Frank M. Johnson, Jr. - Academy of Achievement

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Johnson, Jr. - Academy of Achievement</title>  <meta name="description" content="At the height of the civil rights struggle, there was one place in the Deep South where African Americans fighting the region's oppressive system of racial segregation could count on sure, impartial justice: Frank M. Johnson's courtroom. With unblinking moral courage, Judge Frank M. Johnson upheld the Constitution and the law, insisting that all Americans be treated equally, regardless of color. Judge Johnson's fidelity to the Constitution did not endear him to his neighbors. The judge was denounced and threatened. His neighbors burned a cross on his lawn, and his wife and son were ostracized and harassed, but Frank Johnson would not back down, even after the Ku Klux Klan bombed his mother's house. A native Alabaman, Frank M. Johnson served as a federal judge for 44 years and lived to see centuries of oppressive customs overturned, and the state and the region he loved transformed. Segregation is now an almost unbelievable chapter of America's past, thanks to the efforts of thousands of brave men and women who fought for civil rights, and a handful of courageous public servants like Frank M. Johnson."/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frank-m-johnson/"/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Frank M. Johnson, Jr. - Academy of Achievement"/> <meta property="og:description" content="<p class="inputTextFirst">At the height of the civil rights struggle, there was one place in the Deep South where African Americans fighting the region's oppressive system of racial segregation could count on sure, impartial justice: Frank M. Johnson's courtroom. With unblinking moral courage, Judge Frank M. Johnson upheld the Constitution and the law, insisting that all Americans be treated equally, regardless of color.</p> <p class="inputText">Judge Johnson's fidelity to the Constitution did not endear him to his neighbors. The judge was denounced and threatened. His neighbors burned a cross on his lawn, and his wife and son were ostracized and harassed, but Frank Johnson would not back down, even after the Ku Klux Klan bombed his mother's house.</p> <p class="inputText">A native Alabaman, Frank M. Johnson served as a federal judge for 44 years and lived to see centuries of oppressive customs overturned, and the state and the region he loved transformed. Segregation is now an almost unbelievable chapter of America's past, thanks to the efforts of thousands of brave men and women who fought for civil rights, and a handful of courageous public servants like Frank M. Johnson.</p>"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frank-m-johnson/"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Academy of Achievement"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/johnson-frank-4-Feature-Image.jpg"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="2800"/> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1120"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="<p class="inputTextFirst">At the height of the civil rights struggle, there was one place in the Deep South where African Americans fighting the region's oppressive system of racial segregation could count on sure, impartial justice: Frank M. Johnson's courtroom. With unblinking moral courage, Judge Frank M. Johnson upheld the Constitution and the law, insisting that all Americans be treated equally, regardless of color.</p> <p class="inputText">Judge Johnson's fidelity to the Constitution did not endear him to his neighbors. The judge was denounced and threatened. His neighbors burned a cross on his lawn, and his wife and son were ostracized and harassed, but Frank Johnson would not back down, even after the Ku Klux Klan bombed his mother's house.</p> <p class="inputText">A native Alabaman, Frank M. Johnson served as a federal judge for 44 years and lived to see centuries of oppressive customs overturned, and the state and the region he loved transformed. Segregation is now an almost unbelievable chapter of America's past, thanks to the efforts of thousands of brave men and women who fought for civil rights, and a handful of courageous public servants like Frank M. Johnson.</p>"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Frank M. 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class="feature-area__text-inner text-white"> <h2 class="serif-8 feature-area__text-subhead back"><a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever">All achievers</a></h2> <h1 class="serif-1 entry-title feature-area__text-headline">Frank M. Johnson, Jr.</h1> <h5 class="sans-6 feature-area__blurb">Presidential Medal of Freedom</h5> </div> </figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </header> </div>  <nav class="in-page-nav row fixedsticky"> <ul class="nav text-xs-center clearfix" role="tablist"> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link active" data-toggle="tab" href="#biography" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Biography">Biography</a> </li> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link" data-toggle="tab" href="#profile" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Profile">Profile</a> </li> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link" data-toggle="tab" href="#interview" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Interview">Interview</a> </li> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link" data-toggle="tab" href="#gallery" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Gallery">Gallery</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <article class="post-2570 achiever type-achiever status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry careers-public-service"> <div class="entry-content container clearfix">  <div class="tab-content"> <div class="tab-pane fade in active" id="biography" role="tabpanel"> <section class="achiever--biography"> <div class="banner clearfix"> <div class="banner--single clearfix"> <div class="col-lg-8 col-lg-offset-2"> <div class="banner__image__container"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302/https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/what-it-takes/id1025864075?mt=2" target="_blank"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <img class="lazyload banner__image" data-src="/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/WhatItTakes_johnson_256-190x190.jpg" alt=""/> </figure> </a> </div> <div class="banner__text__container"> <h3 class="serif-3 banner__headline"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302/https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/what-it-takes/id1025864075?mt=2" target="_blank"> Listen to this achiever on <i>What It Takes</i> </a> </h3> <p class="sans-6 banner__text m-b-0"><i>What It Takes</i> is an audio podcast on iTunes produced by the American Academy of Achievement featuring intimate, revealing conversations with influential leaders in the diverse fields of endeavor: music, science and exploration, sports, film, technology, literature, the military and social justice.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <header class="editorial-article__header col-md-8 col-md-offset-2 text-xs-center"> <i class="icon-icon_bio text-brand-primary"></i> <h3 class="serif-3 quote-marks">I wasn't hired to be a moral judge. I wasn't hired to be a preacher or an evangelist. I'm hired to apply the law.</h3> </header> </div> <div class="row"> <aside class="col-md-4 sidebar clearfix"> <h2 class="serif-3 p-b-1">The Federal Judge Who Shaped Civil Rights</h2> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Date of Birth</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> October 30, 1918 </dd> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Date of Death</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> July 23, 1999 </dd> </div> </aside> <article class="editorial-article col-md-8"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><p>Frank Minis Johnson, Jr. was born and raised in Winston County, near Haleyville in the highlands of Northern Alabama. Historically, the hill country had not been part of the plantation system of the Old South, and its people long prided themselves on their independence. Johnson graduated from the University of Alabama and earned a law degree from the university’s law school in 1943. Immediately after law school, he entered the United States Army and participated in the Normandy landing during the Allied invasion of Europe. He was wounded in battle, but recovered and returned to active duty. He carried the bullet in his body for the rest of his life.</p> <figure id="attachment_32403" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="wp-image-32403 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-32403 size-full lazyload" width="2280" height="1835" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg 2280w, /web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit-380x306.jpg 380w, /web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit-760x612.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">As a young infantry officer in World War II, Frank Johnson participated in the invasion of Normandy in June 1944. Johnson joined the U.S. Army as a private in 1943, was commissioned as an infantry lieutenant and won a bronze star for “exemplary conduct in ground combat against the enemy” in the Normandy invasion as a platoon leader in Gen. George S. Patton’s Third Army. Wounded twice in battle, he finished the war as a legal officer in England.</figcaption></figure><p>On completing his military service, Johnson returned to Winston County, and practiced law in the small city of Jasper. Although the Democratic party dominated Southern politics at the time, Johnson became active in the Republican Party, attending the party’s national convention in 1948. In 1952, he supported the presidential campaign of his wartime commander, Dwight D. Eisenhower. Johnson headed Veterans for Eisenhower in Alabama. After Eisenhower’s victory, Johnson was appointed U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Alabama.</p> <figure id="attachment_34697" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="wp-image-34697 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/wp-AP_5204161136-002.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-34697 size-full lazyload" alt="Staff Sergeant James M. Jones, center, of Muskogee, Oklahoma, with two of his defense counsel, Lieutenant Frank Johnson, left, of Tuscaloosa, Ala., and Lieutenant Morris McGee, right, of Birmingham, Ala., discuss U.S. court-martial in London, April 16, 1952, hearing in which Jones was accused of beating a prisoner at the U.S. Detention Cam at Lichfield, England. Jones, former guard at the camp, is accused of simple assault and battery of prisoners and assault with a club to do bodily harm. (AP Photo)" width="2280" height="1886" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/wp-AP_5204161136-002.jpg 2280w, /web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/wp-AP_5204161136-002-380x314.jpg 380w, /web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/wp-AP_5204161136-002-760x629.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/wp-AP_5204161136-002.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">April 16, 1946: Staff Sergeant James M. Jones, center, of Muskogee, Oklahoma, with two of his defense counsel, Lieutenant Frank Johnson, left, of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, and Lieutenant Morris McGee, right, of Birmingham, Alabama, discuss U.S. court-martial in London, hearing in which Jones was accused of beating a prisoner at the U.S. Detention Camp at Lichfield, England. Jones, former guard at the camp, is accused of simple assault and battery of prisoners and assault with a club to do bodily harm. Johnson attracted press attention when he served as defense counsel for enlisted men who had brutalized soldiers, and those who were away without official leave, and implicated higher-ups. A major general testified he only looked into the “administrative status” of previous investigations, Johnson cited an order from General Dwight Eisenhower to investigate charges of brutality. He accused the major general of admitting he had failed to carry out his duties. Johnson also demonstrated that the commanding colonel at the Lichfield prison had directed subordinates to order guards to beat the prisoners.</figcaption></figure><p>The 1954 Supreme Court decision in the case of <em>Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas</em> rocked Southern society to its foundations. The Supreme Court found the racial segregation of public schools unconstitutional, overturning the “separate but equal” doctrine that had prevailed in the American legal system for more than 50 years. Communities across America, particularly in the South, wrestled with the Court’s instruction that the public schools be integrated “with all deliberate speed.” From school boards to state houses and governors’ mansions, Southern politicians vowed to resist the Court’s order. At the same time, a reinvigorated civil rights movement resolved to test the new legal climate. Responsibility for applying the Supreme Court rulings to local cases would fall to the federal judges, but many of these were established figures in their communities, reluctant to incur the wrath of their staunchly segregationist neighbors.</p> <figure id="attachment_32402" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="wp-image-32402 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/eisenhower-color-1.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-32402 size-full lazyload" alt="President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Frank Johnson to serve as U.S. Attorney in Northern Alabama, and then as a District Court Judge. (Bettmann/CORBIS)" width="2280" height="2843" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/eisenhower-color-1.jpg 2280w, /web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/eisenhower-color-1-305x380.jpg 305w, /web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/eisenhower-color-1-609x760.jpg 609w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/eisenhower-color-1.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Back home in Alabama, Johnson went in to law practice and soon had a reputation as an excellent criminal defense lawyer. He also became involved in Republican politics. By 1952, Johnson headed the Alabama Veterans for Eisenhower, and became a state campaign manager in General Eisenhower’s winning presidential race. President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Frank Johnson to serve as U.S. Attorney in Northern Alabama, and then as a District Court Judge. He was appointed by President Eisenhower a year after the Supreme Court’s school-desegregation decision, <em>Brown v. Board of Education</em>. Judge Johnson, a  Republican in the Democratic South, arrived on the bench in Montgomery, Alabama on November 7, 1955, just “as the storm of the civil rights movement was about to break.” Judge Johnson soon became the Federal judiciary’s most influential trial jurist.</figcaption></figure><p>In 1955, President Eisenhower appointed the 37-year-old Frank Johnson to serve as Judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama. Johnson faced an immediate test when an Alabama law permitting bus lines to segregate passengers by race was challenged in court. The segregation of Montgomery’s buses drew national attention when the courageous action of Rosa Parks sparked a boycott of the city’s bus system, led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The first Montgomery bus case to come to Johnson’s courtroom was <em>Browder v. Gayle</em> (1956). Johnson held that the <em>Brown</em> decision applied to public transportation as well as public schools, and that the statute permitting segregation in buses was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court upheld Johnson’s opinion in <em>Browder</em>, and the city buses were integrated, but segregation persisted in buses traveling between cities in the South, and the bus lines maintained separate waiting rooms. Young activists known as the Freedom Riders set out to force the issue.</p> <figure id="attachment_8802" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-8802 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/par0-023.jpg"></noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-8802 lazyload" alt="Rosa Parks arrives at the Montgomery courthouse in 1956 to face trial for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white passenger. (AP Images/Gene Herrick)" width="2280" height="1879" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/par0-023.jpg 2280w, /web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/par0-023-380x313.jpg 380w, /web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/par0-023-760x626.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/par0-023.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Rosa Parks arrives at the Montgomery courthouse in 1956 to face trial for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white passenger. Three weeks after Judge Frank Johnson was appointed to the federal bench, Rosa Parks, a black seamstress, refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white rider, as required by city law. Parks’ arrest prompted a bus boycott led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., a 26-year-old minister who had just moved to Montgomery. Judge Frank Johnson’s first big case was the challenge to Montgomery’s bus segregation law. Joining Judge Richard T. Rives in a majority opinion, Judge Johnson struck down the law as a violation of constitutional right to due process and equal protection, and cited the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1954 ban on school segregation. More than a vindication of Dr. King’s bus boycott, it was the first time that the <em>Brown</em> ruling had been applied to a nonschool case, and it “cleared the way for the eventual desegregation of public services across the entire South. It became a key to Judge Johnson’s judicial development: if a right applied in one area, he could apply it in another.” (AP)</figcaption></figure><p>When a group of Freedom Riders, including future Congressman John R. Lewis, were beaten in the Montgomery Greyhound Bus Terminal, with the acquiescence of the local police, Johnson enjoined the Ku Klux Klan and the police chief of Montgomery from future actions against the protesters. In the same decision (<em>United States v. U.S. Klans</em>, 1961), Judge Johnson also enjoined the Freedom Riders from interfering with the operation of the interstate bus lines. In a separate case, <em>Lewis v. Greyhound</em> (1961), Johnson mandated the desegregation of the bus depots.</p> <p>Johnson’s subsequent decisions on public accommodations forced the integration of libraries and agricultural services. While cities and businesses in the South grudgingly submitted to the Court’s decisions, local school boards continued to drag their feet on school integration. In <em>Lee v. Macon County Board of Education</em> (1963), Johnson issued the first statewide desegregation order.</p> <figure id="attachment_20047" style="width: 1864px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="wp-image-20047 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/lewis-zwerg.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-20047 size-full lazyload" alt="Freedom Riders John Lewis and James Zwerg after being attacked and beaten by segregationists in Montgomery, Alabama, May 20, 1961. (© Bettmann/CORBIS) " width="1864" height="1304" data-sizes="(max-width: 1864px) 100vw, 1864px" data-srcset="/web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/lewis-zwerg.jpg 1864w, /web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/lewis-zwerg-380x266.jpg 380w, /web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/lewis-zwerg-760x532.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/lewis-zwerg.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Freedom Riders John Lewis and James Zwerg after being attacked and beaten by segregationists in Montgomery, Alabama, May 20, 1961. Judge Johnson’s rulings stopped violent attacks against activists. In 1961, he ordered the Ku Klux Klan and Montogomery Police to stop the beating and harassment of Freedom Riders attempting to integrate interstate bus travel. The “Bloody Sunday” beatings of voting rights marchers in 1965 motivated Judge Johnson to overrule the law used to try to stop the Selma to Montgomery march. The Klan began to call Judge Johnson “the most hated man in Alabama.” Terrorists burned a cross on the lawn of his home, bombed his mother’s house and forced him and his family to live under constant federal protection for more than 20 years.</figcaption></figure><p>Johnson’s actions made him an outcast in the white society of Montgomery. His former law school classmate, George Wallace, called Johnson an “integrating, scallawagging, carpetbagging liar.” The Ku Klux Klan called him “the most hated man in Alabama,” and white students burned a cross on his lawn. The judge and his family received constant death threats. His elderly mother’s house was bombed, but she escaped injury and refused to move. Johnson and his family required continuous protection by federal agents from 1961 until 1975.</p> <p>In numerous Southern states, African Americans were barred from voting through the discriminatory enforcement of literacy tests and poll taxes. Johnson’s decision in <em>United States v. Alabama</em> (1961) insisted that black persons be permitted to register if their application papers were equal to the performance of the least qualified white applicant accepted on the voting rolls. The city of Montgomery refused to reveal its voting registration records to the Department of Justice, but in <em>United States v. City of Montgomery</em> (1961) Johnson ordered the city of Montgomery to surrender its records.</p> <figure id="attachment_38317" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="wp-image-38317 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/wp-et-TIMECOVER-Judge-Frank-Johnson-May-12-1967.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-38317 size-full lazyload" alt="" width="2280" height="3030" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/wp-et-TIMECOVER-Judge-Frank-Johnson-May-12-1967.jpg 2280w, /web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/wp-et-TIMECOVER-Judge-Frank-Johnson-May-12-1967-286x380.jpg 286w, /web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/wp-et-TIMECOVER-Judge-Frank-Johnson-May-12-1967-572x760.jpg 572w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/wp-et-TIMECOVER-Judge-Frank-Johnson-May-12-1967.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text"><i>TIME</i> magazine featured Judge Johnson on the cover of this 1967 issue. To many, Judge Frank Johnson was one of the greatest heroes of the 20th century. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. called him a jurist who had “given the true meaning to the word justice.” <em>TIME</em> magazine described Johnson as “one of the most important men in America.” Journalist Bill Moyers said he had “altered forever the face of the South,” and “earned an enduring place in our history for his courage and wisdom.” In a career that spanned almost four decades — twenty-four years in Federal District Court in Alabama and thirteen years on an appeals court with wide jurisdiction in the South — Judge Johnson ordered the desegregation of public schools and colleges, arts, libraries, museums, airports, restaurants, restrooms, other public places, as well as the Alabama State Police. In a turbulent era, he was a towering figure.</figcaption></figure><p>Poorer districts of many states, including Alabama, had their voting strength diluted through arbitrary and unequal legislative districts. In the case of <em>Gomillion v. Lightfoot</em> (1961), Judge Johnson found that the city of Tuskegee had attempted to dilute black voting strength by redrawing the city limits to exclude black voters; Johnson struck down the new city plan as unconstitutional. In one of the most far-reaching decisions of all, Johnson found in <em>Sims v. Frink</em> (1962) that the state of Alabama had drawn its state legislative districts unequally, giving the residents of less populous counties more representation than those in more populous areas. Johnson compelled the state of Alabama to reapportion its districts in accord with the principle of “one man, one vote,” the principle that has guided reapportionment ever since.</p> <figure id="attachment_34698" style="width: 472px" class="wp-caption alignright"><noscript><img class="wp-image-34698 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/joh2-015.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-34698 size-full lazyload" alt="Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr. enters the Federal Court in Montgomery, Alabama, January 26, 1959, during one of many courtroom encounters with his old law school classmate, George C. Wallace, later Governor of Alabama." width="472" height="480" data-sizes="(max-width: 472px) 100vw, 472px" data-srcset="/web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/joh2-015.jpg 472w, /web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/joh2-015-374x380.jpg 374w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/joh2-015.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">1959: Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr. enters the Federal Court in Montgomery, Alabama, during one of many courtroom encounters with his old law school classmate, George C. Wallace, later Governor of Alabama. Johnson was an uncompromising defender of U.S. civil liberties.</figcaption></figure><p>Although the Judge’s rulings in the voting rights cases were upheld by the Supreme Court, attempts to register black voters in the South were still met with violent resistance. In February 1965, state troopers charged a peaceful voting rights demonstration on the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama, firing tear gas and beating the protesters with clubs. After one of the protesters died of his wounds, Martin Luther King, Jr. called on clergy from all over the country to join him in a protest march from Selma to the state capital in Montgomery. George Wallace, who had since been elected Governor of Alabama, refused permission. In <em>Williams v. Wallace</em> (1965), Judge Johnson ordered that the road be opened to the marchers, citing “the enormity of the wrongs” being protested. Only days after the march, a white woman, Viola Liuzzo, who had driven to Alabama from Michigan to participate, was shot to death by members of the Ku Klux Klan. After an all-white jury acquitted the assassins, the Justice Department prosecuted them under the recently enacted Civil Rights Act of 1964. When the men were found guilty in the federal case, Judge Johnson handed down the maximum sentence permissible under the law. As in the Liuzzo case, all-white juries typically acquitted white defendants accused of attacking and murdering civil rights activists, even in the face of overwhelming evidence. In <em>White v. Crook</em> (1966), Johnson ruled that the state of Alabama must permit blacks to serve on juries.</p> <figure id="attachment_41300" style="width: 2216px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-41300 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/et-judgejohnsonatdeskimg078.jpg"></noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-41300 lazyload" alt="" width="2216" height="2811" data-sizes="(max-width: 2216px) 100vw, 2216px" data-srcset="/web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/et-judgejohnsonatdeskimg078.jpg 2216w, /web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/et-judgejohnsonatdeskimg078-300x380.jpg 300w, /web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/et-judgejohnsonatdeskimg078-599x760.jpg 599w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/et-judgejohnsonatdeskimg078.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Judge Frank M. Johnson in his chambers in the 1970s. In 1977, President Jimmy Carter nominated Judge Johnson to be director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The appointment was widely acclaimed, but the Judge withdrew after undergoing heart surgery and facing a long recuperation. Two years later, President Carter named him to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. (© Office of Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr.)</figcaption></figure><p>Little by little, the last vestiges of legally sanctioned segregation gave way. In <em>United States v. Alabama</em> (1966), Judge Johnson found Alabama’s poll tax unconstitutional. His decision in <em>Smith v. YMCA of Montgomery</em> (1970) ordered the desegregation of the Montgomery chapter of the YMCA. The violence that had erupted in Montgomery and Selma arose in part from the collision of black protesters with all-white police forces. In <em>NAACP v. Dothard</em> (1974), Johnson required the state of Alabama to hire one black state trooper for every white state trooper until racial parity was achieved. As the precedent was applied across the country, all-white police forces gave way to law enforcement organizations more representative of the communities they serve. As these decisions were affirmed by higher courts, they became the basis for modern civil rights law and effected a transformation in American society that had seemed unthinkable only a few years before.</p> <figure id="attachment_32409" style="width: 2144px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="wp-image-32409 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgejohnsonlibraryimg083.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-32409 size-full lazyload" alt="Judge Frank M. Johnson in his courtroom, the Federal Courthouse in Montgomery, Alabama, 1978. (Courtesy of the Office of Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr.)" width="2144" height="2827" data-sizes="(max-width: 2144px) 100vw, 2144px" data-srcset="/web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgejohnsonlibraryimg083.jpg 2144w, /web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgejohnsonlibraryimg083-288x380.jpg 288w, /web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgejohnsonlibraryimg083-576x760.jpg 576w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgejohnsonlibraryimg083.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Judge Frank M. Johnson in his courtroom, the Federal Courthouse in Montgomery, Alabama, 1978. He was a legendary federal jurist whose historic civil rights decisions “led to ostracism, cross-burnings and death threats, but helped to change the face of the segregationist South in the 1950s and the 1960s.” Judge Johnson first took the oath as a federal judge on October of 1955, just before his 37th birthday, making him the youngest federal judge in the country. Judge Frank Johnson’s influential and controversial rulings had far-reaching consequences toward achieving civil rights for African-Americans, inmates and the mentally ill. (Office of Judge Frank Johnson)</figcaption></figure><p>By 1975, the changes that Frank Johnson had helped make in American life were widely accepted, but the years of isolation had exacted a terrible price from the Judge’s family. The Johnsons’ only child, an adopted son, suffered from prolonged mental illness, aggravated by years of harassment and ostracism. At the age of 28, he committed suicide. To the end of his life, the Judge politely declined requests to discuss the tragedy with reporters or interviewers.</p> <figure id="attachment_47607" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-47607 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/1991-WP-2800-gifj.fmj_.alabama.lawyer-JUDGE-AND-MRS-FRANK-M-JOHNSON-JR.jpg"></noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-47607 lazyload" alt="" width="2280" height="2897" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/1991-WP-2800-gifj.fmj_.alabama.lawyer-JUDGE-AND-MRS-FRANK-M-JOHNSON-JR.jpg 2280w, /web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/1991-WP-2800-gifj.fmj_.alabama.lawyer-JUDGE-AND-MRS-FRANK-M-JOHNSON-JR-299x380.jpg 299w, /web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/1991-WP-2800-gifj.fmj_.alabama.lawyer-JUDGE-AND-MRS-FRANK-M-JOHNSON-JR-598x760.jpg 598w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/1991-WP-2800-gifj.fmj_.alabama.lawyer-JUDGE-AND-MRS-FRANK-M-JOHNSON-JR.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">1991: Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr. and his wife Ruth on the cover of <em>The Alabama Lawyer</em>. After graduating from the Gulf Coast Military Academy in 1936, Frank Johnson worked for a year as a surveyor and married Ruth Jenkins of Winston County in 1938. Johnson then attended a state college and a business school in Birmingham, studying accounting and bookkeeping, before enrolling at the University of Alabama as a junior in a pre-law program. Ruth was also a student at the university, and after graduating she helped to put him through the university’s law school by teaching speech therapy in a high school. Judge Johnson graduated at the top of his law school class in 1943.</figcaption></figure><p>Once the center of violent controversy, Judge Johnson finally emerged as one of the most admired jurists in the country. In 1977, President Jimmy Carter asked Johnson to serve as Director of the FBI. Shortly after the nomination was announced, Johnson was diagnosed with an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta, requiring immediate surgery. Although Johnson’s appointment was approved by the Senate without a dissenting vote, Johnson withdrew his name from consideration while he was recovering. President Carter appointed Johnson to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in 1979. Two years later, the Fifth Circuit was reorganized, and Judge Johnson was reassigned to the newly created Eleventh Circuit. Judge Johnson received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Clinton in 1995. He continued to serve on the federal bench until his death in 1999. His 1991 interview with the Academy of Achievement was conducted in the courtroom in Montgomery where he heard many of his most famous cases. In his honor, the old courthouse has been renamed the Frank M. Johnson, Jr. Federal Building.</p> <figure id="attachment_34736" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="wp-image-34736 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/wp-01545u.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-34736 size-full lazyload" alt="Frank M. Johnson, Jr. Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse, 15 Lee Street, Montgomery, Alabama. The Frank M. Johnson, Jr., Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse is located on a parcel of land bounded by Lee, Court, Clayton, Catoma, and Church streets, and the historic Montgomery Bus Station, where a mob attacked the Freedom Riders in 1961." width="2280" height="1791" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/wp-01545u.jpg 2280w, /web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/wp-01545u-380x299.jpg 380w, /web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/wp-01545u-760x597.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/wp-01545u.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">In Montgomery, where Judge Frank Johnson was once a pariah, the Federal Court House was named in his honor. The Frank M. Johnson, Jr., Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse is located on a parcel of land bounded by Lee, Court, Clayton, Catoma, and Church streets, and the historic Montgomery Bus Station, where a mob attacked the Freedom Riders in 1961. In 1993, the American Bar Association’s first Thurgood Marshall Award was presented to Judge Johnson as the person “who most exemplifies Justice Marshall’s spirit on behalf of protecting civil rights.”</figcaption></figure><p>Even before his death, a number of full-length biographies of Judge Johnson had appeared, including <em>Taming the Storm</em> by Jack Bass, and <em>Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr.</em> by Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., whose father headed the Justice Department from 1961 to 1964, at the height of the civil rights struggle. Subsequent generations of jurists have come to rely on the precedents established by Judge Johnson in his 44 years on the bench. With his steady, reasoned judgment and unflinching courage, Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr. helped make the promise of the Constitution a reality for all Americans.</p></body></html> <div class="clearfix"> <figure class="achiever__video-block"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/8PS2jrSIXnc?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Judge-Thompson-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Judge-Thompson-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video__copy m-t-1"> <p><strong>Judge Myron Thompson reflects on the influence of Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr. and his landmark decisions on Civil Rights and describes his courtroom in the United States Courthouse in Montgomery, Alabama, as “an Oasis of Justice.”</strong></p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </article> </div> </section> </div> <div class="tab-pane fade" id="profile" role="tabpanel"> <section class="clearfix"> <header class="editorial-article__header"> <figure class="text-xs-center"> <img class="inductee-badge" src="/web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/inducted-badge@2x.png" alt="Inducted Badge" width="120" height="120"/> <figcaption class="serif-3 text-brand-primary"> Inducted in 1978 </figcaption> </figure> </header> <div class="row"> <aside class="col-md-4 sidebar"> <dl class="clearfix m-b-0"> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Career</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> <div><a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/#filter=.public-service">Public Service</a></div> </dd> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Date of Birth</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> October 30, 1918 </dd> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Date of Death</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> July 23, 1999 </dd> </div> </dl> </aside> <article class="col-md-8 editorial-article clearfix"> <p class="inputTextFirst">At the height of the civil rights struggle, there was one place in the Deep South where African Americans fighting the region’s oppressive system of racial segregation could count on sure, impartial justice: Frank M. Johnson’s courtroom. With unblinking moral courage, Judge Frank M. Johnson upheld the Constitution and the law, insisting that all Americans be treated equally, regardless of color.</p> <p class="inputText">Judge Johnson’s fidelity to the Constitution did not endear him to his neighbors. The judge was denounced and threatened. His neighbors burned a cross on his lawn, and his wife and son were ostracized and harassed, but Frank Johnson would not back down, even after the Ku Klux Klan bombed his mother’s house.</p> <p class="inputText">A native Alabaman, Frank M. Johnson served as a federal judge for 44 years and lived to see centuries of oppressive customs overturned, and the state and the region he loved transformed. Segregation is now an almost unbelievable chapter of America’s past, thanks to the efforts of thousands of brave men and women who fought for civil rights, and a handful of courageous public servants like Frank M. Johnson.</p> </article> </div> </section> </div> <div class="tab-pane fade" id="interview" role="tabpanel"> <section class="clearfix"> <div class="col-md-12 interview-feature-video"> <figure> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/vFjtLzNvzvA?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Frank-1991-Upscale-1of2.00_46_27_04.Still004-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Frank-1991-Upscale-1of2.00_46_27_04.Still004-760x428.jpg"></div> <div class="video-tag sans-4"> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> <div class="video-tag__text">Watch full interview</div> </div> </div> </figure> </div> <header class="col-md-12 text-xs-center m-b-2"> <i class="icon-icon_bio text-brand-primary"></i> </header> <aside class="col-md-4 sidebar"> <h2 class="serif-3 achiever--biography-subtitle">The Federal Judge Who Shaped Civil Rights</h2> <div class="sans-2">Montgomery, Alabama</div> <div class="sans-2">March 16, 1991</div> </aside> <article class="editorial-article col-md-8">   <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>We want to touch on some of your most important civil rights cases. We could begin by turning back to 1955. I believe it was just three months after you ascended to the bench that a woman named Rosa Parks sparked a big boycott. What did she do that was so revolutionary?</strong></p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/yYgLajEHwm8?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Frank-1991-Upscale-1of2.00_45_13_18.Still014-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Frank-1991-Upscale-1of2.00_45_13_18.Still014-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Frank Johnson: She refused to get up from her seat that she was sitting in, in the white section of the bus and move to the back, which was designated as the section for black people. She got arrested. She had a lawyer named Clifford Durr that filed the case for her, challenging segregation on public facilities, and it involved state statutes. The law requires that three judges sit when the constitutionality of state statutes are involved. So the judge before whom the case is filed is automatically a member of the three-judge court. And then the rules require one circuit judge, and the other one can be a circuit or a district judge. So when the case was filed I wrote the chief judge and asked him to set up the three-judge court. So he designated the other two judges. Seybourn Lynne, district judge of Birmingham, before whom I practiced when I was a lawyer for a year, and Judge (Richard) Rives, who was a circuit judge and he lived here. After the case was submitted, we went back in my chambers, here on this floor. We heard the arguments here in this courtroom. And Judge Rives says, “Frank, you are the junior judge, how do you vote?” I said, “Well, I vote to declare it unconstitutional” — the segregation ordinances and the Alabama segregation laws on public transportation.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><p>Rives asked Judge Lynne, and he said, “I would not give them any relief.” He said, “I don’t believe it’s unconstitutional.” And Judge Rives says, “I agree with Frank Johnson.” So Judge Lynne dissented, and Judge Rives and I declared it unconstitutional.</p> <p><strong>On what did you base that?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Well, it’s unconstitutional when you segregate people on public facilities on the basis of race. <em>Brown v. Board of Education</em> was a new case, decided in 1954, and you don’t need too much imagination or ingenuity to move the principles of <em>Brown</em> from the public school systems to the public transportation system.</p> <p><strong>A lot of people felt that was quite a leap to take.</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: I didn’t feel that way.</p> <p><strong>Were you aware of the importance of the decision?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: I don’t think that I was conscious of the reaction that it would get. But a judge shouldn’t take that into consideration when he makes a decision, so it didn’t occur to me to try to evaluate what was going to be the public reaction to this decision.</p> <figure id="attachment_8797" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-8797 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/par0-004.jpg"></noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-8797 lazyload" alt="After the Supreme Court upheld Judge Johnson's decision, Rosa Parks rides at the front of the bus. (© UPI/Bettman)" width="2280" height="1710" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/par0-004.jpg 2280w, /web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/par0-004-380x285.jpg 380w, /web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/par0-004-760x570.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/par0-004.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">After the U.S. Supreme Court upheld Judge Johnson’s decision, Rosa Parks rides at the front of the bus. (Bettman)</figcaption></figure><p><strong>What was Martin Luther King, Jr.’s role in that first movement that developed from Rosa Parks’ action?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Dr. King sponsored a boycott, and stopped the blacks from riding the buses. I think the people that owned the buses were happier to see the decision that we wrote than anyone else, because they weren’t getting any riders. They couldn’t come out and take an open position in it. King was the leader. He played no direct lead in that case or any other case as far as I’m aware of, but he did inspire the black people.</p> <p><strong>What were the people of Montgomery so afraid of? Why did they feel the need of segregation on buses?</strong></p></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/rkCG0cipJ-o?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Frank-1991-Upscale-1of2.00_44_02_10.Still002-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Frank-1991-Upscale-1of2.00_44_02_10.Still002-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Frank Johnson: Afraid of each other. “What’s my neighbor going to say if I get on this bus and ride with these black people? What’s my employer going to do to me if I associate with them? What’s the people in the church going to do? Isolate me if I’m friendly to them, if I don’t support the segregation?” Afraid of each other? It’s the only thing that makes sense at all as to why, because there were a lot of people that were otherwise basically honest and fair. They were scared to death. Absolutely scared to death not to participate in segregation.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>So peer pressure can be an evil thing.</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Of course. That was peer pressure. That’s all it was.</p> <p><strong>How did the community react to that ruling? What kinds of personal responses were you getting?</strong></p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/fqdbLUVOans?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Frank-1991-Upscale-1of2.00_58_46_16.Still007-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Frank-1991-Upscale-1of2.00_58_46_16.Still007-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/integrity/">Integrity</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p><span style="font-size: 1rem;">Frank Johnson: Pretty adverse. I had my telephone unlisted to keep my family from being harassed. But, my personality and my background and my heritage and all of that caused me not to do anything except just be stubborn. If you think I’m going to cave in on something like this, you better go get you something else to look for! No way. If I can’t do what’s right, I’ll quit.</span></p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>How did you and your family actually experience the opposition to your ruling?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: We have never been socialites. We belonged to the Montgomery Country Club, but we didn’t attend except on ceremonial occasions. I don’t remember any formal reaction. I’ve had people walk by on the street without speaking or something like that. But that’s their problem, it’s not my problem.</p> <p><strong>Didn’t somebody burn a cross on your lawn?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Yes. Some high school students. The FBI made a case against them. I recused myself. Judge Rives took their pleas of guilty. I called him on the telephone. I said, “Judge Rives, you ought to put those boys on probation. Don’t send those high school students to the penitentiary. All they were doing was implementing what they hear at their breakfast table.” And that’s what he did.</p> <p><strong>It got a little scarier when your mother was threatened. Tell us about that.</strong></p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/b_2Rmq66Iz8?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Frank-1991-Upscale-1of2.01_01_48_14.Still022-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Frank-1991-Upscale-1of2.01_01_48_14.Still022-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/courage/">Courage</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Frank Johnson: They set a bomb off under (my mother’s) car port. That was a few years after my father died. She had just gone upstairs from her kitchen and the bomb blew the windows out of the kitchen, all the way across the breakfast room, through the dining room and the other side of the house. She didn’t get hurt, and she didn’t get scared. She didn’t get intimidated. When I went over there a few minutes later, after I’d been called by the FBI, I said, “Mother, you ought to come over and spend the night with us.” She said, “I’m not leaving my home. I’m staying right here.” She refused to leave. She was a Kirkwood. Scottish. Tough. The FBI never did solve that case until about a year ago. I found out who did it. He was a Klansman. A big Klan leader from over here in Mississippi. He came over here and put it under there. I notified them formally as to who did it and where he lived. He’s moved to Virginia now, and he’s become an evangelist! Put “evangelist” in quotes. They went up and interviewed him, and I have a copy of the interview. So, he’s the one that did it. But they didn’t discover it. I found out about it.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><p><strong>How?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Accidentally. I don’t think I ought to reveal it.</p> <p><strong>Did he confess?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Oh yes. The United States Attorney had him down here in this building and interviewed him, and I have a copy of the interview where he admits to doing it. I was glad to learn who did it. I doubt if we have everything, but he’s admitted doing it. I think he had some associates here. He couldn’t have found a place on Southmont Drive in Montgomery at night if he didn’t have someone to help him.</p> <p><strong>It seems like such an incredibly vicious thing to do, to attack a judge’s mother.</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Oh, a lot of things like that were done. He thought it was my house. That’s in the statement he gave the FBI. That may be true, because my father and I had the same name.</p> <figure id="attachment_32405" style="width: 1401px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="wp-image-32405 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgefrankjohnsonheadshotimg076.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-32405 size-full lazyload" alt="Judge Frank M. Johnson in his chambers at the Federal Courthouse in Montgomery in the 1960s. (Courtesy of the Office of Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr.)" width="1401" height="1997" data-sizes="(max-width: 1401px) 100vw, 1401px" data-srcset="/web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgefrankjohnsonheadshotimg076.jpg 1401w, /web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgefrankjohnsonheadshotimg076-267x380.jpg 267w, /web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgefrankjohnsonheadshotimg076-533x760.jpg 533w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgefrankjohnsonheadshotimg076.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Judge Frank M. Johnson in his chambers at the Federal Courthouse in Montgomery in the 1960s. Johnson set the standards in the South and often in the nation on voting rights, employment discrimination, affirmative action, the rights for mental patients to adequate care, and prison inmates to protection from inhuman conditions. But, it was his death knell for Jim Crow laws that was revered and reviled. When state courts failed to act forcefully to end racial violence — as in the case of Viola Liuzzo, a white civil rights worker from Detroit who was shot to death while riding in a car with a black man — Judge Frank Johnson sent the killers to jail on Federal civil rights charges.</figcaption></figure><p><strong>Judge Johnson, you’ve clearly risked personal harm in making some of these decisions. A lot of other people would not bother to go out on a limb to such an extent, and make such unpopular decisions. What made you keep doing this?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: My job. Scottish heritage. You can’t intimidate me. If you can be intimidated, you don’t have any business being a judge.</p> <p><strong>In 1965, you cleared the way for Dr. King and his followers to march from Selma to Montgomery. What were they trying to accomplish? Why were they marching?</strong></p></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/XcpdrM_LeRM?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Frank-1991-Upscale-1of2.00_20_51_23.Still012-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Frank-1991-Upscale-1of2.00_20_51_23.Still012-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Frank Johnson: Public protest against discrimination. No question but they had a right to protest publicly. They had a right to march. The biggest question in that case, and the biggest problem I had in the case, was the extent of the march, and trying to equalize their rights to use a public highway for 35 or 40 miles, and the right of people in business and people that are traveling to not lose it, the problems it placed on the state law enforcement people, and those things that you have to take into consideration. When I authorized the march, I took those into consideration. The right to march outweighed any rights that those that opposed it had. So if they want to march from Selma to Montgomery to dramatize their point, let them march. Give them protection. But keep half that highway open for people in business that need to travel. It’s another one of these “weigh this side and weigh that side” and let’s try to reach a just decision that won’t infringe too much on anyone, any more than absolutely necessary.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><figure id="attachment_8741" style="width: 2128px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="wp-image-8741 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/wordpress-march.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-8741 size-full lazyload" alt="Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Coretta Scott King on the five-day march to Montgomery, Alabama, March 25, 1965. (© Bettmann/CORBIS)" width="2128" height="3047" data-sizes="(max-width: 2128px) 100vw, 2128px" data-srcset="/web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/wordpress-march.jpg 2128w, /web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/wordpress-march-265x380.jpg 265w, /web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/wordpress-march-531x760.jpg 531w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/wordpress-march.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">March 25, 1965: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Coretta Scott King lead a five-day march to Montgomery, Alabama. In 1965, Judge Frank Johnson issued an historic order that allowed Dr. King to lead a 52-mile march from Selma to Montgomery to protest the denial of black voting rights. He did so after Alabama troopers clubbed marchers and used tear gas in a spectacle witnessed on television by a horrified nation, and after President Lyndon B. Johnson federalized the Alabama National Guard to protect the marchers. Judge Johnson in 1989, reflected on an era that had changed the South. “The civilizing function of a judge has been defined, I think, as ‘the removal of a sense of injustice’,” he said. “I have come to the firm conclusion that the American people revere the concept of justice, and their conscience tells them to obey the law once they understand what it is.” (© Bettmann Collections/CORBIS)</figcaption></figure><p><strong>We understand President Johnson was kind of hanging in suspense, wondering what you were going to do in that case. Did you realize how significant it was?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: No. Another lawsuit as far as I was concerned. Maybe I anticipated some public reaction, but I put the State Troopers under an injunction to give the marchers protection. I put George Wallace under an injunction not to interfere in it. They had a right to protest. The only problem in that case was the extent of the protest and how it infringed on other people’s rights.</p> <p><strong>In your decision, you referred to “enormous wrongs.”</strong></p></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/2qm2hTcXKq8?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Frank-1991-Upscale-1of2.01_07_18_00.Still010-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Frank-1991-Upscale-1of2.01_07_18_00.Still010-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Frank Johnson: That’s right. The extent of the wrong is taken into consideration when you are trying to determine whether an extensive protest is justified. If they had just deprived one person of the right to use a public fountain, then that wouldn’t have justified a march of 100,000 people from Selma to Montgomery on a public highway. But if you have general discrimination, throughout the state, on the right to vote and the right to do other basic things that citizens — white citizens — are entitled to, then you have a right to an extensive protest.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>Wasn’t there a moral judgment in that interpretation?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Maybe. But it was not decided for moral purposes. It was for legal rights. It may have had a moral effect. A lot of legal decisions are morally right.</p> <p><strong>Are some morally wrong, too?</strong></p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/5qqe0esqpWg?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Frank-1991-Upscale-1of2.01_02_20_09.Still021-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Frank-1991-Upscale-1of2.01_02_20_09.Still021-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Frank Johnson: Maybe. Depends on your morals. A lot of people think that the right to abortion is morally wrong. The other side thinks the right to prohibit it is morally wrong. But you don’t decide cases on the basis of whether it’s morally right or morally wrong if you are determining what the law is.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>Have you had to make decisions that you felt were morally wrong?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: I can’t remember one that comes to mind immediately.</p> <p><strong>The desegregation of the public schools was one of the most difficult battles in your career, wasn’t it?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: That’s because of the emotions that get involved in it.</p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/QRkDRJLMg0A?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Frank-1991-Upscale-1of2.01_06_11_29.Still024-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Frank-1991-Upscale-1of2.01_06_11_29.Still024-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/perseverance/">Perseverance</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Finally, I just entered an order desegregating over 100 public schools in the state of Alabama. Took the whole thing over. And that was the beginning of the end of school segregation in Alabama. Stopped focusing just on one school, one small school system, or one large school system. Put them all in. “You get us a plan that will desegregate. Eliminate discrimination on the basis of race, file a formal plan, put your superintendents and the boards of education in each school system under an injunction to do that.” So I held court here on Saturday. Every Saturday for six months. You had over 100 school systems. Let them bring those plans in. Present them. Hear the other side. Either adopt them or send them back to revise it.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>That must have been a lot of work.</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Sure. Interferes with your fishing too.</p> <p><strong>To what extent did your own feelings of morality about these issues enter your decisions?</strong></p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905115302if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/jqbDOi4yhJU?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Frank-1991-Upscale-1of2.01_08_15_15.Still011-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johnson-Frank-1991-Upscale-1of2.01_08_15_15.Still011-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/integrity/">Integrity</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Frank Johnson: I didn’t sign on to be a federal judge to render moral decisions. I signed on as a federal judge to follow the law, and rule constitutionally-wise. So people have asked me that before, “Did the moral problems in this cause you to do that?” No. Never looked on any desegregation case with the moral standards in mind. I wasn’t hired to be a moral judge. I wasn’t hired to be a preacher or an evangelist. I’m hired to apply the law.</p> </div> </div>     <aside class="collapse" id="full-interview">    <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>Why was school desegregation so difficult? Why was it such an emotional issue?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: School desegregation? White people did not want their children to sit with, eat with, get acquainted with, play with black children. It was something that had never been done in this section of the country. It was an emotional thing. Some black parents had some emotional problems about being required to send their children to predominantly and formerly all-white schools. So it wasn’t just on the white side.</p> <p><strong>The head of one of those school boards said that segregation was necessary “to separate good people from bad people.” Do you remember that?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: No, but I’m not surprised that some superintendent said that.</p> <p><strong>And the Chief Justice of Alabama, I believe, said that he would do anything in his power to keep his kids from “going to school with colored people.”</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: I don’t remember that. The Chief Justice of the state? That may be true, but I don’t remember that.</p> <p><strong>Did you come up against a lot of opposition in those days?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Sure. I still get opposition. When you have litigation, you have two sides. When cases involve legal questions that are important enough to litigate in the federal courts, you rarely ever have a case without some kind of emotionalism in it.</p> <p><strong>Do you have to separate your own emotions to do your work?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: I try not to get my emotions involved in any lawsuit. I don’t ever remember being personally emotional or having emotional feelings in any lawsuit. It’s not my lawsuit. It’s their lawsuit. All I’m here to do is determine what the law is, and then apply it. If you take that approach, there is no basis for getting emotional.</p> <p><strong>Were these decisions fairly clear-cut to you, or did you have some real conflicts?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: I had no problems with desegregation cases. Discrimination on the basis of race is basically unconstitutional. I don’t care whether you are on a bus, or anywhere else. You run into some problems when you get into genuine private clubs, but that wasn’t what we were involved in. I respect the right of people that want to have private organizations. I think they have the right to do that. But when the organization reaches the point that it becomes a public organization, then the blacks have a right to come in.</p> <p><strong>I’d like to talk about the Viola Liuzzo case. Who was she? What happened to her?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: I didn’t know her, but she was some lady that came down here from Michigan, drove her own car to participate in the Selma march. The facts that came out after she was killed revealed all of this. I had never heard of her, but after the march from Selma to Montgomery, a lot of these people — and there were thousands of them — didn’t have any way back to Selma. She was using her car to take them back.</p> <p><strong>What race was she?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: She was white. She had just taken a load of people back to Selma, and she and a young black, about 15 or 16 years old, were coming back to pick up another load.</p> <p>These Klansmen, that were down here to see what they could do, to intimidate or something, had been here to Montgomery and watched the march some, the marchers coming, and then they went to Selma. They saw her, or met her, as they were going to Selma, and she was coming back here with a young black sitting up front with her, with a Michigan tag on, and they turned around and took after her. Of course, the Klansmen didn’t realize that one of the people in there was an FBI informer. That’s the reason we knew all about it. He had been an FBI informant for years, and a member of the Klan. The FBI had informants in every Klan. Stupid if you don’t, you know. You don’t know what’s going on, you don’t know what’s going to happen before it happens. So, the FBI informant that was in the Klan car reported it, as to who did it, and I tried them, right here in this courtroom.</p> <p><strong>They had already been acquitted of murder in the state court, hadn’t they?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: That’s right. The only thing they were charged with here, after they were acquitted in Lowndes County — the state prosecution — public places in montgomery.was violating her civil rights. They were convicted. They got the maximum: a ten-year sentence. That’s what the statute was. I gave each of them a maximum sentence. They appealed it. One of them died while the appeal was going on. I’ve forgotten his name. But the other two served their sentences.</p> <p><strong>Isn’t it kind of a euphemism to “violate someone’s civil rights” by murdering them?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: That’s right. The federal government doesn’t get involved in basic criminal laws. That’s still left up to the states. We have a federal law that prohibits you from murdering the President or federal judges, but not just an ordinary citizen on the state highways. That’s not a federal violation, except violating civil rights. That’s the only thing they could charge them with in the federal court.</p> <p><strong>The jurors didn’t reach that verdict immediately. Could you tell us about that train of events?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: I don’t know how long they stayed out. I don’t know what goes on in the jury room. All I know is what goes on in the courtroom. They brought back in a guilty verdict.</p> <p><strong>Didn’t they first say they were deadlocked?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Oh yes. That’s not unusual for a jury foreman to come back in and say, “Judge, we’ve been deliberating this case six hours now, and we can’t reach a verdict. We are deadlocked.” I say, “You haven’t been discussing it long enough. Go back to the jury room.” I said, “It took several days to try this case, you go and stay in the jury room.” Sent him back. I think I sent them back two or three times. They didn’t want to return a verdict. Some jurors were scared. You had the Klan as defendants. They were being asked to convict Ku Klux Klan members. They were scared of them. But they did. I gave them the maximum sentence. Ten years. One of them died even before he got to the penitentiary. The other two served their sentences.</p> <p><strong>You said afterwards that this was the only verdict the jury could have reached.</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: That’s right. It was the only verdict they could have reached and do what the oath requires them to do.</p> <p><strong>There was plenty of evidence?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Oh yes. A lot. They didn’t even testify. They would have had another ten-year sentence for perjury.</p> <p><strong>You eventually called for the desegregation all public places in Montgomery. How did that come about?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: After the bus decision was affirmed by the Supreme Court, the restaurants and the other public places voluntarily consented. They didn’t put it in the paper, but when the blacks went in, they served them. We didn’t have to enter any other decisions. I don’t remember another desegregation case. Because the affirmance of our case was by the Supreme Court of the United States, and it had the effect of desegregating public transportation all over the United States. Other areas had some of that desegregation, not just the South. I think Auburn University turned down a black student, he filed a case, and I ordered him admitted without even a trial, on a motion for summary judgment, we call it. He came back later and said he wanted a place in one of their dormitories. I ordered the university to do that. The last report I had, he was the only one living in the dormitory. He had a lot of room, a private bath. But all that’s over now. They welcome the blacks at the University of Alabama, all of the public education places. I don’t know of any segregation problems we have in this section of the country anymore.</p> <p><strong><em>United States v. Alabama</em></strong><strong>, in 1959, was a voter registration case which led to national reforms. Can you tell us what that case was all about?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: That was about discrimination in registering to vote. Black people were not welcome to register. Each county had a Board of Registrars, and they gave examinations and they were very difficult. They used different standards for grading them. When Mrs. Johnson and I moved to Montgomery, in 1955, we had to go to the Board of Registrars and take a very complicated examination. The case finally came to my court, and after taking evidence in the case, I decided that I needed to determine the standards that were being applied by the boards in registering whites, and then issue an injunction requiring they apply those same standards to black applicants. Well, it turned out that there really weren’t any standards. An illiterate white could go get registered. And that’s what we wound up doing. Registering every one that comes, if they are a citizen.</p> <p><strong>This decision brought a lot of criticism from your old classmate at the University of Alabama Law School, George Wallace. What did he say at the time?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: He said things to the papers, the TV, the radio, and anyone who would listen. He was running for governor. He was a politician. He has recognized and publicly admitted that he used some questionable methods. He has apologized for those. He has health problems now (1991) and I am not going to go into any details about Governor Wallace. But he has apologized publicly for everything he did. And I’m sure he’s asked for forgiveness privately.</p> <p><strong>How did that case affect national voters’ rights?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: It had a tremendous effect, particularly in the South. When you put the registrars under an injunction, telling them they must apply the same standards in evaluating applications to vote by black people that they’ve been applying to white people, then if they don’t start registering the blacks the same way they do the whites, they are in contempt. So all you have to do down here in this section of the country now is to go to the Board of Registrars and sign up. You don’t have to fill out these big, long, stupid forms.</p> <p><strong>You also ruled against the state’s poll tax. What was your reasoning there?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Well, the right to vote is a basic right in this country. It is one of the basic rights that a citizen gets, and I ruled in that case that you shouldn’t be required to pay to vote. That’s what it was. I declared it unconstitutional. Wiped it out. I don’t think we even heard an appeal in that case.</p> <p><strong>What was the poll tax all about? What were they trying to accomplish?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: I don’t think it was enough money to make up much of their budget. It was just another hurdle to exercising basic rights.</p> <p><strong>Were they specifically trying to keep black voters from registering?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: And poor whites. It was just as bad on them as it was on poor blacks.</p> <p><strong>You also issued the first order for reapportionment in American history. Didn’t that in some ways anticipate the Supreme Court?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: I never decided cases trying to anticipate what the Supreme Court is going to do. Never.</p> <p><strong>Can you tell us about that case?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: It just tried to make representation in the state legislature on a just basis instead of on an unjust basis.</p> <p>It was ridiculous here in Alabama, because back when the apportionment was established, your owners of these big farms down here, previously successors to the slave owners, they owned the most land, and they had the least population in the county. It discriminated against these counties up in north Alabama that had a lot of population. You might have 25,000 people in a north Alabama county, and they just had one member in the legislature. You’ve got 3,500 people in a county down here and they had one member in the legislature. So let’s put it on a basis of population, instead of on land.</p> <p><strong>Why hadn’t anyone done that before?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Well, we’ve made a lot of progress in the last 50 years. People didn’t challenge the political establishment. They were afraid to. It cost money to do it. So you went to some of these legal organizations for taking on those cases. In some instances, private lawyers did it. People have become conscious about their basic constitutional rights as a citizen in the last 35, 40 years.</p> <p><strong>Is the concept of civil rights and human rights that recent?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: It’s been a part of our constitution since it was first set up, but it wasn’t implemented until the ’50s, ’60s, and ’70s.</p> <p><strong>You’ve said that you hoped most people in the South grew to support your decisions, and believed it was the right thing to do, even though they themselves might not have been able to speak out. Do you think that’s the case?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: I think it’s reached that point now, that they accept rulings that guarantee equal rights to black people, and expect them. They realize that it’s something our Constitution requires. It had to be, otherwise you are going to have to go back and revoke their citizenship. They have the same rights as a citizen of the United States as a white person. There is no way you can justify a position that differs from that.</p> <p><strong>Where do you think your own urge to serve the public good came from? Why stick your neck out as far as you have?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: I don’t consider having, quote, “stuck my neck out,” end quote. I value the decisions that I’ve made and the effect of those decisions. I did it not for my benefit, but in the first place, I did it to decide the issues that were presented to me in legal cases that came up routinely through the system. My oath as a United States judge required that I decide cases like I think the law requires it to be decided. So, technically you had no option if you are going to be a good judge. You do what you agreed to do.</p> <p><strong>It seems you had a very strong pull toward public service.</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: If I’d been working for a law firm, I think I would have had the same attitude. It wasn’t just because I was a public servant. It was because I had a job to do. If I’d been working in a steel mill, I would have done the same thing: what my job requires be done.</p> <p><strong>You’ve said in previous interviews that growing up in Winston County probably had an influence on your career. How so? Could you give us some history of the place?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Well, when the Confederacy seceded from the Union, Winston County passed a resolution at a public hearing over at Loonie’s Tavern in the eastern end of Winston County, seceding from the state of Alabama and reaffirming their allegiance to the United States. I’ve always been proud of that. It was a good thing to have done. Had I been there, I would have attended the conference and refused to secede from the United States. That’s the history part. People in Winston County generally are very independent, they think for themselves. You don’t have any rich people up there, you have poor people. It’s in the hills of northwest Alabama. No big cities there, some towns, a lot of farmers, and their standards are very basic. That’s where I grew up.</p> <p><strong>You’ve used the expression “frontier justice.” What does that mean?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Well, I consider the expression frontier justice to be justice that is demanded by individuals, demanded by groups, without being enjoined or mandated by a judicial body.</p> <p><strong>Did you feel a sense of that there?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Oh, yes. Most of those people did.</p> <p><strong>Were any of your relatives or ancestors involved in public service?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: My father was a county judge. That’s when I decided I wanted to be a lawyer. I used to go and sit in the courtroom, and watch him try cases, watch lawyers argue.</p> <p><strong>Wasn’t there also a great-grandfather who was a sheriff?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: You’re talking about Treadway. He’s buried up there in Walker County, down at Carbon Hill, which is just a mile or two from where the old Treadway-Johnson farms were. He had some basic philosophies. When the South seceded from the Union, he went up to Decatur, Alabama, the closest Union group, and enlisted as a member of the Union Army. One of my relatives on the other side enlisted as a member of the Confederacy. So, they fought on both sides. But in each instance, they were doing what they thought was right.</p> <p><strong>Your great-grandfather had a nickname, didn’t he?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Yes. It had something to do with his character: “Straight Edge.” He was a farmer and raised horses. He had his own horse track, and they raced horses. Don’t ask me if they bet on them; I don’t know that. I would guess they did. That was their weekend entertainment. Big farms, no money, a lot of work. I didn’t come from a rich family, I came from poor families.</p> <p><strong>They made him sheriff, didn’t they?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Oh, yes. Sheriff of Fayette County. The Klan gave him a hard time. My family had been opposing the Klan for over 100 years when I came down to Montgomery. They got someone that was hard to intimidate. Can’t do it.</p> <p><strong>How do you suppose your background in Winston County, the example of your father and your great-grandfather, influenced your own decision-making process as a judge?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: The basic concept that a good judge has to have is to do what’s right, regardless of who the litigants are, regardless of how technical, or regardless of how emotional the issues that are presented are. If you are not willing to do what’s right, then you need to get you another job. So I never did think that I was entitled to any great credit for doing it, because that was my obligation. That’s what I signed on to do. Some judges didn’t do that, but that’s their problem.</p> <p><strong>When did you first have an inkling of what you wanted to do with your life?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: When I was 12 or 13 years old, sitting in the county courtroom up there in Winston County. Watching these lawyers. Watching the judge. Sure, I wanted to be a lawyer ever since then.</p> <p><strong>Why? What excited you?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Oh, it was exciting. They were advocates. They advocated and presented positions. Whether they agreed with them or not, they represented their clients. They were hired to do that. They were professionals. Very interesting. Fascinating to me.</p> <p><strong>Was it the sense of drama that takes place in a courtroom?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Oh yes. All trials have some dramatic aspects to them, some more than others. We’ve tried some big ones in this courtroom. Big ones. I’ve had Klan members sitting all over, in the balcony and everywhere else. They come to intimidate you.</p> <p><strong>You laugh, but they did some pretty vicious and violent things.</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Well, I was laughing because they were wasting their time when they tried to intimidate me. They realized that and it didn’t continue for several years.</p> <p><strong>Were you already interested in being a federal judge when you were in law school, or was it something that just happened?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: No. I was interested in being a good lawyer. I didn’t lie in bed and dream at night about being a judge. That just came. You can’t plan that. It’s something that happens. You have no control over it. One of the ironic things is that the judge that was here for 23 years before he died in 1955 was from north Alabama also, and a Republican. His name was Kennamer. His picture is out there in the hall. So we’d had Republican, north Alabama district judges here in Montgomery for 50 years when I went on the Court of Appeals.</p> <p><strong>Did the people down here in Montgomery see you as kind of a foreigner?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Oh yes. Sure. The newspapers sponsored a lawyer down here in Montgomery for the position and he didn’t get it. So they were saying, “They went up to north Alabama and got that foreigner!” That was the <em>Montgomery Advertiser</em>. They didn’t support me very much for ten, 12 or 14 years because of that.</p> <p><strong>Just because you were from elsewhere?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: No, I don’t think they liked my philosophy. Changing some of the South’s customs and standards. For instance, one of my first cases… when a black pays their way to ride the public bus, they shouldn’t go up and pay and then go back in the back door and sit in the back of the bus. They pay the same amount that the white people pay. They are American citizens. Let them go sit where a seat’s available, where they want to sit. That’s just basic as far as a public transportation case is concerned. But that’s what they were doing. That’s the first injunction that I entered after I got down here that came up and was presented. A judge doesn’t reach out and get issues. It has to come up through the court system and be presented in a formal manner.</p> <p><strong>How did your parents react to your choice of career?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: I think they were proud when I decided that I’d be a lawyer, go to law school. They supported me 100 percent. I didn’t come down to Montgomery to practice law. I practiced in north Alabama.</p> <p><strong>What did they think when you started making those controversial decisions?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: After I became a judge? Supported me 100 percent. As long as you think you are doing what’s right, follow the law, and the facts require it, you have to do it. If you are not willing to do it, get another job. They didn’t articulate that, but that was their philosophy.</p> <p><strong>It must have been very helpful for you to have that kind of family support because you were in some tough spots.</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Well, my wife came from up there too. She was born and raised up there in the country in Winston County, and she felt that way. So I have no problems as far as my immediate family is concerned. I may have had some cousins that wouldn’t admit that they were related to me, but I guess that happens to all judges.</p> <p><strong>Was there any time in your early life that you thought about being something other than a lawyer, or was it always clear?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Oh, when you start growing up, all children want to be policemen, but you are talking about third, fourth, fifth grade, or something like that. After I got out of high school, I had in my own mind decided that I wanted to practice law, be a lawyer.</p> <p><strong>What about the law inspired you to devote your life work to it?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Well, I could see how much pleasure the people that practiced law seemed to get out of it. It’s a pretty dramatic occupation. You make your presentations in the courtroom, evaluate your position, decide which issues you are going to pursue and which ones you are going to abandon, if any. Then make your presentation to the judge if it’s a judge’s trial case or the jury if it’s a jury case. I think practically all lawyers — not all of them, but most of them that have the training and do trial work in the courtroom — enjoy it. I get that impression. Otherwise they would do something else. Because it’s hard work. It’s not easy. A lot of pressure.</p> <p><strong>Is it fun?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: I don’t know if “fun” is the right word. It gives you an impression that you are doing what’s right. Gives you some personal satisfaction when you do it successfully, even though it’s not your case, it’s someone that hired you to present their case.</p> <p><strong>Is it the sense of really having accomplished something?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: That’s true. Absolutely. Whether it’s a big case or a little case.</p> <p><strong>As a lawyer, how did you deal with loss, when you didn’t win? Or did that ever happen?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: No. It did happen! A lawyer who has practiced law for a long time that tells you he’s never lost a case is lying to you. You don’t win all your cases, because you don’t make the facts. You can’t tell how jurors are going to decide cases. Sometimes you can’t tell how a judge will decide a case. So if you practice law any length of time, you will win some and lose some. You get a lot of satisfaction out of winning, but you look to your next case when you lose one. You shouldn’t feel bad about losing it if you do the best you can with what you have. If you goof up, and don’t do the best you can, then it’s time you backed up and evaluated yourself and what you are doing. But if you practice law, you don’t win all cases. The best surgeons in the country lose patients.</p> <p><strong>Was there a particular person in the law that inspired you as a young person?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Other than my father? Yes. I had a lawyer that had been a state circuit judge up at Jasper, Alabama, by the name of James Curtis. He wasn’t too much of a trial lawyer. He didn’t like the courtroom too much, but he was a great lawyer. I agreed to practice with him when I first started in law school. I got out of law school right before I left to go to World War II, and he paid rent on chambers for me that were adjoining his chambers for three years until I returned. He was a great, great lawyer. We worked on Saturdays, locked the door to the office, did our briefing. He knew the law well enough to say, “Frank, this issue was discussed in such and such a case. Get that book, 342 Alabama Reports.” Just great. He was in his late 70s then, but his mind worked beautifully. We named our son for him, James Curtis Johnson.</p> <p><strong>What made him a great lawyer?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Dedication. Studying. Integrity. Those are three things that are basic requirements. It takes a lot of studying. A lawyer that doesn’t study loses cases. He embarrasses himself. He undermines the profession.</p> <p><strong>Were you hard on lawyers who showed up unprepared in your courtroom?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: They say that! I was fair with them, because of their clients. If I was just dealing with the lawyer, I would have ejected them from the courtroom. But their clients selected them, and they are entitled to have a lawyer represent them. But as long as he comes to court, he has certain standards he is required to meet. I required that.</p> <p><strong>What do you think Mr. Curtis saw in you?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Dedication. I was willing to work, willing to study. After I was there two or three years, I tried all the cases in the courtroom. He used to sit at the table with me. He did not make oral arguments. He didn’t question witnesses. He was there to help me with strategy. Once, it was a big case, jury trial. When I had completed the final closing argument in the case, he whispered to me, “Frank, that’s the best argument I ever heard in my life.” He was 80 years old. Just great. Inspires you. One of the nicest things that I’ve ever had said to me. He was a good trainer. He was someone who caused you to do the best you can, and try to meet the standards that he stood for.</p> <p><strong>Were there any particular books that inspired you as a young person?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: I can’t remember any specific book. I read a lot of books. If I had any inspiration, it was from people, not from books.</p> <p><strong>What about teachers along the way?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: I had some great teachers. I had some bad teachers. Everyone does, I guess if they go through the public school system. There was one we called an old maid — she was about 65 — named Ada Drake. She was tough, she was hard, but she was fair. She inspired me. My father sent me off to the military school after I got to be a little maverick when I was in about the tenth grade so I could get a little discipline. I had some great professors down there.</p> <p><strong>What did Miss Drake teach?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Mathematics. I was great at mathematics. Very poor at algebra. Algebra was goofy, and I still believe that. Because I’ve never seen anyone use algebra for anything. But I was great in mathematics. Enjoyed it.</p> <p><strong>Do you think that influenced your sense of order and organization?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Maybe, yes. My mother did a lot of teaching at home when we were young. She and my father both were school teachers. That’s where they met. I remember learning the multiplication tables. I don’t know how old I was, eight or nine. Very easy, very easy. No problem. It was a little harder on nines, but very easy, I enjoyed mathematics, but I despised algebra. Still do.</p> <p><strong>We’ve spoken to a lot of athletes who say they were attracted to the idea that if you work hard towards something, you can accomplish something, and it’s very concrete in sports.</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: That’s true with everything. The result probably is a little more concrete in sports. I might have to wait ten years to realize that this mathematics course I took was good for me. I accomplished something when I did well in it. You realize that when the season is over in sports. But I guess the most important thing about sports is you have to depend on other people and they have to depend on you. So you start working with people and not against them, whether you like them or not. If they are a good football player, or a good basketball player, or good baseball player, you respect them and you depend on them, they depend on you.</p> <p><strong>We understand that you were involved in the Normandy invasion. Could you tell us about that?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: I wasn’t in the first or second, or third (wave). I went in two days later. But they weren’t 300 yards from the beach. So I was in the Normandy invasion in that sense. I helped get through Saint Lo. After we broke through Saint Lo, we went across France. I was in Patton’s Third Army. I was a lieutenant in the infantry. I got shot once in Normandy, stayed in the hospital 11 days, went back still with the bandage on. They left the bullet in there. It’s still there. They said, “It will take you three months if we operate and cut it out,” said “You can get back in ten days if it stays in.” So they filled it full of that stuff that was just out, what did they call it then? Powder? Pat you on the rear and you get on back to your crew.</p> <p><strong>Can you still feel that bullet?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: No. It’s between two muscles. I still have a hole. Doesn’t bother me.</p> <p><strong>Were you aware of the historical importance of that invasion when you were a part of it?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Of course. Everyone was, I suppose. We went back to Omaha Beach this past summer. It was Mrs. Johnson’s first time she had been there. The first time I’d been back. Walked down all the way to the water, across the beach. It’s still there. It doesn’t look as dramatic this time as it did the last time because there weren’t a thousand boats out there. But we enjoyed going back.</p> <p><strong>Are there still some remnants of the battle there?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Yes, a few. Mrs. Johnson wanted to climb up on one of those German bunkers. It may be one of the ones I helped take. I took her picture up there waving an American flag.</p> <p><strong>You must have felt a great sense of pride to be part of that.</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: After it was over! After it was over.</p> <p><strong>Was it frightening when you were actually doing it?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Sure, you’d be stupid if you are not scared.</p> <p><strong>Looking back on your career as a judge, what role do you think luck or fate has played in your life?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: You don’t buy, or work for, or aim for federal judgeships. You have to be in the right place at the right time, with the right qualifications. There are a lot of great lawyers that wanted to be federal judges that were not in the right place at the right time. I was. I didn’t plan it. It’s something you can’t plan. When I was practicing law, President Eisenhower wanted me to be the United States attorney in Birmingham. I agreed to accept it for two years, because I didn’t want to leave my law firm any longer than that. At the end of two years, the district judge here, Judge Kennamer, had died. I stayed three more months because my name was being mentioned. I never did go back to my firm as a lawyer. I moved from the United States Attorney’s office, as United States Attorney, down here to district judge.</p> <p><strong>What do you think made President Eisenhower choose you?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: In 99 percent of the cases, judges are appointed because they are in the right place at the right time, and associated with the political party that controls the appointments. My people had been Republicans since the Civil War, so I met those qualifications. And age-wise, I was a successful trial lawyer, had practiced considerably in federal courts in north Alabama, Birmingham, Huntsville. So, I was in the right place at the right time.</p> <p><strong>What kind of work did you do for Eisenhower in his campaign?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: I was his state manager for Veterans for Eisenhower.</p> <p><strong>Do you think he was rewarding you for your efforts on the campaign?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: I doubt if he ever knew that. No. The Republican Party knew it, and they are the ones that made the recommendation. Eisenhower didn’t know me until he was ready to appoint me. He would not appoint anyone a federal judge unless he met them and talked to them personally. That’s the first time I ever met him. All of these soldiers tell you about seeing Eisenhower and getting acquainted with him while in Normandy. That’s hogwash. You don’t do that with a four-star General. The first time I ever met and talked with him was in the Oval Office.</p> <p><strong>What was that like?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: He was interested in the qualifications of everyone he appointed. He is the only president I know of that set up the rule. There may have been some sense then that they would never appoint one unless he had met them and talked to them. So you had to go to the Oval Office for an interview. He took a lot of pride in the people he appointed to federal courts. And he appointed some good ones.</p> <p><strong>You’ve mentioned seeing Ku Klux Klan members sitting in this courtroom. What was that like?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Well, they didn’t wear their uniforms, or whatever they call them, bed sheets. Your FBI knew a lot of Klan members. I kept a list of every Klan member in every Klan in my desk, still have it. Knew who they were. Knew what business they were in. Knew what the tag number on their automobile was. And when they come to court, you know who they are. They have a right to come to court. Sit, watch, listen.</p> <p><strong>What cases were they here for?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Oh, a number of cases, any of them that involved segregation or desegregation, the right to vote. Basic rights cases in which they had an interest. When I put the Klan under an injunction, they had the right to come.</p> <p><strong>Why did you keep a list of all the license plates and stuff?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: I wanted to know who they were. I wanted to know who I was dealing with when I was dealing with jurors. I checked my jury list to see how many Klan were on the jury, so I would know who they were. You want to know what’s going on. I did.</p> <p><strong>When it came time in the ’70s to deal with mental hospital reforms and prison reforms, you made a point of not visiting those places. Why was that?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: That’s right. I don’t want to go see all those people lined up there in bad places.</p> <p><strong>What was going on in the mental hospitals that you felt was unfair?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: I didn’t have any feeling about how the state mental institutions were being operated until the evidence was presented and I considered it. After I did consider it, it became obvious to me that they were being treated in an inhuman manner and in an inhuman environment. They have a constitutional right, not one to keep from being put in a mental institution, but if the state puts them in one, they have to put them in an environment that doesn’t violate their constitutional rights. That’s what the case was about, and that’s what the decision was about. You either stop running a state mental hospital — stop operating one — or operate one according to what the appropriate standards are. They couldn’t stop operating one; a state has to have a mental institution. So the only option they had was to comply with it. I had experts that inspected them, and they set up the standards, and those are the standards that I followed in requiring the state to meet. I’m not an expert in prisons. I’m not an expert in mental hospitals. But I can evaluate experts’ testimony.</p> <p><strong>What were these experts saying?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: They brought pictures. They said the patients weren’t getting any treatment. All they were doing was being incarcerated with no treatment.</p> <p><strong>Conditions were pretty awful, too, weren’t they?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Yes, they were. They put those young people up there in Partlow, where their arms were tied, and all that sort of stuff. The place had flies all over it. I saw a picture of a little girl with flies all over her face with her arms tied. Scandalous. Scandalous. But Alabama is not the only state that did that. You had other states, not just Southern states that did the same thing. But this case down here set up the standards that were later adopted nearly all over the country. Not just in the mental hospitals, but in the penitentiaries, too.</p> <p><strong>Didn’t Governor George Wallace say you were trying to make a prison into a hotel?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: That’s politics. He knew better than that. He said a lot of things about my decisions that were just for political purposes. He knew better than that. He’s apologized publicly for all of those statements.</p> <p><strong>As we touch on these decisions over the past 36 years, it’s becoming increasingly clear what a profound effect some of your decisions have had on all kinds of institutions. How do you react to criticism that you’ve been too intrusive as a judge? That you’ve intruded on state government?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: I don’t resent that kind of criticism. If some person is consciously convinced that I’ve been too intrusive, then they are entitled to that opinion, and they are entitled to articulate it if they want to. But before it has any effect, they are going to have to be a federal judge and have the authority to make that decision.</p> <p><strong>Do you take that criticism personally?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: No. Sure don’t. I get criticism now for ruling in a death penalty case, or affirming a district judge in a school case, but on the appellate courts, you do not have to make the initial decision. So the public is not as sensitive to who is making the final decisions as they are to who makes the initial decision.</p> <p><strong>You once said that you are not easily ostracized, and that’s part of your personality.</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: That’s right. I’ll do my own ostracizing. You can’t ostracize me, because I do the ostracizing. There are some people that I wouldn’t fish with if they were sitting on the best fishing hole in the country. Other people, I’d like to go fishing with whether we are going to catch any or not. I’ll do my own ostracizing. It’s hard to ostracize someone that does their own. And I’m thankful for it. My wife feels the same way. She’s from Winston County too.</p> <p><strong>Didn’t she ever wonder if you were making too many unpopular decisions?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Oh no. She never criticized any decision I ever made.</p> <p><strong>In 1978, another unpopular ruling was the “reverse discrimination case” at Alabama State University. Could you tell us about that?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: That’s the Alabama State case. I wrote the opinion in that case, blacks discriminating against whites. It’s just as bad, just as illegal and just as unconstitutional, if they are doing it in the operation of a public institution. Discrimination against whites by blacks is just as unconstitutional as whites discriminating against blacks. So it ought to be applied the same way.</p> <p><strong>What was the case about?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: It was about the Alabama State University operation which is a black institution. I don’t remember the details or the facts.</p> <p><strong>A white man said he was discriminated against.</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: That’s right.</p> <p><strong>What kind of reaction did you get to that case?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Maybe some criticism by some blacks. Maybe some black lawyers that represented the Alabama State institution. But I didn’t pay any more attention to that than I would from the whites.</p> <p><strong>As a federal judge, you are insulated from the pressures of having to be reelected.</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: That’s right. I would not ever have accepted a state judge’s job, because you can’t do your job without being subjected to political reparation. It’s the only reason I accepted this job.</p> <p><strong>Because you’re more independent in this job?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Independent as you want to be. Some federal judges still think their social status is very important. But that’s their problem. It makes their job harder. The job is hard enough without regard to that, trying to figure out what’s right and what’s wrong.</p> <p><strong>You had a close call with being the Director of the FBI.</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Close call? I almost died. Is that what you mean?</p> <p><strong>No. Just the fact that you almost became the Director of the FBI.</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: I was appointed Director of the FBI, and went through the members of the Senate, and didn’t have a single opposing vote. Just about that time, I went for a physical examination, because I was having to give up a life salary, and I needed to buy four or five hundred thousand dollars worth of life insurance. The physical examination showed that I had an aneurysm here about the size of a lemon. They sent me to Birmingham to the university hospital two days later, and it was the size of an orange. By the time I got to Houston Hospital in Texas — they operated on me the next morning after I got there — it was the size of a grapefruit. They gave me a picture of it. Saved my life, that appointment as Director of the FBI, saved my life. After about a month, I realized it was going to take me two or three or four months to get through, and I asked the President to withdraw my nomination so they could get someone in there because they needed some leadership. He asked me who I thought, I told them to call Bill Webster. And Bill accepted it. So after I got well, I went back to work, the President called me — in ’78 I guess — says, “Will you take a place on the appellate court?” I said “Yeah, I will.”</p> <p><strong>What was it like dealing with Jimmy Carter? What was he like?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: He is honest. He is open. He’s straightforward. He will always tell you the truth. He may not be the smartest president we ever had, but I would expect he is as honest as any president we’ve ever had. He might not be the best politician in the world, but you may find it hard to be a very effective politician and always do what’s right. That may have been what his problem was. I have a lot of respect for him. Not because he appointed me, or offered me anything. I wasn’t looking for an appointment. One Saturday afternoon, I was out in my backyard, mowing my grass, my wife came out and said, “There’s a call on the telephone.” I said, “Tell them I’ll call them when I get through mowing. I’ll return it.” She said, “Well, it’s from Jimmy Carter over in Georgia.” So I went in and took it. He wanted to know if I could come to Atlanta and talk with him the next day. That’s the first time I ever met him. He wanted advice about some appointments. Someone he could talk to and trust. That was before he asked me to be Director of the FBI.</p> <p><strong>Do you have any regrets about not being able to take over that post?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Director of the FBI? No.</p> <p><strong>You also were suggested by the Nixon administration as a possible Supreme Court justice.</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Several times. Don’t have any regrets about that. Why regret it when you can’t do anything about it? I don’t lie asleep at night, or lie in bed not able to sleep because of something that I can’t control.</p> <p><strong>Returning for a moment to your brush with death. You were the patient of a great surgeon who is also a member of the Academy. Could you tell us a little bit about your impressions of Dr. Michael DeBakey?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: He’s a great man. At that time, he was probably the most outstanding surgeon in the world. First time I was ever out there, three or four days after he operated on me, he said, “I’ve got to go to China. So and so will be in here to see you, two or three times a day. I’ll be back in five days.” He had to go operate on someone in China. Took his whole staff. I’ve been out there several times. He’s operated on me four times. These arteries in my legs, this dacron aorta I have in my abdomen. We got to be good friends.</p> <p><strong>He’s a person of tremendous accomplishment.</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Oh, yes. A man of high integrity, too. I’ll guarantee you that. He’s dedicated to his work. I didn’t know him when they found this aorta problem. I came back from the University Hospital in Birmingham, my doctor was at my home. I asked him, “Where is the best place in the world to go? And I don’t want a second class doctor. Who is the best?” He says, “His name is DeBakey.” I said, “Get him on the telephone.” He got him on the telephone. DeBakey says, “Sure. But tell him to come now. Those things can burst.” Mrs. Johnson and I got on the plane the next morning. We were out there at 3:00 in the afternoon, and spent that time until midnight running me through examinations. They operated on me at 5:30 the next morning.</p> <p><strong>You felt you were in good hands?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Sure, yes. Nothing I could do about it. He had a reputation for being the best one in the United States.</p> <p><strong>Looking back on what you have accomplished as a judge, what advice would you give to youngsters who might be interested in pursuing this line of work?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Study. Be honest. Don’t violate the laws and get in trouble. Get you a good spouse that will support you, because you never stop working and studying. The fact that you get the place just means you’ve started as far as the work and the pressure is concerned. That’s the only advice I’d know to give.</p> <p><strong>What qualities do you think make the difference between someone who achieves and someone who doesn’t achieve?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Hard work, if you’re talking about people of equal qualifications. Hard work. I don’t care if you are a federal judge on the appellate bench, or if you dig ditches for a living, you have to work hard to do a good job. That means you can’t just walk in a courtroom and not know anything about a case. You have to study it before you go, and when you get out, you have to study it before you write an opinion. You can’t just walk in without working. You can’t walk out without working. It takes work. You have to be dedicated in order to do it. That means you ought to get into some kind of business you like, because it’s easier to work hard. It’s easier to do a good job if you like it.</p> <p><strong>I don’t guess you look back and see a lot of drudgery in your life.</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: No second thoughts. Even if I saw it, I wouldn’t admit it. Nothing I can do about it.</p> <p><strong>As a judge, how much importance do you attribute to sheer instinct, a gut feeling?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: None. Not when you are an appellate judge. None. Because the record is already made. The issues are already formulated. The law, in most instances, exists that controls the issues that are presented. So it’s just work. Nothing innovative about being an appellate judge unless you have some case that comes up that there is no precedent for, and nothing to bind you.</p> <p><strong>So instinct has not played an important role in your career?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: No, shouldn’t play any, and as far as I know it hasn’t played any, as far as my judicial career is concerned.</p> <p><strong>When you look at the criminal justice system today, do you still see injustices that you wish would change?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: I think we’ve made a lot of progress in the last 20 years in the criminal justice system. Back when I first became a federal judge, there was no basis for paying a lawyer that you appointed to represent an indigent defendant. So you had to appoint lawyers that were willing to do it. Some of them — if you appointed — and they were real busy doing something else, they put it on a back burner, and (the defendant) did not get proper representation. I required the United States Marshall here to pay a young lawyer that I had appointed to defend a person for the expenses — not pay him his attorney’s fee — but the expenses that he incurred personally in representing this indigent defendant. The U.S. government got real excited about it; I didn’t have any authority to order the Marshall to do it, and it got to the Justice Department. They requested the Congress pass a bill paying expenses to lawyers that represented indigents. And then it wasn’t a year before they passed a bill that authorized judges to pay lawyers that were appointed to represent indigents. A minimum type of fee, but that’s how it got started.</p> <p><strong>It seems like there is still racism inherent in a lot of institutions. Would you say that’s true?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Yes, sure would.</p> <p><strong>Is that ever going to change?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: I don’t know. You are going to get discrimination to some degree, on and off, not consistently. You can’t take the humanity out of a human being.</p> <p><strong>One writer said that your willingness to do the right thing has led you on “a long odyssey into the dark side of the human spirit.” Do you feel that the human spirit is dark?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: No. I’ve seen some people whose human spirit is dark, but you are talking generally. No. I operate on the theory that most people are basically honest and want to do what’s right. If I didn’t believe that, I don’t believe I could get along. Unless they prove otherwise to me, I’ll operate on that theory. I intend to keep doing that.</p> <p><strong>Over the past couple of decades, you’ve denied repeatedly to journalists that you are any kind of crusader for what’s right, and yet you’ve been given credit for tremendous changes in this country.</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: I’m not a crusader in the decisions that I’ve rendered while I’m a judge, for this reason: I did not make the facts, and in most instances, I did not apply law that didn’t already exist. How can you be a crusader when you are not doing anything except taking the facts that someone else has created, and apply the law that exists?</p> <p><strong>The legal profession gets a lot of bad press these days. There are a lot of bad lawyer jokes, and so forth. What would you say to encourage someone to pursue the legal profession?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: I wouldn’t try to encourage them to pursue the legal profession unless they had some inclination to get in it, or some interest in it, and were genuinely inquiring with an open mind as to whether they should. And then, until I knew and talked to them, I wouldn’t encourage them. There is nothing worse that happens to a person than getting in the wrong profession. And I think 99 percent of the people can determine the profession they want in without anyone encouraging them or discouraging them. Make up their own minds.</p> <p><strong>What is so exciting, as far as you are concerned, about the law? Why has it been such a tremendous source of fulfillment for you?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Because it’s so important to the continued existence of our society. We can’t continue without laws, and without application of laws in a nondiscriminatory manner. You could go back before we ever had a constitution, go back before we ever had a government, and everyone would govern themselves. But you have to have laws. If you have laws, they have to be abided by. If they are not abided by, you have to have someone to enforce them. Our society requires it.</p> <p><strong>I sense that’s been a very rewarding life for you.</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: I feel that I’ve had a very rewarding career.</p> <p><strong>It’s kind of a unique job, isn’t it, being a federal judge? A uniquely responsible position, too.</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: That’s right. There are not many federal judges. You can’t let the position give you the idea that you can’t make mistakes, or you can’t do anything wrong. You still have to be sensitive to what you are doing, and make certain that you do right. It puts you under a lot of pressure, because a lot of people are looking at you just to make sure you do right. They want to criticize you. So you try to do the best thing you can, do what’s right.</p> <p><strong>People talk about stress in their lives. “What a stressful job!” How do you deal with that stress? That pressure on your shoulders?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Doesn’t bother me. I don’t know of any job that doesn’t have stress.</p> <p><strong>Looking back, is there anything you would change about your career?</strong></p> <p>Frank Johnson: Oh, my goodness, yes. You’d have to give me two weeks to think of the answer for that. You can’t look back. You have to do what you think is right. You have to do it in the best manner you can, and then you don’t look back. If you do, you <em>would</em> be under a lot of stress.</p> <p><strong>We want to thank you for your service, and for speaking with us today.</strong></p> <p>I’ve enjoyed talking with you. Nice interview.</p> </div>  </aside>  <div class="read-more__toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#full-interview"><a href="#" class="sans-4 btn">Read full interview</a></div> </article> </section> </div> <div class="tab-pane fade" id="gallery" role="tabpanel"> <section class="isotope-wrapper">  <header class="toolbar toolbar--gallery bg-white clearfix"> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="serif-4">Frank M. Johnson, Jr. Gallery</div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 text-md-right isotope-toolbar"> <ul class="list-unstyled list-inline m-b-0 text-brand-primary sans-4"> <li class="list-inline-item" data-filter=".photo"><i class="icon-icon_camera"></i>23 photos</li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="isotope-gallery isotope-box single-achiever__gallery clearfix"> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.675" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgejohnsonwcrewimg075.jpg" data-image-caption="" data-image-copyright="judgejohnsonwcrewimg075" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgejohnsonwcrewimg075-380x257.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgejohnsonwcrewimg075-760x513.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.79078947368421" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/par0-050-parks-AP561221077.jpg" data-image-caption="Black and white passengers board a city bus in Montgomery, Alabama after the Supreme Court's order to integrate the buses goes into effect. (AP Photo/Harold Valentine)" data-image-copyright="SCOTUS Rules For Public Transit Integration 1956" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/par0-050-parks-AP561221077-380x301.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/05/par0-050-parks-AP561221077-760x601.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.2709030100334" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/1991-WP-2800-gifj.fmj_.alabama.lawyer-JUDGE-AND-MRS-FRANK-M-JOHNSON-JR.jpg" data-image-caption="1991: Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr. and his wife Ruth on the cover of The Alabama Lawyer. After graduating from the Gulf Coast Military Academy in 1936, Frank Johnson worked for a year as a surveyor and married Ruth Jenkins of Winston County in 1938. Johnson then attended a state college and a business school in Birmingham, studying accounting and bookkeeping, before enrolling at the University of Alabama as a junior in a pre-law program. Ruth was also a student at the university, and after graduating she helped to put him through the university’s law school by teaching speech therapy in a high school. Judge Johnson graduated at the top of his law school class in 1943." data-image-copyright="1991-WP-2800-gifj.fmj.alabama.lawyer - JUDGE AND MRS FRANK M JOHNSON JR" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/1991-WP-2800-gifj.fmj_.alabama.lawyer-JUDGE-AND-MRS-FRANK-M-JOHNSON-JR-299x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/12/1991-WP-2800-gifj.fmj_.alabama.lawyer-JUDGE-AND-MRS-FRANK-M-JOHNSON-JR-598x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.78815789473684" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgejohnsonwcourtimg081.jpg" data-image-caption="Frank M. Johnson, Jr. (back row, third from left) as a member of the Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals created in 1971 to resolve cases arising from the Wage and Price Controls enacted under President Nixon. (Courtesy of the Office of Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr.)" data-image-copyright="judgejohnsonwcourtimg081" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgejohnsonwcourtimg081-380x299.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgejohnsonwcourtimg081-760x599.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.247947454844" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/eisenhower-color-1.jpg" data-image-caption="President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Frank Johnson to serve as U.S. Attorney in Northern Alabama, and then as a District Court Judge. (Bettmann/CORBIS)" data-image-copyright="Dwight D. Eisenhower" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/eisenhower-color-1-305x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/eisenhower-color-1-609x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.75" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/par0-004.jpg" data-image-caption="After the Supreme Court upheld Judge Johnson's decision, Rosa Parks rides at the front of the bus. (© UPI/Bettman)" data-image-copyright="par0-004" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/par0-004-380x285.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/05/par0-004-760x570.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.73552631578947" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgejohnsonbarimg082.jpg" data-image-caption="Judge Frank M. Johnson at the bench, Federal Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit, in 1978. (Courtesy of the Office of Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr.)" data-image-copyright="judgejohnsonbarimg082" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgejohnsonbarimg082-380x279.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgejohnsonbarimg082-760x559.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.7" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/lewis-zwerg.jpg" data-image-caption="Freedom Riders John Lewis and James Zwerg after being attacked and beaten by segregationists in Montgomery, Alabama, May 20, 1961. (© Bettmann/CORBIS) " data-image-copyright="lewis-zwerg" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/lewis-zwerg-380x266.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/09/lewis-zwerg-760x532.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.4258911819887" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgefrankjohnsonjudicialimg079.jpg" data-image-caption="Judge Frank M. Johnson at the time of his reassignment to the newly created Eleventh Circuit, 1981. (Courtesy of the Office of Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr.)" data-image-copyright="judgefrankjohnsonjudicialimg079" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgefrankjohnsonjudicialimg079-267x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgefrankjohnsonjudicialimg079-533x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.99078947368421" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/PresJimmyCarter1980.jpg" data-image-caption="President Jimmy Carter nominated Frank Johnson to serve as Director of the FBI, but Judge Johnson had to withdraw his name from consideration after he underwent emergency aneurysm surgery." data-image-copyright="President Jimmy Carter" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/PresJimmyCarter1980-380x377.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/PresJimmyCarter1980-760x753.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.4258911819887" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgefrankjohnsonheadshotimg076.jpg" data-image-caption="Judge Frank M. Johnson in his chambers at the Federal Courthouse in Montgomery in the 1960s. (Courtesy of the Office of Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr.)" data-image-copyright="" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgefrankjohnsonheadshotimg076-267x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgefrankjohnsonheadshotimg076-533x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.1377245508982" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgefrankjohnsoncloseupimg080.jpg" data-image-caption="Judge Frank M. Johnson at the time of his appointment as FBI Director in 1977. Although approved by the Senate, he would withdraw his name from consideration while recuperating from surgery." data-image-copyright="judgefrankjohnsoncloseupimg080" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgefrankjohnsoncloseupimg080-334x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgefrankjohnsoncloseupimg080-668x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.80526315789474" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg" data-image-caption="As a young infantry officer, Frank Johnson participated in the invasion of Normandy, June 1944." data-image-copyright="" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit-380x306.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit-760x612.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.3194444444444" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgejohnsonlibraryimg083.jpg" data-image-caption="Judge Frank M. Johnson in his courtroom, the Federal Courthouse in Montgomery, Alabama, 1978. (Courtesy of the Office of Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr.)" data-image-copyright="judgejohnsonlibraryimg083" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgejohnsonlibraryimg083-288x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/judgejohnsonlibraryimg083-576x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.74736842105263" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/par0-003.jpg" data-image-caption="Rosa Parks and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. after their victory in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. (© UPI/Bettman)" data-image-copyright="par0-003" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/par0-003-380x284.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/05/par0-003-760x568.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.82368421052632" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/par0-023.jpg" data-image-caption="Rosa Parks arrives at the Montgomery courthouse in 1956 to face trial for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white passenger. (AP Images/Gene Herrick)" data-image-copyright="par0-023" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/par0-023-380x313.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/05/par0-023-760x626.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.4312617702448" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/wordpress-march.jpg" data-image-caption="Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Coretta Scott King on the five-day march to Montgomery, Alabama, March 25, 1965. (© Bettmann/CORBIS)" data-image-copyright="Martin Luther King Leading a March" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/wordpress-march-265x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/05/wordpress-march-531x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.79736842105263" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/WP-FJBBCV_.jpg" data-image-caption="Renowned surgeon Michael DeBakey performed lifesaving surgery on Frank Johnson. (Courtesy the Baylor College of Medicine Archives)" data-image-copyright="wp-fjbbcv_" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/WP-FJBBCV_-380x303.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/WP-FJBBCV_-760x606.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.82763157894737" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/wp-AP_5204161136-002.jpg" data-image-caption="Staff Sergeant James M. Jones, center, of Muskogee, Oklahoma, with two of his defense counsel, Lieutenant Frank Johnson, left, of Tuscaloosa, Ala., and Lieutenant Morris McGee, right, of Birmingham, Ala., discuss U.S. court-martial in London, April 16, 1952, hearing in which Jones was accused of beating a prisoner at the U.S. Detention Cam at Lichfield, England. Jones, former guard at the camp, is accused of simple assault and battery of prisoners and assault with a club to do bodily harm. (AP Photo)" data-image-copyright="England London US Sergeant In Court Martial" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/wp-AP_5204161136-002-380x314.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/12/wp-AP_5204161136-002-760x629.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.0169491525424" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/joh2-015.jpg" data-image-caption="Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr. enters the Federal Court in Montgomery, Alabama, January 26, 1959, during one of many courtroom encounters with his old law school classmate, George C. Wallace, later Governor of Alabama." data-image-copyright="joh2-015" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/joh2-015-374x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/12/joh2-015.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.78552631578947" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/wp-01545u.jpg" data-image-caption="Frank M. Johnson, Jr. Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse, 15 Lee Street, Montgomery, Alabama. The Frank M. Johnson, Jr., Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse is located on a parcel of land bounded by Lee, Court, Clayton, Catoma, and Church streets, and the historic Montgomery Bus Station, where a mob attacked the Freedom Riders in 1961." data-image-copyright="wp-01545u" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/wp-01545u-380x299.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/12/wp-01545u-760x597.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.3286713286713" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/wp-et-TIMECOVER-Judge-Frank-Johnson-May-12-1967.jpg" data-image-caption="<i>TIME</i> magazine featured Judge Johnson on the cover of this 1967 issue. To many, Judge Frank Johnson was one of the greatest heroes of the 20th century. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. called him a jurist who had "given the true meaning to the word justice." <em>TIME</em> magazine described Johnson as "one of the most important men in America." Journalist Bill Moyers said he had "altered forever the face of the South," and "earned an enduring place in our history for his courage and wisdom." In a career that spanned almost four decades — twenty-four years in Federal District Court in Alabama and thirteen years on an appeals court with wide jurisdiction in the South — Judge Johnson ordered the desegregation of public schools and colleges, arts, libraries, museums, airports, restaurants, restrooms, other public places, as well as the Alabama State Police. In a turbulent era, he was a towering figure." data-image-copyright="wp-et-TIMECOVER Judge Frank Johnson May 12, 1967" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/wp-et-TIMECOVER-Judge-Frank-Johnson-May-12-1967-286x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/12/wp-et-TIMECOVER-Judge-Frank-Johnson-May-12-1967-572x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.2687813021703" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/et-judgejohnsonatdeskimg078.jpg" data-image-caption="Judge Frank M. Johnson in his chambers in the 1970s. In 1977, President Jimmy Carter nominated Judge Johnson to be director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The appointment was widely acclaimed, but the Judge withdrew after undergoing heart surgery and facing a long recuperation. Two years later, President Carter named him to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. (© Office of Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr.)" data-image-copyright="et-judgejohnsonatdeskimg078" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/et-judgejohnsonatdeskimg078-300x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/12/et-judgejohnsonatdeskimg078-599x760.jpg"></div>  </figure>    </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <footer class="editorial-article__footer col-md-8 col-md-offset-4"> <div class="editorial-article__next-link sans-3"> <a href="#"><strong>What's next:</strong> <span class="editorial-article__next-link-title">profile</span></a> </div> <ul class="social list-unstyled list-inline ssk-group m-b-0"> <li class="list-inline-item"><a href="" class="ssk ssk-facebook" data-gtm-category="social" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Shared Achiever on Facebook"><i class="icon-icon_facebook-circle"></i></a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"><a href="" class="ssk ssk-twitter" data-gtm-category="social" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Shared Achiever on Twitter"><i class="icon-icon_twitter-circle"></i></a></li>  <li class="list-inline-item"><a href="" class="ssk ssk-email" data-gtm-category="social" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Shared Achiever via Email"><i class="icon-icon_email-circle"></i></a></li> </ul> <time class="editorial-article__last-updated sans-6">This page last revised on June 26, 2018</time> <div class="sans-4"><a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/how-to-cite" target="_blank">How to cite this page</a></div> </footer> </div> <div class="container interview-related-achievers"> <hr class="m-t-3 m-b-3"/> <footer class="clearfix small-blocks text-xs-center"> <h3 class="m-b-3 serif-3">If you are inspired by this achiever’s story, you might also enjoy:</h3> <div class="centered-blocks"> <div class="isotope-achiever public-service illness-or-disability racism-discrimination ambitious pursue-public-office " data-year-inducted="1995" data-achiever-name="Ginsburg"> <div class="achiever-block view-grid"> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ruth-bader-ginsburg/"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <div class="lazyload box achiever-block__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/gin0-001a-190x190.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/04/gin0-001a-380x380.jpg"></div> <div class="achiever-block__overlay"></div> <figcaption class="text-xs-center achiever-block__text"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <div class="achiever-block__text--center"> <div class="achiever-block__name text-brand-primary">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</div> <div class="achiever-block__known-as text-white sans-6">Justice, Supreme Court of the United States</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-white achiever-block__text--bottom"> <div class="achiever-block__year sans-4">Inducted in <span class="year-inducted">1995</span></div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="centered-blocks"> <div class="isotope-achiever ambitious analytical teach-others " data-year-inducted="2005" data-achiever-name="Kennedy"> <div class="achiever-block view-grid"> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/anthony-m-kennedy/"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <div class="lazyload box achiever-block__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/kennedy_760_ac-190x190.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/04/kennedy_760_ac-380x380.jpg"></div> <div class="achiever-block__overlay"></div> <figcaption class="text-xs-center achiever-block__text"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <div class="achiever-block__text--center"> <div class="achiever-block__name text-brand-primary">Anthony M. Kennedy</div> <div class="achiever-block__known-as text-white sans-6">Justice, Supreme Court of the United States</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-white achiever-block__text--bottom"> <div class="achiever-block__year sans-4">Inducted in <span class="year-inducted">2005</span></div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="centered-blocks"> <div class="isotope-achiever public-service racism-discrimination spiritual-religious help-mankind play-music " data-year-inducted="1997" data-achiever-name="King, Coretta Scott"> <div class="achiever-block view-grid"> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/coretta-scott-king/"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <div class="lazyload box achiever-block__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/king-cs-760_ac-190x190.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/05/king-cs-760_ac-380x380.jpg"></div> <div class="achiever-block__overlay"></div> <figcaption class="text-xs-center achiever-block__text"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <div class="achiever-block__text--center"> <div class="achiever-block__name text-brand-primary">Coretta Scott King</div> <div class="achiever-block__known-as text-white sans-6">Pioneer of Civil Rights</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-white achiever-block__text--bottom"> <div class="achiever-block__year sans-4">Inducted in <span class="year-inducted">1997</span></div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="centered-blocks"> <div class="isotope-achiever public-service public-service racism-discrimination small-town-rural-upbringing spiritual-religious help-mankind pioneer " data-year-inducted="2004" data-achiever-name="Lewis"> <div class="achiever-block view-grid"> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/congressman-john-r-lewis/"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <div class="lazyload box achiever-block__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/lewis_760_ac-190x190.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/04/lewis_760_ac-380x380.jpg"></div> <div class="achiever-block__overlay"></div> <figcaption class="text-xs-center achiever-block__text"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <div class="achiever-block__text--center"> <div class="achiever-block__name text-brand-primary">Congressman John R. Lewis</div> <div class="achiever-block__known-as text-white sans-6">Champion of Civil Rights</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-white achiever-block__text--bottom"> <div class="achiever-block__year sans-4">Inducted in <span class="year-inducted">2004</span></div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="centered-blocks"> <div class="isotope-achiever public-service imprisonment-persecution racism-discrimination shy-introverted spiritual-religious teach-others help-mankind " data-year-inducted="1995" data-achiever-name="Parks"> <div class="achiever-block view-grid"> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/rosa-parks/"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <div class="lazyload box achiever-block__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/parks-rosa-760_ac-190x190.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/06/parks-rosa-760_ac-380x380.jpg"></div> <div class="achiever-block__overlay"></div> <figcaption class="text-xs-center achiever-block__text"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <div class="achiever-block__text--center"> <div class="achiever-block__name text-brand-primary">Rosa Parks</div> <div class="achiever-block__known-as text-white sans-6">Pioneer of Civil Rights</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-white achiever-block__text--bottom"> <div class="achiever-block__year sans-4">Inducted in <span class="year-inducted">1995</span></div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="centered-blocks"> <div class="isotope-achiever public-service public-service public-service imprisonment-persecution racism-discrimination athletic extroverted spiritual-religious help-mankind pursue-public-office " data-year-inducted="1983" data-achiever-name="Young"> <div class="achiever-block view-grid"> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/andrew-young/"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <div class="lazyload box achiever-block__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/young_760_SQUARE-1-190x190.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/04/young_760_SQUARE-1-380x380.jpg"></div> <div class="achiever-block__overlay"></div> <figcaption class="text-xs-center achiever-block__text"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <div class="achiever-block__text--center"> <div class="achiever-block__name text-brand-primary">Andrew J. Young</div> <div class="achiever-block__known-as text-white sans-6">Civil Rights Ambassador</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-white achiever-block__text--bottom"> <div class="achiever-block__year sans-4">Inducted in <span class="year-inducted">1983</span></div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </a> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> </article> <div class="modal image-modal fade" id="imageModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="imageModal" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="close-container"> <div class="close icon-icon_x" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"></div> </div> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-body"> <figure class="image-modal__container"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <img class="image-modal__image" src="/web/20180905115302im_/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frank-m-johnson" alt=""/>  <figcaption class="p-t-2 container"> <div class="image-modal__caption sans-2 text-white"></div>  </figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> </div> </div> <footer class="content-info main-footer bg-black"> <div class="container"> <div class="find-achiever" id="find-achiever-list"> <div class="form-group"> <input id="find-achiever-input" class="search js-focus" placeholder="Search for an achiever"/> <i class="icon-icon_chevron-down"></i> </div> <ul class="find-achiever-list list m-b-0 list-unstyled"> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/hank-aaron/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Hank Aaron</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/kareem-abdul-jabbar/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Kareem Abdul-Jabbar</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lynsey-addario/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lynsey Addario</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/edward-albee/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Edward Albee</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/tenley-albright-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Tenley Albright, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/julie-andrews/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dame Julie Andrews</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/maya-angelou/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Maya Angelou</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/robert-d-ballard-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Robert D. 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Gaines</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/william-h-gates-iii/"><span class="achiever-list-name">William H. Gates III</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frank-gehry/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frank O. Gehry</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/murray-gell-mann-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Murray Gell-Mann, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carlos-ghosn/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carlos Ghosn</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/vince-gill/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Vince Gill</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ruth-bader-ginsburg/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/louise-gluck/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Louise Glück</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/whoopi-goldberg/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Whoopi Goldberg</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jane-goodall/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dame Jane Goodall</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/doris-kearns-goodwin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Doris Kearns Goodwin, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/mikhail-s-gorbachev/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mikhail S. Gorbachev</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/nadine-gordimer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Nadine Gordimer</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/stephen-jay-gould/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Stephen Jay Gould, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carol-greider-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carol Greider, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-grisham/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Grisham</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/dorothy-hamill/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dorothy Hamill</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/demis-hassabis-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Demis Hassabis, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lauryn-hill/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lauryn Hill</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sir-edmund-hillary/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir Edmund Hillary</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/reid-hoffman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Reid Hoffman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/khaled-hosseini/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Khaled Hosseini, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ron-howard/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ron Howard</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-hume/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Hume</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/louis-ignarro-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Louis Ignarro, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/daniel-inouye/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Daniel K. Inouye</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jeremy-irons/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jeremy Irons</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-irving/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Irving</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/kazuo-ishiguro/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Kazuo Ishiguro</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sir-peter-jackson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir Peter Jackson</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/donald-c-johanson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Donald C. Johanson, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frank-m-johnson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frank M. Johnson, Jr.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/philip-johnson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Philip C. Johnson</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/chuck-jones/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Chuck Jones</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/james-earl-jones/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James Earl Jones</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/quincy-jones/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Quincy Jones</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/beverly-joubert/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Beverly Joubert</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/dereck-joubert/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dereck Joubert</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/paul-kagame/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Paul Kagame</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/thomas-keller-2/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Thomas Keller</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/anthony-m-kennedy/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Anthony M. Kennedy</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/b-b-king/"><span class="achiever-list-name">B.B. King</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carole-king/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carole King</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/coretta-scott-king/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Coretta Scott King</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/henry-kissinger-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Henry A. Kissinger, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/willem-j-kolff/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Willem J. Kolff, M.D., Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/wendy-kopp/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wendy Kopp</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/henry-r-kravis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Henry R. Kravis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/nicholas-d-kristof/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Nicholas D. Kristof</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/mike-krzyzewski/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mike Krzyzewski</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ray-kurzwell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ray Kurzweil</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/eric-lander-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Eric S. Lander, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/robert-s-langer-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Robert S. Langer, Sc.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/richard-leakey/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Richard E. Leakey</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/leon-lederman-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leon Lederman, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/robert-lefkowitz-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Robert J. Lefkowitz, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/congressman-john-r-lewis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Congressman John R. Lewis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/maya-lin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Maya Lin</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/george-lucas/"><span class="achiever-list-name">George Lucas</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/norman-mailer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Norman Mailer</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/peyton-manning/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Peyton Manning</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/wynton-marsalis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wynton Marsalis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-c-mather-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John C. Mather, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/johnny-mathis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Johnny Mathis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ernst-mayr-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ernst Mayr, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/willie-mays/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Willie Mays</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frank-mccourt/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frank McCourt</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/david-mccullough/"><span class="achiever-list-name">David McCullough</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/audra-mcdonald/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Audra McDonald</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/admiral-william-h-mcraven/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Admiral William H. McRaven, USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/w-s-merwin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">W. S. Merwin</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/james-a-michener/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James A. Michener</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/marvin-minsky-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Marvin Minsky, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/mario-j-molina-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mario J. Molina, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/n-scott-momaday-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">N. Scott Momaday, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/story-musgrave/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Story Musgrave, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ralph-nader/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ralph Nader</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/peggy-noonan/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Peggy Noonan</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jessye-norman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jessye Norman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/tommy-norris/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lt. Thomas R. Norris, USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/joyce-carol-oates/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Joyce Carol Oates</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/pierre-omidyar/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Pierre Omidyar</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jimmy-page/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jimmy Page</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/larry-page/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Larry Page</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/arnold-palmer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Arnold Palmer</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/leon-panetta/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leon Panetta</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/rosa-parks/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Rosa Parks</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/suzan-lori-parks/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Suzan-Lori Parks</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/linus-pauling/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Linus C. Pauling, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/shimon-peres/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Shimon Peres</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/itzhak-perlman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Itzhak Perlman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/general-david-petraeus/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General David H. Petraeus, USA</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sidney-poitier/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sidney Poitier</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/general-colin-l-powell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General Colin L. Powell, USA</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/harold-prince/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Harold Prince</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/venki-ramakrishnan-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Venki Ramakrishnan, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lord-martin-rees/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lord Martin Rees</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lloyd-richards/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lloyd Richards</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sally-ride-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sally K. Ride, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sonny-rollins/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sonny Rollins</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/anthony-romero/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Anthony Romero</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/james-rosenquist/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James Rosenquist</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/pete-rozelle/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Pete Rozelle</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/bill-russell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Bill Russell</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/albie-sachs/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Albie Sachs</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/oliver-sacks-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Oliver Sacks, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jonas-salk-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jonas Salk, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frederick-sanger-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frederick Sanger, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/george-b-schaller-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">George B. Schaller, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/barry-scheck/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Barry Scheck</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/richard-evans-schultes-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Richard Evans Schultes, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/general-h-norman-schwarzkopf/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General H. Norman Schwarzkopf, USA</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/stephen-schwarzman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Stephen A. Schwarzman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/glenn-t-seaborg-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Glenn T. Seaborg, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/neil-sheehan/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Neil Sheehan</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/admiral-alan-shepard-jr/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Admiral Alan B. Shepard, Jr., USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ellen-johnson-sirleaf/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carlos-slim/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carlos Slim Helú</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frederick-w-smith/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frederick W. Smith</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/stephen-sondheim/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Stephen Sondheim</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sonia-sotomayor/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sonia Sotomayor</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/wole-soyinka/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wole Soyinka</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/esperanza-spalding/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Esperanza Spalding</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/martha-stewart/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Martha Stewart</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180905115302/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/admiral-james-b-stockdale/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Admiral James B. 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