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mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.legacy.wikibits","mediawiki.legacy.ajax","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.head","ext.visualEditor.viewPageTarget.init","ext.uls.init","ext.uls.interface","ext.centralNotice.bannerController","skins.vector.js"]); }</script> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://meta.wikimedia.org/"/>  </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-Latvian_language skin-vector action-view vector-animateLayout"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"><span dir="auto">Latvian language</span></h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><table class="infobox" cellspacing="3" style="border-spacing:3px;width:22em;"> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="above" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size:130%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;;">Latvian</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;;">latviešu valoda</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;;">Native to</th> <td style="line-height:1.35em;;"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;;">Region</th> <td style="line-height:1.35em;;"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Native speakers</div> </th> <td style="line-height:1.35em;;">unknown (undated figure of 1.75 million)<sup id="cite_ref-e17_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e17-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div> </th> <td style="line-height:1.35em;;"> <div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Baltic_languages" title="East Baltic languages" class="mw-redirect">Eastern Baltic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"> <li><b>Latvian</b></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div> </th> <td style="line-height:1.35em;;"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_alphabet" title="Latvian alphabet" class="mw-redirect">Latvian alphabet</a>)<br/> <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian Braille</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;;">Official status</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Official language in</div> </th> <td style="line-height:1.35em;;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"/> </span><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a><br/> <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"/> </span><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;;"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th> <td style="line-height:1.35em;;"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_State_Language_Center" title="Latvian State Language Center">Latvian State Language Center</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;;">Language codes</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;;"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th> <td style="line-height:1.35em;;"><tt>lv</tt></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;;"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th> <td style="line-height:1.35em;;"><tt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=lav" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:lav">lav</a></tt></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;;"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th> <td style="line-height:1.35em;;"><tt><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=lav" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:lav">lav</a></tt> – <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639_macrolanguage" title="ISO 639 macrolanguage">inclusive code</a><br/> Individual codes:<br/> <tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=lvs">lvs</a></tt> – <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Latvian_language" title="Standard Latvian language" class="mw-redirect">Standard Latvian language</a><br/> <tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=ltg">ltg</a></tt> – <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian language</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;;"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th> <td style="line-height:1.35em;;"><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/latv1249">latv1249</a></tt><sup id="cite_ref-Glottolog_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glottolog-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;;"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th> <td style="line-height:1.35em;;"><tt>54-AAB-a</tt></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.35em;;"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Idioma_let%C3%B3n.PNG" class="image" title="{{{mapalt}}}"><img alt="{{{mapalt}}}" src="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Idioma_let%C3%B3n.PNG" width="300" height="240" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="203"/></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="noprint selfref" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddddff;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;;"><b>This article contains <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Technical_note" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters.</td> </tr> </table> <p><b>Latvian</b> (<i>latviešu valoda</i>) is the official state language of <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>. It is also sometimes referred to as <b>Lettish</b>. There are about 1.3 million native Latvian speakers in Latvia and 100 thousand abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-e17_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e17-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Altogether, 2 million, or 80% of the population of Latvia, speak Latvian.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Of those, 1.75 million use it as their primary language at home.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> The use of the Latvian language in various areas of social life in Latvia is increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Latvian is a <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_language" title="Baltic language" class="mw-redirect">Baltic language</a> and is most closely related to <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, although the two are not <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a>. In addition there is some disagreement whether <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a> and <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Curonian" title="New Curonian" class="mw-redirect">New Curonian</a>, which are mutually intelligible with Latvian, should be considered varieties or separate languages.</p> <p>Latvian first appeared in Western print in the mid-16th century with the reproduction of the Lord's Prayer in Latvian in <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster" title="Sebastian Münster">Sebastian Münster</a>'s <i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmographia_(Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster)" title="Cosmographia (Sebastian Münster)">Cosmographia Universalis</a></i> (1544), in <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>.</p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Classification"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Classification</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Dialects"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Dialects</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Livonian_dialect"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Livonian dialect</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Middle_dialect"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Middle dialect</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#High_Latvian_dialect"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">High Latvian dialect</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Non-native_speakers"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Non-native speakers</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Grammar"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Grammar</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Nouns"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Nouns</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Verbs"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Verbs</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Orthography"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Orthography</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Standard_orthography"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Standard orthography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Old_orthography"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Old orthography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Latvian_on_computers"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Latvian on computers</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Comparative_orthography"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Comparative orthography</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Phonology"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Phonology</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Consonants"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Consonants</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Vowels"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Vowels</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Pitch_accent"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Pitch accent</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Literary_histories_in_Latvian"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Literary histories in Latvian</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification">Classification</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Latvian belongs to the <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a> branch of the <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> language family. It is one of two living Baltic languages with an official status (the other being <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>). The Latvian and Lithuanian languages have retained many features of the nominal morphology of the proto-language, though in matters of phonology and verbal morphology they show many innovations<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Is 'innovation' a linguistic term, or is this a value judgement? It would be nice if there were greater context to aid readers who are not linguists (July 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, with Latvian being considerably more innovative than Lithuanian.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg/200px-Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg.png" width="200" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg/300px-Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg/400px-Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="1088"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Distribution of the Baltic tribes, circa 1200 AD (boundaries are approximate).</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Curonians_kursenieki_in_1649.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Curonians_kursenieki_in_1649.png/200px-Curonians_kursenieki_in_1649.png" width="200" height="200" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Curonians_kursenieki_in_1649.png/300px-Curonians_kursenieki_in_1649.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Curonians_kursenieki_in_1649.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Curonians_kursenieki_in_1649.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> In 1649 settlement of the Latvian speaking <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursenieki" title="Kursenieki">Kursenieki</a> spanned from <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Memel (Klaipėda)</a> to <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Danzig (Gdańsk)</a>.</div> </div> </div> <p>The <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a> are of particular interest to linguists because they retain many <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaism" title="Archaism">archaic</a> features believed to have been present in the early stages of the <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>There is some evidence to suggest the existence of a <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balto-Slavic" title="Balto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect">Balto-Slavic</a> language group after the break-up of Proto-Indo-European, with the Slavic and Baltic languages splitting around the 10th century BC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, some linguists – Meillet, Klimas, Zinkevičius – oppose this view, providing arguments against a Balto-Slavic group, and explaining those similarities by one or several periods of close contacts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There exist a number of Baltic words that are similar to Sanskrit or Latin and which lack counterparts in Slavic languages. Latvian, Albanian, Slavic and <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a> are grouped as <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satem_languages" title="Satem languages" class="mw-redirect">satem languages</a>. While the possession of many archaic features is undeniable, the exact manner by which the Baltic languages have developed from the Proto-Indo-European language is not clear.</p> <p>According to some <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">glottochronological</a> speculations, the Eastern Baltic languages split from Western <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a> (or, perhaps, from the hypothetical <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Baltic" title="Proto-Baltic" class="mw-redirect">proto-Baltic</a> language) between 400 and 600.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The differentiation between <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> and Latvian started after 800, with a long period of being one language but different dialects. At a minimum, transitional dialects existed until the 14th century or 15th century, and perhaps as late as the 17th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>Latvian as a distinct language emerged during several centuries by language spoken by ancient Latgalian tribe assimilating the languages of other neighboring Baltic tribes - <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curonian_language" title="Curonian language">Curonian</a>, <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semigallian_language" title="Semigallian language">Semigallian</a> and <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selonian_(language)" title="Selonian (language)" class="mw-redirect">Selonian</a>, which resulted in these languages gradually losing their most distinct characteristics. This process of consolidation started in the 13th century after the <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a> and forced <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">christianization</a>. These tribes came under <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonian</a> rule thus forming a unified political, economic and religious space.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>The oldest known examples of written Latvian are from a 1530 translation of a hymn made by Nikolaus Ramm, a German pastor in <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>Until the 19th century, the Latvian language was heavily influenced by the <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a>, because the upper class of local society was formed by <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic Germans</a>. In the middle of the 19th century the first <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_National_Awakening" title="Latvian National Awakening">Latvian National Awakening</a> was started, led by “<a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Latvians" title="Young Latvians">Young Latvians</a>” who popularized the use of Latvian language. Participants to this movement laid the foundations for standard Latvian and also popularized the Latvianization of loan words. However, in the 1880s, when Czar Alexander III came into power, <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> started. During this period, some Latvian scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2014)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> even suggested adopting <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> for use in Latvian. After the czar's death, around the start of the 20th century, nationalist movements reemerged.</p> <p>In 1908, Latvian linguists <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_M%C4%ABlenbahs" title="Kārlis Mīlenbahs">Kārlis Mīlenbahs</a> and <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Endzel%C4%ABns" title="Jānis Endzelīns">Jānis Endzelīns</a> elaborated the modern Latvian alphabet, which slowly replaced the old orthography used before. Another feature of the language, in common with its sister language Lithuanian, that was developed at that time is that proper names from other countries and languages, no matter how obscure, are altered phonetically to fit the phonological system of Latvian. Even if the original language also uses the Latin alphabet, this process takes place. Moreover, the names are modified in order to ensure that they have noun declension endings, declining like all other nouns. For example, a place such as Lecropt (a Scottish parish) is likely to become Lekropta; the Scottish village of Tillicoultry becomes Tilikutrija. This is a good example of <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_purism" title="Linguistic purism">linguistic purism</a> in this ancient language.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Latvian_as_primary_language_at_home_by_municipalities_and_cities_(2011).svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Latvian_as_primary_language_at_home_by_municipalities_and_cities_%282011%29.svg/300px-Latvian_as_primary_language_at_home_by_municipalities_and_cities_%282011%29.svg.png" width="300" height="172" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Latvian_as_primary_language_at_home_by_municipalities_and_cities_%282011%29.svg/450px-Latvian_as_primary_language_at_home_by_municipalities_and_cities_%282011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Latvian_as_primary_language_at_home_by_municipalities_and_cities_%282011%29.svg/600px-Latvian_as_primary_language_at_home_by_municipalities_and_cities_%282011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="689"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Latvian_as_primary_language_at_home_by_municipalities_and_cities_(2011).svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Use of Latvian as primary language at home in 2011</div> </div> </div> <p>During the years of <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Latvia" title="Occupation of Latvia" class="mw-redirect">Soviet occupation</a> (1940–41 and 1945–91), the policy of <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> greatly affected the Latvian language. Throughout this period, many Latvians and Latvia’s other ethnicities faced deportation and persecution. A massive immigration from the Soviet republics of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and others followed, largely as a result of Stalin's plan to integrate Latvia and the other Baltic republics into the Soviet Union by means of Russian colonization. As a result, the proportion of the ethnic Latvian population within the total population was reduced from 80% in 1935 to 52% in 1989. In Soviet Latvia, most of the immigrants who settled in the country did not learn Latvian. Today, Latvian is the <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_tongue" title="Mother tongue" class="mw-redirect">mother tongue</a> of more than 60% of the country's population.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>After the re-establishment of independence in 1991, a new policy of language education was introduced. The primary declared goal was the integration of all inhabitants into the environment of the official state language, while protecting the languages of Latvia's ethnic minorities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>Government-funded bilingual education is available in primary schools for ethnic minorities. These include <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>, <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> and <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romany_language" title="Romany language" class="mw-redirect">Roma</a> schools. Latvian is taught as a second language in the initial stages too, as is officially declared, in order to encourage proficiency in that language, aiming at avoiding alienation from the Latvian-speaking linguistic majority and for the sake of facilitating academic and professional achievements. Since the mid-1990s, the government may pay a student's tuition in public universities only provided that the instruction is in Latvian. Since 2004, the state mandates Latvian as the language of instruction in public secondary schools (Form 10–12) for at least 60% of class work (previously, a broad system of education in Russian existed).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://isec.gov.lv/normdok/oflanglaw.htm">Law on State Language</a> was adopted on December 9, 1999. Several regulatory acts associated with this law have been adopted. Observance of the law is monitored by the State Language Centre run by the Ministry of Justice.</p> <p>To counter the influence of <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Language" title="English Language" class="mw-redirect">English</a>, government organizations (namely the Terminology Commission of the Latvian Academy of Science and the State Language Center) try to popularize the use of Latvian terms and <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_purism" title="Linguistic purism">linguistic purism</a>. Purism is often observed in the coining of new terms, which are usually disputed by the public<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> – although purists have invented some euphonic words, many neologisms are widely seen as 'alien' and unnecessary, as pre-existing words could be used instead<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. For example, a heated debate arose when the Terminology Commission suggested that “eira”, with its 'latvianized' ending, would be a better term for <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> than the widely used “eiro”. Other new terms are <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calques</a> or new loanwords. For example, Latvian has two words for "telephone" – "tālrunis" and "telefons", the former being a direct translation into Latvian of the latter international term. Still others are older or more euphonic loanwords rather than Latvian words. For example, "computer" can be either "dators" or "kompjūters". Both are loanwords (the native Latvian word for 'computer' is "skaitļotājs"). However, for some time now “dators” has been considered an appropriate translation.</p> <p>There are several contests held annually to promote correct use of Latvian.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Notably, the State Language Center holds contests for language mistakes, named "Gimalajiešu superlācis" after an infamous incorrect translation of Asiatic Black Bear. These mistakes, often quite amusing, are both grammatical and stylistic; sometimes also obvious typos and mistranslations are considered to belong here. Organizers claim that mistakes are largely collected in areas heavily populated by Russian-speakers, as well as from Lithuanian-owned chain stores. Mistranslations are not necessarily grammatical, but also stylistic and vocabulary mistakes, such as literal translations from the English language.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Dialects">Dialects</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dialects">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>There are three <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> in Latvian: the Livonian dialect, High Latvian and the Middle dialect. Latvian dialects and their varieties should not be confused with the <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a>, <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curonian_language" title="Curonian language">Curonian</a>, <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semigallian_language" title="Semigallian language">Semigallian</a> and <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selonian_language" title="Selonian language">Selonian</a> languages.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Livonian_dialect">Livonian dialect</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Livonian dialect">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:452px;"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Latvaldialekti.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Latvaldialekti.svg/450px-Latvaldialekti.svg.png" width="450" height="302" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Latvaldialekti.svg/675px-Latvaldialekti.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Latvaldialekti.svg/900px-Latvaldialekti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="544"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Latvaldialekti.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Map showing geographical distribution of the dialects in Latvia. Varieties of the Livonian dialect (<i>Lībiskais dialekts</i>) are in blue, the Middle dialect (<i>Vidus dialekts</i>) in green, the Upper dialect (<i>Augšzemnieku dialekts</i>) in yellow.</div> </div> </div> <p>The Livonian dialect of Latvian was more affected by the <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian language</a> <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substratum" title="Substratum" class="mw-redirect">substratum</a> than Latvian in other parts of Latvia. It is divided into the <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidzeme" title="Vidzeme">Vidzeme</a> <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">variety</a> and the <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Courland</a> variety (also called <i>tāmnieku</i> or <i>ventiņu</i>). There are two <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intonations</a> in the Livonian dialect. In Courland short vowels in the endings of words are discarded, while long vowels are shortened. In all genders and numbers only one form of the <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> is used. <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">Personal names</a> in both genders are derived with endings – els, -ans. In <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix_(linguistics)" title="Prefix (linguistics)" class="mw-redirect">prefixes</a> <i>ie</i> is changed to <i>e</i>. Due to migration and the introduction of a standardised language this dialect has declined. It arose from assimilated <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonians" title="Livonians" class="mw-redirect">Livonians</a>, who started to speak in Latvian and assimilated Livonian grammar into Latvian.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Middle_dialect">Middle dialect</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Middle dialect">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The Middle dialect is spoken in central and Southwestern Latvia. <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Curonian" title="New Curonian" class="mw-redirect">New Curonian</a>, which used to be spoken along <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curonian_Spit" title="Curonian Spit">Curonian Spit</a>, is closely related to the varieties of middle dialect spoken in <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Courland</a>. The dialect is divided into the Vidzeme variety, the Curonian variety and the Semigallian variety. The Vidzeme variety and the Semigallian variety are closer to each other than to the Curonian variety, which is more archaic than the other two. There are three intonations in the Middle dialect. In the Semigallian variety, <i>ŗ</i> is still used. Standard Latvian is based on the middle dialect.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="High_Latvian_dialect">High Latvian dialect</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: High Latvian dialect">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>High Latvian dialect is spoken in Eastern Latvia. It is set apart from rest of the Latvian by number of phonetic differences. The dialect has two main varieties - Selonian and Non-Selonian. There is a <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard language</a>, the <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian language</a>, which is based on deep Non-Selonian varieties spoken in south of <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latgale" title="Latgale">Latgale</a>. The term "Latgalian" is sometimes also applied to all Non-Selonian varieties or even the whole dialect. However, it is unclear if it is accurate to use the term for any varieties besides the standard language. While the term may refer to varieties spoken in <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latgale" title="Latgale">Latgale</a> or by <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latgalians_(modern)" title="Latgalians (modern)">Latgalians</a>, not all speakers identify as speaking Latgalian, for example, speakers of deep Non-Selonian varieties in <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidzeme" title="Vidzeme">Vidzeme</a> explicitly deny speaking Latgalian.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Non-native_speakers">Non-native speakers</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Non-native speakers">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The history of the Latvian language (cf. below) has placed it in a peculiar position for a language of its size whereby it is spoken by a large number of non-native speakers as compared to native speakers. The immigrant and minority population in Latvia is 700,000 people: <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>, <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poles" title="Poles">Poles</a>, and others. The majority of immigrants came to Latvia from 1940–1991; supplementing pre-existing ethnic minority communities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In a recent survey, 60% of Latvia's ethnic minorities described their knowledge of Latvian as fluent.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> Fluency in Latvian is prevalent among the younger generations of the minorities.</p> <p>The adoption of Latvian by minorities was brought about by its status as the only official language of the country, its prominence in the education system, its sole use in the public sector<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and by changes in the society after the <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Fall of the Soviet Union" class="mw-redirect">fall of the Soviet Union</a> that shifted linguistic focus away from <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>. As an example, in 2007 universities and colleges for the first time received applications from prospective students who had a bilingual secondary education in schools for minorities. Fluency in Latvian is expected in a variety of professions and careers.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Grammar">Grammar</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_grammar" title="Latvian grammar">Latvian grammar</a></div> <p>Latvian is an <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflecting_language" title="Inflecting language" class="mw-redirect">inflecting language</a> with many analytical forms. Primary word stress, with a few exceptions, is on the first <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a>. There are no articles in Latvian, however definiteness is expressed by inflection of adjectives. Basic word order in Latvian is <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a>; however, word order is relatively free.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Nouns">Nouns</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nouns">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_declension" title="Latvian declension">Latvian declension</a></div> <p>There are two <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical genders</a> in Latvian (masculine and feminine) and two <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a>, singular and plural. Nouns and adjectives <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">decline</a> into seven cases: <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a>, <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>, <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>, <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a>, <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a>, <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a>, and <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative</a>. There are six declensions.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Verbs">Verbs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Verbs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_grammar#Verb_conjugation" title="Latvian grammar">Latvian grammar § Verb conjugation</a></div> <p>There are three conjugation classes in Latvian. Verbs are conjugated for person, tense, mood and voice.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Orthography">Orthography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Orthography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_alphabet" title="Latvian alphabet" class="mw-redirect">Latvian alphabet</a>, <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian Braille</a> and <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_orthography" title="Latvian orthography">Latvian orthography</a></div> <p>Latvian in <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> was first based upon the <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_alphabet" title="German alphabet" class="mw-redirect">German alphabet</a>, while the alphabet of the Latgalian dialect was based on the <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">Polish alphabet</a>. At the beginning of the 20th century, this was replaced by a more phonetically appropriate alphabet.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Standard_orthography">Standard orthography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Standard orthography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Today, the Latvian standard alphabet consists of 33 letters:</p> <table border="0" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"> <tr> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A">A</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80" title="Ā">Ā</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B" title="B">B</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C" title="C">C</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C" title="Č">Č</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D" title="D">D</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E" title="E">E</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92" title="Ē" class="mw-redirect">Ē</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F" title="F">F</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G" title="G">G</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A2" title="Ģ" class="mw-redirect">Ģ</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H" title="H">H</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I" title="I">I</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AA" title="Ī" class="mw-redirect">Ī</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J" title="J">J</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K" title="K">K</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6" title="Ķ" class="mw-redirect">Ķ</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L" title="L">L</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BB" title="Ļ" class="mw-redirect">Ļ</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M" title="M">M</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N" title="N">N</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%85" title="Ņ" class="mw-redirect">Ņ</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O" title="O">O</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P" title="P">P</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R">R</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S" title="S">S</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0" title="Š">Š</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T" title="T">T</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U" title="U">U</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AA" title="Ū" class="mw-redirect">Ū</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V" title="V">V</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a></td> <td width="15"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BD" title="Ž">Ž</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A">a</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80" title="Ā">ā</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C" title="C">c</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C" title="Č">č</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92" title="Ē" class="mw-redirect">ē</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G" title="G">g</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A2" title="Ģ" class="mw-redirect">ģ</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AA" title="Ī" class="mw-redirect">ī</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J" title="J">j</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6" title="Ķ" class="mw-redirect">ķ</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BB" title="Ļ" class="mw-redirect">ļ</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%85" title="Ņ" class="mw-redirect">ņ</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0" title="Š">š</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AA" title="Ū" class="mw-redirect">ū</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BD" title="Ž">ž</a></td> </tr> </table> <p>The modern standard Latvian alphabet uses 22 unmodified letters of the Latin alphabet (all except <i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a></i>, <i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W" title="W">W</a></i>, <i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X">X</a></i> and <i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a></i>). It adds a further eleven letters by modification. The vowel letters <i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A" title="A">A</a></i>, <i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E" title="E">E</a></i>, <i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I" title="I">I</a></i> and <i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U" title="U">U</a></i> can take a <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macron" title="Macron">macron</a> to show length, unmodified letters being short; these letters are not differentiated while sorting (e.g. in dictionaries). The letters <i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C" title="C">C</a></i>, <i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S" title="S">S</a></i> and <i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a></i>, that in unmodified form are pronounced <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ts]</span>, <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[s]</span> and <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[z]</span> respectively, can be marked with a <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron</a>. These marked letters, <i>Č</i>, <i>Š</i> and <i>Ž</i> are pronounced <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[tʃ]</span>, <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ʃ]</span> and <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ʒ]</span> respectively. The letters <i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A2" title="Ģ" class="mw-redirect">Ģ</a></i>, <i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6" title="Ķ" class="mw-redirect">Ķ</a></i>, <i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BB" title="Ļ" class="mw-redirect">Ļ</a></i> and <i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%85" title="Ņ" class="mw-redirect">Ņ</a></i> are written with a <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a> or little 'comma' placed below (or above the lowercase <i>g</i>). They are modified (<a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatalisation" title="Palatalisation" class="mw-redirect">palatalized</a>) versions of <i>G</i>, <i>K</i>, <i>L</i> and <i>N</i> and represent the sounds <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ɟ]</span>, <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[c]</span>, <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ʎ]</span> and <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ɲ]</span>. Non-standard varieties of Latvian add extra letters to this standard set.</p> <p>Latvian spelling has almost perfect correspondence between graphemes and phonemes. Every <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> has its own letter so that a reader need not learn how a word is pronounced, but simply pronounce it. There are only two exceptions to this, which could cause mispronunciation. The first problem is that the letters <i>E</i>/<i>Ē</i> represent two different sounds: <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ɛ]/[ɛː]</span> and <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[æ]/[æː]</span>. The second problem is that letter <i>O</i> indicates both the short and long <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ɔ]</span>, and the <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[uɔ]</span>. These three sounds are written as <i>O</i>, <i>Ō</i> and <i>Uo</i> in Latgalian, and some Latvians campaign for the adoption of this system in standard Latvian. However, the majority of Latvian linguists argue that <i>o</i> and <i>ō</i> are found only in loanwords, with the <i>Uo</i> sound being the only native Latvian phoneme. The digraph <i>Uo</i> was discarded in 1914, and the letter <i>Ō</i> has not been used in the official Latvian language since 1946. Likewise, the letters <i>Ŗ</i> and <i>Ch</i> were discarded in 1957, although they are still used in some varieties and by many Latvians living beyond the borders of Latvia. The letter <i>Y</i> is used only in the standard Latgalian written language, where it is used to represent /<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span>/, which is not used in other dialects. Latvian orthography allows nine digraphs, which are written <i>Ai</i>, <i>Au</i>, <i>Ei</i>, <i>Ie</i>, <i>Iu</i>, <i>Ui</i>, <i>Oi</i>, <i>Dz</i> and <i>Dž</i>.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Old_orthography">Old orthography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Old orthography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_latvian_bible.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Old_latvian_bible.jpg/250px-Old_latvian_bible.jpg" width="250" height="167" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Old_latvian_bible.jpg/375px-Old_latvian_bible.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Old_latvian_bible.jpg/500px-Old_latvian_bible.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3906" data-file-height="2602"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_latvian_bible.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Latvian <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran" title="Lutheran" class="mw-redirect">Lutheran</a> songbook (<a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymnal" title="Hymnal">hymnal</a>) in old orthography.</div> </div> </div> <p>The old orthography was based on that of German and did not represent the Latvian language phonemically. At the beginning it was used to write religious texts for German priests to help them in their work with Latvians. The first writings in Latvian were chaotic: there were twelve variations of writing <i>Š</i>. In 1631 the German priest Georgs (Juris) Mancelis tried to systematize the writing. He wrote long vowels according to their position in the word – a short vowel followed by <i>h</i> for a radical vowel, a short vowel in the suffix and vowel with a <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> mark in the ending indicating two accents. Consonants were written following the example of German with multiple letters. The old orthography was used until the 20th century when it was slowly replaced by the modern orthography.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Latvian_on_computers">Latvian on computers</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Latvian on computers">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:452px;"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Latvian_Erganomic_Keyboard_Layout.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Latvian_Erganomic_Keyboard_Layout.png/450px-Latvian_Erganomic_Keyboard_Layout.png" width="450" height="245" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Latvian_Erganomic_Keyboard_Layout.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Latvian_Erganomic_Keyboard_Layout.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="294"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Latvian_Erganomic_Keyboard_Layout.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The rarely used Latvian ergonomic keyboard layout</div> </div> </div> <p>Standard <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a> keyboards are used for writing in Latvian; diacritics are entered by using a <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_key" title="Dead key">dead key</a> (usually ', occasionally ~). Some keyboard layouts use the <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modifier_key" title="Modifier key">modifier key</a> <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AltGr_key" title="AltGr key">AltGr</a> (most notably the Windows 2000 and XP built-in layout (Latvian QWERTY), it is also default modifier in X11R6, thus a default in most Linux distributions). In the early 1990s, the Latvian ergonomic <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_layout" title="Keyboard layout">keyboard layout</a> was developed. Although this layout may be available with language support software, it has not become popular because of a lack of keyboards with this layout.</p> <p>In the 1990s, lack of software support of diacritics caused an unofficial style of orthography, often called <i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">translits</a></i>, to emerge for use in situations when the user is unable to access Latvian diacritic marks (e-mail, newsgroups, web user forums, chat, <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS" class="mw-redirect">SMS</a> etc.). It uses the <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_letters" title="List of Latin letters" class="mw-redirect">basic Modern Latin alphabet</a> only, and letters that are not used in standard orthography are usually omitted. In this style, diacritics are replaced by digraphs – a doubled letter indicates a long vowel (as in Finnish and Estonian); a following <i>j</i> indicates palatalisation of consonants, i.e., a cedilla; and the postalveolars <i>Š</i>, <i>Č</i> and <i>Ž</i> are written with <i>h</i> replacing the <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">háček</a>, as in English. Sometimes the second letter, the one used instead of a diacritic, is changed to one of two other diacritic letters (e.g. š is written as ss or sj, not sh), and since many people may find it difficult to use these unusual methods, they write without any indication of missing diacritic marks, or they use digraphing only if the diacritic mark in question would make a semantic difference.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Sometimes an apostrophe is used before or after the character that would properly need to be diacriticised. Also, digraph diacritics are often used and sometimes even mixed with diacritical letters of standard orthography. Although today there is software support available, diacritic-less writing is still sometimes used for financial and social reasons. As <i>š</i> and <i>ž</i> are part of the <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1252" title="Windows-1252">Windows-1252</a> coding, it is possible to input those two letters using a <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_keypad" title="Numerical keypad" class="mw-redirect">numerical keypad</a>.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Comparative_orthography">Comparative orthography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Comparative orthography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>For example, the <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> in Latvian written in different styles:</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode"> <tr> <th bgcolor="#E0E0E0">First orthography<br/> (Cosmographia Universalis, 1544)</th> <th bgcolor="#E0E0E0">Old orthography, 1739<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></th> <th bgcolor="#E0E0E0">Modern orthography</th> <th bgcolor="#E0E0E0">Internet style</th> <th bgcolor="#E0E0E0"></th> </tr> <tr> <td>Muuſze Thews exkan tho Debbes</td> <td>Muhſu Tehvs debbeſîs</td> <td>Mūsu tēvs debesīs</td> <td>Muusu teevs debesiis</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sweetyttz thope totws waerdtcz</td> <td>Swehtits lai top taws wahrds</td> <td>Svētīts lai top tavs vārds</td> <td>Sveetiits lai top tavs vaards</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Enaka mums touwe walſtibe.</td> <td>Lai nahk tawa walſtiba</td> <td>Lai nāk tava valstība</td> <td>Lai naak tava valstiiba</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tows praetcz noteſe</td> <td>Taws prahts lai noteek</td> <td>Tavs prāts lai notiek</td> <td>Tavs praats lai notiek</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ka exkan Debbes tha arridtczan wuerſſon ſemmes</td> <td>kà debbeſîs tà arirdſan zemes wirsû</td> <td>kā debesīs, tā arī virs zemes</td> <td>kaa debesiis taa arii virs zemes</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Muſze beniſke mayſe bobe mums ſdjoben.</td> <td>Muhsu deeniſchtu maizi dod mums ſchodeen</td> <td>Mūsu dienišķo maizi dod mums šodien</td> <td>Muusu dienishkjo maizi dod mums shodien</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Vnbe pammet mums muſſe parrabe</td> <td>Un pametti mums muhſu parradus <small>[later parahdus]</small></td> <td>Un piedod mums mūsu parādus</td> <td>Un piedod mums muusu paraadus</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ka mehs pammettam muſſims parabenekims</td> <td>kà arri mehs pamettam ſaweem parrahdneekeem</td> <td>kā arī mēs piedodam saviem parādniekiem</td> <td>kaa arii mees piedodam saviem paraadniekiem</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Vnbe nhe wedde mums exkan kaerbenaſchenne</td> <td>Un ne eeweddi muhs eekſch kahrdinaſchanas</td> <td>Un neieved mūs kārdināšanā</td> <td>Un neieved muus kaardinaashanaa</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Seth atpeſthmums no to loune</td> <td>bet atpeſti muhs no ta launa <small>[later łauna]</small></td> <td>bet atpestī mūs no ļauna</td> <td>bet atpestii muus no ljauna</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Aefto thouwa gir ta walſtibe</td> <td>Jo tew peederr ta walſtiba</td> <td>Jo tev pieder valstība</td> <td>Jo tev pieder valstiiba.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>vnbe tas ſpeez vnb tas Goobtcz tur muſſige</td> <td>un tas ſpehks un tas gods muhſchigi <small>[later muhzigi]</small></td> <td>spēks un gods mūžīgi</td> <td>speeks un gods muuzhiigi</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Amen</td> <td>Amen</td> <td>Āmen</td> <td>Aamen</td> </tr> </table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Phonology">Phonology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_phonology" title="Latvian phonology">Latvian phonology</a></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Consonants">Consonants</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table class="wikitable"> <tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a></th> <th><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a></th> <th><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br/> alveolar</a></th> <th><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a></th> <th><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a></th> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_stop" title="Nasal stop" class="mw-redirect">Nasal</a></th> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">m</span></td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">n</span></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ɲ</span></td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ŋ]</span></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_consonant" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a></th> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">p</span>  <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">b</span></td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">t</span>  <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">d</span></td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">c</span>  <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ɟ</span></td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">k</span>  <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ɡ</span></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affricate_consonant" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a></th> <td> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">t͡s</span>  <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">d͡z</span></td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">t͡ʃ</span>  <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">d͡ʒ</span></td> <td></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a></th> <td>(<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">f</span>)  <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">v</span></td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">s</span>  <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">z</span></td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ʃ</span>  <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ʒ</span></td> <td></td> <td>(<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">x</span>)</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximant_consonant" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a></th> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">j</span></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a></th> <td> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">l</span></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ʎ</span></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a></th> <td> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">r</span></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> </table> <p>The consonant sounds <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/f x/</span> are only found in loanwords. <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ŋ]</span> is only an allophone of nasals before velars.</p> <p>Latvian plosives are not aspirated (unlike in English). Voiced and unvoiced consonants <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing#Initial_voicing" title="Consonant voicing and devoicing">assimilate to the following consonant</a>, e.g. <i>apgabals</i> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ˈabɡabals]</span> and <i>labs</i> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ˈlaps]</span>. Voiced consonants do not get <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">devoiced word-finally</a>: <i>dzied</i> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ˈdzie̯d]</span>.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Vowels">Vowels</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Latvian has six vowels, with <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">length</a> as distinctive feature:</p> <table class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Latvian vowels</caption> <tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a></th> </tr> <tr class="small"> <th>short</th> <th>long</th> <th>short</th> <th>long</th> <th>short</th> <th>long</th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a></th> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">i</span></td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">iː</span></td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">u</span></td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">uː</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Mid</a></th> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ɛ</span></td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ɛː</span></td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>(<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ɔ</span>)</td> <td>(<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ɔː</span>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a></th> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">æ</span></td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">æː</span></td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">a</span></td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">aː</span></td> <td colspan="2"> </td> </tr> </table> <p><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/ɔ ɔː/</span>, and the diphthongs involving it other than <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/uɔ/</span>, are confined to loanwords.</p> <p>Vowel length ratio is about 1/2.5. Vowel length is phonemic and plays an important role in the language. For example <i>koka</i> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ˈkuɔka]</span> means 'made of wood', <i>kokā</i> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ˈkuɔkaː]</span> means 'on the tree'; <i>pile</i> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ˈpilɛ]</span> means 'a drop', and <i>pīle</i> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ˈpiːlɛ]</span> means 'a duck'.</p> <p>Latvian also has 10 <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>, four of which are only found in loanwords (<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/ai ui ɛi au iɛ uɔ iu (ɔi) ɛu (ɔu)/</span>), although some diphthongs are mostly limited to proper names and interjections. Opening diphthongs are centred leading some sources to represent them as ending with <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/a/</span>. If the second component of a diphthong is close, it is converted to a consonant when preceding a vowel, thereby <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/u/</span> and <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/i/</span> become <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[v]</span> and <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[j]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-fonologija_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fonologija-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pitch_accent">Pitch accent</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pitch accent">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Standard Latvian and, with a few minor exceptions, all of the Latvian dialects have fixed initial stress. Long vowels and diphthongs have a tone, regardless of their position in the word. This includes the so-called "mixed diphthongs", composed of a short vowel followed by a <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant</a>. There are three types of tones:</p> <dl> <dt>level (also drawling, sustained) tone (<i>stieptā intonācija</i>)</dt> <dd>high throughout the syllable</dd> <dd>e.g. <i>tā</i> "that; she" (pronunciation represented as "<i>tã</i>" in Latvian phonetics)</dd> <dd>It is found in the following noun suffixes: <i>-nīc-</i>, <i>-āj-</i>, <i>-ēj-</i>, <i>-iet-</i>, <i>-īn-</i>, <i>-īt-</i>, <i>-niec-</i> and <i>-niek-</i> and also in plural dative endings. The long vowels in plural first and second person verb endings also have this tone.<sup id="cite_ref-fonologija_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fonologija-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>falling tone (<i>krītošā intonācija</i>)</dt> <dd>brief rise followed by a long fall</dd> <dd>e.g. <i>tā</i> "of it; his" (pronounced "<i>tà</i>")</dd> <dd>It is found in singular dative endings, in definite endings of adjectives and ordinal numerals. It also occurs in the prefixes <i>aiz-</i>, <i>ie-</i>, <i>no-</i>, <i>pie-</i> and in the prepositions <i>aiz</i> "behind", <i>ar</i> "with", <i>gar</i> "along", <i>par</i> "about", <i>kopš</i> "since", <i>no</i> "from", <i>pirms</i> "before", <i>virs</i> "above" and <i>zem</i> "under".<sup id="cite_ref-fonologija_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fonologija-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>broken tone (<i>lauztā intonācija</i>)</dt> <dd>rising tone followed by falling tone with interruption in the middle or some creakiness in the voice</dd> <dd>e.g. <i>tā</i> "so" (pronounced "<i>tâ</i>")</dd> <dd>It is found in all locative endings. Also in the superlative suffix <i>-āk-</i> and in the adjective suffixes <i>-ād-</i>, <i>-ain-</i> and <i>-īg-</i>, as well as in reflexive verb endings and infinitive endings of II and III conjugation verbs. The prepositions <i>pēc</i> "after" and <i>starp</i> "between" also carry this tone.<sup id="cite_ref-fonologija_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fonologija-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></dd> </dl> <p>Some Latvian dialects have only two tones: in western parts of <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> the falling tone merged with the broken tone, whereas in eastern parts of Latvia the level tone merged with the falling tone. Hence, the Central Latvian <i>traũks</i>, <i>dràugs</i>, <i>raûgs</i> corresponds to Western Latvian <i>traũks</i>, <i>draûgs</i>, <i>raûgs</i>, and to Eastern Latvian <i>tràuks</i>, <i>dràugs</i>, <i>raûgs</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Both the three-tone and the two-tone systems are accepted in standard Latvian. However, some dialects in <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selonia" title="Selonia">Selonia</a> also have the fourth (rising) tone.<sup id="cite_ref-fonologija_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fonologija-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>This system is similar to the ones found in <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgish_language" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a> and <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" title="Serbo-Croatian language" class="mw-redirect">Serbo-Croatian</a>. The broken tone is similar to that found in <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B8d" title="Stød">stød</a>.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li>Bielenstein, <i>Die lettische Sprache</i> (Berlin, 1863–64)</li> <li>Bielenstein, <i>Lettische Grammatik</i> (Mitau, 1863)</li> <li>Bielenstein, <i>Die Elemente der lettischen Sprache</i> (Mitau, 1866), popular in treatment</li> <li>Ulmann and Brasche, <i>Lettisches Wörterbuch</i> (Riga, 1872–80)</li> <li>Bielenstein, <i>Tausend lettische Räthsel, übersetzt und erklärt</i> (Mitau, 1881)</li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalbert_Bezzenberger" title="Adalbert Bezzenberger">Bezzenberger</a>, <i>Lettische Dialekt-Studien</i> (Göttingen, 1885)</li> <li>Bezzenberger, <i>Ueber die Sprache der preussischen Letten;; (Göttingen, 1888)</i></li> <li>Thomsen, <i>Beröringer melem de Finske og de Baltiske Sprog</i> (Copenhagen, 1890)</li> <li>Bielenstein, <i>Grenzen des lettischen Volksstammes und der lettischen Sprache</i> (St. Petersburg, 1892)</li> <li>Baron and Wissendorff, <i>Latwju dainas</i> (Latvian Folksongs, Mitau, 1894)</li> <li>Andreianov, <i>Lettische Volkslieder und Mythen</i> (Halle, 1896 )</li> <li>Bielenstein, <i>Ein glückliches Leben</i> (Riga, 1904)</li> <li>Brentano, <i>Lehrbuch der lettischen Sprache</i> (Vienna, c. 1907)</li> <li>Holst, <i>Lettische Grammatik</i> (Hamburg, 2001)</li> <li>Wolter, "Die lettische Literatur," in <i>Die ost-europäische Literaturen</i> (Berlin, 1908)</li> <li>Kalning, <i>Kurzer Lettischer Sprachführer</i> (Riga, 1910)</li> </ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Literary_histories_in_Latvian">Literary histories in Latvian</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Literary histories in Latvian">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul> <li>Klaushush, <i>Latweeschu rakstneezibas wehsture</i> (Riga, 1907)</li> <li>Pludons, <i>Latwiju literaturas vēsture</i> (Jelgava, 1908–09)</li> <li>Lehgolnis, <i>Latweeschu literaturas wehsture</i> (Riga, 1908)</li> <li>Prande, <i>Latviešu Rakstniecība Portrejās</i> (Rīga, 1923)</li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e17-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e17_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e17_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://www.ethnologue.com/language/lav">Latvian</a> at <i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (17th ed., 2013)<br/> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://www.ethnologue.com/language/lvs"></a><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Latvian_language" title="Standard Latvian language" class="mw-redirect">Standard Latvian language</a> at <i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (17th ed., 2013)<br/> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ltg"></a><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian language</a> at <i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (17th ed., 2013)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Glottolog-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glottolog_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/latv1249">"Latvian"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://glottolog.org/"><i>Glottolog 2.2</i></a>. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language&rft.atitle=Glottolog+2.2&rft.btitle=Latvian&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2F&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+Evolutionary+Anthropology&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://www.vvk.lv/index.php?sadala=129&id=389">Dažādu tautu valodu prasme</a><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(Latvian)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://data.csb.gov.lv/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=TSG11-07a&ti=TSG11%2D07%2E+RESIDENT+POPULATION+ON+MARCH+1%2C+2011+BY+LANGUAGE+MOSTLY+SPOKEN+AT+HOME%2C++GENDER+AND+AGE+GROUP&path=../DATABASEEN/tautassk_11/Final%20results%20of%20the%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%202011/&lang=1">RESIDENT POPULATION ON MARCH 1, 2011 BY LANGUAGE MOSTLY SPOKEN AT HOME, GENDER AND AGE GROUP</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://www.delfi.lv/archive/article.php?id=20135719">Krievvalodīgie arvien vairāk runā latviski</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://apollo.lv/portal/news/articles/91481">"2006. gada vārds – "draugoties", nevārds – "hendlings<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>"</a> (in Latvian). Apollo. 2007-01-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-07-28</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language&rft.btitle=2006.+gada+v%C4%81rds%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+%22draugoties%22%2C+nev%C4%81rds%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+%22hendlings%22&rft.date=2007-01-22&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapollo.lv%2Fportal%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F91481&rft.pub=Apollo&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">BNS (2006-03-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://www.delfi.lv/news/national/politics/article.php?id=14050678">"Akcijā pret valodas kropļošanu aicina nofilmēt 'gimalajiešu lāci<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a> (in Latvian). DELFI<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-07-28</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language&rft.au=BNS&rft.aulast=BNS&rft.btitle=Akcij%C4%81+pret+valodas+krop%C4%BCo%C5%A1anu+aicina+nofilm%C4%93t+%27gimalajie%C5%A1u+l%C4%81ci%27&rft.date=2006-03-30&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.delfi.lv%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fpolitics%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D14050678&rft.pub=DELFI&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Markus, Dace (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://www.baltistica.lt/index.php/baltistica/article/view/2114/2020">"THE DEEP LATGALIAN VARIANTS OF THE HIGH LATVIAN DIALECT IN NORTH-EAST VIDZEME (SO-CALLED MALENIA)"</a>. <i>BALTISTICA</i> (in Latvian) (Vilnius University) (8 priedas).</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language&rft.atitle=THE+DEEP+LATGALIAN+VARIANTS+OF+THE+HIGH+LATVIAN+DIALECT+IN+NORTH-EAST+VIDZEME+%28SO-CALLED+MALENIA%29&rft.aufirst=Dace&rft.aulast=Markus&rft.au=Markus%2C+Dace&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltistica.lt%2Findex.php%2Fbaltistica%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2114%2F2020&rft.issue=8+priedas&rft.jtitle=BALTISTICA&rft.pub=Vilnius+University&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://www.delfi.lv/archive/article.php?id=20135719">Krievvalodīgie arvien vairāk runā latviski</a> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(Latvian)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Veinberga, Linda (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://archive.is/20120524124909/http://politika.lv/">"Latviešu valodas izmaiņas un funkcijas interneta vidē"</a> (in Latvian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://politika.lv/">politika.lv</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-07-28</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.aulast=Veinberga&rft.au=Veinberga%2C+Linda&rft.btitle=Latvie%C5%A1u+valodas+izmai%C5%86as+un+funkcijas+interneta+vid%C4%93&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.is%2F20120524124909%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fpolitika.lv%2F&rft.pub=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fpolitika.lv%2F+politika.lv%5D&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><u>BIBLIA</u>, published Riga, 1848 (reprint), original edition 1739; "modern" old orthographies published into the 20th century do not double consonants</span></li> <li id="cite_note-fonologija-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fonologija_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fonologija_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fonologija_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fonologija_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fonologija_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Muižniece, Lalita (2002). <i>Latviešu valodas praktiskā fonoloģija</i> (in Latvian). Rīga: Rasa ABC.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language&rft.aufirst=Lalita&rft.aulast=Mui%C5%BEniece&rft.au=Mui%C5%BEniece%2C+Lalita&rft.btitle=Latvie%C5%A1u+valodas+praktisk%C4%81+fonolo%C4%A3ija&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.place=R%C4%ABga&rft.pub=Rasa+ABC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDerksen1996">Derksen (1996</a>:11)</span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><span id="CITEREFDerksen1996" class="citation journal"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Derksen" title="Rick Derksen">Derksen, Rick</a> (1996). <i>Metatony in Baltic</i>. Amsterdam: Rodopi.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvian+language&rft.au=Derksen%2C+Rick&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft.aulast=Derksen&rft.btitle=Metatony+in+Baltic&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvian_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" width="40" height="37" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="lv:">Latvian edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</td> </tr> </table> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Latvian_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Latvian language">Latvian language</a></b></i>.</td> </tr> </table> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="37" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/55px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/73px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Latvian language, see the <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Latvian_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Latvian language"><i><b>Latvian language</b></i> category of words</a> in <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</td> </tr> </table> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Latvian_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Latvian phrasebook">Latvian</a></b></i>.</td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://www.latvijasradio.lv/lapas/lv_tiesraide.htm">Live Latvian-language radio streams online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://www.ltvzinas.lv/?n=tv">On line TV in latvian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://isec.gov.lv/normdok/oflanglaw.htm">Latvian Language Law in English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://www.letonika.lv/">Letonika</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://www.latvianstuff.com/Language.html">Overview of the Latvian Language (en)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://www.vvk.lv/">State (Official) Language Commission (linguistic articles, applicable laws, etc.)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://www.letonika.lv/dictionary/">English–Latvian / Latvian–English dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://www.acl.lv/en/">English-Latvian and Latvian–English online translation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Latvian-english/">Latvian–English Dictionary</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/">Webster's Online Dictionary</a> – <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rosetta_Edition" title="The Rosetta Edition" class="mw-redirect">The Rosetta Edition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://www.lvavp.lv/">National Agency for Latvian Language Training</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://www.languagehelpers.com/Latvia/TheLatvianAlphabet.html">The Latvian Alphabet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://www.languagehelpers.com/">Examples of Latvian words and phrases (with sound)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/december/Latvian.html#stru">Languages of the World:Latvian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://www.dicts.info/dictlist1.php?l=Latvian">Latvian bilingual dictionaries</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Latvian_Swadesh_list">Latvian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words</a> (from Wiktionary's <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists">Swadesh-list appendix</a>)</li> </ul> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Latvia_topics" title="Template:Latvia topics"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Latvia_topics" title="Template talk:Latvia topics"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Latvia_topics&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latvia-related_topics" title="List of Latvia-related topics" class="mw-redirect">topics</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">History</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;;background:transparent;;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Ancient Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunda_culture" title="Kunda culture">Kunda culture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narva_culture" title="Narva culture">Narva culture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Livonia" title="Kingdom of Livonia">Kingdom of Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Livonia" title="Swedish Livonia">Swedish Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflanty_Voivodeship" title="Inflanty Voivodeship">Polish Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Russian Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_National_Awakening" title="Latvian National Awakening">Latvian National Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Current" title="New Current">New Current</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">Occupation by the Soviet Union (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Latvia_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany" class="mw-redirect">by Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944" title="Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944">by the Soviet Union (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic 1944-1991</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Restoration_of_Independence_of_the_Republic_of_Latvia" title="On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Latvia#Modern_history" title="History of Latvia">Post independence</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;"> <div><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Latvia" title="Flag of Latvia"><img alt="Flag of Latvia photo.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia_photo.jpg/120px-Flag_of_Latvia_photo.jpg" width="120" height="141" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia_photo.jpg/180px-Flag_of_Latvia_photo.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia_photo.jpg/240px-Flag_of_Latvia_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1212" data-file-height="1424"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Latvia" title="Geography of Latvia">Geography</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Latvia#Climate" title="Geography of Latvia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_regions_of_Latvia" title="Cultural regions of Latvia">Cultural regions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Latvia" title="Category:Lakes of Latvia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Latvia" title="List of rivers of Latvia">Rivers</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Latvia" title="Politics of Latvia">Politics</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Latvia" title="Administrative divisions of Latvia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Latvia" title="Constitution of Latvia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Latvia" title="Elections in Latvia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Latvia" title="Foreign relations of Latvia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Latvia" title="Government of Latvia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Latvia" title="Human rights in Latvia">Human rights</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Latvia" title="LGBT rights in Latvia">LGBT</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_policy_in_Latvia" title="Language policy in Latvia">Language policy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Latvia" title="LGBT history in Latvia">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Latvia" title="Law enforcement in Latvia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Latvia" title="Military of Latvia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Latvia" title="List of political parties in Latvia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Latvia" title="President of Latvia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Latvia" title="Prime Minister of Latvia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeima" title="Saeima"><i>Saeima</i> <small style="font-size:85%;">(parliament)</small></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Latvia" title="Economy of Latvia">Economy</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Latvia" title="Agriculture in Latvia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Latvia" title="Bank of Latvia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Latvia" title="Energy in Latvia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_euro_coins" title="Latvian euro coins">Latvian euro coins</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga_Stock_Exchange" title="Riga Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Latvia" title="Telecommunications in Latvia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Latvia" title="Transport in Latvia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Latvian_financial_crisis" title="2008 Latvian financial crisis">2008 financial crisis</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Latvian_society" title="Category:Latvian society">Society</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Latvia" title="Demographics of Latvia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Latvia" title="Education in Latvia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Latvia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Latvia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Latvia#Immigration" title="Demographics of Latvia">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Language</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Latvia" title="Public holidays in Latvia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Religion</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;;"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Latvia" title="Culture of Latvia">Culture</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dievs,_sv%C4%93t%C4%AB_Latviju!" title="Dievs, svētī Latviju!">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Latvia" title="Cinema of Latvia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia" title="Coat of arms of Latvia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Latvia" title="Flag of Latvia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_name" title="Latvian name">Latvian names</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_literature" title="Latvian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Latvia" title="Music of Latvia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_pottery" title="Latvian pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Latvia" title="Sport in Latvia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Latvia" title="Television in Latvia">Television</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.25em;;"> <div> <div style="margin-top:0;line-height:1.4em;margin-bottom:-0.2em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Latvia" title="Outline of Latvia">Outline</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="margin-top:-0.2em;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Latvia" title="Category:Latvia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Latvia" title="Portal:Latvia">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Latvia" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Latvia">WikiProject</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Baltic_languages" title="Template:Baltic languages"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Baltic_languages" title="Template talk:Baltic languages"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Baltic_languages&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curonian_language" title="Curonian language"><i>Curonian</i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galindian_language" title="Galindian language"><i>Galindian</i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Latvian</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Old Prussian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samogitian_dialect" title="Samogitian dialect">Samogitian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selonian_language" title="Selonian language"><i>Selonian</i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semigallian_language" title="Semigallian language"><i>Semigallian</i></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudovian_language" title="Sudovian language"><i>Sudovian (Yotvingian)</i></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/web/20141005213534/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table>   <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534im_/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"/></noscript></div> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latfieg" title="Latfieg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettisk_(sprog)" title="Lettisk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettische_Sprache" title="Lettische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leti%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Letišćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb">Dolnoserbski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4ti_keel" title="Läti keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Λεττονική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_let%C3%B3n" title="Idioma letón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latva_lingvo" title="Latva lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letoniera" title="Letoniera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان لتونیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettiskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Lettiskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo">Føroyskt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letton" title="Letton – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letsk" title="Letsk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Laitvis" title="An Laitvis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvish" title="Latvish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv">Gaelg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latbhais" title="Latbhais – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_letoa" title="Lingua letoa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A0-thot-v%C3%AC-%C3%A2-ng%C3%AE" title="Là-thot-vì-â-ngî – Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak">客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="라트비아어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Լատվիերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="लातवियाई भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leti%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Letišćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb">Hornjoserbsce</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letonski_jezik" title="Letonski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latviana_linguo" title="Latviana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Leton" title="Pagsasao a Leton – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo">Ilokano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Latvi" title="Bahasa Latvi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiLatviya" title="IsiLatviya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu">IsiZulu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettneska" title="Lettneska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_lettone" title="Lingua lettone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="לטבית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letlandimiutut" title="Letlandimiutut – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl">Kalaallisut</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ლატვიური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Латыш тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latviek" title="Latviek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw">Kernowek</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikilativiya" title="Ikilativiya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw">Kinyarwanda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Латыш кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv">Коми</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_leton%C3%AE" title="Zimanê letonî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latv%C4%AB%C5%A1u_vol%C5%ABda" title="Latvīšu volūda – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg">Latgaļu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Lettonica" title="Lingua Lettonica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Latviešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvi%C5%B3_kalba" title="Latvių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_lettone" title="Lengua lettone – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij">Ligure</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lets" title="Lets – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_letton" title="Lengua letton – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo">Lumbaart</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lett_nyelv" title="Lett nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Латвиски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="लात्व्हियन भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ლატვიური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%89" title="لاتفى – Egyptian Spoken Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Latvia" title="Bahasa Latvia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Латвиень кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf">Мокшень</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-na"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://na.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorerin_Ratebiya" title="Dorerin Ratebiya – Nauru" lang="na" hreflang="na">Dorerin Naoero</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lets" title="Lets – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%88%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="ラトビア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latwyan" title="Latwyan – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvisk" title="Latvisk – Norwegian (bokmål)" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvisk" title="Latvisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leton" title="Leton – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Латыш йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr">Олык марий</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latish_tili" title="Latish tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz">Oʻzbekcha</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%B9%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="لٹویائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_leton-a" title="Lenga leton-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms">Piemontèis</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettsch" title="Lettsch – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_%C5%82otewski" title="Język łotewski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_let%C3%A3" title="Língua letã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_leton%C4%83" title="Limba letonă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litunya_simi" title="Litunya simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Латышский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latviagiella" title="Latviagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se">Sámegiella</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvie_leid" title="Latvie leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_letoneze" title="Gjuha letoneze – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loty%C5%A1tina" title="Lotyština – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvij%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Latvijščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81otewsko_godka" title="Łotewsko godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl">Ślůnski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Летонски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letonski_jezik" title="Letonski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_kieli" title="Latvian kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettiska" title="Lettiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="இலத்துவிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Латыш теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt">Татарча/tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ภาษาลัตเวีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letonca" title="Letonca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Латви кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm">Удмурт</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Латиська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="لاتۋىيە تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Latvia" title="Tiếng Latvia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4ti_kiil" title="Läti kiil – Võro" lang="fiu-vro" hreflang="fiu-vro">Võro</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%84%AB%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="拉脫維亞語 – Classical Chinese" lang="zh-classical" hreflang="zh-classical">文言</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineton" title="Lineton – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20141005213534/http://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A9" title="לעטיש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link 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