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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Social position</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_European_peasants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_European_peasants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Medieval European peasants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_European_peasants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Early modern Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_farmers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_farmers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Chinese farmers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_farmers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_American_farmers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_American_farmers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Latin American farmers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_American_farmers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Related terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Recent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Peasant</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A" title="قروي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قروي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%99ndli" title="Kəndli – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kəndli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сялянства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сялянства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сялянства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сялянства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Селянин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Селянин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camperol_(activitat)" title="Camperol (activitat) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Camperol (activitat)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Хресчен – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хресчен" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedl%C3%A1k" title="Sedlák – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sedlák" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almue" title="Almue – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Almue" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talupoeg" title="Talupoeg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Talupoeg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Χωρικός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χωρικός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Велериця – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Велериця" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campesino" title="Campesino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Campesino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamparano" title="Kamparano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kamparano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campusinu" title="Campusinu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Campusinu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilau" title="Bilau – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bilau" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7)" title="دهقان (اروپا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دهقان (اروپا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paysan" title="Paysan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paysan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%86%8D%EB%AF%BC" title="농민 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="농민" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գյուղացիություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գյուղացիություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljak" title="Seljak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Seljak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabolak" title="Mabolak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mabolak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A8" title="איכר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איכר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="გლეხობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გლეხობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkulima" title="Mkulima – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mkulima" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyizan" title="Peyizan – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Peyizan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Дыйкандар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дыйкандар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valstietis" title="Valstietis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valstietis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraszt" title="Paraszt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paraszt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="فلاح – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فلاح" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%B0%91" title="農民 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="農民" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmue" title="Allmue – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Allmue" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmugen" title="Allmugen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Allmugen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehqonlar" title="Dehqonlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dehqonlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%DA%A9" title="راہک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="راہک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%82opi" title="Chłopi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chłopi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campon%C3%AAs" title="Camponês – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Camponês" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9A%C4%83ran" title="Țăran – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Țăran" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Крестьянин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Крестьянин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Peasant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="ھاري – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھاري" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C4%BEn%C3%ADk" title="Roľník – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Roľník" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86" title="گوندنشین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گوندنشین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Сељак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сељак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljak" title="Seljak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Seljak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talonpoika" title="Talonpoika – Finnish" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Agricultural laborer or farmer with limited land ownership</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Peasant_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Peasant (disambiguation)">Peasant (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_England" title="Feudalism in England">English feudalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg/200px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg/300px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg/400px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2407" data-file-height="1644" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><i><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson#Harold_in_northern_France" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci</a></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a>)</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">Fief</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_fief" title="Ecclesiastical fief">Ecclesiastical fief</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown land</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Allodial_title" title="Allodial title">Allodial title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">Appanage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">Vassal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feoffment" title="Feoffment">Feoffment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seignory" title="Seignory">Seignory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Subinfeudation" title="Subinfeudation">Subinfeudation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feoffee" title="Feoffee">Feoffee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fealty" title="Fealty">Fealty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">Homage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(medieval)" title="Affinity (medieval)">Affinity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_maintenance" title="Feudal maintenance">Feudal maintenance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fragmentation" title="Feudal fragmentation">Feudal fragmentation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bastard_feudalism" title="Bastard feudalism">Bastard feudalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Livery" title="Livery">Livery</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">Lord of the manor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manorial_court" title="Manorial court">Manorial court</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">Manor house</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_manor_houses" title="List of manor houses">List</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">Demesne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glebe" title="Glebe">Glebe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Overlord" title="Overlord">Overlord</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peasant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_tenant" title="Free tenant">Free tenant</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Feudal_land_tenure_in_England" title="Feudal land tenure in England">Feudal land tenure in England</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_feudal_barony" title="English feudal barony">English feudal barony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_baron" title="Feudal baron">Feudal baron</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_fee" title="Knight's fee">Knight's fee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Knight-service" title="Knight-service">Knight-service</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Baronage" title="Baronage">Baronage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">Peerage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serjeanty" title="Serjeanty">Serjeanty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Copyhold" title="Copyhold">Copyhold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Freehold_(law)" title="Freehold (law)">Freehold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gavelkind" title="Gavelkind">Gavelkind</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_freehold" title="Customary freehold">Customary freehold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">Landed gentry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerages in the United Kingdom">Peerages in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Feudal_duties" title="Feudal duties">Feudal duties</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avera_and_inward" title="Avera and inward">Avera and inward</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Socage" title="Socage">Socage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scutage" title="Scutage">Scutage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_aid" title="Feudal aid">Feudal aid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scot_and_lot" title="Scot and lot">Scot and lot</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tallage" title="Tallage">Tallage</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.15em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peasant" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:peasant"> peasant</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Rural_area" title="Rural area">Rural area</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">Economics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rural_crafts" title="Rural crafts">Crafts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rural_industry_in_India" title="Rural industry in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_development" title="Rural development">Development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rural_delivery_service" title="Rural delivery service">Delivery service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_electrification" title="Rural electrification">Electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_housing" title="Rural housing">Housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_poverty" title="Rural poverty">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_poverty" title="Reservation poverty">Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_ghetto" title="Rural ghetto">Ghetto</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">Farmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_farm" title="Family farm">Family farmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmworker" title="Farmworker">Farmworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenant_farmer" title="Tenant farmer">Tenant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">Pastoralists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herder" title="Herder">Herder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallholding" title="Smallholding">Smallholders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_women" title="Rural women">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_roles_in_agriculture" title="Gender roles in agriculture">in Agriculture</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_(identity)" title="Country (identity)">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_diversity" title="Rural diversity">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_flight" title="Rural flight">Flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_tourism" title="Rural tourism">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agritourism" title="Agritourism">Agricultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_rural_communities" title="Types of rural communities">Types of communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurality" title="Rurality">Rurality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rural_society_by_country" title="Category:Rural society by country">By Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Canada" title="Rural Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_society_in_China" title="Rural society in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_society_in_Laos" title="Rural society in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_areas_in_the_United_States" title="Rural areas in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rural_history" title="Rural history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural history">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional history">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_American_history" title="Rural American history">Rural American history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_conflict" title="Nomadic conflict">Nomadic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_parliament" title="Rural parliament">Informal parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_movement" title="Peasant movement">Peasant movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Via_Campesina" title="Via Campesina">Via Campesina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rural_society" title="Template:Rural society"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Rural_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Rural society (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rural_society" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rural society"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prokudin-Gorskii-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Prokudin-Gorskii-08.jpg/330px-Prokudin-Gorskii-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Prokudin-Gorskii-08.jpg/495px-Prokudin-Gorskii-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Prokudin-Gorskii-08.jpg/660px-Prokudin-Gorskii-08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3320" data-file-height="2873" /></a><figcaption>Young women offer berries to visitors to their <i><a href="/wiki/Izba" title="Izba">izba</a></i> home, 1909. Those who had been <a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">serfs</a> among the Russian peasantry <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">were officially emancipated in 1861</a>. Photograph by <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky" title="Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky">Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>peasant</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Pre-industrial_society" title="Pre-industrial society">pre-industrial</a> <a href="/wiki/Farmworker" title="Farmworker">agricultural laborer</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">farmer</a> with limited land-ownership, especially one living in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> under <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenant_farmer" title="Tenant farmer">paying rent, tax, fees, or services to a landlord.</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, three classes of peasants existed: non-free <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a>, semi-free <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Free_tenant" title="Free tenant">free tenants</a>. Peasants might hold title to land outright (<a href="/wiki/Fee_simple" title="Fee simple">fee simple</a>), or by any of several forms of <a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">land tenure</a>, among them <a href="/wiki/Socage" title="Socage">socage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quit-rent" title="Quit-rent">quit-rent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leasehold_estate" title="Leasehold estate">leasehold</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Copyhold" title="Copyhold">copyhold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Webster2004_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webster2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some contexts, "peasant" has a pejorative meaning, even when referring to farm laborers.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as in 13th-century Germany, the concept of "peasant" could imply "rustic" as well as "robber", as the English term <a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">villain</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>/<a href="/wiki/Villein" title="Villein">villein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 21st-century English, the word "peasant" can mean "an ignorant, rude, or unsophisticated person".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word rose to renewed popularity in the 1940s–1960s<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a collective term, often referring to rural populations of developing countries in general, as the "semantic successor to 'native', incorporating all its condescending and racial overtones".<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <b>peasantry</b> is commonly used in a non-pejorative sense as a <a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">collective noun</a> for the rural population in the poor and developing countries of the world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Via_Campesina" title="Via Campesina">Via Campesina</a>, an organization claiming to represent the <a href="/wiki/Farmers_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmers rights">rights</a> of about 200 million farm-workers around the world, self-defines as an <a href="/wiki/Peasant_movement" title="Peasant movement">"International Peasant's Movement"</a> as of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peasant&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Nations and its <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights Council">Human Rights Council</a> prominently uses the term "peasant" in a non-pejorative sense, as in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">UN <i>Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas</i></a> adopted in 2018. In general English-language literature, the use of the word "peasant" has steadily declined since about 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1794_Morgenstern_Bauernhof_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/1794_Morgenstern_Bauernhof_anagoria.JPG/220px-1794_Morgenstern_Bauernhof_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/1794_Morgenstern_Bauernhof_anagoria.JPG/330px-1794_Morgenstern_Bauernhof_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/1794_Morgenstern_Bauernhof_anagoria.JPG/440px-1794_Morgenstern_Bauernhof_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2296" data-file-height="1820" /></a><figcaption>A farm in 1794</figcaption></figure> <p>The word "peasant" is derived from the 15th-century French word <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">païsant</i></span>, meaning one from the <i>pays</i>, or countryside; ultimately from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pagus</i></span>, or outlying administrative district.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_position">Social position</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farmers_in_a_cottage_in_Savonia,_Finland_(25183314403).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Farmers_in_a_cottage_in_Savonia%2C_Finland_%2825183314403%29.jpg/220px-Farmers_in_a_cottage_in_Savonia%2C_Finland_%2825183314403%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Farmers_in_a_cottage_in_Savonia%2C_Finland_%2825183314403%29.jpg/330px-Farmers_in_a_cottage_in_Savonia%2C_Finland_%2825183314403%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Farmers_in_a_cottage_in_Savonia%2C_Finland_%2825183314403%29.jpg/440px-Farmers_in_a_cottage_in_Savonia%2C_Finland_%2825183314403%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2604" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> <a href="/wiki/Savonia_(historical_province)" title="Savonia (historical province)">Savonian</a> farmers at a cottage in early 19th century; by Pehr Hilleström and J. F. Martin</figcaption></figure> <p>Peasants typically made up the majority of the agricultural labour force in a <a href="/wiki/Pre-industrial_society" title="Pre-industrial society">pre-industrial society</a>. The majority of the people—according to one estimate 85% of the population—in the Middle Ages were peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though "peasant" is a word of loose application, once a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> had taken root, the term <i>peasant proprietors</i> was frequently used to describe the traditional rural population in countries where <a href="/wiki/Smallholder" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallholder">smallholders</a> farmed much of the land. More generally, the word "peasant" is sometimes used to refer pejoratively to those considered to be "lower class", perhaps defined by poorer education and/or a lower income.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_European_peasants">Medieval European peasants</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Open_field_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Open field system">open field system</a> of agriculture dominated most of Europe during medieval times and endured until the nineteenth century in many areas. Under this system, peasants lived on a <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manor</a> presided over by a <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">lord</a> or a bishop of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic church">church</a>. Peasants paid rent or labor services to the lord in exchange for their right to cultivate the land. Fallowed land, pastures, forests, and wasteland were held in common. The open field system required cooperation among the peasants of the manor.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was gradually replaced by individual ownership and management of land. </p><p>The relative position of peasants in Western Europe improved greatly after the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> had reduced the population of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">medieval Europe</a> in the mid-14th century, resulting in more land for the survivors and making labor more scarce. In the wake of this disruption to the established order, it became more productive for many laborers to demand wages and other alternative forms of compensation, which ultimately led to the development of widespread <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> and the enormous social and intellectual changes of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>. </p><p>The evolution of ideas in an environment of relatively widespread literacy laid the groundwork for the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, which enabled mechanically and chemically augmented agricultural production while simultaneously increasing the demand for <a href="/wiki/Industrial_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial labour">factory workers</a> in cities, who became what <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat#Usage_in_Marxist_theory" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>. The trend toward individual ownership of land, typified in England by <a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">Enclosure</a>, displaced many peasants from the land and compelled them, often unwillingly, to become urban factory-workers, who came to occupy the socio-economic stratum formerly the preserve of the medieval peasants. </p><p>This process happened in an especially pronounced and truncated way in Eastern Europe. Lacking any catalysts for change in the 14th century, Eastern European peasants largely continued upon the original medieval path until the 18th and 19th centuries. <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfdom</a> was abolished in Russia in 1861, and while many peasants would remain in areas where their family had farmed for generations, the changes did allow for the buying and selling of lands traditionally held by peasants, and for landless ex-peasants to move to the cities.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even before emancipation in 1861, serfdom was on the wane in Russia. The proportion of serfs within the empire had gradually decreased "from 45–50 percent at the end of the eighteenth century, to 37.7 percent in 1858."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_modern_Germany">Early modern Germany</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unbekannter_Meister_18-19_Jh_Feiernde_Bauern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Unbekannter_Meister_18-19_Jh_Feiernde_Bauern.jpg/220px-Unbekannter_Meister_18-19_Jh_Feiernde_Bauern.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Unbekannter_Meister_18-19_Jh_Feiernde_Bauern.jpg/330px-Unbekannter_Meister_18-19_Jh_Feiernde_Bauern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Unbekannter_Meister_18-19_Jh_Feiernde_Bauern.jpg/440px-Unbekannter_Meister_18-19_Jh_Feiernde_Bauern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption>"<i>Feiernde Bauern</i>" ("Celebrating Peasants"), artist unknown, 18th or 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>In Germany, peasants continued to center their lives in the village well into the 19th century. They belonged to a corporate body and helped to manage the community resources and to monitor community life.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the East they had the status of serfs bound permanently to parcels of land. A peasant is called a "Bauer" in German and "Bur" in <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> (pronounced in English like <i>boor</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most of Germany, farming was handled by tenant farmers who paid rents and obligatory services to the landlord—typically a nobleman.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peasant leaders supervised the fields and ditches and grazing rights, maintained public order and morals, and supported a village court which handled minor offenses. Inside the family the patriarch made all the decisions, and tried to arrange advantageous marriages for his children. Much of the villages' communal life centered on church services and holy days. In Prussia, the peasants drew lots to choose conscripts required by the army. The noblemen handled external relationships and politics for the villages under their control, and were not typically involved in daily activities or decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="France">France</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_peasants" title="French peasants">French peasants</a></div> <p>Information about the complexities of the French Revolution, especially the fast-changing scene in Paris, reached isolated areas through both official announcements and long-established oral networks. Peasants responded differently to different sources of information. The limits on political knowledge in these areas depended more on how much peasants chose to know than on bad roads or illiteracy. Historian Jill Maciak concludes that peasants "were neither subservient, reactionary, nor ignorant."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his seminal book <i>Peasants into Frenchmen: the Modernization of Rural France, 1880–1914</i> (1976), historian <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Weber" title="Eugen Weber">Eugen Weber</a> traced the modernization of French villages and argued that rural France went from backward and isolated to modern and possessing a sense of French nationhood during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He emphasized the roles of railroads, republican schools, and universal military conscription. He based his findings on school records, migration patterns, military-service documents and <a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">economic trends</a>. Weber argued that until 1900 or so a sense of French nationhood was weak in the provinces. Weber then looked at how the policies of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> created a sense of French nationality in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book was widely praised, but some<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argued that a sense of Frenchness existed in the provinces before 1870. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chinese_farmers">Chinese farmers</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">Agriculture in China</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rice_farming.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Rice_farming.jpg/220px-Rice_farming.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Rice_farming.jpg/330px-Rice_farming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Rice_farming.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>A Chinese painting depicting an agricultural scene probably during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_from_the_Eyes_of_the_Flying_Tigers_1944-1945_27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/China_from_the_Eyes_of_the_Flying_Tigers_1944-1945_27.jpg/220px-China_from_the_Eyes_of_the_Flying_Tigers_1944-1945_27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/China_from_the_Eyes_of_the_Flying_Tigers_1944-1945_27.jpg/330px-China_from_the_Eyes_of_the_Flying_Tigers_1944-1945_27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/China_from_the_Eyes_of_the_Flying_Tigers_1944-1945_27.jpg/440px-China_from_the_Eyes_of_the_Flying_Tigers_1944-1945_27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Chinese peasants in <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Farmers in China have been sometimes referred to as "peasants" in English-language sources. However, the traditional term for farmer, <i>nongfu</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">农夫</span></span>), simply refers to "farmer" or "agricultural worker". In the 19th century, Japanese intellectuals reinvented the Chinese terms <i>fengjian</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">封建</span></span>) for "feudalism" and <i>nongmin</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">农民</span></span>), or "farming people", terms used in the description of <a href="/wiki/Feudal_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal Japan">feudal Japanese</a> society.<sup id="cite_ref-Myron_Cohen_2005._p._64_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myron_Cohen_2005._p._64-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These terms created a negative image of Chinese farmers by making a class distinction where one had not previously existed.<sup id="cite_ref-Myron_Cohen_2005._p._64_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myron_Cohen_2005._p._64-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropologist</a> Myron Cohen considers these terms to be <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a> that represented a cultural and political invention. He writes:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This divide represented a radical departure from tradition: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Mote" title="Frederick W. Mote">F. W. Mote</a> and others have shown how especially during the later imperial era (<a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> dynasties), China was notable for the cultural, social, political, and economic interpenetration of city and countryside. But the term <i>nongmin</i> did enter China in association with <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> and non-Marxist Western perceptions of the "peasant," thereby putting the full weight of the Western heritage to use in a new and sometimes harshly negative representation of China's rural population. Likewise, with this development Westerners found it all the more "natural" to apply their own historically derived images of the peasant to what they observed or were told in China. The idea of the peasant remains powerfully entrenched in the Western perception of China to this very day.</p></blockquote> <p>Writers in English mostly used the term "farmers" until the 1920s, when the term <i>peasant</i> came to predominate, implying that China was feudal, ready for revolution, like Europe before the French Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayford1997_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayford1997-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Western use of the term suggests that China is stagnant, "medieval", underdeveloped, and held back by its rural population.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cohen writes that the "imposition of the historically burdened Western contrasts of town and country, shopkeeper and peasant, or merchant and landlord, serves only to distort the realities of the Chinese economic tradition".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latin_American_farmers">Latin American farmers</h2></div> <p>In Latin America, the term "peasant" is translated to "Campesino" (from <i><b>campo</b></i>—country person), but the meaning has changed over time. While most <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/campesino" class="extiw" title="es:campesino">Campesinos</a> before the 20th century were in equivalent status to peasants—they usually did not own land and had to make payments to or were in an employment position towards a landlord (the <a href="/wiki/Hacienda" title="Hacienda">hacienda</a> system), most Latin American countries saw one or more extensive <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reforms</a> in the 20th century. The <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_by_country#Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Land reform by country">land reforms of Latin America</a> were more comprehensive initiatives<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that redistributed lands from large landholders to former peasants<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—<a href="/wiki/Farm_worker" class="mw-redirect" title="Farm worker">farm workers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenant_farmers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenant farmers">tenant farmers</a>. Hence, many Campesinos in Latin America today are closer smallholders who own their land and do not pay rent to a landlord, rather than peasants who do not own land. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Conference_of_Paraguay" title="Episcopal Conference of Paraguay">Catholic Bishops of Paraguay</a> have asserted that "Every campesino has a natural right to possess a reasonable allotment of land where he can establish his home, work for [the] subsistence of his family and a secure life".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peasants_3French_Best.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Peasants_3French_Best.jpg/170px-Peasants_3French_Best.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Peasants_3French_Best.jpg/255px-Peasants_3French_Best.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Peasants_3French_Best.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Portrait sculpture of 18th-century French peasants by artist <a href="/wiki/George_S._Stuart" title="George S. Stuart">George S. Stuart</a>, in the permanent collection of the Museum of Ventura County, <a href="/wiki/Ventura,_California" title="Ventura, California">Ventura</a>, California</figcaption></figure> <p>In medieval Europe society was theorized as being organized into <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">three estates</a>: those who work, those who pray, and those who fight.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Annales_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Annales School">Annales School</a> of 20th-century French historians emphasized the importance of peasants. Its leader <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Fernand Braudel</a> devoted the first volume—called <i>The Structures of Everyday Life</i>—of his major work, <i>Civilization and Capitalism 15th–18th Century</i> to the largely silent and invisible world that existed below the market economy. </p><p>Other research in the field of peasant studies was promoted by <a href="/wiki/Florian_Znaniecki" title="Florian Znaniecki">Florian Znaniecki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fei_Xiaotong" title="Fei Xiaotong">Fei Xiaotong</a>, and in the post-1945 studies of the "great tradition" and the "little tradition" in the work of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Redfield" title="Robert Redfield">Robert Redfield</a>. In the 1960s, anthropologists and historians began to rethink the role of <a href="/wiki/Peasant_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasant revolt">peasant revolt</a> in world history and in their own disciplines. Peasant revolution was seen as a <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> response to capitalism and imperialism.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Eric_Wolf" title="Eric Wolf">Eric Wolf</a>, for instance, drew on the work of earlier scholars in the Marxist tradition such as <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Thorner" title="Daniel Thorner">Daniel Thorner</a>, who saw the rural population as a key element in the <a href="/wiki/Transition_from_feudalism_to_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition from feudalism to capitalism">transition from feudalism to capitalism</a>. Wolf and a group of scholars<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-diva-portal.org_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diva-portal.org-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> criticized both Marx and the field of Modernization theorists for treating peasants as lacking <a href="/wiki/Agency_(sociology)" title="Agency (sociology)">the ability to take action</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_C._Scott" title="James C. Scott">James C. Scott</a>'s field observations in Malaysia convinced him that villagers were active participants in their local politics even though they were forced to use indirect methods. Many of these activist scholars looked back to the <a href="/wiki/Peasant_movement" title="Peasant movement">peasant movement</a> in India and to the theories of the revolution in China led by <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> starting in the 1920s. The anthropologist Myron Cohen, however, asked why the rural population in China were called "peasants" rather than "farmers", a distinction he called political rather than scientific.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One important outlet for their scholarly work and theory was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Peasant_Studies" title="The Journal of Peasant Studies">The Journal of Peasant Studies</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Peasant_Wedding_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Peasant_Wedding_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg/220px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Peasant_Wedding_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Peasant_Wedding_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg/330px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Peasant_Wedding_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Peasant_Wedding_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg/440px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Peasant_Wedding_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7678" data-file-height="5306" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peasant_Wedding" title="The Peasant Wedding">The Peasant Wedding</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> painter <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieter Brueghel the Elder">Pieter Brueghel the Elder</a>, 1567 or 1568</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adriaen_van_Ostade_-_Peasants_in_a_Tavern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Adriaen_van_Ostade_-_Peasants_in_a_Tavern.jpg/220px-Adriaen_van_Ostade_-_Peasants_in_a_Tavern.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Adriaen_van_Ostade_-_Peasants_in_a_Tavern.jpg/330px-Adriaen_van_Ostade_-_Peasants_in_a_Tavern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Adriaen_van_Ostade_-_Peasants_in_a_Tavern.jpg/440px-Adriaen_van_Ostade_-_Peasants_in_a_Tavern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>"Peasants in a Tavern" by <a href="/wiki/Adriaen_van_Ostade" title="Adriaen van Ostade">Adriaen van Ostade</a> (c. 1635), at the Alte Pinakothek, Munich</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_%C5%A0umadija_XI_Spomenik_srpskom_seljaku_970.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiki_%C5%A0umadija_XI_Spomenik_srpskom_seljaku_970.jpg/220px-Wiki_%C5%A0umadija_XI_Spomenik_srpskom_seljaku_970.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiki_%C5%A0umadija_XI_Spomenik_srpskom_seljaku_970.jpg/330px-Wiki_%C5%A0umadija_XI_Spomenik_srpskom_seljaku_970.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiki_%C5%A0umadija_XI_Spomenik_srpskom_seljaku_970.jpg/440px-Wiki_%C5%A0umadija_XI_Spomenik_srpskom_seljaku_970.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Monument dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbian</a> peasant, <a href="/wiki/Jagodina" title="Jagodina">Jagodina</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cudgel_War" title="Cudgel War">Cudgel War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_economy" title="Family economy">Family economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk culture">Folk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Land reform by country">Land reform by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peasant_revolts" title="List of peasant revolts">List of peasant revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_economics" title="Peasant economics">Peasant economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Peasants' Party (disambiguation)">Peasant Party</a> (political movements in various countries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dithmarschen" title="Dithmarschen">Peasants' Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">Petty nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_revolt_in_late-medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular revolt in late-medieval Europe">Popular revolt in late-medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Campesina" title="Via Campesina">Via Campesina</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_terms">Related terms</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aloer" title="Aloer">Aloer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Am_ha%27aretz" title="Am ha'aretz">Am ha'aretz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boor_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Boor (disambiguation)">Boor</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bracciante" class="extiw" title="wikt:bracciante">Bracciante</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/campesino" class="extiw" title="wikt:campesino">Campesino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churl" title="Churl">Churl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonus_(person)" title="Colonus (person)">Colonus</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/contadino" class="extiw" title="wikt:contadino">Contadino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotter_(farmer)" title="Cotter (farmer)">Cotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellah" title="Fellah">Fellah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_tenant" title="Free tenant">Free tenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabellotto" title="Gabellotto">Gabellotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honbyakush%C5%8D" title="Honbyakushō">Honbyakushō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak">Kulak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzhik" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzhik">Muzhik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remen%C3%A7a" class="mw-redirect" title="Remença">Pagesos de remença</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">Pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharecropper" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharecropper">Sharecropper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smerd" title="Smerd">Smerd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98erb_(peasant)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Șerb (peasant) (page does not exist)">Șerb</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98erb" class="extiw" title="ro:Șerb">ro</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenant_farmer" title="Tenant farmer">Tenant farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrone" title="Terrone">Terrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villeiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Villeiny">Villein</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peasant">"peasant"</a>. <i>Wiktionary</i>. 20 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wiktionary&rft.atitle=peasant&rft.date=2024-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2Fpeasant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeasant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/peasant">"peasant"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster online</i>. 28 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+online&rft.atitle=peasant&rft.date=2024-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fpeasant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeasant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webster2004-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Webster2004_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hutton_Webster" title="Hutton Webster">Webster, Hutton</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1rpEHPuAgncC&pg=PA440"><i>Early European History</i></a>. Kessinger Publishing. p. 440. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-1711-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-1711-4"><bdi>978-1-4191-1711-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+European+History&rft.pages=440&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4191-1711-4&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Hutton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1rpEHPuAgncC%26pg%3DPA440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeasant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hill_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hill_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1982" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Polly (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fp4gdkJP1dYC&q=peasant+derogatory&pg=PA10"><i>Dry Grain Farming Families: Hausaland (Nigeria) and Karnataka (India) Compared</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521271028" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521271028"><bdi>978-0521271028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dry+Grain+Farming+Families%3A+Hausaland+%28Nigeria%29+and+Karnataka+%28India%29+Compared&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0521271028&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Polly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfp4gdkJP1dYC%26q%3Dpeasant%2Bderogatory%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeasant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-_villain" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=villain">"villain"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=villain&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dvillain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeasant" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-_villein" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=villein">"villein"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=villein&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dvillein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeasant" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelman2013" class="citation web cs1">Edelman, Marc (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/WGPleasants/Edelman.pdf">"What is a peasant? What are peasantries? A briefing paper on issues of definition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United Nations Human Rights</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2019</span>. <q>Very early on, both the English 'peasant,' the French 'paysan' and similar terms sometimes connoted 'rustic,' 'ignorant,' 'stupid,' 'crass' and 'rude,' among many other pejorative terms. [...] The word could also imply criminality, as in thirteenth-century Germany where '"peasant"' meant 'villain, rustic, devil, robber, brigand and looter.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=What+is+a+peasant%3F+What+are+peasantries%3F+A+briefing+paper+on+issues+of+definition&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Edelman&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FDocuments%2FHRBodies%2FHRCouncil%2FWGPleasants%2FEdelman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeasant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190712005403/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/peasant">"peasant | Definition of peasant in English by Lexico Dictionaries"</a>. <i>Lexico Dictionaries | English</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/peasant">the original</a> on 12 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2019</span>. <q>1 A poor farmer of low social status who owns or rents a small piece of land for cultivation (chiefly in historical use or with reference to subsistence farming in poorer countries) <br /> 1.1 <i>informal, derogatory</i> An ignorant, rude, or unsophisticated person; a person of low social status.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico+Dictionaries+%7C+English&rft.atitle=peasant+%7C+Definition+of+peasant+in+English+by+Lexico+Dictionaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fen%2Fdefinition%2Fpeasant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeasant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=7&case_insensitive=on&content=peasant&direct_url=t4%3B%2Cpeasant%3B%2Cc0%3B%2Cs0%3B%3Bpeasant%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BPeasant%3B%2Cc0t4;,peasant;,c0;,s0;;peasant;,c0;;Peasant;,c0">"Google Ngram Viewer"</a>. <i>books.google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=books.google.com&rft.atitle=Google+Ngram+Viewer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fngrams%2Fgraph%3Fyear_start%3D1800%26year_end%3D2008%26corpus%3D15%26smoothing%3D7%26case_insensitive%3Don%26content%3Dpeasant%26direct_url%3Dt4%253B%252Cpeasant%253B%252Cc0%253B%252Cs0%253B%253Bpeasant%253B%252Cc0%253B%253BPeasant%253B%252Cc0t4%3B%2Cpeasant%3B%2Cc0%3B%2Cs0%3B%3Bpeasant%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BPeasant%3B%2Cc0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeasant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viacampesina.org/en/">"Via Campesina – Globalizing hope, globalizing the struggle !"</a>. <i>Via Campesina English</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Via+Campesina+English&rft.atitle=Via+Campesina+%E2%80%93+Globalizing+hope%2C+globalizing+the+struggle+%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fviacampesina.org%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeasant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=7&case_insensitive=on&content=peasant&direct_url=t4%3B%2Cpeasant%3B%2Cc0%3B%2Cs0%3B%3Bpeasant%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BPeasant%3B%2Cc0t4;,peasant;,c0;,s0;;peasant;,c0;;Peasant;,c0">"Google Ngram Viewer"</a>. <i>books.google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=books.google.com&rft.atitle=Google+Ngram+Viewer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fngrams%2Fgraph%3Fyear_start%3D1800%26year_end%3D2008%26corpus%3D15%26smoothing%3D7%26case_insensitive%3Don%26content%3Dpeasant%26direct_url%3Dt4%253B%252Cpeasant%253B%252Cc0%253B%252Cs0%253B%253Bpeasant%253B%252Cc0%253B%253BPeasant%253B%252Cc0t4%3B%2Cpeasant%3B%2Cc0%3B%2Cs0%3B%3Bpeasant%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BPeasant%3B%2Cc0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeasant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary</i>. Merriam-Webster. pp. 846, 866. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0877795094" title="Special:BookSources/978-0877795094">978-0877795094</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlixe_Bovey2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alixe_Bovey" title="Alixe Bovey">Alixe Bovey</a> (30 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220323232802/https://www.bl.uk/the-middle-ages/articles/peasants-and-their-role-in-rural-life">"Peasants and their role in rural life"</a>. <i>The British Library</i>. <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/the-middle-ages/articles/peasants-and-their-role-in-rural-life">the original</a> on 23 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Library&rft.atitle=Peasants+and+their+role+in+rural+life&rft.date=2015-04-30&rft.au=Alixe+Bovey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fthe-middle-ages%2Farticles%2Fpeasants-and-their-role-in-rural-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeasant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gies, Frances and Gies, Joseph (1989). <i>Life in a Medieval Village</i> New York: Harper. pp. 12–18. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060920463" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060920463">978-0060920463</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moon, David (2001) <i>The abolition of serfdom in Russia, 1762–1907</i>. Routledge. pp. 98–114. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582294868" title="Special:BookSources/9780582294868">9780582294868</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes,_Richard1995" class="citation book cs1">Pipes, Richard (1995) [1974]. <i>Russia Under the Old Regime: Second edition</i>. Penguin Publishing. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140247688" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140247688"><bdi>978-0140247688</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+Under+the+Old+Regime%3A+Second+edition&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0140247688&rft.au=Pipes%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeasant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sagarra, Eda (1977) <i>A Social History of Germany: 1648–1914</i>. Methuen young books. pp. 140–154. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0416776201" title="Special:BookSources/978-0416776201">978-0416776201</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWedgwood1855" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hensleigh_Wedgwood" title="Hensleigh Wedgwood">Wedgwood, Hensleigh</a> (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3924121;view=1up;seq=127">"English Etymologies"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Philological Society</i> (8): <span class="nowrap">117–</span>118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Philological+Society&rft.atitle=English+Etymologies&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Wedgwood&rft.aufirst=Hensleigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.b3924121%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeasant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The monasteries of Bavaria, which controlled 56% of the land, were broken up by the government, and sold off around 1803. Nipperdey, Thomas (1996) <i>Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck: 1800–1866</i>. Princeton Univ Press. p. 59. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691636115" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691636115">978-0691636115</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For details on the life of a representative peasant farmer, who migrated in 1710 to Pennsylvania, see Bernd Kratz, he was a farmer, "Hans Stauffer: A Farmer in Germany before his Emigration to Pennsylvania", <i>Genealogist</i>, Fall 2008, Vol. 22 Issue 2, pp. 131–169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaciak,_Jill2001" class="citation journal cs1">Maciak, Jill (2001). "Of News and Networks: The Communication of Political Information in the Rural South-West during the French Revolution". <i>French History</i>. <b>15</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">273–</span>306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffh%2F15.3.273">10.1093/fh/15.3.273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+History&rft.atitle=Of+News+and+Networks%3A+The+Communication+of+Political+Information+in+the+Rural+South-West+during+the+French+Revolution&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E273-%3C%2Fspan%3E306&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ffh%2F15.3.273&rft.au=Maciak%2C+Jill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeasant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmato,_Joseph_A.1992" class="citation journal cs1">Amato, Joseph A. (1992). "Eugen Weber's France". <i>Journal of Social History</i>. <b>25</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">879–</span>882. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsh%2F25.4.879">10.1353/jsh/25.4.879</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3788392">3788392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=Eugen+Weber%27s+France&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E879-%3C%2Fspan%3E882&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjsh%2F25.4.879&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3788392%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Amato%2C+Joseph+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeasant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber,_Eugen1980" class="citation journal cs1">Weber, Eugen (1980). "The Second Republic, Politics, and the Peasant". <i>French Historical Studies</i>. <b>11</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">521–</span>550. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F286349">10.2307/286349</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/286349">286349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Second+Republic%2C+Politics%2C+and+the+Peasant&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E521-%3C%2Fspan%3E550&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F286349&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F286349%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Weber%2C+Eugen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeasant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargadant,_Ted_W.1979" class="citation journal cs1">Margadant, Ted W. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/dcc5f48d087ef148eca00a9bc74952b2/1">"French Rural Society in the Nineteenth Century: A Review Essay"</a>. <i>Agricultural History</i>. <b>53</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">644–</span>651.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agricultural+History&rft.atitle=French+Rural+Society+in+the+Nineteenth+Century%3A+A+Review+Essay&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E644-%3C%2Fspan%3E651&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Margadant%2C+Ted+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2Fdcc5f48d087ef148eca00a9bc74952b2%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeasant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myron_Cohen_2005._p._64-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Myron_Cohen_2005._p._64_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Myron_Cohen_2005._p._64_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cohen">Cohen</a>, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cohen">Cohen</a>, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayford1997-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayford1997_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayford1997">Hayford (1997)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mei, Yi-tsi (1998). <i>Ideology, Power, Text: Self-Representation and the Peasant 'Other' in Modern Chinese Literature</i>. Stanford University Press. p. 26. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804733199" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804733199">978-0804733199</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cohen">Cohen</a>, p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000914810.pdf">"The Agrarian Reform Law"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Central Intelligence Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Agrarian+Reform+Law&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Freadingroom%2Fdocs%2FDOC_0000914810.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeasant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelahaye2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Delahaye, Oliver (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saber.ula.ve/bitstream/handle/123456789/45548/libro_la_cuestion_agraria.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y%20"><i>La Cuestión Agraria en Venezuela</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). Universidad de Los Andes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-980-11-1939-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-980-11-1939-5"><bdi>978-980-11-1939-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Cuesti%C3%B3n+Agraria+en+Venezuela&rft.pub=Universidad+de+Los+Andes&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-980-11-1939-5&rft.aulast=Delahaye&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saber.ula.ve%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F45548%2Flibro_la_cuestion_agraria.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy%2520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeasant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paraguayan Bishops' Conference, Pastoral Letter <i>El campesino paraguayo y la tierra</i> (12 June 1983), quoted by Pope Francis in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/dam/francesco/pdf/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si_en.pdf">Laudato si'</a>, 2015, paragraph 94, accessed 1 January 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Southern" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Southern">Southern, Richard</a> (1952) <i>The Making of the Middle Ages</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Wolf" title="Eric Wolf">Wolf, Eric R.</a> (1965). <i>Peasants</i>. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0136554561" title="Special:BookSources/978-0136554561"><bdi>978-0136554561</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peasants&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0136554561&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Eric+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeasant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van der Ploeg, Jan Douwe (2012). <i>The new peasantries: struggles for autonomy and sustainability in an era of empire and globalization</i>. Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, Barrington (1993). <i>Social origins of dictatorship and democracy: Lord and peasant in the making of the modern world</i>. Vol. 268. Beacon Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanin1973" class="citation journal cs1">Shanin, Teodor (1973). "The nature and logic of the peasant economy 1: A Generalisation". <i>The Journal of Peasant Studies</i>. <b>1</b>: <span class="nowrap">63–</span>80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03066157308437872">10.1080/03066157308437872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Peasant+Studies&rft.atitle=The+nature+and+logic+of+the+peasant+economy+1%3A+A+Generalisation&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03066157308437872&rft.aulast=Shanin&rft.aufirst=Teodor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeasant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diva-portal.org-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-diva-portal.org_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alves, Leonardo Marcondes (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1222013/FULLTEXT01.pdf"><i>Give us this day our daily bread: The moral order of Pentecostal peasants in South Brazil</i></a>. Master's thesis in Cultural Anthropology. Uppsala universitet.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolf, Eric R. (1969) <i>Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century</i>. New York: Harper & Row.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen,_Myron1993" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, Myron (1993). "Cultural and Political Inventions in Modern China: The Case of the Chinese "Peasant"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Daedalus</i>. <b>122</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">151–</span>170. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20027171">20027171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daedalus&rft.atitle=Cultural+and+Political+Inventions+in+Modern+China%3A+The+Case+of+the+Chinese+%22Peasant%22&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20027171%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Myron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeasant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Cohen" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Myron L. (2005). <i>Kinship, Contract, Community, and State Anthropological Perspectives on China</i>. Basel/Berlin/Boston: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781503624986">10.1515/9781503624986</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-2498-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-2498-6"><bdi>978-1-5036-2498-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246207129">246207129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kinship%2C+Contract%2C+Community%2C+and+State+Anthropological+Perspectives+on+China.&rft.place=Basel%2FBerlin%2FBoston&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246207129%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781503624986&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-2498-6&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Myron+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeasant" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li>Bix, Herbert P. <i>Peasant Protest in Japan, 1590–1884</i> (1986)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Evans, Richard J., and W. R. Lee, eds. <i>The German Peasantry: Conflict and Community from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries</i> (1986)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Figes, Orlando. "The Peasantry" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVladimir_IUrevich_Cherniaev1997" class="citation book cs1">Vladimir IUrevich Cherniaev, ed. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NAZm2EdxKqkC&pg=PA543"><i>Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution, 1914–1921</i></a>. Indiana UP. pp. <span class="nowrap">543–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253333334" title="Special:BookSources/0253333334"><bdi>0253333334</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Companion+to+the+Russian+Revolution%2C+1914%E2%80%931921&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E543-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.pub=Indiana+UP&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0253333334&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNAZm2EdxKqkC%26pg%3DPA543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeasant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayford1997" class="citation cs2">Hayford, Charles W. (1997), Stromquist, Shelton; Cox, Jeffrey (eds.), <i>The Storm over the Peasant: Orientalism, Rhetoric and Representation in Modern China</i>, Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">150–</span>172</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Storm+over+the+Peasant%3A+Orientalism%2C+Rhetoric+and+Representation+in+Modern+China&rft.place=Iowa+City&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E150-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.pub=University+of+Iowa+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Hayford&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeasant" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Hobsbawm, E. J. "Peasants and politics", <i>Journal of Peasant Studies</i>, Volume 1, Issue 1 October 1973, pp. 3–22 – article discusses the definition of "peasant" as used in social sciences</li> <li>Macey, David A. J. <i>Government and Peasant in Russia, 1861–1906; The Pre-History of the Stolypin Reforms</i> (1987).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Kingston-Mann, Esther and Timothy Mixter, eds. <i>Peasant Economy, Culture, and Politics of European Russia, 1800–1921</i> (1991)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Thomas, William I., and Florian Znaniecki. <i>The Polish Peasant in Europe and America</i> (2 vol. 1918); classic sociological study; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chla.library.cornell.edu/c/chla/browse/title/3074959.html">complete text online free</a></li> <li>Wharton, Clifton R. <i>Subsistence agriculture and economic development</i>. Chicago: Aldine Pub. Co., 1969. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Wolf, Eric R. <i>Peasants</i> (Prentice-Hall, 1966).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent">Recent</h3></div> <ul><li>Akram-Lodhi, A. Haroon, and Cristobal Kay, eds. <i>Peasants and Globalization: Political Economy, Rural Transformation and the Agrarian Question</i> (2009)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Barkin, David. "Who Are The Peasants?" <i>Latin American Research Review</i>, 2004, Vol. 39 Issue 3, pp. 270–281</li> <li>Brass, Tom. <i>Peasants, Populism and Postmodernism</i> (2000)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Brass, Tom, ed. <i>Latin American Peasants</i> (2003)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Scott" title="James C. Scott">Scott, James C.</a> <i>The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia</i> (1976)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_model" title="Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_class_theory" title="Spoon class theory">Spoon class theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Weberian (three-component)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related<wbr /> topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattering_classes" title="Chattering classes">Chattering classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">Class society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_traitor" title="Class traitor">Class traitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">Nouveau riche</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Parvenu" title="Parvenu">Parvenu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">Ranked society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">Social mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_orphan" title="Social orphan">Social orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_position" title="Social position">Social position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subaltern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Status_Anxiety" title="Status Anxiety">Status Anxiety</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_demographic321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="demographic">By demographic</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detainee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual or multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">native-born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">adolescent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_rights_due_to_conviction_for_criminal_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense">Convicted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">Migrant worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By "<a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">collar</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Aristoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Patrician <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Post-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_class" title="Political class">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_family" title="Political family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families" title="List of political families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_politicians" title="Hereditary politicians">Hereditary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">Intellectual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">Scholar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_warrior" title="Eagle warrior">Cuāuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Hashashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nair_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nair castes">Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_warrior" title="Jaguar warrior">Ocēlōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendekar" title="Pendekar">Pendekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniyar" title="Vanniyar">Vanniyar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar (Chieftain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">Landed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">Petty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">Seigneur</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)">Superclass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">Lower middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">Upper middle class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazzaroni_(Naples)" title="Lazzaroni (Naples)">Lazzaroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-pickers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">Under</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_tribe" title="Ant tribe">Ant tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_tribe" title="Rat tribe">Rat tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="country">By country or region</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States92" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">Mobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Social class in the United States">Classes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Donor Class">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_gentry" title="American gentry">Gentry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_middle_class" title="Mexican-American middle class">Mexican-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Underprivileged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Under</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">Income</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other regions<wbr /> or countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_society" title="Belizean society">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Colombia" title="Social class in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Iran" title="Social class in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Luxembourg" title="Social class in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Nepal" title="Caste system in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_New_Zealand" title="Social class in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_18th-century_Spain" title="Social class in 18th-century Spain">18th-century Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes_in_ancient_Greece" title="Category:Social classes in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Aztec_society" title="Social class in Aztec society">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Social class in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Pre-industrial East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Pre-industrial Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838811#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1931" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838811#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1931" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838811#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85099061">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Paysannerie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934532f">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Paysannerie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934532f">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sedláci"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph125464&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Campesinado"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX524726">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007531432305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/13eaaefa-0d4d-47c3-be46-ae61c8e2c7c6">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/016370">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\P\E\Peasants">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peasant&oldid=1269942312">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peasant&oldid=1269942312</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-4t49m","wgBackendResponseTime":127,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.031","walltime":"1.307","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5732,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":179104,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6974,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":161030,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1140.656 1 -total"," 26.06% 297.271 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.03% 137.182 1 Template:English_Feudalism"," 11.32% 129.154 6 Template:Lang"," 11.13% 126.944 1 Template:Sidebar"," 10.29% 117.317 9 Template:Cite_web"," 6.17% 70.345 2 Template:Citation_needed"," 6.06% 69.160 1 Template:Social_class"," 5.86% 66.855 1 Template:Authority_control"," 5.70% 65.065 1 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