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Reconstructionist perspective subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reconstructionist_perspective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Theonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_pluralism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_pluralism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Views on pluralism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_pluralism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Influence on the Christian right in general</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_critics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_critics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Christian critics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_critics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_dominionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_dominionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relationship to dominionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_dominionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources_by_Christian_Reconstructionists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources_by_Christian_Reconstructionists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Primary sources by Christian Reconstructionists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources_by_Christian_Reconstructionists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources_and_critiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources_and_critiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Secondary sources and critiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources_and_critiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Christian movement. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Reconstructionism (disambiguation)">Reconstructionism (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Christian reconstructionism</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">fundamentalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">theonomic</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncan1994_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncan1994-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It developed primarily under the direction of <a href="/wiki/R._J._Rushdoony" title="R. J. Rushdoony">R. J. Rushdoony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greg_Bahnsen" title="Greg Bahnsen">Greg Bahnsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gary_North_(economist)" title="Gary North (economist)">Gary North</a><sup id="cite_ref-Smith2001_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has had an important influence on the <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its central theme is that society should be reconstructed under the lordship of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> in all aspects of life.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In keeping with the biblical <a href="/wiki/Cultural_mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural mandate">cultural mandate</a>, reconstructionists advocate for theonomy and the restoration of certain biblical laws said to have continued applicability.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">death penalty</a> not only for <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>, but also for <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bahnsen_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahnsen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-North_http://s155777461.onlinehome.us/docs/html/gnun/GNUN-125.html_118_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North_http://s155777461.onlinehome.us/docs/html/gnun/GNUN-125.html_118-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Calvinists reject Christian reconstructionism and hold to <a href="/wiki/Classical_covenant_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical covenant theology">classical covenant theology</a>, which is the traditional Calvinist view of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">relationship between the Old Covenant and Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cunningham2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cunningham2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christian reconstructionism is closely linked with <a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">postmillennial</a> <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Presuppositional_apologetics" title="Presuppositional apologetics">presuppositional apologetics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Van_Til" title="Cornelius Van Til">Cornelius Van Til</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconstructionist_perspective">Reconstructionist perspective</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_reconstructionism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Reconstructionist perspective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theonomy">Theonomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_reconstructionism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></div> <p>Christian reconstructionists advocate a <a href="/wiki/Theonomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Theonomic">theonomic</a> government and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a> economic principles. They maintain a <a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">distinction of spheres</a> of authority between self, family, church, and state.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the enforcement of moral sanctions under theonomy is carried out by the family and church government, and sanctions for moral offenses are outside the authority of civil government (which is limited to criminal matters, courts and national defense). However, some believe these distinctions become blurred, as the application of theonomy implies an increase in the authority of the civil government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Reconstructionists also say that the theonomic government is not an oligarchy or monarchy of man communicating with God, but rather, a national recognition of existing laws. Some of the prominent advocates of Christian reconstructionism have written that according to their understanding, God's law approves of the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">death penalty</a> not only for <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>, but also for propagators of all forms of <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERushdoony197338–39_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERushdoony197338–39-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bahnsen_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahnsen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> open <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adulterers</a>, practitioners of <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-North_http://s155777461.onlinehome.us/docs/html/gnun/GNUN-125.html_118_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North_http://s155777461.onlinehome.us/docs/html/gnun/GNUN-125.html_118-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and perhaps even recalcitrant youths<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see the <a href="/wiki/List_of_capital_crimes_in_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="List of capital crimes in the Bible">List of capital crimes in the Bible</a>). </p><p>Christian reconstructionism's founder, <a href="/wiki/Rousas_Rushdoony" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousas Rushdoony">Rousas Rushdoony</a>, wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Institutes_of_Biblical_Law" title="The Institutes of Biblical Law">The Institutes of Biblical Law</a></i> (the founding document of reconstructionism) that <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> law should be applied to modern society, and he advocates the reinstatement of the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Mosaic law</a>'s penal sanctions such as stoning. Under such a system, the list of civil crimes which carried a death sentence would include murder, homosexuality, adultery, <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a>, lying about one's <a href="/wiki/Virginity" title="Virginity">virginity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bestiality" class="mw-redirect" title="Bestiality">bestiality</a>, witchcraft, idolatry or <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a>, public blasphemy, <a href="/wiki/False_prophet" title="False prophet">false prophesying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>, and bearing false witness in a capital case.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Greg Bahnsen points out that such a system would only be possible if the culture at large were a Christian culture, and that the force of government could not be used to impose Christianity on a culture that did not want it.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahnsen_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahnsen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kayser points out that the Bible advocates justice, and that biblical punishments prescribed for crimes are the <i>maximum</i> allowable to maintain justice and not the only available option, because lesser punishments are authorized as well.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_pluralism">Views on pluralism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_reconstructionism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Views on pluralism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rousas Rushdoony wrote in <i>The Institutes of Biblical Law</i>: "The heresy of democracy has since [the days of colonial New England] worked havoc in church and state"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and: "Christianity and democracy are inevitably enemies", and he said elsewhere that "Christianity is completely and radically anti-democratic; it is <i>committed to spiritual aristocracy</i>," and characterized democracy as "the great love of the failures and cowards of life".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He nevertheless repeatedly expressed his opposition to any sort of violent revolution and advocated instead the gradual reformation (often termed "regeneration" in his writings) of society from the bottom up, beginning with the individual and the family and from there gradually reforming other spheres of authority, including the church and the state.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rushdoony believed that a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> is a better form of civil government than a democracy. According to Rushdoony, a republic avoided mob rule and the rule of the "51%" of society; in other words "might does not make right" in a republic.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rushdoony wrote that America's separation of powers between 3 branches of government is a far more neutral and better method of civil government than a direct democracy, stating "[t]he [American] Constitution was designed to perpetuate a Christian order". Rushdoony argues that the Constitution's purpose was to protect religion from the federal government and to preserve "states' rights."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Douglas W. Kennard, a Professor of Theology and Philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Graduate_School_of_Theology" title="Houston Graduate School of Theology">Houston Graduate School of Theology</a>, wrote with regard to Christian reconstructionism, that Christians of non-Calvinist traditions, such as some "Baptist, Methodist, Catholic, [and] Orthodox", would be "under threat of capital punishment as fostered by the extreme Theonomist."<sup id="cite_ref-Kennard2015_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennard2015-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Ligon_Duncan" title="Ligon Duncan">Ligon Duncan</a> has stated that "Roman Catholics to Episcopalians to Presbyterians to Pentecostals", as well as "Arminian and Calvinist, charismatic and non-charismatic, high Church and low Church traditions are all represented in the broader umbrella of Reconstructionism (often in the form of the "Christian America" movement)."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncan1994_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncan1994-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general">Influence on the Christian right in general</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_reconstructionism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Influence on the Christian right in general"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dominionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominionism">Dominionism</a></div> <p>Although it has a relatively small number of self-described adherents, Christian reconstructionism has played a role in promoting the trend toward explicitly Christian politics in the larger American <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1996_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1996-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (May 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This is the wider trend to which some critics refer, generally, as <a href="/wiki/Dominionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominionism">dominionism</a>. Also, they allegedly have an amount of influence which is disproportionate to their numbers among advocates of the growth of the Christian <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">homeschooling</a> movement and other Christian education movements that seek independence from the direct oversight or support of the civil government. Because their numbers are so small compared to their influence, they are sometimes accused of being secretive and conspiratorial.<sup id="cite_ref-Diamond1995a_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diamond1995a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Diamond1989a_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diamond1989a-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=matthew+28%3A18&version=KJV">Matthew 28:18</a>, Jesus says, "All power is given unto me in heaven and in earth." This verse is seen as an announcement by Jesus that he has assumed authority over all earthly authority. In that light, some theologians interpret the <a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a> as a command to exercise that authority in his name, bringing all things (including societies and cultures) into subjection under his commands. Rousas Rushdoony, for example, interpreted the Great Commission as a republication of the "creation mandate",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERushdoony1973729_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERushdoony1973729-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referring to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=genesis+1%3A28&version=KJV">Genesis 1:28</a> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing…</p></blockquote> <p>For Rushdoony, the idea of dominion implied a form of Christian <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracy</a> or, more accurately, a theonomy. For example, he wrote that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The purpose of Christ's coming was in terms of the creation mandate… The redeemed are called to the original purpose of man, to exercise dominion under God, to be covenant-keepers, and to fulfil "the righteousness of the law" (Rom. 8:4)… Man is summoned to create the society God requires.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERushdoony19733–4_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERushdoony19733–4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Elsewhere he wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The man who is being progressively sanctified will inescapably sanctify his home, school, politics, economics, science, and all things else by understanding and interpreting all things in terms of the word of God.<sup id="cite_ref-rushdoony2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rushdoony2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Many evangelical Christians of all types have embraced Christian Reconstructionism in part or in whole. Evangelical leaders who endorsed it explicitly or implicitly include <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Falwell Sr.">Jerry Falwell Sr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gothard" title="Bill Gothard">Bill Gothard</a>, Jay Grimstead, <a href="/wiki/D._James_Kennedy" title="D. James Kennedy">D. James Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">Tim LaHaye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doug_Phillips_(speaker)" title="Doug Phillips (speaker)">Doug Phillips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Howard Phillips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Francis Schaeffer</a>, and Wayne Whitehead. Gothard and the two Phillipses, for example, used Christian Reconstructionism to build the evangelical homeschooling community of the 1970s and 1980s. Robertson and Kennedy hosted Rushdoony on their television programs, and Robertson also used dominionist language in his book, <i>The Secret Kingdom</i>, and in his 1988 presidential campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grimstead, of the Coalition on Revival, summarized the position of many evangelical leaders: "'I don't call myself [a Reconstructionist],' but 'A lot of us are coming to realize that the Bible is God's standard of morality ... in all points of history ... and for all societies, Christian and non-Christian alike... It so happens that Rushdoony, Bahnsen, and North understood that sooner.' He added, 'There are a lot of us floating around in Christian leadership—James Kennedy is one of them—who don't go all the way with the theonomy thing, but who want to rebuild America based on the Bible.'"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1996354_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1996354-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian_critics">Christian critics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_reconstructionism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Christian critics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Horton_(theologian)" title="Michael Horton (theologian)">Michael Horton</a> of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Seminary_California" title="Westminster Seminary California">Westminster Seminary California</a> has warned against the seductiveness of power-religion. The Christian rhetoric of the movement is weak, he argues, against the logic of its authoritarian and legalistic program, which will always drive reconstructionism toward sub-Christian ideas about sin, and the perfectibility of human nature (such as to imagine that, if Christians are in power, they will not be inclined to do evil). On the contrary, Horton and others maintain, God's law can, often has been, and will be put to evil uses by Christians and others, in the state, in churches, in the marketplace, and in families; and these crimes are aggravated, because to oppose a wrong committed through abuse of God's law, a critic must bear being labeled an enemy of God's law.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>J. Ligon Duncan of the Department of <a href="/wiki/Systematic_theology" title="Systematic theology">Systematic Theology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Theological_Seminary" title="Reformed Theological Seminary">Reformed Theological Seminary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson, Mississippi</a>, warns that "Theonomy, in gross violation of biblical patterns and common sense, ignores the context of the giving of the law to the redemptive community of the Old Testament. This constitutes an approach to the nature of the civil law very different from Calvin and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed</a> tradition, which sees the civil law as God's application of his eternal standards to the particular exigencies of his people." Duncan rejects the reconstructionists' insistence that "the Old Testament civil case law is normative for the civil magistrate and government in the New Covenant era". He views their denial of the threefold distinction between moral, civil, and ceremonial law as representing one of the severe flaws in the reconstructionist hermeneutic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncan1994_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncan1994-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The late Professor <a href="/wiki/Meredith_Kline" title="Meredith Kline">Meredith Kline</a>, whose own theology has influenced the method of several reconstructionist theologians, adamantly maintained that reconstructionism made the mistake of failing to understand the special prophetic role of biblical Israel, including the laws and sanctions, calling it "a delusive and grotesque perversion of the teachings of scripture."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kline's student, Lee Irons, furthers the critique: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>According to the Reformed theocrats apparently… the only satisfactory goal is that America become a Christian nation. Ironically… it is the wholesale rejection (not revival) of theocratic principles that is desperately needed today if the church is to be faithful to the task of gospel witness entrusted to her in the present age… It is only as the church… puts aside the lust for worldly influence and power – that she will be a positive presence in society.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Clapp" title="Rodney Clapp">Rodney Clapp</a> wrote that reconstructionism is an anti-democratic movement.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an April 2009 article in <i><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a></i> about <a href="/wiki/Theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologian">theologian</a> and writer <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wilson_(theologian)" title="Douglas Wilson (theologian)">Douglas Wilson</a>, the magazine described reconstructionism as outside the "mainstream" views of <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Christians">evangelical Christians</a>. It also stated that it "borders on a call for outright theocracy".<sup id="cite_ref-today_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-today-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_M._Marsden" class="mw-redirect" title="George M. Marsden">George M. Marsden</a>, a professor of history at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a>, has remarked in <i>Christianity Today</i> that "Reconstructionism in its pure form is a radical movement". He also wrote, "[t]he positive proposals of Reconstructionists are so far out of line with American evangelical commitments to American republican ideals such as religious freedom that the number of true believers in the movement is small."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Popular religious author, feminist, and former <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">religious sister</a> <a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Karen Armstrong</a> sees a potential for "<a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>" in Christian reconstructionism, and sees the eventual Dominion envisioned by theologians R. J. Rushdoony and Gary North as "totalitarian. There is no room for any other view or policy, no democratic tolerance for rival parties, no individual freedom."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional Calvinist Christians have argued that Christian reconstructionists have "significantly misunderstood the positions of Calvin, other Reformed teachers and the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Confession">Westminster Confession</a> concerning the relationship between the Sinai covenant's ethical stipulations and the Christian obligation to the Mosaic judicial laws today."<sup id="cite_ref-Cunningham2013_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cunningham2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_dominionism">Relationship to dominionism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_reconstructionism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relationship to dominionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some sociologists and critics refer to reconstructionism as a type of <a href="/wiki/Dominionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominionism">dominionism</a>. These critics claim that the frequent use of the word <i>dominion</i> by reconstructionist writers strongly associates the critical term "dominionism" with this movement. As an ideological form of dominionism, reconstructionism is sometimes held up as the most typical form of dominion theology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1996_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1996-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (May 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Diamond1995a_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diamond1995a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarkson1997_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkson1997-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (March 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Diamond1989a_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diamond1989a-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerletLyons2000_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerletLyons2000-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (March 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarron1992_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarron1992-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (March 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Protestant theologian Francis Schaeffer is linked with the movement by some critics, but some reconstructionist thinkers are highly critical of his positions. Schaeffer himself disavowed any connection or affiliation with reconstructionism, though he did cordially correspond with Rushdoony on occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Authors Sara Diamond and Fred Clarkson suggest that Schaeffer shared with reconstructionism the tendency toward dominionism.<sup id="cite_ref-Diamond1995a_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diamond1995a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarkson1997_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkson1997-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (March 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Christian reconstructionists<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2018)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> object to the "dominionism" and the "dominion theology" labels, which they say misrepresent their views. Some separate Christian cultural and political movements object to being described with the label "dominionism", because in their mind the word implies attachment to reconstructionism. In reconstructionism, the idea of "godly" dominion, subject to God, is contrasted with the "autonomous" dominion of mankind in rebellion against God. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_reconstructionism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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title="Sabbatarianism">Sabbatarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Mountain_Mandate" title="Seven Mountain Mandate">Seven Mountain Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summary_of_Christian_eschatological_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="Summary of Christian eschatological differences">Summary of Christian eschatological differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TheocracyWatch" title="TheocracyWatch">TheocracyWatch</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_reconstructionism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncan1994-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncan1994_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncan1994_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuncan1994_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuncan1994">Duncan 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith2001-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith2001_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith2001" class="citation book cs1">Smith, David L. (February 1, 2001). <i>A Handbook of Contemporary Theology: Tracing Trends and Discerning Directions in Today's Theological Landscape</i>. Baker Publishing Group. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-44120636-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-44120636-7"><bdi>978-1-44120636-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Contemporary+Theology%3A+Tracing+Trends+and+Discerning+Directions+in+Today%27s+Theological+Landscape&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Baker+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001-02-01&rft.isbn=978-1-44120636-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkson1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Clarkson" title="Frederick Clarkson">Clarkson, Frederick</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fl6Ix9HFKQEC&pg=PA73">"Christian Reconstructionism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Chip_Berlet" title="Chip Berlet">Berlet, Chip</a> (ed.). <i>Eyes </i>Right!<i>: Challenging the Right Wing Backlash</i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/South_End_Press" title="South End Press">South End Press</a>. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89608523-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89608523-7"><bdi>978-0-89608523-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christian+Reconstructionism&rft.btitle=Eyes+Right%21%3A+Challenging+the+Right+Wing+Backlash&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-89608523-7&rft.aulast=Clarkson&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFl6Ix9HFKQEC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngersoll2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julie_Ingersoll" title="Julie Ingersoll">Ingersoll, Julie</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O-QRWP4FlVEC&pg=PA180">"Mobilizing Evangelicals: Christian Reconstructionism and the Roots of the Religious Right"</a>. In Brint, Steven; Schroedel, Jean Reith (eds.). <i>Evangelicals and Democracy in America: Religion and politics</i>. Vol. 2. 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Omaha, NE: Biblical Blueprints. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblicalblueprints.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/DeathPenalty.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 27, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2014</span>. <q>What is the legitimate punishment for a crime? [... W]hat would stop a tyrannical state from once again imposing the death penalty for petty theft as was repeatedly practiced in England? On the other hand, what would hinder the state from simply fining a murderer $100? […] Without an objective standard of justice from God, how can we discern justice? […] Is it unjust to cut off the hand of a thief as is prescribed in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Koran</a>? The <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> would say, yes. In America people are placed into jail for years for thefts that could have been paid off by means of Biblical restitution in much less time. With the biblical penalty, the criminal is rehabilitated and the victim is compensated. It is easy to see how the Biblical penalties designed to be restorative would be a wonderful alternative to present penalties. But some people have questioned whether the Biblical death penalty should be implemented. It is acknowledged that the penalty for murder is not restorative. But it is the contention of this booklet that the (maximum) penalty of death for every other crime was designed to restore sinners to repentance. […] Theonomists have tended to treat [the Hebrew phrase "möt yumat"] as a mandate for the death penalty. 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Vol. 31, no. 3. pp. 17–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=Democracy+as+Heresy&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=17-23&rft.date=1987-02-20&rft.aulast=Clapp&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth1987" class="citation news cs1">North, Gary (1987). "Honest Reporting as Heresy". <i>Westminster's Confession</i>. pp. 317–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Westminster%27s+Confession&rft.atitle=Honest+Reporting+as+Heresy&rft.pages=317-41&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-today-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-today_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthen2009" class="citation cs2">Worthen, Molly (April 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2009/april/24.42.html?start=1">"The Controversialist"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a></i>, <b>53</b> (4)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=The+Controversialist&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2009-04&rft.aulast=Worthen&rft.aufirst=Molly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fct%2F2009%2Fapril%2F24.42.html%3Fstart%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/bc/2006/marapr/3.10.html">The Sword of the Lord</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a></i>. Published March 1, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong" class="citation cs2">Armstrong, Karen, <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_God" title="The Battle for God"><i>The Battle for God</i></a>, pp. 361–2</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+God&rft.pages=361-2&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkson1997-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarkson1997_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarkson1997_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClarkson1997">Clarkson 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerletLyons2000-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerletLyons2000_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerletLyons2000">Berlet & Lyons 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarron1992-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarron1992_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarron1992">Barron 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100213040137/http://www.chalcedon.edu/blog/2008/01/did-francis-schaeffer-believe-rushdoony.php"><i>Did Francis Schaeffer Believe Rushdoony Was Crazy?</i></a>, Chalcedon, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chalcedon.edu/blog/2008/01/did-francis-schaeffer-believe-rushdoony.php">the original</a> on February 13, 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Did+Francis+Schaeffer+Believe+Rushdoony+Was+Crazy%3F&rft.pub=Chalcedon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chalcedon.edu%2Fblog%2F2008%2F01%2Fdid-francis-schaeffer-believe-rushdoony.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_reconstructionism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarron1992" class="citation book cs1">Barron, Bruce (1992). <i>Heaven on Earth? The Social & Political Agendas of Dominion Theology</i>. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-53611-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-53611-6"><bdi>978-0-310-53611-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heaven+on+Earth%3F+The+Social+%26+Political+Agendas+of+Dominion+Theology&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-310-53611-6&rft.aulast=Barron&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerletLyons2000" class="citation book cs1">Berlet, Chip; Lyons, Matthew N. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rightwingpopulis00berlrich"><i>Right–Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort</i></a></span>. New York: Guilford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57230-562-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57230-562-5"><bdi>978-1-57230-562-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Right%E2%80%93Wing+Populism+in+America%3A+Too+Close+for+Comfort&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57230-562-5&rft.aulast=Berlet&rft.aufirst=Chip&rft.au=Lyons%2C+Matthew+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frightwingpopulis00berlrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkson1997" class="citation book cs1">Clarkson, Frederick (1997). <i>Eternal Hostility: The Struggle Between Theocracy and Democracy</i>. Monroe, ME: Common Courage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56751-088-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56751-088-1"><bdi>978-1-56751-088-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eternal+Hostility%3A+The+Struggle+Between+Theocracy+and+Democracy&rft.place=Monroe%2C+ME&rft.pub=Common+Courage&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-56751-088-1&rft.aulast=Clarkson&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1996" class="citation cs2">Martin, William (1996), <i>With God on Our Side: The Rise of the Religious Right in America</i>, New York: Broadway Books</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+God+on+Our+Side%3A+The+Rise+of+the+Religious+Right+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Broadway+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeMar1988" class="citation cs2">DeMar, Gary (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060620115322/http://freebooks.commentary.net/freebooks/docs/216a_47e.htm"><i>The Debate Over Christian Reconstruction</i></a>, Ft. Worth, TX: Dominion Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930462-33-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930462-33-8"><bdi>978-0-930462-33-8</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freebooks.commentary.net/freebooks/docs/216a_47e.htm">the original</a> on June 20, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Debate+Over+Christian+Reconstruction&rft.place=Ft.+Worth%2C+TX&rft.pub=Dominion+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-930462-33-8&rft.aulast=DeMar&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreebooks.commentary.net%2Ffreebooks%2Fdocs%2F216a_47e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthDeMar1991" class="citation cs2">North, Gary; DeMar, Gary (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060521173340/http://freebooks.commentary.net/freebooks/docs/2162_47e.htm"><i>Christian Reconstruction: What It Is, What It Isn't</i></a>, Tyler, TX: Institute for Christian Economics, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930464-53-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930464-53-0"><bdi>978-0-930464-53-0</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freebooks.commentary.net/freebooks/docs/2162_47e.htm">the original</a> on May 21, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Reconstruction%3A+What+It+Is%2C+What+It+Isn%27t&rft.place=Tyler%2C+TX&rft.pub=Institute+for+Christian+Economics&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-930464-53-0&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=DeMar%2C+Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreebooks.commentary.net%2Ffreebooks%2Fdocs%2F2162_47e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRushdoony1973" class="citation cs2">Rushdoony, Rousas John (1973), <i>The Institutes of Biblical Law</i>, Nutley, NJ: P&R (Craig Press), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87552-410-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87552-410-8"><bdi>978-0-87552-410-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Institutes+of+Biblical+Law&rft.place=Nutley%2C+NJ&rft.pub=P%26R+%28Craig+Press%29&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-87552-410-8&rft.aulast=Rushdoony&rft.aufirst=Rousas+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chalcedon.edu/resources/books/the-nature-of-the-american-system"><i>The nature of the American system</i></a> (book), Chalcedon</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+nature+of+the+American+system&rft.pub=Chalcedon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchalcedon.edu%2Fresources%2Fbooks%2Fthe-nature-of-the-american-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_reconstructionism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources_by_Christian_Reconstructionists">Primary sources by Christian Reconstructionists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_reconstructionism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Primary sources by Christian Reconstructionists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahnsen2002" class="citation cs2">Bahnsen, Greg L (2002) [1977], <i>Theonomy in Christian Ethics</i> (3rd ed.), Nacogdoches, TX: Covenant, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9678317-3-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9678317-3-2"><bdi>978-0-9678317-3-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theonomy+in+Christian+Ethics&rft.place=Nacogdoches%2C+TX&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Covenant&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-9678317-3-2&rft.aulast=Bahnsen&rft.aufirst=Greg+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahnsen1979" class="citation cs2">——— (Winter 1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200514210429/http://www.cmfnow.com/articles/pe043.htm">"MG Kline on Theonomic Politics: An Evaluation of His Reply"</a>, <i>Journal of Christian Reconstruction</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmfnow.com/articles/pe043.htm">the original</a> on May 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2005</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Christian+Reconstruction&rft.atitle=MG+Kline+on+Theonomic+Politics%3A+An+Evaluation+of+His+Reply&rft.ssn=winter&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Bahnsen&rft.aufirst=Greg+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmfnow.com%2Farticles%2Fpe043.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahnsen1991" class="citation cs2">——— (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041215174321/http://www.scccs.org/scccs/word/PenpointArticle.asp?id=30"><i>By This Standard: The Authority of God's Law Today</i></a>, Tyler, TX: Institute for Christian Economics, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930464-06-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930464-06-6"><bdi>978-0-930464-06-6</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freebooks.commentary.net/freebooks/docs/2c6a_47e.htm">the original</a> on December 15, 2004</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By+This+Standard%3A+The+Authority+of+God%27s+Law+Today&rft.place=Tyler%2C+TX&rft.pub=Institute+for+Christian+Economics&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-930464-06-6&rft.aulast=Bahnsen&rft.aufirst=Greg+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreebooks.commentary.net%2Ffreebooks%2Fdocs%2F2c6a_47e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahnsen1991" class="citation cs2">——— (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000519134215/http://freebooks.commentary.net/freebooks/docs/219e_47e.htm"><i>No Other Standard: Theonomy and Its Critics</i></a>, Tyler, TX: Institute for Christian Economics, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930464-56-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930464-56-1"><bdi>978-0-930464-56-1</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freebooks.commentary.net/freebooks/docs/219e_47e.htm">the original</a> on May 19, 2000</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Other+Standard%3A+Theonomy+and+Its+Critics&rft.place=Tyler%2C+TX&rft.pub=Institute+for+Christian+Economics&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-930464-56-1&rft.aulast=Bahnsen&rft.aufirst=Greg+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreebooks.commentary.net%2Ffreebooks%2Fdocs%2F219e_47e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeMarLeithart1990" class="citation cs2">DeMar, Gary; Leithart, Peter (1990) [1988], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060620120133/http://freebooks.commentary.net/freebooks/docs/21aa_47e.htm"><i>Reduction of Christianity: A Biblical Response to Dave Hunt</i></a>, Ft. Worth, TX: Dominion Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930462-63-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930462-63-5"><bdi>978-0-930462-63-5</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freebooks.commentary.net/freebooks/docs/21aa_47e.htm">the original</a> on June 20, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reduction+of+Christianity%3A+A+Biblical+Response+to+Dave+Hunt&rft.place=Ft.+Worth%2C+TX&rft.pub=Dominion+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-930462-63-5&rft.aulast=DeMar&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Leithart%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreebooks.commentary.net%2Ffreebooks%2Fdocs%2F21aa_47e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGentry1992" class="citation cs2">Gentry, Kenneth (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heshallhavedomin00gent"><i>He Shall Have Dominion: A Postmillennial Eschatology</i></a>, Tyler, TX: Institute for Christian Economics, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930464-62-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930464-62-2"><bdi>978-0-930464-62-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=He+Shall+Have+Dominion%3A+A+Postmillennial+Eschatology&rft.place=Tyler%2C+TX&rft.pub=Institute+for+Christian+Economics&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-930464-62-2&rft.aulast=Gentry&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheshallhavedomin00gent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth1989" class="citation cs2">North, Gary (1989), <i>Political Polytheism: The Myth of Pluralism</i>, Tyler, TX: Institute for Christian Economics, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930464-32-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930464-32-5"><bdi>978-0-930464-32-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Polytheism%3A+The+Myth+of+Pluralism&rft.place=Tyler%2C+TX&rft.pub=Institute+for+Christian+Economics&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-930464-32-5&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth1990" class="citation cs2">——— (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060620121113/http://freebooks.commentary.net/freebooks/docs/372e_47e.htm"><i>Tools of Dominion: The Case Laws of Exodus</i></a>, Tyler, TX: Institute for Christian Economics, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930464-10-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930464-10-3"><bdi>978-0-930464-10-3</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freebooks.commentary.net/freebooks/docs/372e_47e.htm">the original</a> on June 20, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tools+of+Dominion%3A+The+Case+Laws+of+Exodus&rft.place=Tyler%2C+TX&rft.pub=Institute+for+Christian+Economics&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-930464-10-3&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreebooks.commentary.net%2Ffreebooks%2Fdocs%2F372e_47e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth1991" class="citation cs2">——— (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060620120604/http://freebooks.commentary.net/freebooks/docs/2202_47e.htm"><i>Theonomy: An Informed Response</i></a>, Tyler, TX: Institute for Christian Economics, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930464-59-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930464-59-2"><bdi>978-0-930464-59-2</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freebooks.commentary.net/freebooks/docs/2202_47e.htm">the original</a> on June 20, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theonomy%3A+An+Informed+Response&rft.place=Tyler%2C+TX&rft.pub=Institute+for+Christian+Economics&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-930464-59-2&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreebooks.commentary.net%2Ffreebooks%2Fdocs%2F2202_47e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRushdoony1978" class="citation cs2">Rushdoony, Rousas John (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chalcedon.edu/resources/books/the-nature-of-the-american-system"><i>The Nature of the American System</i></a>, Fairfax, VA: Thoburn Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+the+American+System&rft.place=Fairfax%2C+VA&rft.pub=Thoburn+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Rushdoony&rft.aufirst=Rousas+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchalcedon.edu%2Fresources%2Fbooks%2Fthe-nature-of-the-american-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources_and_critiques">Secondary sources and critiques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_reconstructionism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Secondary sources and critiques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._Scott_Clark" title="R. Scott Clark">Clark, R. Scott</a> (2006). "Reconstructionism". In Campbell-Jack, W.C.; McGrath, Gavin J. (eds.). <i>The New Dictionary of Christian Apologetics</i>. Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-083082451-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-083082451-9"><bdi>978-083082451-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reconstructionism&rft.btitle=The+New+Dictionary+of+Christian+Apologetics&rft.place=Leicester&rft.pub=Inter-Varsity+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-083082451-9&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=R.+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngersoll2015" class="citation book cs1">Ingersoll, Julie J. (2015). <i>Building God's Kingdom: Inside the World of Christian Reconstruction</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199913787" title="Special:BookSources/9780199913787"><bdi>9780199913787</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+God%27s+Kingdom%3A+Inside+the+World+of+Christian+Reconstruction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780199913787&rft.aulast=Ingersoll&rft.aufirst=Julie+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan1994" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ligon_Duncan" title="Ligon Duncan">Duncan, J. Ligon III</a> (October 15, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121130171756/http://www.reformed.org/ethics/index.html?mainframe=%2Fethics%2Fligon_duncan_critique.html"><i>Moses' Law for Modern Government</i></a>. Annual national meeting of the Social Science History Association. Atlanta, GA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reformed.org/ethics/index.html?mainframe=/ethics/ligon_duncan_critique.html">the original</a> on November 30, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Moses%27+Law+for+Modern+Government&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+GA&rft.date=1994-10-15&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=J.+Ligon+III&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformed.org%2Fethics%2Findex.html%3Fmainframe%3D%2Fethics%2Fligon_duncan_critique.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurand2014" class="citation cs2">Durand, Greg Loren (2014), <i>Judicial Warfare: Christian Reconstruction and Its Blueprints For Dominion</i> (third ed.), Toccoa, GA: Sola Fide Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-69224060-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-69224060-1"><bdi>978-0-69224060-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judicial+Warfare%3A+Christian+Reconstruction+and+Its+Blueprints+For+Dominion&rft.place=Toccoa%2C+GA&rft.edition=third&rft.pub=Sola+Fide+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-69224060-1&rft.aulast=Durand&rft.aufirst=Greg+Loren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcVicar2015" class="citation book cs1">McVicar, Michael J. (2015). <i>Christian Reconstruction: R. J. Rushdoony and American Religious Conservatism</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-46962274-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-46962274-3"><bdi>978-1-46962274-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Reconstruction%3A+R.+J.+Rushdoony+and+American+Religious+Conservatism&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-46962274-3&rft.aulast=McVicar&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoyers1987" class="citation episode cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Moyers" title="Bill Moyers">Moyers, Bill (producer)</a> (January 1, 1987). "On Earth as It Is in Heaven". <i>God and Politics</i>. Episode 3. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B006RLPCC2">B006RLPCC2</a>. Acorn Media.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=God+and+Politics&rft.series=Episode+3&rft.date=1987-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB006RLPCC2%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Moyers&rft.aufirst=Bill+%28producer%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2012" class="citation cs2">Smith, Chris (Fall 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alumni.berkeley.edu/news/california-magazine/fall-2012-politics-issue/his-truth-marching">"His Truth is Marching On"</a>, <i>California</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130415082218/http://alumni.berkeley.edu/news/california-magazine/fall-2012-politics-issue/his-truth-marching">archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California&rft.atitle=His+Truth+is+Marching+On&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falumni.berkeley.edu%2Fnews%2Fcalifornia-magazine%2Ffall-2012-politics-issue%2Fhis-truth-marching&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugg2005" class="citation cs2">Sugg, John (December 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2005/12/a_nation_under_god.html">"A Nation Under God"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130622235015/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2005/12/nation-under-god">archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=A+Nation+Under+God&rft.date=2005-12&rft.aulast=Sugg&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2F2005%2F12%2Fa_nation_under_god.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+reconstructionism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_reconstructionism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_reconstructionism" title="Template:Christian reconstructionism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_reconstructionism" title="Template talk:Christian reconstructionism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_reconstructionism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian reconstructionism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christian_reconstructionism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian reconstructionism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_theology" title="Dominion theology">Dominionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presuppositional_apologetics" title="Presuppositional apologetics">Presuppositional apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Howard Ahmanson Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Bahnsen" title="Greg Bahnsen">Greg Bahnsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Chilton" title="David Chilton">David Chilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Gentry" title="Kenneth Gentry">Kenneth Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_DeMar" title="Gary DeMar">Gary DeMar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_North_(economist)" title="Gary North (economist)">Gary North</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Rushdoony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Rushdoony (page does not exist)">Mark Rushdoony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousas_Rushdoony" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousas Rushdoony">R. J. Rushdoony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sandlin" title="Andrew Sandlin">Andrew Sandlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Sutton" title="Ray Sutton">Ray Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Jordan" title="James B. Jordan">James B. Jordan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Critics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Blumenthal" title="Max Blumenthal">Max Blumenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Clapp" title="Rodney Clapp">Rodney Clapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligon_Duncan" title="Ligon Duncan">Ligon Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Horton_(theologian)" title="Michael Horton (theologian)">Michael Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meredith_Kline" title="Meredith Kline">Meredith Kline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Marsden" title="George Marsden">George Marsden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Schaeffer" title="Frank Schaeffer">Frank Schaeffer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Vision" title="American Vision">American Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahnsen_Theological_Seminary" title="Bahnsen Theological Seminary">Bahnsen Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Van_Til" title="Cornelius Van Til">Cornelius Van Til</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Institutes_of_Biblical_Law" title="The Institutes of Biblical Law">The Institutes of Biblical Law</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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