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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Imaging satellites subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Imaging_satellites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_domain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_domain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Public domain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_domain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-CORONA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CORONA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>CORONA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CORONA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landsat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landsat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Landsat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landsat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MODIS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MODIS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>MODIS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MODIS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sentinel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sentinel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Sentinel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sentinel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ASTER" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ASTER"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>ASTER</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ASTER-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meteosat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meteosat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.6</span> <span>Meteosat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meteosat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Himawari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Himawari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.7</span> <span>Himawari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Himawari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_domain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_domain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Private domain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_domain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-GeoEye" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GeoEye"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>GeoEye</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GeoEye-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maxar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maxar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Maxar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maxar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airbus_Intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airbus_Intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Airbus Intelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airbus_Intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spot_Image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spot_Image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Spot Image</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spot_Image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planet_Labs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planet_Labs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>Planet Labs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planet_Labs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ImageSat_International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ImageSat_International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.6</span> <span>ImageSat International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ImageSat_International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China_Siwei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China_Siwei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.7</span> <span>China Siwei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China_Siwei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Satellite imagery</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellietfoto" title="Satellietfoto – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Satellietfoto" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="تصوير القمر الاصطناعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تصوير القمر الاصطناعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaxe_satelital" title="Imaxe satelital – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imaxe satelital" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="উপগ্রহ চিত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উপগ্রহ চিত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C" title="सैटेलाइट इमेज – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सैटेलाइट इमेज" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Спътникова снимка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Спътникова снимка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imatgeria_per_sat%C3%A8l%C2%B7lit" title="Imatgeria per satèl·lit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imatgeria per satèl·lit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelitn%C3%AD_fotografie" title="Satelitní fotografie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Satelitní fotografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelliidifoto" title="Satelliidifoto – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Satelliidifoto" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagen_satelital" title="Imagen satelital – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imagen satelital" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="تصویربرداری ماهواره‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تصویربرداری ماهواره‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagerie_spatiale" title="Imagerie spatiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Imagerie spatiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%EC%84%B1_%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%84" title="위성 사진 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위성 사진" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelitsko_snimanje" title="Satelitsko snimanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Satelitsko snimanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citra_satelit" title="Citra satelit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Citra satelit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gervihnattarmynd" title="Gervihnattarmynd – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gervihnattarmynd" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immagine_satellitare" title="Immagine satellitare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Immagine satellitare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="תצלום לוויין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תצלום לוויין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Ғарыштық түсірім – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ғарыштық түсірім" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satel%C4%ABtuz%C5%86%C4%93mums" title="Satelītuzņēmums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Satelītuzņēmums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%B1holdfelv%C3%A9tel" title="Műholdfelvétel – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Műholdfelvétel" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perimejan_satelit" title="Perimejan satelit – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perimejan satelit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellietfoto" title="Satellietfoto – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Satellietfoto" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F" title="衛星画像 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="衛星画像" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellittbilde" title="Satellittbilde – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Satellittbilde" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmik_suratga_olish" title="Kosmik suratga olish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kosmik suratga olish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelitarne_obrazowanie_Ziemi" title="Satelitarne obrazowanie Ziemi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Satelitarne obrazowanie Ziemi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagem_de_sat%C3%A9lite" title="Imagem de satélite – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Imagem de satélite" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Спутниковая фотосъёмка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спутниковая фотосъёмка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelitn%C3%A1_sn%C3%ADmka" title="Satelitná snímka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Satelitná snímka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Сателитско снимање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сателитско снимање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelitsko_snimanje" title="Satelitsko snimanje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Satelitsko snimanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellitbild" title="Satellitbild – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Satellitbild" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Images taken from an artificial satellite</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_photo_from_space.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/First_photo_from_space.jpg/250px-First_photo_from_space.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/First_photo_from_space.jpg/330px-First_photo_from_space.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/First_photo_from_space.jpg/500px-First_photo_from_space.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1619" /></a><figcaption>The first images from space were taken on the sub-orbital <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rocket</a> flight launched by the <a href="/wiki/US" class="mw-redirect" title="US">US</a> on October 24, 1946.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fortaleza,_centro_da_cidade_e_aeroporto.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fortaleza%2C_centro_da_cidade_e_aeroporto.JPG/250px-Fortaleza%2C_centro_da_cidade_e_aeroporto.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fortaleza%2C_centro_da_cidade_e_aeroporto.JPG/330px-Fortaleza%2C_centro_da_cidade_e_aeroporto.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fortaleza%2C_centro_da_cidade_e_aeroporto.JPG/500px-Fortaleza%2C_centro_da_cidade_e_aeroporto.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2005" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of <a href="/wiki/Fortaleza" title="Fortaleza">Fortaleza</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Satellite images</b> (also <b>Earth observation imagery</b>, <b>spaceborne photography</b>, or simply <b>satellite photo</b>) are <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">images</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> collected by <a href="/wiki/Imaging_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaging satellite">imaging satellites</a> operated by governments and businesses around the world. Satellite imaging companies sell images by licensing them to governments and businesses such as <a href="/wiki/Apple_Maps" title="Apple Maps">Apple Maps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_imagery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_images_of_Earth_from_space" class="mw-redirect" title="First images of Earth from space">First images of Earth from space</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_satellite_photo_-_Explorer_VI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/First_satellite_photo_-_Explorer_VI.jpg/250px-First_satellite_photo_-_Explorer_VI.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/First_satellite_photo_-_Explorer_VI.jpg/330px-First_satellite_photo_-_Explorer_VI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/First_satellite_photo_-_Explorer_VI.jpg/500px-First_satellite_photo_-_Explorer_VI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2212" data-file-height="3016" /></a><figcaption>The first crude image taken by the satellite <a href="/wiki/Explorer_6" title="Explorer 6">Explorer 6</a> shows a sunlit area of the central <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> and its cloud cover. The photo was taken when the satellite was about 17,000 mi (27,000 km) above the surface of the Earth on August 14, 1959. At the time, the satellite was crossing <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first images from space were taken on <a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">sub-orbital flights</a>. The US-launched <a href="/wiki/V-2" class="mw-redirect" title="V-2">V-2</a> flight on October 24, 1946, took one image every 1.5 seconds. With an <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">apogee</a> of 65 miles (105 km), these photos were from five times higher than the previous record, the 13.7 miles (22 km) by the Explorer II balloon mission in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first satellite (orbital) photographs of Earth were made on August 14, 1959, by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Explorer_6" title="Explorer 6">Explorer 6</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first satellite photographs of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> might have been made on October 6, 1959, by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> satellite <a href="/wiki/Luna_3" title="Luna 3">Luna 3</a>, on a mission to photograph the far side of the Moon. <a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a> photograph was taken from space in 1972, and has become very popular in the media and among the public. Also in 1972 the United States started the <a href="/wiki/Landsat_program" title="Landsat program">Landsat program</a>, the largest program for acquisition of imagery of Earth from space. In 1977, the first real time satellite imagery was acquired by the United States' <a href="/wiki/KH-11" class="mw-redirect" title="KH-11">KH-11</a> satellite system. The most recent Landsat satellite, <a href="/wiki/Landsat_9" title="Landsat 9">Landsat 9</a>, was launched on 27 September 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TIROS-1-Earth.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/TIROS-1-Earth.png/250px-TIROS-1-Earth.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/TIROS-1-Earth.png/330px-TIROS-1-Earth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/TIROS-1-Earth.png/500px-TIROS-1-Earth.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>The first television image of Earth from space transmitted by the <a href="/wiki/TIROS-1" title="TIROS-1">TIROS-1</a> weather satellite in 1960.</figcaption></figure> <p>All satellite images produced by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> are published by <a href="/wiki/NASA_Earth_Observatory" title="NASA Earth Observatory">NASA Earth Observatory</a> and are freely available to the public. Several other countries have satellite imaging programs, and a collaborative European effort launched the <a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Envisat" title="Envisat">Envisat</a> satellites carrying various sensors. There are also private companies that provide commercial satellite imagery. In the early 21st century satellite imagery became widely available when affordable, easy to use software with access to satellite imagery databases was offered by several companies and organizations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Satellite_image_applications">Satellite image applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_imagery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Satellite image applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Satellite images have numerous applications in a variety of fields. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a>: They guide meteorologists in forecasting patterns, tracking storms, and understanding <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a>: By measuring sea temperatures and monitoring ecosystems, satellite images unlock insights into our oceans' health and global climate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>: Satellite data helps locate fish populations, assess crop health, and optimize resource use for a thriving agricultural and fishing industry.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a>: Conservation efforts leverage satellite technology to map habitats, monitor ecosystem changes, and protect endangered species.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a>: Satellite data empowers sustainable forestry by tracking deforestation, assessing fire risks, and managing resources effectively.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">Landscape</a>: Analyzing land use patterns with satellite images supports urban planning and facilitates sustainable development initiatives.</li></ul> <p>Less mainstream uses include anomaly hunting, a criticized investigation technique involving the search of satellite images for unexplained phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">spectrum</a> of satellite images is diverse, including visible light, near-infrared light, infrared light and radar, and many others. This wide range of light <a href="/wiki/Frequencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequencies">frequencies</a> can provide researchers with large volumes of useful and rich information. In addition to the satellite applications mentioned above, these data can serve as powerful educational tools, advance scientific research and promote a deeper understanding of our environment. This shows that satellite imagery provides rich information and can promote global development. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_characteristics">Data characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_imagery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Data characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Duplication plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CFORK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CFORK">duplicates</a> the scope of other articles</b>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing#Data_characteristics" title="Remote sensing">Remote sensing#Data characteristics</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a href="/wiki/Talk:Satellite_imagery" title="Talk:Satellite imagery">discuss this issue</a> and help introduce a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summary style</a> to the section by replacing the section with a link and a summary or by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPLIT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPLIT">splitting the content</a> into a new article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are five types of <a href="/wiki/Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">resolution</a> when discussing satellite imagery in remote sensing: spatial, spectral, temporal, radiometric and geometric. Campbell (2002)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defines these as follows: </p> <ul><li>Spatial resolution is defined as the <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixel</a> size of an image representing the size of the <a href="/wiki/Surface_area" title="Surface area">surface area</a> (i.e. m<sup>2</sup>) being measured on the ground, determined by the sensors' <a href="/wiki/Instantaneous_field_of_view" class="mw-redirect" title="Instantaneous field of view">instantaneous field of view</a> (IFOV).</li> <li>Spectral resolution is defined by the <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> interval size (i.e. the size of discrete segments of the electromagnetic spectrum) and the number of intervals that the sensor is measuring.</li> <li>Temporal resolution is defined by the amount of time (e.g. days) that passes between imagery collection periods for a given surface location.</li> <li>Radiometric resolution is defined as the ability of an imaging system to record many levels of brightness (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">contrast</a>) and to the effective bit-depth of the sensor (number of grayscale levels) and is typically expressed as 8-bit (0–255), 11-bit (0–2047), 12-bit (0–4095) or 16-bit (0–65,535).</li> <li>Geometric resolution refers to the satellite sensor's ability to effectively image a portion of the Earth's surface in a single pixel and is typically expressed in terms of <a href="/wiki/Ground_sample_distance" title="Ground sample distance">ground sample distance</a> (GSD). GSD is a term containing the overall optical and systemic noise sources and is useful for comparing how well one sensor can "see" an object on the ground within a single pixel. For example, the GSD of Landsat is ≈30m, which means the smallest unit that maps to a single pixel within an image is ≈30m x 30m. The latest commercial satellite (GeoEye 1) has a GSD of 0.41 m. This compares to a 0.3 m resolution obtained by some early military film based <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">reconnaissance satellites</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Corona_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corona (satellite)">Corona</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Campbell, J. B. 2002, above, is said to define only spatial, spectral, temporal and radiometric resolutions. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>The resolution of satellite images varies depending on the instrument used and the altitude of the satellite's orbit. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Landsat" class="mw-redirect" title="Landsat">Landsat</a> archive offers repeated imagery at 30 meter resolution for the planet, but most of it has not been processed from the raw data. <a href="/wiki/Landsat_7" title="Landsat 7">Landsat 7</a> has an average return period of 16 days. For many smaller areas, images with resolution as fine as 41 cm can be available.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Satellite imagery is sometimes supplemented with <a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">aerial photography</a>, which has higher resolution, but is more expensive per square meter. Satellite imagery can be combined with vector or raster data in a <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">GIS</a> provided that the imagery has been spatially rectified so that it will properly align with other data sets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imaging_satellites">Imaging satellites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_imagery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Imaging satellites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Earth_observing_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth observing satellites">Earth observing satellites</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_domain">Public domain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_imagery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Public domain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Satellite imaging of the Earth surface is of sufficient public utility that many countries maintain satellite imaging programs. The United States has led the way in making these data freely available for scientific use. Some of the more popular programs are listed below, recently followed by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>'s Sentinel constellation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CORONA">CORONA</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_imagery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: CORONA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Corona_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corona (satellite)">CORONA</a></i> program was a series of American strategic <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">reconnaissance satellites</a> produced and operated by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Science_%26_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate of Science & Technology">Directorate of Science & Technology</a> with substantial assistance from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a>. The type of imagery is <a href="/wiki/Wet_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet film">wet film</a> <a href="/wiki/Panoramic" class="mw-redirect" title="Panoramic">panoramic</a> and it used two cameras (AFT&FWD) for capturing stereographic imagery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Landsat">Landsat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_imagery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Landsat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Landsat_program" title="Landsat program">Landsat</a></i> is the oldest continuous Earth-observing satellite imaging program. Optical Landsat imagery has been collected at 30 m resolution since the early 1980s. Beginning with <a href="/wiki/Landsat_5" title="Landsat 5">Landsat 5</a>, thermal infrared imagery was also collected (at coarser spatial resolution than the optical data). The <a href="/wiki/Landsat_7" title="Landsat 7">Landsat 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landsat_8" title="Landsat 8">Landsat 8</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Landsat_9" title="Landsat 9">Landsat 9</a> satellites are currently in orbit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MODIS">MODIS</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_imagery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: MODIS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Resolution_Imaging_Spectroradiometer" title="Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer">MODIS</a></i> has collected near-daily satellite imagery of the earth in 36 spectral bands since 2000. MODIS is on board the NASA Terra and Aqua satellites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sentinel">Sentinel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_imagery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sentinel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ESA is currently developing the <i><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentinel (satellite)">Sentinel</a></i> constellation of satellites. Currently, 7 missions are planned, each for a different application. <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1" title="Sentinel-1">Sentinel-1</a> (SAR imaging), <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel-2</a> (decameter optical imaging for land surfaces), and <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3" title="Sentinel-3">Sentinel-3</a> (hectometer optical and thermal imaging for land and water) have already been launched. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ASTER">ASTER</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_imagery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: ASTER"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Spaceborne_Thermal_Emission_and_Reflection_Radiometer" title="Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer">ASTER</a></i> is an imaging instrument onboard Terra, the flagship satellite of NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) launched in December 1999. ASTER is a cooperative effort between NASA, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy,_Trade_and_Industry" title="Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry">Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry</a> (METI), and <a href="/wiki/Japan_Space_Systems" title="Japan Space Systems">Japan Space Systems</a> (J-spacesystems). ASTER data is used to create detailed maps of land surface temperature, reflectance, and elevation. The coordinated system of EOS satellites, including Terra, is a major component of NASA's Science Mission Directorate and the Earth Science Division. The goal of NASA Earth Science is to develop a scientific understanding of the Earth as an integrated system, its response to change, and to better predict variability and trends in climate, weather, and natural hazards.<sup id="cite_ref-Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Land surface climatology—investigation of land surface parameters, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurements" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite temperature measurements">surface temperature</a>, etc., to understand land-surface interaction and energy and moisture fluxes</li> <li>Vegetation and ecosystem dynamics—investigations of vegetation and soil distribution and their changes to estimate biological productivity, understand land-atmosphere interactions, and detect ecosystem change</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_monitoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcano monitoring">Volcano monitoring</a>—monitoring of eruptions and precursor events, such as gas emissions, eruption plumes, development of lava lakes, eruptive history and eruptive potential</li> <li>Hazard monitoring—observation of the extent and effects of wildfires, flooding, <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">coastal erosion</a>, earthquake damage, and tsunami damage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a>—understanding global energy and hydrologic processes and their relationship to global change; included is evapotranspiration from plants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a> and soils—the detailed composition and geomorphologic mapping of surface soils and bedrocks to study land surface processes and Earth's history</li> <li>Land surface and land cover change—monitoring <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>, deforestation, and urbanization; providing data for conservation managers to monitor protected areas, national parks, and wilderness areas</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meteosat">Meteosat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_imagery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Meteosat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EUMETSAT_Meteosat_model.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/EUMETSAT_Meteosat_model.jpg/250px-EUMETSAT_Meteosat_model.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/EUMETSAT_Meteosat_model.jpg/330px-EUMETSAT_Meteosat_model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/EUMETSAT_Meteosat_model.jpg/500px-EUMETSAT_Meteosat_model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Model of a first generation Meteosat geostationary satellite.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Meteosat" title="Meteosat">Meteosat</a></i>-2 geostationary weather satellite began operationally to supply imagery data on 16 August 1981. <a href="/wiki/Eumetsat" class="mw-redirect" title="Eumetsat">Eumetsat</a> has operated the Meteosats since 1987. </p> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Meteosat_visible_and_infrared_imager" title="Meteosat visible and infrared imager">Meteosat visible and infrared imager</a> (MVIRI)</i>, three-channel imager: visible, infrared and water vapour; It operates on the first generation Meteosat, Meteosat-7 being still active.</li> <li>The 12-channel <i>Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI)</i> includes similar channels to those used by MVIRI, providing continuity in climate data over three decades; <a href="/wiki/Meteosat_Second_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteosat Second Generation">Meteosat Second Generation</a> (MSG).</li> <li>The <i>Flexible Combined Imager (FCI)</i> on <a href="/wiki/Meteosat#Third_Generation_("MTG")" title="Meteosat">Meteosat Third Generation</a> (MTG) will also include similar channels, meaning that all three generations will have provided over 60 years of climate data.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Himawari">Himawari</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_imagery&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Himawari"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Himawari_(satellites)" title="Himawari (satellites)">Himawari</a> satellite series represents a significant leap forward in meteorological observation and environmental monitoring. With their advanced imaging technology and frequent data updates, Himawari-8 and Himawari-9 have become indispensable tools for weather forecasting, disaster management, and climate research, benefiting not only Japan but the entire Asia-Pacific region. </p> <ul><li>Frequent Updates:These satellites can provide full-disk images of the Asia-Pacific region every 10 minutes, and even more frequently( every 2.5 minutes) for specific areas (Japan), ensuring that meteorologists have up-to-date information for accurate weather forecasting.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_band" title="Spectral band">Spectral Bands</a>: <ul><li>Visible Light Bands (0.47 μm, 0.51 μm, 0.64 μm): These bands are used for daytime cloud, land, and ocean surface observations. They provide high-resolution images that are critical for tracking cloud movements and assessing weather conditions.</li> <li>Near-Infrared Bands (0.86 μm, 1.6 μm, 2.3 μm, 6.9 μm, 7.3 μm, 8.6 μm, 9.6 μm, 11.2 μm, 13.3 μm): These bands help in distinguishing between different types of clouds, vegetation, and surface features. They are particularly useful for detecting fog, ice, and snow.</li> <li>Infrared Bands (3.9 μm, 6.2 μm, 10.4 μm, 12.4 μm): The remaining bands cover the thermal infrared spectrum. These bands are crucial for measuring cloud-top temperatures, sea surface temperatures, and atmospheric water vapor content. They enable continuous monitoring of weather patterns.</li></ul></li> <li>Advanced Imaging Technology: Himawari-8 and Himawari-9 are equipped with the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.data.jma.go.jp/mscweb/en/himawari89/space_segment/spsg_ahi.html">Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI)</a>, which provides high-resolution images of the Earth. The AHI can capture images in 16 different spectral bands, allowing for detailed observation of weather patterns, clouds, and environmental phenomena.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_domain">Private domain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_imagery&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Private domain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several satellites are built and maintained by private companies, as follows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="GeoEye">GeoEye</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_imagery&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: GeoEye"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GeoEye's <a href="/wiki/GeoEye-1" title="GeoEye-1">GeoEye-1</a> satellite was launched on September 6, 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GeoEye-1 satellite has high resolution imaging system and is able to collect images with a ground resolution of 0.41 meters (16 inches) in <a href="/wiki/Panchromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchromatic">panchromatic</a> or black and white mode. It collects multispectral or color imagery at 1.65-meter resolution or about 64 inches. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WV2_OPER_WV-110_2A_20130710T113935_N51-307_W002-959_1001.SIP.ZIP_BID.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WorldView-2 image of Weston-super-Mare" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/WV2_OPER_WV-110_2A_20130710T113935_N51-307_W002-959_1001.SIP.ZIP_BID.png/170px-WV2_OPER_WV-110_2A_20130710T113935_N51-307_W002-959_1001.SIP.ZIP_BID.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/WV2_OPER_WV-110_2A_20130710T113935_N51-307_W002-959_1001.SIP.ZIP_BID.png/255px-WV2_OPER_WV-110_2A_20130710T113935_N51-307_W002-959_1001.SIP.ZIP_BID.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/WV2_OPER_WV-110_2A_20130710T113935_N51-307_W002-959_1001.SIP.ZIP_BID.png/340px-WV2_OPER_WV-110_2A_20130710T113935_N51-307_W002-959_1001.SIP.ZIP_BID.png 2x" data-file-width="2197" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>WorldView-2 image of <a href="/wiki/Weston-super-Mare" title="Weston-super-Mare">Weston-super-Mare</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maxar">Maxar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_imagery&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Maxar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maxar's <a href="/wiki/WorldView-2" title="WorldView-2">WorldView-2</a> satellite provides high resolution commercial satellite imagery with 0.46 m spatial resolution (panchromatic only).<sup id="cite_ref-urlBall_Aerospace_&_Technologies_Corp._10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlBall_Aerospace_&_Technologies_Corp.-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 0.46 meters resolution of WorldView-2's panchromatic images allows the satellite to distinguish between objects on the ground that are at least 46 cm apart. Similarly Maxar's <a href="/wiki/QuickBird" title="QuickBird">QuickBird</a> satellite provides 0.6 meter resolution (at <a href="/wiki/Nadir" title="Nadir">nadir</a>) panchromatic images. </p><p>Maxar's <a href="/wiki/WorldView-3" title="WorldView-3">WorldView-3</a> satellite provides high resolution commercial satellite imagery with 0.31 m spatial resolution. WVIII also carries a short wave infrared sensor and an atmospheric sensor.<sup id="cite_ref-urlMaxar_WorldView3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlMaxar_WorldView3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Airbus_Intelligence">Airbus Intelligence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_imagery&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Airbus Intelligence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PHR1A_MS_202004061549461.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pleiades image of Central Park in New York city." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/PHR1A_MS_202004061549461.jpg/170px-PHR1A_MS_202004061549461.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/PHR1A_MS_202004061549461.jpg/255px-PHR1A_MS_202004061549461.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/PHR1A_MS_202004061549461.jpg/340px-PHR1A_MS_202004061549461.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3616" /></a><figcaption>Pleiades image of <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A9iades_(satellite)" title="Pléiades (satellite)"><i>Pléiades</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Satellite_constellation" title="Satellite constellation">constellation</a> is composed of two very-high-resolution (50 centimeters pan & 2.1 meter spectral) optical <a href="/wiki/Earth-imaging_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth-imaging satellite">Earth-imaging satellites</a>. <i>Pléiades-HR 1A</i> and <i>Pléiades-HR 1B</i> provide the coverage of Earth's surface with a repeat cycle of 26 days. Designed as a dual civil/military system, Pléiades will meet the space imagery requirements of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> defense as well as civil and commercial needs. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pl%C3%A9iades_Neo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pléiades Neo (page does not exist)">Pléiades Neo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A9iades_Neo" class="extiw" title="fr:Pléiades Neo">fr</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the advanced optical constellation, with four identical 30-cm resolution satellites with fast reactivity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spot_Image">Spot Image</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_imagery&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Spot Image"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bratislava_SPOT_1027.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bratislava_SPOT_1027.jpg/220px-Bratislava_SPOT_1027.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bratislava_SPOT_1027.jpg/330px-Bratislava_SPOT_1027.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bratislava_SPOT_1027.jpg/440px-Bratislava_SPOT_1027.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>SPOT image of <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS061-E-138240_-_View_of_the_Philippines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/ISS061-E-138240_-_View_of_the_Philippines.jpg/220px-ISS061-E-138240_-_View_of_the_Philippines.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/ISS061-E-138240_-_View_of_the_Philippines.jpg/330px-ISS061-E-138240_-_View_of_the_Philippines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/ISS061-E-138240_-_View_of_the_Philippines.jpg/440px-ISS061-E-138240_-_View_of_the_Philippines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption>Satellite view of Southern <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> taken by the <a href="/wiki/ISS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISS">ISS</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 3 <a href="/wiki/SPOT_(satellite)" title="SPOT (satellite)">SPOT satellites</a> in orbit (Spot 5, 6, 7) provide very high resolution images – 1.5 m for Panchromatic channel, 6m for Multi-spectral (R,G,B,NIR). Spot Image also distributes multiresolution data from other optical satellites, in particular from Formosat-2 (<a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>) and Kompsat-2 (<a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>) and from radar satellites (TerraSar-X, ERS, Envisat, Radarsat). <a href="/wiki/Spot_Image" title="Spot Image">Spot Image</a> is also the exclusive distributor of data from the high resolution <a href="/wiki/Pleiades_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleiades satellites">Pleiades satellites</a> with a resolution of 0.50 meter or about 20 inches. The launches occurred in 2011 and 2012, respectively. The company also offers infrastructures for receiving and processing, as well as added value options. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Planet_Labs">Planet Labs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_imagery&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Planet Labs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Planet_Labs" title="Planet Labs">Planet Labs</a> operates three satellite imagery constellations, <a href="/wiki/RapidEye" title="RapidEye">RapidEye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flock-1" title="Flock-1">Dove</a> and <a href="/wiki/SkySat" title="SkySat">SkySat</a>. </p><p>In 2015, Planet acquired <a href="/wiki/BlackBridge" class="mw-redirect" title="BlackBridge">BlackBridge</a>, and its constellation of five RapidEye satellites, launched in August 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RapidEye constellation contains identical <a href="/wiki/Multispectral" class="mw-redirect" title="Multispectral">multispectral</a> sensors which are equally calibrated. Therefore, an image from one satellite will be equivalent to an image from any of the other four, allowing for a large amount of imagery to be collected (4 million km<sup>2</sup> per day), and daily revisit to an area. Each travel on the same orbital plane at 630 km, and deliver images in 5 meter pixel size. RapidEye satellite imagery is especially suited for agricultural, environmental, cartographic and disaster management applications. The company not only offers their imagery, but consults their customers to create services and solutions based on analysis of this imagery. The RapidEye constellation was retired by Planet in April 2020. </p><p>Planet's Dove satellites are <a href="/wiki/CubeSat" title="CubeSat">CubeSats</a> that weigh 4 kilograms (8.8 lb), 10 by 10 by 30 centimetres (3.9 in × 3.9 in × 11.8 in) in length, width and height,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> orbit at a height of about 400 kilometres (250 mi) and provide imagery with a resolution of 3–5 metres (9.8–16.4 ft) and are used for environmental, humanitarian, and business applications.<sup id="cite_ref-werner_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-werner-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ft_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SkySat is a constellation of sub-metre resolution <a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation satellites</a> that provide imagery, high-definition video and analytics services.<sup id="cite_ref-PL_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PL-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Planet acquired the satellites with their purchase of Terra Bella (formerly Skybox Imaging), a <a href="/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California">Mountain View, California</a>-based company founded in 2009 by Dan Berkenstock, Julian Mann, John Fenwick, and Ching-Yu Hu,<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_Spectrum_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE_Spectrum-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Google in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SkySat satellites are based on using inexpensive automotive grade electronics and fast commercially available processors,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but scaled up to approximately the size of a <a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">minifridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-startup-skybox_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-startup-skybox-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The satellites are approximately 80 centimetres (31 in) long, compared to approximately 30 centimetres (12 in) for a 3U CubeSat, and weigh 100 kilograms (220 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-startup-skybox_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-startup-skybox-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ImageSat_International">ImageSat International</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_imagery&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: ImageSat International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/EROS_(satellite)" title="EROS (satellite)">Earth Resource Observation Satellites</a>, better known as "EROS" satellites, are lightweight, low earth orbiting, high-resolution satellites designed for fast maneuvering between imaging targets. In the commercial high-resolution satellite market, EROS is the smallest very high resolution satellite; it is very agile and thus enables very high performances. The satellites are deployed in a circular Sun-synchronous near polar orbit at an altitude of 510 km (± 40 km). EROS satellites imagery applications are primarily for intelligence, homeland security and national development purposes but also employed in a wide range of civilian applications, including: mapping, border control, infrastructure planning, agricultural monitoring, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">environmental monitoring</a>, disaster response, training and simulations, etc. </p><p>EROS A – a high resolution satellite with 1.9–1.2m resolution panchromatic was launched on December 5, 2000. </p><p>EROS B – the second generation of Very High Resolution satellites with 70 cm resolution panchromatic, was launched on April 25, 2006. </p><p>EROS C2 – the third generation of Very High Resolution satellites with 30 cm. resolution panchromatic, was launched in 2021. </p><p>EROS C3 – the third generation of Very High Resolution satellites with 30 cm. resolution panchromatic and multispectral, was launched in 2023. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China_Siwei">China Siwei</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_imagery&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: China Siwei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GaoJing-1 / SuperView-1 (01, 02, 03, 04) is a commercial constellation of Chinese remote sensing satellites controlled by China Siwei Surveying and Mapping Technology Co. Ltd. The four satellites operate from an altitude of 530 km and are phased 90° from each other on the same orbit, providing 0.5m panchromatic resolution and 2m multispectral resolution on a swath of 12 km.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_imagery&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BlackMarble20161km.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/BlackMarble20161km.jpg/220px-BlackMarble20161km.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/BlackMarble20161km.jpg/330px-BlackMarble20161km.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/BlackMarble20161km.jpg/440px-BlackMarble20161km.jpg 2x" data-file-width="43200" data-file-height="21600" /></a><figcaption>Composite image of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> at night, as only half of Earth is at night at any given moment.</figcaption></figure> <p>Because the total area of the land on Earth is so large and because resolution is relatively high, satellite databases are huge and <a href="/wiki/Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">image processing</a> (creating useful images from the raw data) is time-consuming.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Preprocessing, such as <a href="/wiki/Image_destriping" title="Image destriping">image destriping</a>, is often required. Depending on the <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensor</a> used, weather conditions can affect image quality. For example, it is difficult to obtain images for areas of frequent cloud cover such as mountaintops. For such reasons, publicly available satellite image datasets are typically processed for visual or scientific commercial use by third parties. </p><p>Commercial satellite companies do not place their imagery into the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> and do not sell their imagery; instead, one must acquire a <a href="/wiki/License" title="License">license</a> to use their imagery. Thus, the ability to legally make derivative works from commercial satellite imagery is diminished. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a> concerns have been brought up by some who wish not to have their property shown from above. Google Maps responds to such concerns in their <a href="/wiki/FAQ" title="FAQ">FAQ</a> with the following statement: "We understand your privacy concerns... The images that Google Maps displays are no different from what can be seen by anyone who flies over or drives by a specific geographic location."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_imagery&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate-resolution_imaging_spectroradiometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer">Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">Remote sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Radar_Topography_Mission" title="Shuttle Radar Topography Mission">Shuttle Radar Topography Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_images_of_Earth_from_space" title="Timeline of first images of Earth from space">Timeline of first images of Earth from space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_globe" title="Virtual globe">Virtual globe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_World_Wind" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA World Wind">NASA World Wind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">Weather satellite</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_imagery&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airspacemag.com/space-exploration/FEATURE-FirstPhoto.html">The First Photo From Space</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106230732/http://www.airspacemag.com/space-exploration/FEATURE-FirstPhoto.html">Archived</a> 2014-01-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Tony Reichhardt, <i>Air & Space Magazine</i>, November 01, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skybox+Imaging&rft.atitle=High-Performance+Satellites&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skybox.com%2Ftechnology%23satellite-sensors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+imagery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-startup-skybox-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-startup-skybox_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-startup-skybox_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2013/06/startup-skybox/">"Inside a Startup's Plan to Turn a Swarm of DIY Satellites into an All-Seeing Eye"</a>. <i>Wired</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Inside+a+Startup%27s+Plan+to+Turn+a+Swarm+of+DIY+Satellites+into+an+All-Seeing+Eye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2013%2F06%2Fstartup-skybox%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+imagery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/content/-/article/gaojing">"GaoJing / SuperView – Satellite Missions"</a>. <i>eoPortal Directory</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203183622/https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/content/-/article/gaojing">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eoPortal+Directory&rft.atitle=GaoJing+%2F+SuperView+%E2%80%93+Satellite+Missions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdirectory.eoportal.org%2Fweb%2Feoportal%2Fsatellite-missions%2Fcontent%2F-%2Farticle%2Fgaojing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+imagery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/gaojing-1.htm">"GaoJing-1 01, 02, 03, 04 (SuperView 1)"</a>. <i>Gunter's Space Page</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190716180656/https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/gaojing-1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-07-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gunter%27s+Space+Page&rft.atitle=GaoJing-1+01%2C+02%2C+03%2C+04+%28SuperView+1%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspace.skyrocket.de%2Fdoc_sdat%2Fgaojing-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+imagery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080506133119/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/03/070312-google-censor_2.html">Catherine Betts told the Associated Press (2007)</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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