament</a> a new electoral law named after its drafter <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Acerbo" title="Giacomo Acerbo">Giacomo Acerbo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Acerbo_Law" title="Acerbo Law">Acerbo Law</a>, which assigned two-thirds of the seats to the list that had exceeded 25% of the votes. Togliatti wrote that "fascism gained power by dispersing the proletarians aggregates, preventing their unification on any terrain, and cause a unification around it in favour of the bourgeois political groups."<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1924_Italian_general_election" title="1924 Italian general election">1924 Italian general election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_List_(Italy)" title="National List (Italy)">National List</a> of Mussolini (an alliance with liberals and conservatives) used intimidation tactics,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> resulting in a landslide victory and a subsequent <a href="/wiki/Two-thirds_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-thirds majority">two-thirds majority</a>, while the CPd'I gained 3.7% of votes and 19 seats. In January 1926, Togliatti co-authored with Gramsci the thesis of the third congress of the PCd'I.<a href="#cite_note-Rai_Cultura_2021-15">[15]</a> Later that same year, the party was banned by the Fascist government, and <a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Bordiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Amedeo Bordiga">Amedeo Bordiga</a> and Gramsci were arrested and imprisoned on the island of <a href="/wiki/Ustica" title="Ustica">Ustica</a>. Togliatti was one of few leaders not to be arrested, as he was attending a meeting of the Comintern in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com-1">[1]</a> After Gramsci's arrest, Togliatti became the leader of the party, which moved to Paris.<a href="#cite_note-Rai_Scuola_2021-5">[5]</a> In the 1930s, Togliatti was able to survive in the Soviet Union, having renounced Italian citizenship for a Soviet one, despite the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com-1">[1]</a> While in Moscow, he made an analysis on fascism, including its rise in Italy,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> and he began to construct a strategy that was based on broad alliances of middle-class categories.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com-1">[1]</a> His partito nuovo (English: New Party), that would come into reality in 1943, had an interclassist dimension and was open to "the demands and mental structures of the middle classes".<a href="#cite_note-Fantini_2019-49">[49]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he broadcast messages of resistance to Italy, and he also tried to appeal to fascist rank and file in order for them to join forces with liberal and left-wing <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fascist">anti-fascist</a> elements.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile">Exile</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmiro_Togliatti&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Exile">edit</a>]</div> In 1927, Togliatti was elected as the party's general-secretary in place of Gramsci. In exile during the late 1920s and the 1930s, he organised clandestine meetings of the party at <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> (1926) and <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> (1931).<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com-1">[1]</a> In 1927, he took the position of secretary of the party. In 1935, under the <a href="/wiki/Nom_de_guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom de guerre">nom de guerre</a>, he was named member of the secretariat of the Comintern, and he was later involved in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com-1">[1]</a> In 1939, he was arrested in France; upon being released, he moved to the Soviet Union and remained there during World War II, broadcasting radio messages on <a href="/wiki/Radio_Milano-Libert%C3%A0" title="Radio Milano-Libertà">Radio Milano-Libertà</a> to Italy,<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com-1">[1]</a> in which he called for resistance to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> While in Moscow, he was accused by critics of not doing enough to help fellow communists and others in <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> He was aware that the party's clandestine organisation and resistance to fascism would not have been possible without Soviet support, and it was for this reason that he flattened to <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a> positions.<a href="#cite_note-Fantini_2019-49">[49]</a> In August 1936, the Comintern published a manifesto, titled "For the Salvation of Italy and the Reconciliation of the Italian People", which was allegedly written by Togliatti.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> It was addressed to "the blackshirt brothers" and appealed for unity between Communists and Fascists. It read: "We Communists have made ours the <a href="/wiki/Fascist_programme_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist programme of 1919">Fascist programme of 1919</a>, which is a programme of peace, liberty and defence of the interests of the workers. ... The Fascist programme of 1919 has not been realised! Let's struggle united for the realisation of this programme."<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In March 1941, Togliatti told the Comintern that the strength of Fascism lay not only in violence. He said: "This dictatorship has done something – not just by means of violence. It has done something even for the workers and the young. We cannot deny that the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a> is a fact."<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Those appeals to fascists were not limited to Togliatti. <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio" title="Giuseppe Di Vittorio">Giuseppe Di Vittorio</a> wrote a letter to a Fascist union leader. He asked him: "Between communists and fascists in good faith, are there any possibilities of working together, for the well-being of the Italian people and for the progressive march of our country?" The context for those appeals dates back to an August 1936 party meeting in Paris, where Togliatti's brother-in-law Mario Montagnana said: "We must have the courage to say that we do not intend to overthrow fascism... we want to improve fascism today because we can't do more." The aforementioned appeal to the Blackshirts was written by <a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Grieco" title="Ruggero Grieco">Ruggero Grieco</a>, Togliatti's successor as party leader during his time at the Comintern, and was published in Lo Stato Operaio in August 1936 with the apocryphal signature of Togliatti and all the main Communist leaders. In later years, Togliatti described the manifesto as "a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coglioneria" class="extiw" title="wikt:coglioneria">coglioneria</a>".<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> At the same time, the party and its militants were actively involved in the resistance to Mussolini's regime through clandestine action. They were well prepared for clandestine activity because of the structure of their organisation, and the fact that they had been victims of systematic repression by the authorities; more than three quarters of the political prisoners between 1926 and 1943 were communists. Throughout the dictatorship, the party was able to maintain and feed a clandestine network, distribute propaganda leaflets and newspapers, and infiltrate fascist unions and youth organisations. In 1935, the party led a campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The party and communist <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">partisans</a>, among others, then went on to play a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance movement</a> that led to the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">fall of the Fascist regime in Italy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Treccani-59">[59]</a> and Togliatti became a revolutionary constituent and constitutionalist of the Italian Republic,<a href="#cite_note-Rai_Scuola_2021-5">[5]</a> of which he is considered a founding father.<a href="#cite_note-Rota_2013,_p._1-8">[8]</a> In this role he helped shaping a constitutional anti-fascism which called for societal transformations.<a href="#cite_note-Becher_2024-60">[60]</a> On 15 May 1943, the party changed its official name to the Italian Communist Party. This change was not surprising as PCI started being used as the party's acronym around 1924–1925. This name change also reflected a change in the Comintern's role, as it increasingly became a federation of national Communist parties. This trend accelerated after <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s death and its new name emphasised the party's shift from an international focus to an Italian one. At the time, it was a hotly contested issue for the two major factions of the party. On one side, the Leninist preferred the single world party as it was internationalist and strongly centralised, while on the other side the Italians wanted a party more tailored to their nation's peculiarities and more autonomy. Togliatti returned to Italy in March 1944,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> after 18 years of exile in Switzerland, France, Soviet Union, and Spain where, with the cover name of Alfredo, he represented the Comintern in the <a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_Brigades" class="mw-redirect" title="Garibaldi Brigades">Garibaldi Brigades</a> during the Spanish Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-Romeo_2021-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party">Secretary of the Italian Communist Party</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmiro_Togliatti&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Secretary of the Italian Communist Party">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salerno_Turn_and_national_unity_governments">Salerno Turn and national unity governments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmiro_Togliatti&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Salerno Turn and national unity governments">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palmiro_Togliatti_comizio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Palmiro_Togliatti_comizio.jpg/220px-Palmiro_Togliatti_comizio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Palmiro_Togliatti_comizio.jpg/330px-Palmiro_Togliatti_comizio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Palmiro_Togliatti_comizio.jpg/440px-Palmiro_Togliatti_comizio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>Togliatti during a rally</figcaption></figure> On 2 April 1944, Togliatti returned from Moscow to Italy,<a href="#cite_note-Höbel_2017-62">[62]</a> and led the renamed <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a> (PCI) and other political forces to the Svolta di Salerno, variously referred to in English as the Salerno Turn,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> the Salerno Turning Point,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> and the U-turn at <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a>, the city where this took place.<a href="#cite_note-Bosworth_2023,_pp._152–186-14">[14]</a> This was a compromise between anti-fascist parties, the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Italy" title="Monarchy of Italy">monarchy of Italy</a>, and the then prime minister <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Pietro Badoglio</a> to set up a <a href="/wiki/Government_of_national_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of national unity">government of national unity</a> and to postpone institutional questions. In doing so, he resolved the stall resulted from the <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a>'s congress back in January 1944.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Togliatti also founded a political journal, <a href="/wiki/Rinascita" title="Rinascita">Rinascita</a>, following his return to Italy in 1944, which he edited until his death.<a href="#cite_note-Höbel_2017-62">[62]</a> With the Salerno Turn, the PCI committed to supporting democracy and to abandon the <a href="/wiki/Armed_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed struggle">armed struggle</a> for the cause of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>. In doing so, the U-turn had the effect to have moved the party to the right, in contrast with many demands from within; it also meant the disarmament of those members of the Italian resistance movement that had been organised by the PCI. During the resistance to fascism, the PCI became increasingly popular, as the majority of partisans were communists. The <a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_Brigades" class="mw-redirect" title="Garibaldi Brigades">Garibaldi Brigades</a>, promoted by the PCI, were among the more numerous partisan forces.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Togliatti_Unit%C3%A0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Togliatti_Unit%C3%A0.jpg/220px-Togliatti_Unit%C3%A0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Togliatti_Unit%C3%A0.jpg/330px-Togliatti_Unit%C3%A0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Togliatti_Unit%C3%A0.jpg/440px-Togliatti_Unit%C3%A0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>Togliatti with a copy of <a href="/wiki/L%27Unit%C3%A0" title="L'Unità">l'Unità</a> newspaper in the 1950s</figcaption></figure> Starting with the <a href="/wiki/Second_Badoglio_government" title="Second Badoglio government">second Badoglio government</a>, the national unity government including the PCI, Togliatti held several positions in the Italian government. From April 1944 to June 1945, he was both a <a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">minister without portfolio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Italy">Deputy Prime Minister of Italy</a> under Badoglio (April–December 1944) and <a href="/wiki/Ivanoe_Bonomi" title="Ivanoe Bonomi">Ivanoe Bonomi</a> (December 1944–June 1945).<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com-1">[1]</a> From June 1945 to July 1946, he also served as the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Minister of Justice">Italian Minister of Justice</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Parri" title="Ferruccio Parri">Ferruccio Parri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a>. Adversaries not only on an ideological level, Togliatti and De Gasperi proved skilled mediators in a difficult moment for Italy.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> As the Italian Minister of Justice, Togliatti's pragmatism was put to the test when he approved, not without internal disapproval within the PCI, an <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The amnesty bearing Togliatti's name was controversial because, in addition to partisans, who were in less numbers compared to the fascists and their collaborators in terms of crimes, pardoned and reduced sentences for Italian fascists, excluding the most grave crimes,<a href="#cite_note-Rai_Scuola_2021-5">[5]</a> as well as those committed by high-ranking officials and crimes committed for material gain or carried out with excessive cruelty but did not include rape or sexual torture, which were still pardonable.<a href="#cite_note-Cooke_2011-69">[69]</a> The amnesty was considered necessary both for the unity of the country and for the rebuilding of the Italian nation after the war.<a href="#cite_note-Cooke_2011-69">[69]</a> The result of the final draft for the amnesty law-decree was a compromise between the PCI, which wanted to keep the fascists imprisoned, and the DC, which wanted the fascists pardoned and accepted an amnesty for partisans as the compromise.<a href="#cite_note-Cooke_2011-69">[69]</a> In practice, the amnesty, which was supported by <a href="/wiki/Allied_Force_Headquarters" title="Allied Force Headquarters">Allied Force Headquarters</a> in Italy, led to an increase in prosecution of partisan crimes, while fascist crimes were treated more leniently;<a href="#cite_note-Cooke_2011-69">[69]</a> fascists and their collaborators benefited far more from the amnesty than imprisoned partisans, who were treated as common criminals.<a href="#cite_note-Pombeni_2015-70">[70]</a> Later less publicised pardons and releases on parole between 1947 and 1953, when Togliatti was no longer the Italian Minister of Justice, further reduced sentences for political crimes committed during the war and turned Italy's amnesty into an amnesia.<a href="#cite_note-Pombeni_2015-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constituent_Assembly_and_1947_May_crisis">Constituent Assembly and 1947 May crisis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmiro_Togliatti&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Constituent Assembly and 1947 May crisis">edit</a>]</div> At the <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_general_election" title="1946 Italian general election">1946 Italian general election</a>, which was held at the same time (2 June) as the <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a> won by republican supporters,<a href="#cite_note-Rai_Scuola_2021-5">[5]</a> the PCI was the third political force behind the DC and the PSI,<a href="#cite_note-Rai_Scuola_2021-5">[5]</a> and obtained 19% of the votes and 104 seats in the new <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy" title="Constituent Assembly of Italy">Constituent Assembly of Italy</a>, where Togliatti was elected as a member.<a href="#cite_note-Romeo_2021-6">[6]</a> In 2015, historian Giuseppe Vacca recounted the significant role that Togliatti played in the work of the Constituent Assembly. Togliatti was the only Communist leader to participate in the foundation of a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">democratic republic</a> according to the canons of a European constitutionalism. In the work of defining the republican <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution of Italy</a>, Togliatti collaborated with the jurist <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Dossetti" title="Giuseppe Dossetti">Giuseppe Dossetti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rai_Scuola_2021-5">[5]</a> On 24 September 1946, Togliatti gave a speech at the municipal theater of <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Emilia" title="Reggio Emilia">Reggio Emilia</a>. In this speech, he argued the historical-political reasons that required the construction of a solid relationship with the middle classes. In doing so, Togliatti placed himself in many respects in the tradition of the Italian socialist movement, whose legacy he openly claimed, while at the same time he defined the originality and modernity of the new party with respect to the old reformism in the capacity to go beyond that particularist and classist system that had pushed the PSI to privilege the reasons of the labourers to the detriment of those of the sharecroppers and small owners, which helped to determine a social fracture in which fascism would have entered. According to Togliatti, the relationship with the middle classes was essential, both for the rooting of the PCI and for the realisation of that pact between producers that was at the heart of the economic policy proposal he launched in August 1946 in <a href="/wiki/L%27Unit%C3%A0" title="L'Unità">l'Unità</a> with an explicit reference to <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>. This new course and its realisation were considered necessary to permanently overcome the social tensions that had crossed the country and for the success of the Salerno turning point.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In January 1947, Togliatti acknowledged De Gasperi as "the main exponent of the strongest among the popular and democratic parties on which the government will have to be based".<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In March 1947, in opposition to the dominant line in his own party,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Togliatti voted for the inclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Pacts" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateran Pacts">Lateran Pacts</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution of Italy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> where it became its Article 7.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Togliatti said the vote in favour of his party was more due to political responsibility than personal conviction.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Communist ministers were evicted during the <a href="/wiki/May_1947_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1947 crisis">May 1947 crisis</a> in both Italy and France after United States involvement. The same month also saw the <a href="/wiki/Portella_della_Ginestra_massacre" title="Portella della Ginestra massacre">Portella della Ginestra massacre</a> of communist Sicilian peasants on 1 May. As in Italy, the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> (PCF) was a major party, taking part in the three-parties alliance known as <a href="/wiki/Tripartisme" title="Tripartisme">Tripartisme</a>, and became the largest party after scoring 28.3% at the <a href="/wiki/November_1946_French_legislative_election" title="November 1946 French legislative election">November 1946 French legislative election</a>. As was done by the United States in Italy, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Thorez" title="Maurice Thorez">Maurice Thorez</a>, head of the PCF, was forced to quit <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ramadier" title="Paul Ramadier">Paul Ramadier</a>'s government along with the four other party ministers. The crisis contributed to the start of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> in western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Under Togliatti, the PCI became the largest <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a> in western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_Democratic_Front_and_assassination_attempt">Popular Democratic Front and assassination attempt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmiro_Togliatti&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Popular Democratic Front and assassination attempt">edit</a>]</div> In his 26 September 1947 speech at the Constituent Assembly calling for his <a href="/wiki/Vote_of_no_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of no confidence">vote of no confidence</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_De_Gasperi_government" title="Fourth De Gasperi government">fourth De Gasperi government</a>, Togliatti said: "Our goal is the creation in our country of a free and equal society, in which there is no exploitation by men of other men."<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In 1948, Togliatti led the PCI in the first democratic election after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1948_Italian_general_election" title="1948 Italian general election">1948 Italian general election</a> resulted in a loss to <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a> (Democrazia Cristiana, DC)<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Allied with the PSI in the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Front_(Italy)" title="Popular Democratic Front (Italy)">Popular Democratic Front</a>,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> the coalition achieved 31% of the votes,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> and the PCI returned 131 deputies to Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com-1">[1]</a> Togliatti himself was elected to the country's <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Romeo_2021-6">[6]</a> On 14 July 1948, at about 11:40 am,<a href="#cite_note-Messina_2018-88">[88]</a> Togliatti was shot three times,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> being severely wounded by Antonio Pallante,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-fascist">neo-fascist</a> student,<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com-1">[1]</a> who had strong <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> views and was a militant of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Man%27s_Front" title="Common Man's Front">Common Man's Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Messina_2018-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Togliatti's life hung in the balance for days and news about his condition was uncertain, causing an acute political crisis in Italy,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> with civil war and insurrection implications,<a href="#cite_note-Messina_2018-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> which included a general strike called by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour" title="Italian General Confederation of Labour">Italian General Confederation of Labour</a>,<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> as well as portraits of Togliatti being brought in during the celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">storming of the Bastille</a> and a telegram from Stalin. Upon regaining consciousness, Togliatti himself was instrumental in calling for calm and a return to normalcy; from his hospital bed, he reassured his comrades and tried to pacify spirits, averting the danger of an armed insurrection.<a href="#cite_note-Rai_Scuola_2021-5">[5]</a> He preferred the "Italian Road to Socialism" over a violent revolution, and rejected the concept of an internationally-directed movement in favour of one that was both democratically and nationally oriented.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com-1">[1]</a> Historian Sergio Turone described it as "the most complete and most extensive general strike ever in the history of Italy".<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In January 2023, it was publicly revealed that Pallante had died on 6 July 2022,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> aged 98, and that he never regretted the shooting.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s_and_1960s">1950s and 1960s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmiro_Togliatti&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1950s and 1960s">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Togliatti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Togliatti.jpg/180px-Togliatti.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Togliatti.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption>A portrait of Togliatti in 1950s</figcaption></figure> On 22 August 1950, a car accident caused Togliatti to crack the frontal bone and fracture a vertebra. As with the 1948 assassination attempt, the event caused an international sensation, and was followed by an investigation, which blamed the accident on "the unacceptable levity of fellow driver Aldo Zaia". At the time, no one was aware that in October 1950 he had lost consciousness and went into a coma; his doctor suspected that Togliatti had been poisoned. Togliatti was saved by brain surgery.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> During his period of convalescence in a Piedmontese clinic, it was reported that Togliatti had played <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> with the Italian senator and fellow party member <a href="/wiki/Cino_Moscatelli" title="Cino Moscatelli">Cino Moscatelli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In December 1951, within the context of the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Gladio" class="mw-redirect" title="Gladio">Gladio</a> anti-communist organisation, spy microphones were set up in Togliatti's house by the head of the Supervisory Commission, and were intended to also monitor his partner, <a href="/wiki/Nilde_Iotti" title="Nilde Iotti">Nilde Iotti</a>, who was suspected of being in contact with Vatican circles.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Under Togliatti's leadership, the PCI became the second largest party in Italy and the largest non-ruling <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a> in Europe. Although permanently in the opposition at the national level during his lifetime, the party ran many municipalities and held great power at the local and regional level in certain areas. In 1953, Togliatti fought against the <a href="/wiki/Scam_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Scam Law">Scam Law</a>, an electoral legislation passed by the DC-led majority of the time, which aimed at using <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post" class="mw-redirect" title="First-past-the-post">first-past-the-post</a> to augment its power. Ultimately, the law was to prove of no use for the government in the elections of that year,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> where the PCI won 22.6% of the vote and confirmed itself as the first party within the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_opposition" title="Parliamentary opposition">parliamentary opposition</a> and the second biggest party after the DC. It was repealed in July 1954.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Togliatti was re-elected to the Chamber of Deputies, and he remained a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">member of Parliament</a> until his death in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-Romeo_2021-6">[6]</a> Despite his close relationship with the Soviet Union, Togliatti's leadership remained unscathed after the <a href="/wiki/1956_Hungarian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1956 Hungarian Revolution">1956 Hungarian Revolution</a>, which was in most countries a cause for major conflicts within the <a href="/wiki/Political_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Political left">political left</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> He developed a theory of unity in diversity within the Communist parties in all countries,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> which he outlined in a Rinascita article in December 1961,<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> and named <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/polycentric" class="extiw" title="wikt:polycentric">polycentrism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Italian_Road_to_Socialism"">"Italian Road to Socialism"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmiro_Togliatti&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: "Italian Road to Socialism"">edit</a>]</div> After the <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a> in the Soviet Union, Togliatti was inspired by the new set of reforms and launched the party program of the "<a href="/wiki/Italian_road_to_socialism" title="Italian road to socialism">Italian Road to Socialism</a>". He said: "We are democrats in that we are not only anti-fascists, but socialists and communists. There is no contradiction between democracy and socialism."<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The new policy proposed by Togliatti was opposed to any revolutionary means of gaining power and aimed at accompanying institutional action with the extension of social and trade union struggles, and supported the concept of <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">peaceful coexistence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rai_Scuola_2021-5">[5]</a> During this period, the PCI purged revolutionary and extremist factions opposed to the new openly reformist line.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> On 15 February 1956, <a href="/wiki/Il_Nuovo_Corriere_della_Sera" class="mw-redirect" title="Il Nuovo Corriere della Sera">Il Nuovo Corriere della Sera</a> published on the front page a correspondence by Piero Ottone on the five-hour speech with which Khrushchev the previous day explained to the 1,400 Soviet delegates and the leaders of international Communism, including Togliatti and <a href="/wiki/Mauro_Scoccimarro" title="Mauro Scoccimarro">Mauro Scoccimarro</a>, the new strategies of communism. The main points of Khrushchev's speech were the <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">peaceful coexistence</a> between the blocs, the prevention of war, and the forms of transition of the various countries to socialism that, in the words of Ottone, means "the forces of socialism can assert themselves without revolutions, without civil wars, through parliamentary processes", akin to Togliatti's "Italian Way to Socialism" that was first inaugurated with the Salerno turning point and that he reiterated in his speech of response.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1958_Italian_general_election" title="1958 Italian general election">1958 Italian general election</a>, the number of votes for the PCI was still on the rise. In the <a href="/wiki/1963_Italian_general_election" title="1963 Italian general election">1963 Italian general election</a>, the PCI gained 25.2% of the votes but again failed to reach a relative majority. Nonetheless, the 1963 election ended the <a href="/wiki/Centrism_(Italy)" title="Centrism (Italy)">Centrism</a> party system and resulted in the first <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-left</a> government in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">history of the Italian Republic</a>, with the PCI giving its first external support, a system of government known as the <a href="/wiki/Organic_centre-left" title="Organic centre-left">Organic centre-left</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Treccani-59">[59]</a> In 1961, Togliatti said: "We are a party that is on the side of those who fight in defense of their freedom."<a href="#cite_note-Rai_Scuola_2021-5">[5]</a> During the early 1960s, Togliatti appealed to the Catholic world. In a 1963 speech in <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a>, titled "The Destiny of Man", he called for a common front between the religious and communists against <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a> and the commodification of life, and that this opposition must act as a bridge between them.<a href="#cite_note-Rai_Scuola_2021-5">[5]</a> In August 1964, Togliatti went to the Soviet Union and wrote the Yalta Memorandum.<a href="#cite_note-Rai_Scuola_2021-5">[5]</a> Published after his death, Togliatti's memorandum that outlined his political doctrine strengthened the trend toward liberalisation within the international Communist movement and Communist governments.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com-1">[1]</a> Additionally, he made various criticisms of the Soviet leadership, including the perceived slowness with which it was leaving behind the Stalinist legacy.<a href="#cite_note-Rai_Scuola_2021-5">[5]</a> The historian Giuseppe Vacca saw the memorandum as a generalised critique of the Soviet system.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmiro_Togliatti&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> From 1924 to 1948, Togliatti was married to fellow party member and politician <a href="/wiki/Rita_Montagnana" title="Rita Montagnana">Rita Montagnana</a>. Until his death, he was in a relationship with <a href="/wiki/Nilde_Iotti" title="Nilde Iotti">Nilde Iotti</a>, also a fellow party member and politician.<a href="#cite_note-WelfareNetwork_2022-2">[2]</a> This relationship was controversial due to the fact that he was already married and the moralistic austerity that distinguished the PCI at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Rai_2019-3">[3]</a> Iotti would become the first woman in the history of the Italian Republic to hold by the end of the 1970s one of the three highest offices of the state, namely the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="President of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">presidency of the Chamber of Deputies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WelfareNetwork_2022-2">[2]</a> Togliatti was a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Noi_donne" title="Noi donne">Noi donne</a> feminist magazine describing him at his death as "a great supporter of women's emancipation".<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_funeral">Death and funeral</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmiro_Togliatti&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Death and funeral">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Togliatti_Iotti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Togliatti_Iotti.jpg/220px-Togliatti_Iotti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Togliatti_Iotti.jpg/330px-Togliatti_Iotti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Togliatti_Iotti.jpg/440px-Togliatti_Iotti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>Togliatti and <a href="/wiki/Nilde_Iotti" title="Nilde Iotti">Nilde Iotti</a> before 1964</figcaption></figure> Togliatti died as a result of a <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_haemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral haemorrhage">cerebral haemorrhage</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> while vacationing with his companion <a href="/wiki/Nilde_Iotti" title="Nilde Iotti">Nilde Iotti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a>, then in the Soviet Union. The day before, he had been urgently hospitalised as a result of a stroke, for which he underwent surgery;<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> he was 71.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> According to some of his collaborators, Togliatti was traveling to the Soviet Union to give his support to <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a>'s election as <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>'s successor at the head of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>. <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a>, his favourite pupil, was later elected as his successor to the National Secretary of the PCI position; Berlinguer's time in office saw the <a href="/wiki/Historic_Compromise" title="Historic Compromise">Historic Compromise</a> and the moral question.<a href="#cite_note-Fai_2021-125">[125]</a> The news of Togliatti's death was first given by the country's leading agency <a href="/wiki/Agenzia_Nazionale_Stampa_Associata" title="Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata">ANSA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The party's newspaper <a href="/wiki/L%27Unit%C3%A0" title="L'Unità">l'Unità</a> described him as "a great son of the Italian people, a brilliant leader of international communism, a fighter who spent his whole life in a hard and tireless struggle for socialism, for democracy, for peace."<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Stavropol-on-Volga" class="mw-redirect" title="Stavropol-on-Volga">Stavropol-on-Volga</a>, where Togliatti had been instrumental in establishing the <a href="/wiki/AutoVAZ" class="mw-redirect" title="AutoVAZ">AutoVAZ</a> (Russian: Lada) automobile manufacturing plant in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Fiat" title="Fiat">Fiat</a>, was renamed after him (in Russian: Tolyatti<a href="#cite_note-128">[a]</a>) in his honor in 1964, after his death; in 1991, it was renamed Tolyattigrad.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> One of the main town squares in the Croatian city of <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a> (Italian: Fiume) was named after Togliatti while Croatia was part of <a href="/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="SFR Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a>, until it was renamed to Jadranski trg (Adriatic Plaza) in 1994. There is still a street in Belgrade named after him (Serbian: ulica Palmira Toljatija<a href="#cite_note-130">[b]</a>). Togliatti's funeral, held on 24 August 1964,<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> was attended by a million and saw much popular participation,<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> comparable to that of Berlinguer years later;<a href="#cite_note-WelfareNetwork_2022-2">[2]</a> about 500,000 people followed Togliatti's coffin making its way in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> A 1972 painting by <a href="/wiki/Renato_Guttuso" title="Renato Guttuso">Renato Guttuso</a>, titled I funerali di Togliatti,<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> was made to recreate the event.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> The painting includes, in addition to Iotti, Brezhnev, and Berlinguer, notable global Communist movement figures and others whom Guttuso imagines being present at the funeral, such as <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elio_Vittorini" title="Elio Vittorini">Elio Vittorini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolores_Ib%C3%A1rruri" title="Dolores Ibárruri">Dolores Ibárruri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Kuliscioff" title="Anna Kuliscioff">Anna Kuliscioff</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte" title="Curzio Malaparte">Curzio Malaparte</a> described Togliatti as the thinking head of Italian Communism.<a href="#cite_note-Fai_2021-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmiro_Togliatti&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> The Salerno Turn anticipated the "Italian Way to Socialism" and the <a href="/wiki/Eurocommunist" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurocommunist">Eurocommunist</a> trend.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica.com-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> While its motives have been widely discussed and argued about by scholars,<a href="#cite_note-Broder_2017-139">[137]</a> the national peculiarity of the PCI is not limited to Togliatti and is well-founded by the fact that it was a co-founder of the Italian Republic and its constitution, as well as its significant contribution to the resistance against Nazi–fascism and its mass base.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> The PCI under Togliatti and their attitude towards the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> is placed within the context of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a>. After orchestrating the fall of the PCI and PSI from government, amid a crisis within the DC and fears that a left-wing coalition would take power, the United States and <a href="/wiki/George_Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="George Marshall">George Marshall</a> had informed the Italian government that anti-communism was a pre-condition for receiving American aid,<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Clement_Dunn" title="James Clement Dunn">James Clement Dunn</a> had directly asked <a href="/wiki/Alcide_de_Gasperi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcide de Gasperi">Alcide de Gasperi</a> to dissolve the parliament and remove the PCI.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> Additionally, the United States provided support to anti-PCI groups in 1948,<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> and reiterated that should the PCI win, the Marshall Plan and other aids could be terminated.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> According to one estimate, the United States spent about $10–20 million on anti-communist propaganda and other covert operations, much of it through the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Administration" title="Economic Cooperation Administration">Economic Cooperation Administration</a> of the Marshall Plan, and then laundered through individual banks.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> Fearful of a possible electoral victory for a left-wing coalition, the British and American governments also undermined their campaign for legal justice by tolerating the efforts made by Italy's top authorities to prevent any of the alleged <a href="/wiki/Italian_war_criminals" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian war criminals">Italian war criminals</a> from being extradited and taken to court.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> For their part, the Soviets would fund the PCI until 1984, and the party relied on Soviet financial assistance more than any other Communist party supported by Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-Drake_2004-149">[147]</a> United States and Soviet interference and funding led to criticism of the other and accusing each other of going too far. United States government sources said that the PCI was receiving $40–50 million per year from the Soviets when their investment in Italy was stated to be $5–6 million;<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> declassified information showed this to be exaggerated.<a href="#cite_note-Drake_2004-149">[147]</a> Liberal and left-wing critics saw Togliatti's policy of the Salerno Turn as an example of frontism, or <a href="/wiki/Common_front" title="Common front">common front</a>, that was orchestrated by Stalin to conform to his deals with <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Broder_2017-139">[137]</a> In contrast to the long-time held historiography of the PCI, Elena Agarossi and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Zaslavsky" title="Victor Zaslavsky">Victor Zaslavsky</a> argue in a revisionist account that Togliatti and the other leaders of the PCI were fundamentally subservient to Stalin, and did their best to promote Soviet interests. They argue that Togliatti was above all a Stalinist, and that he remained one for years after Stalin died in 1953 and the Soviet Union had repudiated much of his legacy. They argue that it was Stalin who ordered Togliatti to play a moderating role in Italian politics because the time was not yet ripe for a showdown with capitalism. Agarossi and Zaslavsky rely not only on Togliatti's papers but those of the Kremlin, especially the highly detailed reports sent in by the Soviet ambassador in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> Stalin forced the PCI to reject and work against the Marshall Plan, despite the loss of much support from Italian voters who wanted the American aid.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> First published in 1997,<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> this view was criticised by <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Canfora" title="Luciano Canfora">Luciano Canfora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> Canfora saw the Salerno Turn and 1944 as a rebirth of Italy's Communist party, and said that "the PCI had gradually followed a path which required it, as a historical task, to occupy the space of social democracy in the Italian political panorama."<a href="#cite_note-Fai_2021-125">[125]</a> In the words of Franco Lo Piparo, Togliatti's "Italian Road to Socialism" entailed "social democracy using communist rhetoric".<a href="#cite_note-Lo_Piparo_2018-41">[41]</a> In February 1992, during the electoral campaign for the imminent general election, the historian Franco Andreucci published an incomplete and manipulated version in the weekly news magazine <a href="/wiki/Panorama_(magazine)" title="Panorama (magazine)">Panorama</a>, the excerpt of a holographic letter from Togliatti (then known as Ercoli, a Soviet citizen since 1930, member of the military commission of the executive committee of the Comintern) from the Moscow archives, in a correspondence sent from <a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a> on 15 February 1943 and written in response to a letter from the PCI leader Vincenzo Bianco who asked Togliatti to intercede with the Soviet authorities to avoid death of prisoners of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Army_in_Russia" title="Italian Army in Russia">Italian Army in Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> The manipulation of some words and phrases of the text in the letter reported in the weekly was discovered only ten days later. Andreucci had corrected a photocopy that came badly and in part incomplete given to him by the historian Friedrich Firsov, dictating it via telephone to the director of Panorama from home of the journalist Francesco Bigazzi, correspondent in Moscow for the newspaper <a href="/wiki/Il_Giorno_(newspaper)" title="Il Giorno (newspaper)">il Giorno</a>, as a result of which he had to resign from the position of consultant held at the publishing house Il Ponte alle Grazie, which, due to the loss of credibility suffered, soon suffered a collapse in sales and was absorbed in 1993 by Edizioni Salani. The political result of the operation was partially achieved, as the attack on Togliatti, in addition to influencing the result of the <a href="/wiki/1992_Italian_general_election" title="1992 Italian general election">1992 Italian general election</a>, also served to put Iotti out of the running from a possible election to the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Italian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of the Italian Republic">presidency of the Italian Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmiro_Togliatti&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Electoral history">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:55%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"> <tbody><tr> <th width="12%">Election </th> <th width="23%">House </th> <th width="34%">Constituency </th> <th width="5%" colspan="2">Party </th> <th width="12%">Votes </th> <th width="12%">Result </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_general_election" title="1946 Italian general election">1946</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy" title="Constituent Assembly of Italy">Constituent Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">Italy at-large</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#C72F35"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">PCI</a> </td> <td>75,146 </td> <td><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/15px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/23px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y Elected </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1948_Italian_general_election" title="1948 Italian general election">1948</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rome%E2%80%93Viterbo%E2%80%93Latina%E2%80%93Frosinone_constituency_(1946%E2%80%931994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome–Viterbo–Latina–Frosinone constituency (1946–1994)">Rome–Viterbo–Latina–Frosinone</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#EE2C21"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Front_(Italy)" title="Popular Democratic Front (Italy)">FDP</a> </td> <td>97,328 </td> <td><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/15px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/23px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y Elected </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1953_Italian_general_election" title="1953 Italian general election">1953</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">Italy at-large</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#C72F35"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">PCI</a> </td> <td>155,372 </td> <td><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/15px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/23px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y Elected </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1958_Italian_general_election" title="1958 Italian general election">1958</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rome%E2%80%93Viterbo%E2%80%93Latina%E2%80%93Frosinone_constituency_(1946%E2%80%931994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome–Viterbo–Latina–Frosinone constituency (1946–1994)">Rome–Viterbo–Latina–Frosinone</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#C72F35"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">PCI</a> </td> <td>166,952 </td> <td><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/15px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/23px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y Elected </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1963_Italian_general_election" title="1963 Italian general election">1963</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rome%E2%80%93Viterbo%E2%80%93Latina%E2%80%93Frosinone_constituency_(1946%E2%80%931994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome–Viterbo–Latina–Frosinone constituency (1946–1994)">Rome–Viterbo–Latina–Frosinone</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#C72F35"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">PCI</a> </td> <td>168,923 </td> <td><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/15px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/23px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y Elected </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmiro_Togliatti&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> Togliatti's Italian-language eight-volume collection of works was published by the Rome-publishing house <a href="/wiki/Editori_Riuniti" title="Editori Riuniti">Editori Riuniti</a>. From 1964 to 2019, Togliatti's bibliography included 134 volumes in the most common bibliographic repertoires. Additionally, new biographies of Togliatti continues to be published.<a href="#cite_note-Fantini_2019-49">[49]</a> <ul><li>Palmiro Togliatti Opere Vol. I, 1917–1926. Edited by Ernesto Ragionieri. 1967.</li> <li>Palmiro Togliatti Opere Vol. II, 1926–1929. Edited by Ernesto Ragionieri.</li> <li>Palmiro Togliatti Opere Vol. III, 1, 1929–1935. Edited by Ernesto Ragionieri. 1973.</li> <li>Palmiro Togliatti Opere Vol. III, 2, 1929–1935. Edited by Ernesto Ragionieri. 1973.</li> <li>Palmiro Togliatti Opere Vol. IV, 1, 1935–1944. Edited by Franco Andreucci and Paolo Spriano. 1979.</li> <li>Palmiro Togliatti Opere Vol. IV, 2, 1935–1944. Edited by Franco Andreucci and Paolo Spriano. 1979.</li> <li>Palmiro Togliatti Opere Vol. V, 1944–1955. Edited by Luciano Gruppi. 1984. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-359-2736-6" title="Special:BookSources/88-359-2736-6">88-359-2736-6</a>.</li> <li>Palmiro Togliatti Opere Vol. VI, 1956–1964. Edited by Luciano Gruppi. 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-359-2778-1" title="Special:BookSources/88-359-2778-1">88-359-2778-1</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmiro_Togliatti&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Garin" title="Eugenio Garin">Eugenio Garin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galvano_Della_Volpe" title="Galvano Della Volpe">Galvano Della Volpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">History of the Italian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togliatti_amnesty" title="Togliatti amnesty">Togliatti amnesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolyatti" title="Tolyatti">Tolyatti</a>, a Russian city named after him</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmiro_Togliatti&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Britannica.com-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_1-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_1-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_1-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_1-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_1-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_1-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_1-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_1-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_1-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_1-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_1-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica.com_1-27">ab</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Palmiro-Togliatti">"Palmiro Togliatti"</a>. 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Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 56–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5200-2511-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5200-2511-0"><bdi>978-0-5200-2511-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Years%3A+European+Socialism+versus+Bolshevism%2C+1919%E2%80%931921&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pages=56-58&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-5200-2511-0&rft.aulast=Lindeman&rft.aufirst=Albert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellamySchecter1993" class="citation book cs1">Bellamy, Richard; Schecter, Darrow (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn67AAAAIAAJ">Gramsci and the Italian State</a>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. xviii–xix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3342-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3342-1"><bdi>978-0-7190-3342-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gramsci+and+the+Italian+State&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=xviii-xix&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-3342-1&rft.aulast=Bellamy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Schecter%2C+Darrow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJn67AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellamySchecter1993" class="citation book cs1">Bellamy, Richard; Schecter, Darrow (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn67AAAAIAAJ">Gramsci and the Italian State</a>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. xix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3342-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3342-1"><bdi>978-0-7190-3342-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gramsci+and+the+Italian+State&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=xix&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-3342-1&rft.aulast=Bellamy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Schecter%2C+Darrow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJn67AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanesi2013" class="citation book cs1">Danesi, Marcel (17 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GZOBAAAAQBAJ">Encyclopedia of Media and Communication</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GZOBAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT488">488</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-9553-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-9553-5"><bdi>978-1-4426-9553-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Media+and+Communication&rft.pages=488&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2013-06-17&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-9553-5&rft.aulast=Danesi&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGZOBAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagno2021" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Magno, Michele (25 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.startmag.it/mondo/gramsci-e-togliatti-la-rivoluzione-e-la-juventus/">"Gramsci e Togliatti, la rivoluzione e la Juventus"</a>. Start Magazine (in Italian). Retrieved 4 July 2023. <q>'E tu pretendi di fare la rivoluzione senza conoscere i risultati della Juve?.' Come a dire, senza conoscere gli umori del popolo a cui chiedi di insorgere? Il capo del Partito comunista, tifoso della 'Vecchia Signora', rimproverava così al suo vice di misconoscere l'importanza di un fenomeno di massa come il calcio, eletto dal fascismo a sport nazionale, in grado di influenzare mentalità e costumi dei ceti popolari. Un punto, questo, che aveva catturato l'attenzione di Antonio Gramsci già all'alba Novecento. Lo testimonia 'Il foot-ball e lo scopone', un celebre articolo pubblicato il 16 agosto 1918 sull'Avanti!.</q> ["And you expect us to make the revolution without knowing the results of Juve?" As to say, without knowing the moods of the people, how do you ask [the people] to rise up? The head of the Communist Party, a fan of the "Old Lady", thus reproached his deputy for disregarding the importance of a mass phenomenon such as football, elected by fascism as a national sport, capable of influencing the mentality and customs of the working class. A point which had already captured the attention of Antonio Gramsci at the dawn of the twentieth century. Witness "Football and Scopone", a famous article published on 16 August 1918 on Avanti!]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Start+Magazine&rft.atitle=Gramsci+e+Togliatti%2C+la+rivoluzione+e+la+Juventus&rft.date=2021-09-25&rft.aulast=Magno&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.startmag.it%2Fmondo%2Fgramsci-e-togliatti-la-rivoluzione-e-la-juventus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomeo2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Romeo, Ilaria (7 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.strisciarossa.it/tra-la-rivoluzione-e-la-juve-la-passione-dei-leader-pci-per-il-calcio/">"Tra la rivoluzione e la Juve. La passione dei leader Pci per il calcio"</a>. Striscia Rossa (in Italian). Retrieved 4 July 2023. <q>Affermava in proposito l'avvocato Agnelli su 'La Stampa': 'Ho mandato al giornale una foto di una partita della Juventus del 1948, dove mi trovavo accanto a Togliatti. Lui, come tutti i leader comunisti di una certa generazione e di una certa classe, era juventino. Non ho mai avuto modo di verificare se Berlinguer amasse la Juventus; ma da alcune sue reazioni, che ho avuto occasione di vedere allo stadio, mi pare che anche il suo cuore fosse bianconero' (dalla lettera aperta a Luciano Lama Agnelli risponde a Lama sulla Juve, 'La Stampa', 6 marzo 1991, p. 33). Il 16 dicembre 1988 'l'Unità' pubblica in prima pagina un articolo dalla titolazione evocativa Gramsci tifava per la Juve (l'articolo è ufficialmente inserito nella 'Bibliografia gramsciana'). Il pezzo, firmato da Giorgio Fabre riportava alcune lettere in cui il fondatore del Partito comunista chiedeva al destinatario, Piero Sraffa, 'notizie della nostra Juventus'. Le lettere ben presto si rivelarono false ma scatenarono comunque numerose reazioni, ad iniziare da Giampiero Boniperti che a nome della società disse il giorno seguente su 'La Stampa': 'Ci fa piacere sapere che tra i nostri tifosi ci sono stati personaggi che hanno segnato un'epoca dal punto di vista politico, economico ed intellettuale. Questo dimostra che la Juventus ha davvero qualcosa di particolare, un fascino che con il passare degli anni non ha perso mai vigore'.</q> [In this regard, [Gianni] Agnelli stated in "La Stampa": "I sent the newspaper a photo of a Juventus match in 1948, where I was next to Togliatti. He, like all communist leaders of a certain generation and a certain class, was a Juventus fan. I've never had the opportunity to verify if Berlinguer loved Juventus, but from some of his reactions, which I had the opportunity to see at the stadium, it seems to me that his heart was Black and White too" (from the open letter to Luciano Lama, Agnelli replies to Lama on Juve, "La Stampa", 6 March 1991, p. 33). On 16 December 1988, "l'Unità" published an article on the front page with the evocative title [that] Gramsci was rooting for Juve (the article is officially included in the "Gramscian Bibliography"). The piece, signed by Giorgio Fabre, contained some letters in which the founder of the Communist Party asked the recipient, Piero Sraffa, for "news from our Juventus". The letters soon turned out to be false but nonetheless triggered numerous reactions, starting with Giampiero Boniperti who, on behalf of the club, said the following day in "La Stampa": "We are pleased to know that among our fans there have been personalities who have marked an era from the political, economic, and intellectual point of view. This shows that Juventus truly have something special, a charm that has never lost strength over the years."]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Striscia+Rossa&rft.atitle=Tra+la+rivoluzione+e+la+Juve.+La+passione+dei+leader+Pci+per+il+calcio&rft.date=2018-02-07&rft.aulast=Romeo&rft.aufirst=Ilaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.strisciarossa.it%2Ftra-la-rivoluzione-e-la-juve-la-passione-dei-leader-pci-per-il-calcio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoccia2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Coccia, Pasquale (25 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ilmanifesto.it/i-comunisti-scendono-in-campo">"I comunisti scendono in campo"</a>. Il manifesto (in Italian). Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Il+manifesto&rft.atitle=I+comunisti+scendono+in+campo&rft.date=2021-09-25&rft.aulast=Coccia&rft.aufirst=Pasquale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Filmanifesto.it%2Fi-comunisti-scendono-in-campo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMainente2022" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mainente, Andrea (3 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rivistacontrasti.it/juventus-comunismo-squadra-comunista-lama-berlinguer-togliatti-gramsci-bersani/">"La Juventus comunista"</a>. Rivista Contrasti (in Italian). Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rivista+Contrasti&rft.atitle=La+Juventus+comunista&rft.date=2022-08-03&rft.aulast=Mainente&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rivistacontrasti.it%2Fjuventus-comunismo-squadra-comunista-lama-berlinguer-togliatti-gramsci-bersani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagno2021" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Magno, Michele (25 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.startmag.it/mondo/gramsci-e-togliatti-la-rivoluzione-e-la-juventus/">"Gramsci e Togliatti, la rivoluzione e la Juventus"</a>. Start Magazine (in Italian). Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Start+Magazine&rft.atitle=Gramsci+e+Togliatti%2C+la+rivoluzione+e+la+Juventus&rft.date=2021-09-25&rft.aulast=Magno&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.startmag.it%2Fmondo%2Fgramsci-e-togliatti-la-rivoluzione-e-la-juventus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngrisani2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Angrisani, Alfonso Noël (10 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilnapolista.it/2016/02/sinistra-juventus-berlinguer-gramsci-togliatti/">"Da Togliatti a Berlinguer (fino al falso di Gramsci): l'imbarazzata passione della sinistra per la potente Juventus"</a>. Il Napolista (in Italian). Retrieved 4 July 2023. <q>Spiegherà Ugo Bertone su FirstOnLine come Togliatti avesse intuito, così come Mario Soldati, che la Juventus 'era sì 'la squadra dei gentlemen, dei pionieri dell'industria, dei gesuiti, dei benpensanti, di chi aveva fatto il liceo: dei borghesi ricchi', ma anche un mito per le masse del Mezzogiorno, un simbolo di efficienza ed un possibile terreno d'incontro tra capitale e lavoro, una maglia bianconera che accomunava Luciano Lama con l'Avvocato Agnelli più di mille trattative'. Per il poeta Giovanni Arpino, 'la Juventus è universale, il Torino è un dialetto. La Madama è un 'esperanto' anche calcistico, il Toro è gergo'. ... Achille Occhetto l'uomo della Bolognina. Tifoso del Torino ed ex segretario del Partito comunista, racconterà a SportivamenteMag che 'essere granata nella Torino degli anni Quaranta del Novecento significava opporsi, anche senza averne cognizione. Il conformismo era bianconero, ma non vincente. Qualcosa, non molto, cambiò dopo la guerra: il Torino incarnava ragionevolmente la classe operaia [...] In compenso, solo pochi anni dopo gli operai affluiti a Torino per lavorare alla Fiat o nell'indotto, tutti meridionali, capovolsero gli equilibri del tifo cittadino. Erano tutti invariabilmente juventini. E mi dovetti arrendere all'evidenza'.</q> [Ugo Bertone will explain on FirstOnLine how Togliatti had the intuition, as well as Mario Soldati, that Juventus "was yes 'the team of gentlemen, pioneers of industry, Jesuits, right-thinking people, those who had gone to high school: the rich bourgeois', but also a myth for the masses of the South, a symbol of efficiency, and a possible meeting ground between capital and labour, a black and white shirt that united Luciano Lama with [Gianni] Agnelli more than a thousand negotiations." For the poet Giovanni Arpino, "Juventus is universal, Torino is a dialect. La Madama is also football 'Esperanto', Toro is slang." ... Achille Occhetto, the man from Bolognina. A Torino fan and former secretary of the Communist Party, he will tell SportivamenteMag that "being a Torino fan in Turin in the 1940s meant to oppose, even without knowing it. Conformism was Black and White, but not successful. Something, not much, changed after the war: Torino reasonably embodied the working class [...] On the other hand, only a few years later the workers who flocked to Turin to work at Fiat or related industries, all from the South, overturned the balance of city supporters. They were all invariably Juventus fans. And I had to surrender to the evidence."]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Il+Napolista&rft.atitle=Da+Togliatti+a+Berlinguer+%28fino+al+falso+di+Gramsci%29%3A+l%27imbarazzata+passione+della+sinistra+per+la+potente+Juventus&rft.date=2016-02-10&rft.aulast=Angrisani&rft.aufirst=Alfonso+No%C3%ABl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilnapolista.it%2F2016%2F02%2Fsinistra-juventus-berlinguer-gramsci-togliatti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomeo2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Romeo, Ilaria (1 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collettiva.it/copertine/italia/2020/11/01/news/la_squadra_del_padrone-517702/">"La squadra del padrone"</a>. Collettiva (in Italian). Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collettiva&rft.atitle=La+squadra+del+padrone&rft.date=2020-11-01&rft.aulast=Romeo&rft.aufirst=Ilaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collettiva.it%2Fcopertine%2Fitalia%2F2020%2F11%2F01%2Fnews%2Fla_squadra_del_padrone-517702%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellamySchecter1993" class="citation book cs1">Bellamy, Richard; Schecter, Darrow (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn67AAAAIAAJ">Gramsci and the Italian State</a>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. xxv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3342-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3342-1"><bdi>978-0-7190-3342-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gramsci+and+the+Italian+State&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=xxv&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-3342-1&rft.aulast=Bellamy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Schecter%2C+Darrow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJn67AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates1976" class="citation journal cs1">Bates, Thomas R. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oocities.org/cordobakaf/gramsci_pci.pdf">"Antonio Gramsci and the Bolshevization of the PCI"</a> (PDF). Journal of Contemporary History. 11 (2): 115–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200947601100207">10.1177/002200947601100207</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153795445">153795445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Antonio+Gramsci+and+the+Bolshevization+of+the+PCI&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-131&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200947601100207&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153795445%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oocities.org%2Fcordobakaf%2Fgramsci_pci.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVacca2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vacca, Giuseppe (2012). Vita e pensieri di Antonio Gramsci (in Italian). Turin: Einaudi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vita+e+pensieri+di+Antonio+Gramsci&rft.place=Turin&rft.pub=Einaudi&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Vacca&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessina2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Messina, Dino (18 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lanostrastoria.corriere.it/2013/11/18/gramsci-tradito-due-volte-da-silone-e-da-togliatti-il-nuovo-importante-saggio-di-mauro-canali/">"Gramsci tradito due volte: da Silone e da Togliatti. Il nuovo importante saggio di Mauro Canali"</a>. Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 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London: Phoenix. p. 439. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8421-2123-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8421-2123-8"><bdi>978-1-8421-2123-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini&rft.place=London&rft.pages=439&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-8421-2123-8&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nilalienum.com/gramsci/0_CritGramsci/GramsciPolattuali.html">"Il dibattito recente su Gramsci. Tra 'ortodossia' e revisionismo"</a>. Nilalienum Edizioni. 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Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Corriere+della+Sera&rft.atitle=Palmiro+Togliatti+e+i+suoi+angeli+custodi&rft.date=2020-08-22&rft.aulast=Caprara&rft.aufirst=Maurizio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corriere.it%2Fcultura%2F20_agosto_22%2Ftogliatti-suoi-angeli-custodi-03253f9e-e49c-11ea-b1e4-bb7479c087c9.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoneta2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moneta, Riccardo (3 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unoscacchista.com/2018/04/03/non-ce-limite-al-servilismo/">"Non c'è limite al servilismo"</a>. Uno Scacchista (in Italian). Retrieved 5 July 2023. <q>... il settimanale 'Epoca', nel numero del 17 febbraio 1951, si occupava di uomini politici che giocavano a scacchi, ben contento di sottolineare che: 'nella buvette di Palazzo Madama, di fronte al gruppo capeggiato da Tonello, sotto la finestra, campeggia il tavolo degli scacchi. Vi si alternano impassibili campioni d'antico stampo, evocanti la sfida di Paggio Fernando a Jolanda, e rappresentanti un po' tumultuosi del settore dell'estrema sinistra. Dopo che nella scorsa estate i giornali riferirono come l'onorevole Palmiro Togliatti trascorresse, in una clinica piemontese, i suoi giorni di convalescenza, impegnato a battere agli scacchi il senatore Moscatelli, le file dei campioni di Palazzo Madama s'andarono arricchendo di numerosi neofiti. Si notarono rapidamente i progressi dei senatori Pastore, Farina e Molinella. Di quest'ultimo, anzi, c'è chi esalta un metodo tutto nuovo, basato su principi rigorosamente matematici'.</q> [... the weekly [news magazine] "Epoca", in the issue of 17 February 1951, dealt with politicians who played chess, happy to underline that: "in the buvette of Palazzo Madama, in front of the group led by Tonello, under the window, stands the chess table. Impassive old-fashioned champions alternate, evoking Paggio Fernando's challenge to Jolanda, and somewhat tumultuous representatives of the extreme left sector. After last summer the newspapers reported how the honorable Palmiro Togliatti spent his days of convalescence in a Piedmontese clinic, [being] busy beating Senator Moscatelli at chess, the ranks of champions at Palazzo Madama were enriched with numerous neophytes. The progress of Senators Pastore, Farina, and Molinella was quickly noted. Of the latter, indeed, there are those who extol an entirely new method, based on rigorously mathematical principles."]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uno+Scacchista&rft.atitle=Non+c%27%C3%A8+limite+al+servilismo&rft.date=2018-04-03&rft.aulast=Moneta&rft.aufirst=Riccardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funoscacchista.com%2F2018%2F04%2F03%2Fnon-ce-limite-al-servilismo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLecis2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lecis, Vindice (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Il_nemico.html?id=WvjqtQEACAAJ">Il nemico. Intrighi, sospetti e misteri nel Pci della guerra fredda</a> (in Italian). Rome: Nutrimenti. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8865-94569-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-8865-94569-8"><bdi>978-8865-94569-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+nemico.+Intrighi%2C+sospetti+e+misteri+nel+Pci+della+guerra+fredda&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Nutrimenti&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-8865-94569-8&rft.aulast=Lecis&rft.aufirst=Vindice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FIl_nemico.html%3Fid%3DWvjqtQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuonomo2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Buonomo, Giampiero (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230626160926/https://www.academia.edu/11059725/Come_il_Senato_si_scopr%C3%AC_vaso_di_coccio_in_L_Ago_e_il_filo_2014">"Come il Senato si scoprì vaso di coccio"</a>. L'Ago e Il Filo (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11059725">the original</a> on 26 June 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Ago+e+Il+Filo&rft.atitle=Come+il+Senato+si+scopr%C3%AC+vaso+di+coccio&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Buonomo&rft.aufirst=Giampiero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11059725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilpost.it/2023/03/31/legge-elettorale-truffa/">"Che cosa fu la 'legge truffa'"</a>. Il Post (in Italian). 31 March 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Il+Post&rft.atitle=Che+cosa+fu+la+%27legge+truffa%27&rft.date=2022-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilpost.it%2F2023%2F03%2F31%2Flegge-elettorale-truffa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessina2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Messina, Dino (8 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lanostrastoria.corriere.it/2014/04/06/le-colpe-di-togliatti-e-le-omissioni-di-boffa-sul-terribile-1956/">"Le colpe di Togliatti e le omissioni di Boffa sul terribile 1956"</a>. Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 8 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Corriere+della+Sera&rft.atitle=Le+colpe+di+Togliatti+e+le+omissioni+di+Boffa+sul+terribile+1956&rft.date=2014-04-08&rft.aulast=Messina&rft.aufirst=Dino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flanostrastoria.corriere.it%2F2014%2F04%2F06%2Fle-colpe-di-togliatti-e-le-omissioni-di-boffa-sul-terribile-1956%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasadio2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Casadio, Andrea (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://it.gariwo.net/libri-and-co/libri/gulag-e-totalitarismo/lo-stalinismo-e-la-sinistra-italiana-1766.html">"Lo Stalinismi e la sinistra italiana di Viktor Zaslavsky Mondadori, Milano, 2004"</a>. Storicamente (in Italian). University of Bologna. Retrieved 8 July 2023 – via Gariwo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Storicamente&rft.atitle=Lo+Stalinismi+e+la+sinistra+italiana+di+Viktor+Zaslavsky+Mondadori%2C+Milano%2C+2004&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Casadio&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fit.gariwo.net%2Flibri-and-co%2Flibri%2Fgulag-e-totalitarismo%2Flo-stalinismo-e-la-sinistra-italiana-1766.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalabretta2023" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Calabretta, Costanza (16 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rivistailmulino.it/a/il-1953-e-le-reazioni-della-sinistra-italiana">"Il 1953 e le reazioni della sinistra italiana"</a>. Il Mulino (in Italian). Retrieved 5 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Il+Mulino&rft.atitle=Il+1953+e+le+reazioni+della+sinistra+italiana&rft.date=2023-06-16&rft.aulast=Calabretta&rft.aufirst=Costanza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rivistailmulino.it%2Fa%2Fil-1953-e-le-reazioni-della-sinistra-italiana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Polycentrism revisited". The Round Table. 78 (311): 262–265. July 1989. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00358538908453934">10.1080/00358538908453934</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8533">0035-8533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Round+Table&rft.atitle=Polycentrism+revisited&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=311&rft.pages=262-265&rft.date=1989-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00358538908453934&rft.issn=0035-8533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp-Welch2008" class="citation book cs1">Kemp-Welch, A., ed. (2008). "Polycentrism". Poland under Communism: A Cold War History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 93–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511619779.006">10.1017/CBO9780511619779.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88440-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88440-2"><bdi>978-0-521-88440-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polycentrism&rft.btitle=Poland+under+Communism%3A+A+Cold+War+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=93-123&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511619779.006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88440-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTogliatti1961" class="citation magazine cs1">Togliatti, Palmiro (December 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/togliatti/1961/unityanddiversity.htm">"Diversity and Unity in the International Proletarian-Communist Movement"</a>. Rinascita. Retrieved 8 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rinascita&rft.atitle=Diversity+and+Unity+in+the+International+Proletarian-Communist+Movement&rft.date=1961-12&rft.aulast=Togliatti&rft.aufirst=Palmiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftogliatti%2F1961%2Funityanddiversity.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner1983" class="citation journal cs1">Garner, Larry (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40402451">"Review of The Strategy of the Italian Communist Party: From the Resistance to the Historic Compromise; On Gramsci & Other Writings, Donald Sassoon"</a>. Science & Society. 47 (1): 112–115. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8237">0036-8237</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40402451">40402451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Strategy+of+the+Italian+Communist+Party%3A+From+the+Resistance+to+the+Historic+Compromise%3B+On+Gramsci+%26+Other+Writings%2C+Donald+Sassoon&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=112-115&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40402451%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0036-8237&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40402451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/polycentrism">"Polycentrism"</a>. Britannica. Retrieved 8 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Polycentrism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fpolycentrism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentino1981" class="citation journal cs1">Valentino, Anna Maria (1981). "Review of I comunisti italiani e lo stato 1926–1956; Togliatti e la via italiana al socialismo". Belfagor. 36 (4): 487–490. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0005-8351">0005-8351</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26144984">26144984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belfagor&rft.atitle=Review+of+I+comunisti+italiani+e+lo+stato+1926%E2%80%931956%3B+Togliatti+e+la+via+italiana+al+socialismo&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=487-490&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26144984%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0005-8351&rft.aulast=Valentino&rft.aufirst=Anna+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreucciSylvers1976" class="citation journal cs1">Andreucci, Franco; Sylvers, Malcolm (1976). 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Retrieved 5 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rivista+di+Studi+Politici&rft.atitle=Il+%27partito+nuovo%27+di+Togliatti+%281944-1964%29&rft.date=2022-04-14&rft.aulast=Chiarotto&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.istitutospiov.it%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F04%2FRivista-Studi-Politici-1-21-Chiarotto.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2006" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Steven (2006). Antonio Gramsci. Routledge Critical Thinkers (paperback ed.). London: Routledge. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4153-1947-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4153-1947-8"><bdi>978-0-4153-1947-8</bdi></a>. Togliatti himself stated that the PCI's practices during this period were congruent with Gramscian thought. It is speculated that Gramsci would likely have been expelled from his party if his true views had been known, particularly his growing hostility towards Stalin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antonio+Gramsci&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+Critical+Thinkers&rft.pages=25&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-4153-1947-8&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatto2016" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Catto, Alessandro (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.unive.it/bitstream/handle/10579/9298/838947-1203766.pdf?sequence=2">Palmiro Togliatti, il PCI e la democrazia progressiva tra lotta antifascista e costituzionalizzazione</a> (PDF) (master's thesis) (in Italian). Ca' Foscari University of Venice. p. 2. Retrieved 7 July 2023. <q>Un ritratto storiografico, quello sul PCI togliattiano, forgiato dai fattori più diversi, dalla cultura popolare, dal racconto fatto dagli ex militanti e dai nemici, dalla fedeltà assoluta al bastione rivoluzionario dell'Unione Sovietica, ma ancora poco propenso a valutare le spinte esterne, le contraddizioni interne e infine l'organicità rispetto al sistema democratico in cui il partito si vede ospitato, e che con un contributo di prim'ordine contribuisce a forgiare. Un mito più che un resoconto storico, nel quale la verità si fonde alla speranza del tempo o agli auspici di intere classi, da quella operaia a quella della borghesia intellettuale, dai sindacalisti alle casalinghe, dai braccianti agricoli ai portuali. Questo lavoro ha invece tra i suoi auspici il dimostrare quanto le successive svolte democratizzanti del PCI, fino alla sua completa accettazione del sistema liberaldemocratico, trovino nella gestione togliattiana non tanto un contraltare rispetto a modificazioni lontane e successive, quanto il cammino essenziale per una serie di trasformazioni che proprio nell'antifascismo, nella politica dei fronti popolari, nella ripresa del messaggio gramsciano e nell'idea stessa di democrazia progressiva implementata dal leader comunista vedono un iniziale percorso di fondamentale importanza.</q> [A historiographical portrait, the one on Togliatti's PCI, forged by the most diverse factors, from popular culture, from the story told by former militants and enemies, from absolute loyalty to the revolutionary bastion of the Soviet Union, but still unwilling to evaluate external pressures, the internal contradictions and finally the coherence with respect to the democratic system in which the party sees itself hosted, and which it helps to forge with a first-rate contribution. A myth rather than a historical account, in which the truth merges with the hope of the time or with the wishes of entire classes, from the working class to that of the intellectual bourgeoisie, from trade unionists to housewives, from farm labourers to dock workers. On the other hand, this work has among its auspices the demonstration of how much the successive democratising turns of the PCI, up to its complete acceptance of the liberal-democratic system, find in Togliatti's management not so much a counterpart to distant and successive modifications, as the essential path for a series of transformations that see an initial path of fundamental importance precisely in anti-fascism, in the politics of the popular fronts, in the resumption of the Gramscian message and in the very idea of progressive democracy implemented by the communist leader.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Palmiro+Togliatti%2C+il+PCI+e+la+democrazia+progressiva+tra+lotta+antifascista+e+costituzionalizzazione&rft.degree=master%27s&rft.inst=Ca%27+Foscari+University+of+Venice&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Catto&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.unive.it%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10579%2F9298%2F838947-1203766.pdf%3Fsequence%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broder_2017-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Broder_2017_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broder_2017_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroder2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Broder, David (16 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobin.com/2017/03/palmiro-togliatti-italian-communist-party-stalin-fascism-mussolini/">"Assessing Togliatti"</a>. Jacobin. Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jacobin&rft.atitle=Assessing+Togliatti&rft.date=2017-03-16&rft.aulast=Broder&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobin.com%2F2017%2F03%2Fpalmiro-togliatti-italian-communist-party-stalin-fascism-mussolini%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanaccioni2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Panaccioni, Andrea (October 2006). "Stalinismo e antifascismo nelle culture politiche della sinistra italiana". Contemporanea (in Italian). 9 (4). Il Mulino: 795–804. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24652243">24652243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporanea&rft.atitle=Stalinismo+e+antifascismo+nelle+culture+politiche+della+sinistra+italiana&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=795-804&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24652243%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Panaccioni&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiment2015" class="citation book cs1">Ciment, James (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cpCXBwAAQBAJ">Encyclopedia of Conflicts Since World War II</a>. London: Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cpCXBwAAQBAJ&q=forced+de+Gasperi+to+remove+the+Socialists+and+Communists+from+the+government+as+a+condition+of+receiving+U.S.+aid&pg=PT2073">2073</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3174-7185-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3174-7185-1"><bdi>978-1-3174-7185-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Conflicts+Since+World+War+II&rft.place=London&rft.pages=2073&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-3174-7185-1&rft.aulast=Ciment&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcpCXBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinsborg2003" class="citation book cs1">Ginsborg, Paul (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cnGQBAAAQBAJ">A History of Contemporary Italy: Society and Politics, 1943–1988</a> (illustrated ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 106–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6153-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6153-2"><bdi>978-1-4039-6153-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Contemporary+Italy%3A+Society+and+Politics%2C+1943%E2%80%931988&rft.pages=106-113&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6153-2&rft.aulast=Ginsborg&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcnGQBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorke2007" class="citation book cs1">Corke, Sarah-Jane (12 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FKN8AgAAQBAJ">US Covert Operations and Cold War Strategy: Truman, Secret Warfare and the CIA, 1945–53</a>. London: Routledge. pp. 47–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1341-0413-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1341-0413-0"><bdi>978-1-1341-0413-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=US+Covert+Operations+and+Cold+War+Strategy%3A+Truman%2C+Secret+Warfare+and+the+CIA%2C+1945%E2%80%9353&rft.place=London&rft.pages=47-48&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-09-12&rft.isbn=978-1-1341-0413-0&rft.aulast=Corke&rft.aufirst=Sarah-Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFKN8AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrogi2011" class="citation book cs1">Brogi, Alessandro (15 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ejrgDj-SYiUC&pg=PA140">Confronting America: The Cold War between the United States and the Communists in France and Italy</a>. UNC Press Books. pp. 140–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-7774-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-7774-6"><bdi>978-0-8078-7774-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confronting+America%3A+The+Cold+War+between+the+United+States+and+the+Communists+in+France+and+Italy&rft.pages=140-149&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=2011-07-15&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-7774-6&rft.aulast=Brogi&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DejrgDj-SYiUC%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorke2007" class="citation book cs1">Corke, Sarah-Jane (12 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FKN8AgAAQBAJ">US Covert Operations and Cold War Strategy: Truman, Secret Warfare and the CIA, 1945–53</a>. London: Routledge. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1341-0413-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1341-0413-0"><bdi>978-1-1341-0413-0</bdi></a>. This was further corrobrated by Luigi Einaudi, who wrote in his diary of a dinner at the home of Pietro Quaroni, the Italian Ambassador to the Soviet Union Quaroni, that it was agreed the United States would not grant real aid with the PCI still in government. Sourced to Stazi, Guido (30 October 2021). "Sessanta anni senza Einaudi, il governatore che da Chigi salì al Colle". MF Milano Finanza (in Italian). Retrieved 8 July 2023. "Einaudi annotava nel suo Diario di una cena a casa dell'Ambasciatore d'Italia in Unione Sovietica Quaroni, in cui si conveniva che gli Stati Uniti gli aiuti veri non li avrebbero concessi con i comunisti ancora al governo." [Einaudi noted in his Diary of a dinner at the home of the Italian Ambassador to the Soviet Union Quaroni, in which it was agreed that the United States would not grant real aid with the Communists still in government.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=US+Covert+Operations+and+Cold+War+Strategy%3A+Truman%2C+Secret+Warfare+and+the+CIA%2C+1945%E2%80%9353&rft.place=London&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-09-12&rft.isbn=978-1-1341-0413-0&rft.aulast=Corke&rft.aufirst=Sarah-Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFKN8AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorke2007" class="citation book cs1">Corke, Sarah-Jane (12 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FKN8AgAAQBAJ">US Covert Operations and Cold War Strategy: Truman, Secret Warfare and the CIA, 1945–53</a>. Routledge. pp. 49–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1341-0413-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1341-0413-0"><bdi>978-1-1341-0413-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=US+Covert+Operations+and+Cold+War+Strategy%3A+Truman%2C+Secret+Warfare+and+the+CIA%2C+1945%E2%80%9353&rft.pages=49-58&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-09-12&rft.isbn=978-1-1341-0413-0&rft.aulast=Corke&rft.aufirst=Sarah-Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFKN8AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2001" class="citation news cs1">Carroll, Rory (25 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130716012326/http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2001/jun/25/artsandhumanities.highereducation">"Italy's bloody secret"</a>. The Guardian. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/jun/25/artsandhumanities.highereducation">the original</a> on 16 July 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Italy%27s+bloody+secret&rft.date=2001-06-25&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2001%2Fjun%2F25%2Fartsandhumanities.highereducation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedaliu2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Effie_Pedaliu" title="Effie Pedaliu">Pedaliu, Effie</a> (2004). "Britain and the 'Hand-over' of Italian War Criminals to Yugoslavia, 1945–48". Journal of Contemporary History. 39 (4, Special Issue: Collective Memory): 503–529. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009404046752">10.1177/0022009404046752</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4141408">4141408</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159985182">159985182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Britain+and+the+%27Hand-over%27+of+Italian+War+Criminals+to+Yugoslavia%2C+1945%E2%80%9348&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4%2C+Special+Issue%3A+Collective+Memory&rft.pages=503-529&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159985182%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4141408%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022009404046752&rft.aulast=Pedaliu&rft.aufirst=Effie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drake_2004-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drake_2004_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drake_2004_149-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrake2004" class="citation journal cs1">Drake, Richard (Summer 2004). "The Soviet Dimension of Italian Communism". Journal of Cold War Studies. 6 (3): 115–119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F1520397041447355">10.1162/1520397041447355</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26925390">26925390</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57564743">57564743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cold+War+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+Dimension+of+Italian+Communism&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=115-119&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57564743%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26925390%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F1520397041447355&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Carl Colby (director) (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://firstrunfeatures.com/themannobodyknew/">The Man Nobody Knew: In Search of My Father, CIA Spymaster Ashley Colby</a> (Motion picture). New York City: Act 4 Entertainment. Retrieved 4 July 2023. <q>Edward Luttwak, interview: "[W]e estimated at the time they were getting $40–50 million a year at a time when we were putting $5–6 million into Italian politics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Man+Nobody+Knew%3A+In+Search+of+My+Father%2C+CIA+Spymaster+Ashley+Colby&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Act+4+Entertainment&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffirstrunfeatures.com%2Fthemannobodyknew%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomano2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Romano, Sergio (28 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corriere.it/lettere-al-corriere/14_ottobre_28/-LA-SVOLTA-DI-SALERNO-UN-PIANO-NATO-A-MOSCA_6985148e-5e6b-11e4-9933-2a5a253459da.shtml">"La 'svolta di Salerno' un piano nato a Mosca"</a>. Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 8 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Corriere+della+Sera&rft.atitle=La+%27svolta+di+Salerno%27+un+piano+nato+a+Mosca&rft.date=2014-10-28&rft.aulast=Romano&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corriere.it%2Flettere-al-corriere%2F14_ottobre_28%2F-LA-SVOLTA-DI-SALERNO-UN-PIANO-NATO-A-MOSCA_6985148e-5e6b-11e4-9933-2a5a253459da.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgarossiZaslavsky2011" class="citation book cs1">Agarossi, Elena; Zaslavsky, Victor (2011). "3–6". Stalin and Togliatti: Italy and the Origins of the Cold War. Stanford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%E2%80%936&rft.btitle=Stalin+and+Togliatti%3A+Italy+and+the+Origins+of+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Agarossi&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=Zaslavsky%2C+Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomano2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Romano, Sergio (11 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corriere.it/lettere-al-corriere/12_Febbraio_11/Perche-Stalin-disse-a-Togliatti-di-collaborare-con-Badoglio_b3a97d94-547c-11e1-b05f-5be01557028e.shtml">"Perché Stalin disse a Togliatti di collaborare con Badoglio"</a>. Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 8 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Corriere+della+Sera&rft.atitle=Perch%C3%A9+Stalin+disse+a+Togliatti+di+collaborare+con+Badoglio&rft.date=2012-02-11&rft.aulast=Romano&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corriere.it%2Flettere-al-corriere%2F12_Febbraio_11%2FPerche-Stalin-disse-a-Togliatti-di-collaborare-con-Badoglio_b3a97d94-547c-11e1-b05f-5be01557028e.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iltempo.it/cultura-spettacoli/2014/05/27/news/togliatti-il-cinismo-di-un-mito-940956/">"Togliatti, il cinismo di un 'mito'"</a>. Il Tempo (in Italian). 27 May 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Il+Tempo&rft.atitle=Togliatti%2C+il+cinismo+di+un+%27mito%27&rft.date=2014-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iltempo.it%2Fcultura-spettacoli%2F2014%2F05%2F27%2Fnews%2Ftogliatti-il-cinismo-di-un-mito-940956%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomano2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Romano, Sergio (17 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corriere.it/lettere-al-corriere/15_febbraio_17/-L-IMMAGINE-DI-TOGLIATTI-DALLE-LODI-ALLE-CRITICHE_d8ae4e52-b66d-11e4-a17f-176fb2d476c2.shtml">"L'immagine di Togliatti dalle lodi alle critiche"</a>. Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 8 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Corriere+della+Sera&rft.atitle=L%27immagine+di+Togliatti+dalle+lodi+alle+critiche&rft.date=2015-02-17&rft.aulast=Romano&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corriere.it%2Flettere-al-corriere%2F15_febbraio_17%2F-L-IMMAGINE-DI-TOGLIATTI-DALLE-LODI-ALLE-CRITICHE_d8ae4e52-b66d-11e4-a17f-176fb2d476c2.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanfora1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Canfora, Luciano (1998). Togliatti e i critici tardi (in Italian). Teti. pp. 91–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-8703-9781-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-8703-9781-9"><bdi>978-8-8703-9781-9</bdi></a>. Canfora describes the book by Elena Agarossi and Victor Zaslavsky as "a vibrant pamphlet that exploits some documents, rhapsodically selected and mostly already known, with the very firm intention of demonstrating a single assumption: that the PCI's policy was always and totally subordinate to Stalin's directives." According to Canfora, what he describes as the prejudicial anti-communism of the book reaches, in his own words, an "exhilarating aspect" when the two authors accuse the PCI of an insurrectionist drift. He states that the party considered the possibility of reacting with arms only if the United States "had intervened to prevent the imminent political elections" of April 1948. Since he says the thesis of Agarossi and Zaslavsky is that "communism is evil", a PCI that tries to defend itself and not to be overwhelmed does nothing but practice evil. He writes: "Rarely had one fallen so low in a self-styled book of history." Regarding the Salerno Turn, Agarossi and Zaslavsky argue that the occupying Allied powers would have supported the National Liberation Committee government, which would have removed Badoglio from power, ignoring, according to Canfora, "how tenaciously the English government supported the king and Badoglio". By reconstructing the story and downsizing Togliatti's role, Canfora argues that Agarossi and Zaslavsky arrive at a result that they did not intend: the one for which "Stalin is gigantic in diplomatic ability, farsightedness, and moderation". Canfora's conclusion is that if the authors "had really intended to do the noble job of scholars of history", they would have tried to understand the reasons for Togliatti's oscillations on such a tormented political choice, writing that "if they hadn't chosen to reduce the characters of that affair, either to mere tools or to evil geniuses, they would perhaps have had the result that a historian should care most about: understanding."</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Togliatti+e+i+critici+tardi&rft.pages=91-94&rft.pub=Teti&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-8-8703-9781-9&rft.aulast=Canfora&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessina2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Messina, Dino (23 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lanostrastoria.corriere.it/2015/01/23/nobilta-e-miseria-del-pci-da-gramsci-a-occhetto-un-bel-libro-di-franco-andreucci-che-serve-a-capire-come-eravamo/">"'Nobiltà e miseria del Pci da Gramsci a Occhetto'. Il bel libro di Franco Andreucci che serve a capire come eravamo"</a>. Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 5 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Corriere+della+Sera&rft.atitle=%27Nobilt%C3%A0+e+miseria+del+Pci+da+Gramsci+a+Occhetto%27.+Il+bel+libro+di+Franco+Andreucci+che+serve+a+capire+come+eravamo&rft.date=2015-01-23&rft.aulast=Messina&rft.aufirst=Dino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flanostrastoria.corriere.it%2F2015%2F01%2F23%2Fnobilta-e-miseria-del-pci-da-gramsci-a-occhetto-un-bel-libro-di-franco-andreucci-che-serve-a-capire-come-eravamo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_Giacomo2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Di Giacomo, Michelangela (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fdiacronie.3606">"Franco Andreucci, Da Gramsci a Occhetto. Nobiltà e miseria del Pci 1921-1991"</a>. Diacronie. Studi di storia contemporanea (in Italian) (24). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fdiacronie.3606">10.4000/diacronie.3606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diacronie.+Studi+di+storia+contemporanea&rft.atitle=Franco+Andreucci%2C+Da+Gramsci+a+Occhetto.+Nobilt%C3%A0+e+miseria+del+Pci+1921-1991&rft.issue=24&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fdiacronie.3606&rft.aulast=Di+Giacomo&rft.aufirst=Michelangela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Fdiacronie.3606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaggioni2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maggioni, Marco (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.larchivio.com/xoom/togliatti.htm">"L'enigma Palmiro Togliatti"</a>. L'Archivio (in Italian). Retrieved 5 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27Archivio&rft.atitle=L%27enigma+Palmiro+Togliatti&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Maggioni&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.larchivio.com%2Fxoom%2Ftogliatti.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanfora1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Canfora, Luciano (1998). Togliatti e i critici tardi (in Italian). Teti. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-8703-9781-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-8703-9781-9"><bdi>978-8-8703-9781-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Togliatti+e+i+critici+tardi&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Teti&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-8-8703-9781-9&rft.aulast=Canfora&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalmiro+Togliatti" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmiro_Togliatti&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> as transliterated from Тольятти, the Russian spelling of his name </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Улица Палмира Тољатија </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmiro_Togliatti&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/togliatti/index.htm">Palmiro Togliatti Archive</a> at <a href="/wiki/Marxists.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxists.org">Marxists.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/LecturesOnFascism">Lectures on Fascism</a> delivered in 1935 at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://img.timeinc.net/time/magazine/archive/covers/1947/1101470505_400.jpg">Togliatti on the cover of Time</a> on 5 May 1947</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.raiplaysound.it/playlist/palmirotogliattiilmigliore">Palmiro Togliatt. Il Migliore</a> at <a href="/wiki/RAI" title="RAI">RAI</a> (in Italian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/036789">Newspaper clippings about Palmiro Togliatti</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party" title="List of secretaries of the Italian Communist Party">Secretary of the Italian Communist Party</a> 1927–1964 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Longo" title="Luigi Longo">Luigi Longo</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Spataro" title="Giuseppe Spataro">Giuseppe Spataro</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Italy">Deputy Prime Minister of Italy</a> 1944–1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Nenni" title="Pietro Nenni">Pietro Nenni</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Tupini" title="Umberto Tupini">Umberto Tupini</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Italy)" title="Minister of Justice (Italy)">Minister of Grace and Justice</a> 1945–1946 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fausto_Gullo" title="Fausto Gullo">Fausto Gullo</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italian_Communist_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italian_Communist_Party" title="Template:Italian Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italian_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:Italian Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italian_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italian Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italian_Communist_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Secretaries_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Secretaries of the Italian Communist Party">General Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Amadeo Bordiga</a> (1922–1923)</li> <li>Executive Committee (1923–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> (1924–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_Ravera" title="Camilla Ravera">Camilla Ravera</a> (1927–1930)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palmiro Togliatti</a> (1930–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Grieco" title="Ruggero Grieco">Ruggero Grieco</a> (1934–1938)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palmiro Togliatti</a> (1938–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Longo" title="Luigi Longo">Luigi Longo</a> (1964–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a> (1972–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Natta" title="Alessandro Natta">Alessandro Natta</a> (1984–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Occhetto" title="Achille Occhetto">Achille Occhetto</a> (1988–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%">President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Longo" title="Luigi Longo">Luigi Longo</a> (1972–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Natta" title="Alessandro Natta">Alessandro Natta</a> (1989–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Tortorella" title="Aldo Tortorella">Aldo Tortorella</a> (1990–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Leader in the Chamber of Deputies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Longo" title="Luigi Longo">Luigi Longo</a> (1946–1947)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palmiro Togliatti</a> (1947–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Ingrao" title="Pietro Ingrao">Pietro Ingrao</a> (1964–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Natta" title="Alessandro Natta">Alessandro Natta</a> (1972–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Di_Giulio" title="Fernando Di Giulio">Fernando Di Giulio</a> (1979–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano" title="Giorgio Napolitano">Giorgio Napolitano</a> (1981–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Zangheri" title="Renato Zangheri">Renato Zangheri</a> (1986–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Quercini" title="Giulio Quercini">Giulio Quercini</a> (1990–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)" title="Senate of the Republic (Italy)">Leader in the Senate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Scoccimarro" title="Mauro Scoccimarro">Mauro Scoccimarro</a> (1948–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Terracini" title="Umberto Terracini">Umberto Terracini</a> (1958–1973)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edoardo_Pema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edoardo Pema (page does not exist)">Edoardo Pema</a> (1973–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Chiaromonte" title="Gerardo Chiaromonte">Gerardo Chiaromonte</a> (1983–1986)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugo_Pecchioli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ugo Pecchioli (page does not exist)">Ugo Pecchioli</a> (1986–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">Leader in the European Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Amendola" title="Giorgio Amendola">Giorgio Amendola</a> (1979–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Fanti" title="Guido Fanti">Guido Fanti</a> (1980–1984)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Cervetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Cervetti (page does not exist)">Giovanni Cervetti</a> (1984–1989)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Alberto_Colajanni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Alberto Colajanni (page does not exist)">Luigi Alberto Colajanni</a> (1989–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%27Unit%C3%A0" title="L'Unità">l'Unità</a> (1924–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vie_Nuove" title="Vie Nuove">Vie Nuove</a> (1946–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattuglia" title="Pattuglia">Pattuglia</a> (1948–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinascita" title="Rinascita">Rinascita</a> (1944–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Tasca" title="Angelo Tasca">Culturalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XII_International_Brigade" title="XII International Brigade">XII International Brigade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_Battalion" title="Garibaldi Battalion">Garibaldi Battalion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee" title="National Liberation Committee">National Liberation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AvtoVAZ" title="AvtoVAZ">AvtoVAZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolyatti" title="Tolyatti">Tolyatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Youth_Federation" title="Italian Communist Youth Federation">Italian Communist Youth Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga#Theories_and_beliefs" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordigism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migliorismo" title="Migliorismo">Migliorismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist_Communist_Party_(Italy)" title="Internationalist Communist Party (Italy)">Internationalist Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Communist_Party" title="International Communist Party">International Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italy_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Italian_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Party" title="Italian Marxist–Leninist Party">Italian Marxist–Leninist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_Communist_Party" title="Italian (Marxist–Leninist) Communist Party">Italian (Marxist–Leninist) Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Left" title="Democratic Party of the Left">Democratic Party of the Left</a> / <a href="/wiki/Democrats_of_the_Left" title="Democrats of the Left">Democrats of the Left</a> / <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party" title="Communist Refoundation Party">Communist Refoundation Party</a> / <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Italian_Communists" title="Party of Italian Communists">Party of Italian Communists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%">Alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Front_(Italy)" title="Popular Democratic Front (Italy)">Popular Democratic Front</a> (1947–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Compromise" title="Historic Compromise">Historic Compromise</a> (1976–1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310158#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310158#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310158#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122777038">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368650432">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27151541">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316403153">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1088153063212119320005">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/33684/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjw9MKRc6kgVcyGhhbrg8C">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118623184">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79040145">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124043525">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124043525">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00458870">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV012634">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35551800">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20010525117&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1137397">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/103773">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069682348">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90728136">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000168026&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000054942&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=257467">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810696403805606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/19717">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007277656805171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000133571">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515144406706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00686273?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/72e6f437-dd5c-46f3-9f36-96b9b2a2b19a">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/993263">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/palmiro-togliatti_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118623184.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118623184">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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