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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neurotransmitter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurotransmitter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Neurotransmitter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurotransmitter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brain_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brain_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Brain development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brain_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beyond_the_nervous_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beyond_the_nervous_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Beyond the nervous system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beyond_the_nervous_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_conformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_conformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Structure and conformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_conformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biosynthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosynthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Biosynthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosynthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pharmacology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GABAergic_drugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GABAergic_drugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>GABAergic drugs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GABAergic_drugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83" title="حمض الغاما-أمينوبيوتيريك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمض الغاما-أمينوبيوتيريك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_%CE%B3-aminobut%C3%ADrico" title="Ácido γ-aminobutírico – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ácido γ-aminobutírico" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="قاما آمینوبوتیریک اسید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قاما آمینوبوتیریک اسید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гама-аминомаслена киселина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гама-аминомаслена киселина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gama-aminobuterna_kiselina" title="Gama-aminobuterna kiselina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gama-aminobuterna kiselina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80cid_%CE%B3-aminobut%C3%ADric" title="Àcid γ-aminobutíric – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àcid γ-aminobutíric" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyselina_gama-aminom%C3%A1seln%C3%A1" title="Kyselina gama-aminomáselná – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kyselina gama-aminomáselná" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABA" title="GABA – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="GABA" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93-Aminobutters%C3%A4ure" title="Γ-Aminobuttersäure – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Γ-Aminobuttersäure" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93-aminov%C3%B5ihape" title="Γ-aminovõihape – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Γ-aminovõihape" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93-%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BF%CE%BE%CF%8D" title="Γ-αμινοβουτυρικό οξύ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γ-αμινοβουτυρικό οξύ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_%CE%B3-aminobut%C3%ADrico" title="Ácido γ-aminobutírico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ácido γ-aminobutírico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gama-aminobuterata_acido" title="Gama-aminobuterata acido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gama-aminobuterata acido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azido_%CE%B3-aminobutiriko" title="Azido γ-aminobutiriko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azido γ-aminobutiriko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="گاما آمینوبوتیریک اسید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاما آمینوبوتیریک اسید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acide_%CE%B3-aminobutyrique" title="Acide γ-aminobutyrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acide γ-aminobutyrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_gamma-aminobut%C3%ADrico" title="Ácido gamma-aminobutírico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ácido gamma-aminobutírico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%90%EB%A7%88_%EC%95%84%EB%AF%B8%EB%85%B8%EB%B7%B0%ED%8B%B0%EB%A5%B4%EC%82%B0" title="감마 아미노뷰티르산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="감마 아미노뷰티르산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B4%D5%A1-%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Գամմա-ամինոկարագաթթու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գամմա-ամինոկարագաթթու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="गामा-एमाइनोबायूटरिक अम्ल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गामा-एमाइनोबायूटरिक अम्ल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gama-aminomasla%C4%8Dna_kiselina" title="Gama-aminomaslačna kiselina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gama-aminomaslačna kiselina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_aminobutirat_gamma" title="Asam aminobutirat gamma – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asam aminobutirat gamma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABA" title="GABA – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="GABA" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido_%CE%B3-amminobutirrico" title="Acido γ-amminobutirrico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acido γ-amminobutirrico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABA" title="GABA – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="GABA" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidum_%CE%B3-aminobutyricum" title="Acidum γ-aminobutyricum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Acidum γ-aminobutyricum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-Aminovajsav" title="Gamma-Aminovajsav – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gamma-Aminovajsav" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гама-аминобутерна киселина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гама-аминобутерна киселина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="ഗാമാ അമിനോബ്യൂട്ടിറിക് അമ്ലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗാമാ അമിനോബ്യൂട്ടിറിക് അമ്ലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_gama-aminobutirik" title="Asid gama-aminobutirik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Asid gama-aminobutirik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-aminoboterzuur" title="Gamma-aminoboterzuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gamma-aminoboterzuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93-%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8E%E9%85%AA%E9%85%B8" title="Γ-アミノ酪酸 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Γ-アミノ酪酸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABA" title="GABA – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="GABA" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwas_%CE%B3-aminomas%C5%82owy" title="Kwas γ-aminomasłowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwas γ-aminomasłowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_gama-aminobut%C3%ADrico" title="Ácido gama-aminobutírico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ácido gama-aminobutírico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_gama-aminobutiric" title="Acid gama-aminobutiric – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acid gama-aminobutiric" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Гамма-аминомасляная кислота – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гамма-аминомасляная кислота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABA" title="GABA – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="GABA" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyselina_gama-aminomaslov%C3%A1" title="Kyselina gama-aminomaslová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kyselina gama-aminomaslová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93-aminomaslena_kislina" title="Γ-aminomaslena kislina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Γ-aminomaslena kislina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gama-aminobuterna_kiselina" title="Gama-aminobuterna kiselina – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Gama-aminobuterna kiselina" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gama-aminobuterna_kiselina" title="Gama-aminobuterna kiselina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gama-aminobuterna kiselina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-aminovoihappo" title="Gamma-aminovoihappo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gamma-aminovoihappo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABA" title="GABA – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="GABA" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="காமா அமினோ புயூட்டைரிக் காடி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காமா அமினோ புயூட்டைரிக் காடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="กรดแกมมาอะมิโนบิวทีริก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กรดแกมมาอะมิโนบิวทีริก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gama_aminob%C3%BCtirik_asit" title="Gama aminobütirik asit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gama aminobütirik asit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Гамма-аміномасляна кислота – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гамма-аміномасляна кислота" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_gamma-aminobutyric" title="Acid gamma-aminobutyric – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Acid gamma-aminobutyric" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%93-Aminobutyric_acid&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-Aminobutyric acid">Γ-Aminobutyric acid</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gaba_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gaba (disambiguation)">Gaba (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268415487">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>γ-Aminobutyric acid </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamma-Aminobutters%C3%A4ure_-_gamma-aminobutyric_acid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simplified structural formula"><img alt="Simplified structural formula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gamma-Aminobutters%C3%A4ure_-_gamma-aminobutyric_acid.svg/230px-Gamma-Aminobutters%C3%A4ure_-_gamma-aminobutyric_acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gamma-Aminobutters%C3%A4ure_-_gamma-aminobutyric_acid.svg/345px-Gamma-Aminobutters%C3%A4ure_-_gamma-aminobutyric_acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gamma-Aminobutters%C3%A4ure_-_gamma-aminobutyric_acid.svg/460px-Gamma-Aminobutters%C3%A4ure_-_gamma-aminobutyric_acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="77" /></a><figcaption>Simplified structural formula</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GABA_3D_ball.png" class="mw-file-description" title="C=black, H=white, O=red, N=blue"><img alt="GABA molecule" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/GABA_3D_ball.png/230px-GABA_3D_ball.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/GABA_3D_ball.png/345px-GABA_3D_ball.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/GABA_3D_ball.png/460px-GABA_3D_ball.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1019" /></a><figcaption>C=black, H=white, O=red, N=blue</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td>Pronunciation </td> <td><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/juː/: 'u' in 'cute'">juː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪr/: 'irr' in 'mirror'">ɪr</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> (GABA) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Preferred_IUPAC_name" title="Preferred IUPAC name">Preferred IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; max-width:22em;">4-Aminobutanoic acid</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>γ-Aminobutanoic acid</li><li>4-Aminobutyric acid</li><li>3-Carboxypropylamine</li><li>Piperidic acid</li><li>Piperidinic acid</li></ul></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=56-12-2">56-12-2</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=NCCCC%28%3DO%29O">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Beilstein_database" title="Beilstein database">Beilstein Reference</a></div> </td> <td>906818 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=16865">CHEBI:16865</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL96">ChEMBL96</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.116.html">116</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.drugbank.ca"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB02530">DB02530</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.235">100.000.235</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210021#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Community_number" title="European Community number"><span title="European Community number (chemical identifier)">EC Number</span></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>200-258-6</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gmelin_database" title="Gmelin database">Gmelin Reference</a></div> </td> <td>49775 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/IUPHAR/BPS" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPHAR/BPS">IUPHAR/BPS</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.guidetopharmacology.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?tab=summary&ligandId=1067">1067</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00058">D00058</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a> </td> <td><span title="www.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?mode=&term=gamma-Aminobutyric+Acid">gamma-Aminobutyric+Acid</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/119">119</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RTECS" class="mw-redirect" title="RTECS">RTECS number</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ES6300000</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/2ACZ6IPC6I">2ACZ6IPC6I</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID6035106">DTXSID6035106</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210021#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C4H9NO2/c5-3-1-2-4(6)7/h1-3,5H2,(H,6,7)<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: BTCSSZJGUNDROE-UHFFFAOYSA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1/C4H9NO2/c5-3-1-2-4(6)7/h1-3,5H2,(H,6,7)</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: BTCSSZJGUNDROE-UHFFFAOYAC</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">NCCCC(=O)O</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td><span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>4</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>9</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>2</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002103121000000000♠"></span>103.121</span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup>   </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>white microcrystalline powder </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td>1.11 g/mL </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>203.7 °C (398.7 °F; 476.8 K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a> </td> <td>247.9 °C (478.2 °F; 521.0 K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div> </td> <td>1.2 [ug/mL] <sup id="cite_ref-pubchem_gaba_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubchem_gaba-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Partition_coefficient" title="Partition coefficient">log <i>P</i></a> </td> <td>−3.17 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">Acidity</a> (p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub>) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>4.031 (carboxyl; H<sub>2</sub>O)</li><li>10.556 (amino; H<sub>2</sub>O)<sup id="cite_ref-CRC97_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC97-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><b><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></b> (OHS/OSH): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main hazards</div> </td> <td>Irritant, Harmful </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><b>Lethal dose</b> or concentration (LD, LC): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">LD<sub>50</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Lethal_dose#LD50" title="Lethal dose">median dose</a>)</div> </td> <td>12,680 mg/kg (mouse, oral) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; color:inherit; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/12px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/18px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/24px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=476992474&page2=GABA">verify</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup> ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b>GABA</b> (<b>gamma-aminobutyric acid</b>, <b>γ-aminobutyric acid</b>) is the chief <a href="/wiki/Inhibitory" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibitory">inhibitory</a> <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> in the developmentally mature <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>. Its principal role is reducing <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuronal</a> excitability throughout the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>. </p><p>GABA is sold as a <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplement</a> in many countries. It has been traditionally thought that exogenous GABA (i.e., taken as a supplement) does not cross the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a>, but data obtained from more recent research (2010s) in rats describes the notion as being unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuriyama_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuriyama-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Carboxylate" title="Carboxylate">carboxylate</a> form of GABA is <b>γ-aminobutyrate</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GABA&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neurotransmitter">Neurotransmitter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GABA&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Neurotransmitter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two general classes of <a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor" title="GABA receptor">GABA receptor</a> are known:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub></a> in which the receptor is part of a <a href="/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channel" title="Ligand-gated ion channel">ligand-gated ion channel</a> complex<sup id="cite_ref-elifesciences.org_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elifesciences.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABAB_receptor" title="GABAB receptor">GABA<sub>B</sub></a> <a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_receptor" title="Metabotropic receptor">metabotropic receptors</a>, which are <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptors</a> that open or close ion channels via intermediaries (<a href="/wiki/G_protein" title="G protein">G proteins</a>)</li></ul> <figure class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Release,_Reuptake,_and_Metabolism_Cycle_of_GABA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Release%2C_Reuptake%2C_and_Metabolism_Cycle_of_GABA.png/500px-Release%2C_Reuptake%2C_and_Metabolism_Cycle_of_GABA.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="470" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Release%2C_Reuptake%2C_and_Metabolism_Cycle_of_GABA.png/750px-Release%2C_Reuptake%2C_and_Metabolism_Cycle_of_GABA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Release%2C_Reuptake%2C_and_Metabolism_Cycle_of_GABA.png/1000px-Release%2C_Reuptake%2C_and_Metabolism_Cycle_of_GABA.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>Release, reuptake, and metabolism cycle of GABA</figcaption></figure> <p>Neurons that produce GABA as their output are called <a href="/wiki/GABAergic" title="GABAergic">GABAergic</a> neurons, and have chiefly inhibitory action at receptors in the adult vertebrate. <a href="/wiki/Medium_spiny_neuron" title="Medium spiny neuron">Medium spiny cells</a> are a typical example of inhibitory <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> GABAergic cells. In contrast, GABA exhibits both excitatory and inhibitory actions in <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, mediating <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> activation at synapses between <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerves</a> and muscle cells, and also the stimulation of certain <a href="/wiki/Gland" title="Gland">glands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8389005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8389005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mammals, some GABAergic neurons, such as <a href="/wiki/Chandelier_cell" title="Chandelier cell">chandelier cells</a>, are also able to excite their glutamatergic counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16410524_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16410524-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to fast-acting phasic inhibition, small amounts of extracellular GABA can induce slow timescale tonic inhibition on neurons.<sup id="cite_ref-Koh_Kwak_Cheong_Lee_2023_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koh_Kwak_Cheong_Lee_2023-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub> receptors</a> are ligand-activated chloride channels: when activated by GABA, they allow the flow of <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> ions across the membrane of the cell.<sup id="cite_ref-elifesciences.org_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elifesciences.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether this chloride flow is depolarizing (makes the voltage across the cell's membrane less negative), shunting (has no effect on the cell's membrane potential), or inhibitory/hyperpolarizing (makes the cell's membrane more negative) depends on the direction of the flow of chloride. When net chloride flows out of the cell, GABA is depolarising; when chloride flows into the cell, GABA is inhibitory or hyperpolarizing. When the net flow of chloride is close to zero, the action of GABA is shunting. <a href="/wiki/Shunting_inhibition" title="Shunting inhibition">Shunting inhibition</a> has no direct effect on the membrane potential of the cell; however, it reduces the effect of any coincident synaptic input by reducing the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance" title="Electrical resistance and conductance">electrical resistance</a> of the cell's membrane. Shunting inhibition can "override" the excitatory effect of depolarising GABA, resulting in overall inhibition even if the membrane potential becomes less negative. It was thought that a developmental switch in the molecular machinery controlling the concentration of chloride inside the cell changes the functional role of GABA between <a href="/wiki/Neonatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonatal">neonatal</a> and adult stages. As the brain develops into adulthood, GABA's role changes from excitatory to inhibitory.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18500393_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18500393-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brain_development">Brain development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GABA&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Brain development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GABA is an inhibitory transmitter in the mature brain; its actions were thought to be primarily excitatory in the developing brain.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18500393_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18500393-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17928584_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17928584-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gradient of chloride was reported to be reversed in immature neurons, with its reversal potential higher than the resting membrane potential of the cell; activation of a GABA-A receptor thus leads to efflux of Cl<sup>−</sup> ions from the cell (that is, a depolarizing current). The differential gradient of chloride in immature neurons was shown to be primarily due to the higher concentration of NKCC1 co-transporters relative to KCC2 co-transporters in immature cells. GABAergic interneurons mature faster in the hippocampus and the GABA machinery appears earlier than glutamatergic transmission. Thus, GABA is considered the major excitatory neurotransmitter in many regions of the brain before the <a href="/wiki/Neural_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural development">maturation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamatergic</a> synapses.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the developmental stages preceding the formation of synaptic contacts, GABA is synthesized by neurons and acts both as an <a href="/wiki/Autocrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocrine">autocrine</a> (acting on the same cell) and <a href="/wiki/Paracrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracrine">paracrine</a> (acting on nearby cells) signalling mediator.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-87893-697-1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-87893-697-1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16512345_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16512345-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ganglionic_eminence" title="Ganglionic eminence">ganglionic eminences</a> also contribute greatly to building up the GABAergic cortical cell population.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11715055_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11715055-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GABA regulates the proliferation of neural <a href="/wiki/Progenitor_cell" title="Progenitor cell">progenitor cells</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8845153_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8845153-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10908617_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10908617-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the migration<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9698329_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9698329-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">differentiation</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11371348_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11371348-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8390627_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8390627-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the elongation of <a href="/wiki/Neurite" title="Neurite">neurites</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11264309_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11264309-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the formation of synapses.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12209121_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12209121-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GABA also regulates the growth of <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell" title="Embryonic stem cell">embryonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neural_stem_cell" title="Neural stem cell">neural stem cells</a>. GABA can influence the development of neural progenitor cells via <a href="/wiki/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor" title="Brain-derived neurotrophic factor">brain-derived neurotrophic factor</a> (BDNF) expression.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12163549_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12163549-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GABA activates the <a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor</a>, causing cell cycle arrest in the S-phase, limiting growth.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18852839_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18852839-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beyond_the_nervous_system">Beyond the nervous system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GABA&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Beyond the nervous system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autoradiography_of_a_brain_slice_from_an_embryonal_rat_-_PMID19190758_PLoS_0004371.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Autoradiography_of_a_brain_slice_from_an_embryonal_rat_-_PMID19190758_PLoS_0004371.png/240px-Autoradiography_of_a_brain_slice_from_an_embryonal_rat_-_PMID19190758_PLoS_0004371.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Autoradiography_of_a_brain_slice_from_an_embryonal_rat_-_PMID19190758_PLoS_0004371.png/360px-Autoradiography_of_a_brain_slice_from_an_embryonal_rat_-_PMID19190758_PLoS_0004371.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Autoradiography_of_a_brain_slice_from_an_embryonal_rat_-_PMID19190758_PLoS_0004371.png/480px-Autoradiography_of_a_brain_slice_from_an_embryonal_rat_-_PMID19190758_PLoS_0004371.png 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>mRNA expression of the embryonic variant of the GABA-producing enzyme <a href="/wiki/GAD67" class="mw-redirect" title="GAD67">GAD67</a> in a coronal brain section of a one-day-old <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_rat#Wistar_rat" title="Laboratory rat">Wistar rat</a>, with the highest expression in <a href="/wiki/Subventricular_zone" title="Subventricular zone">subventricular zone</a> (svz)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19190758_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19190758-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Besides the nervous system, GABA is also produced at relatively high levels in the <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>-producing <a href="/wiki/Beta_cell" title="Beta cell">beta cells</a> (β-cells) of the <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a>. The β-cells secrete GABA along with insulin and the GABA binds to GABA receptors on the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">islet</a> <a href="/wiki/Alpha_cell" title="Alpha cell">alpha cells</a> (α-cells) and inhibits them from secreting <a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">glucagon</a> (which would counteract insulin's effects).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2550826_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2550826-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GABA can promote the replication and survival of β-cells<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21709230_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21709230-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23995958_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23995958-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid25008178_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25008178-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also promote the conversion of α-cells to β-cells, which may lead to new treatments for <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27916274_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27916274-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alongside GABAergic mechanisms, GABA has also been detected in other peripheral tissues including intestines, stomach, <a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallopian tubes">fallopian tubes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovaries">ovaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Testicles">testicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidneys" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidneys">kidneys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">urinary bladder</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungs">lungs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, albeit at much lower levels than in neurons or β-cells.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2405103_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2405103-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Experiments on mice have shown that hypothyroidism induced by fluoride poisoning can be halted by administering GABA. The test also found that the thyroid recovered naturally without further assistance after the fluoride had been expelled by the GABA.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Immune_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Immune cell">Immune cells</a> express receptors for GABA<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10227421_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10227421-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid22927941_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22927941-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and administration of GABA can suppress <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammatory</a> immune responses and promote "regulatory" immune responses, such that GABA administration has been shown to inhibit <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune diseases</a> in several animal models.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21709230_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21709230-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10227421_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10227421-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15470076_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15470076-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid21604972_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21604972-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, GABA has shown to regulate secretion of a greater number of cytokines. In plasma of <a href="/wiki/T1D" class="mw-redirect" title="T1D">T1D</a> patients, levels of 26 <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokines</a> are increased and of those, 16 are inhibited by GABA in the cell assays.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, an excitatory GABAergic system was described in the airway <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a>. The system is activated by exposure to allergens and may participate in the mechanisms of <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GABA_lungs_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GABA_lungs-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GABAergic systems have also been found in the <a href="/wiki/Testis" class="mw-redirect" title="Testis">testis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Inyerballs_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inyerballs-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the eye lens.<sup id="cite_ref-GABA_lens_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GABA_lens-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_conformation">Structure and conformation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GABA&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Structure and conformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GABA is found mostly as a <a href="/wiki/Zwitterion" title="Zwitterion">zwitterion</a> (i.e., with the <a href="/wiki/Carboxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxyl">carboxyl</a> group deprotonated and the amino group protonated). Its <a href="/wiki/Conformational_isomerism" class="mw-redirect" title="Conformational isomerism">conformation</a> depends on its environment. In the gas phase, a highly folded conformation is strongly favored due to the electrostatic attraction between the two functional groups. The stabilization is about 50 kcal/mol, according to <a href="/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry">quantum chemistry</a> calculations. In the solid state, an extended conformation is found, with a trans conformation at the amino end and a gauche conformation at the carboxyl end. This is due to the packing interactions with the neighboring molecules. In solution, five different conformations, some folded and some extended, are found as a result of <a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">solvation</a> effects. The conformational flexibility of GABA is important for its biological function, as it has been found to bind to different receptors with different conformations. Many GABA analogues with pharmaceutical applications have more rigid structures in order to control the binding better.<sup id="cite_ref-Majumdar_Guha_1988_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Majumdar_Guha_1988-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GABA&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1883, GABA was first synthesized, and it was first known only as a plant and microbe metabolic product.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-19-514008-7_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-19-514008-7-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1950, <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Washington University School of Medicine">Washington University School of Medicine</a> researchers <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Roberts_(neuroscientist)" title="Eugene Roberts (neuroscientist)">Eugene Roberts</a> and Sam Frankel used <a href="/wiki/History_of_chromatography#Martin_and_Synge_and_partition_chromatography" title="History of chromatography">newly-developed</a> techniques of <a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">chromatography</a> to analyze protein-free extracts of mammalian brain and discovered that GABA is produced from the <a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">glutamic acid</a> and accumulates in the mammalian <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was not much further research into the substance until seven years later, Canadian researchers identified GABA as the mysterious component (termed Factor I by its discoverers in 1954) of brain and spinal cord extracts which inhibited crayfish neurons.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1959, it was shown that at an inhibitory synapse on crayfish muscle fibers GABA acts like stimulation of the inhibitory nerve. Both inhibition by nerve stimulation and by applied GABA are blocked by <a href="/wiki/Picrotoxin" title="Picrotoxin">picrotoxin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GABA&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Biosynthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabaergic_Neurons.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d0/Gabaergic_Neurons.png/350px-Gabaergic_Neurons.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d0/Gabaergic_Neurons.png 1.5x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption>GABAergic neurons which produce GABA</figcaption></figure> <p>GABA is primarily synthesized from <a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> <a href="/wiki/Glutamate_decarboxylase" title="Glutamate decarboxylase">glutamate decarboxylase</a> (GAD) with <a href="/wiki/Pyridoxal_phosphate" title="Pyridoxal phosphate">pyridoxal phosphate</a> (the active form of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">vitamin B6</a>) as a <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactor</a>. This process converts glutamate (the principal <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter#Excitatory_and_inhibitory" title="Neurotransmitter">excitatory</a> neurotransmitter) into GABA (the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12467378_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12467378-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17499106_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17499106-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GABA can also be synthesized from <a href="/wiki/Putrescine" title="Putrescine">putrescine</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Diamine_oxidase" title="Diamine oxidase">diamine oxidase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde_dehydrogenase" title="Aldehyde dehydrogenase">aldehyde dehydrogenase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically it was thought that exogenous GABA did not penetrate the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kuriyama_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuriyama-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but more current research<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describes the notion as being unclear pending further research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GABA&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/GABA_transaminase" class="mw-redirect" title="GABA transaminase">GABA transaminase</a> enzymes catalyze the conversion of 4-aminobutanoic acid (GABA) and <a href="/wiki/2-oxoglutarate" class="mw-redirect" title="2-oxoglutarate">2-oxoglutarate</a> (α-ketoglutarate) into <a href="/wiki/Succinic_semialdehyde" title="Succinic semialdehyde">succinic semialdehyde</a> and glutamate. Succinic semialdehyde is then <a href="/wiki/Oxidized" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidized">oxidized</a> into <a href="/wiki/Succinic_acid" title="Succinic acid">succinic acid</a> by <a href="/wiki/Succinic_semialdehyde_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase">succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase</a> and as such enters the <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">citric acid cycle</a> as a usable source of energy.<sup id="cite_ref-catabolism_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catabolism-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GABA&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pharmacology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drugs that act as <a href="/wiki/Allosteric_modulator" title="Allosteric modulator">allosteric modulators</a> of <a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor" title="GABA receptor">GABA receptors</a> (known as GABA analogues or <i>GABAergic</i> drugs), or increase the available amount of GABA, typically have relaxing, anti-anxiety, and anti-convulsive effects (with equivalent efficacy to <a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">lamotrigine</a> based on studies of mice).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16377242_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16377242-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11583788_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11583788-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the substances below are known to cause <a href="/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia" title="Anterograde amnesia">anterograde amnesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_amnesia" title="Retrograde amnesia">retrograde amnesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12761368_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12761368-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, GABA does not cross the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kuriyama_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuriyama-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although certain areas of the brain that have no effective blood–brain barrier, such as the <a href="/wiki/Periventricular_nucleus" title="Periventricular nucleus">periventricular nucleus</a>, can be reached by drugs such as systemically injected GABA.<sup id="cite_ref-Muller1999_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muller1999-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least one study suggests that orally administered GABA increases the amount of <a href="/wiki/Human_growth_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Human growth hormone">human growth hormone</a> (HGH).<sup id="cite_ref-Powers2008_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powers2008-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GABA directly injected to the brain has been reported to have both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on the production of growth hormone, depending on the physiology of the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-Muller1999_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muller1999-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, considering the potential biphasic effects of GABA on growth hormone production, as well as other safety concerns, its usage is not recommended during pregnancy and lactation.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid34444905_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid34444905-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GABA enhances the <a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">catabolism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a> into <a href="/wiki/N-acetylserotonin" class="mw-redirect" title="N-acetylserotonin"><i>N</i>-acetylserotonin</a> (the precursor of <a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">melatonin</a>) in rats.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6844712_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6844712-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thus suspected that GABA is involved in the synthesis of melatonin and thus might exert regulatory effects on sleep and reproductive functions.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GABA&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although in chemical terms, GABA is an <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> (as it has both a primary amine and a carboxylic acid functional group), it is rarely referred to as such in the professional, scientific, or medical community. By convention the term "amino acid", when used without a <a href="/wiki/Qualifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualifier">qualifier</a>, refers specifically to an <a href="/wiki/Alpha_amino_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha amino acid">alpha amino acid</a>. GABA is not an alpha amino acid, meaning the amino group is not attached to the alpha carbon. Nor is it incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a> as are many alpha-amino acids.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="GABAergic_drugs">GABAergic drugs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GABA&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: GABAergic drugs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor ligands are shown in the following table.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Activity at GABA<sub>A</sub></th> <th>Ligand </th></tr> <tr> <td>Orthosteric agonist </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28528665_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28528665-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GABA,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28528665_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28528665-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gaboxadol (<a href="/wiki/THIP" class="mw-redirect" title="THIP">THIP</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28528665_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28528665-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Isoguvacine" title="Isoguvacine">isoguvacine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progabide" title="Progabide">progabide</a>, piperidine-4-sulfonic acid (partial agonist) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulator" title="GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator">Positive allosteric modulators</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Loescher&Rogawski_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loescher&Rogawski-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-12-088397-X_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-12-088397-X-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neurosteroid" title="Neurosteroid">neuroactive steroids</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-neuroactive_steroid_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neuroactive_steroid-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">niacin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Niacinamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacinamide">niacinamide</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepines" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonbenzodiazepines">nonbenzodiazepines</a> (i.e., z-drugs, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Zolpidem" title="Zolpidem">zolpidem</a>), <a href="/wiki/Etomidate" title="Etomidate">etomidate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12692303_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12692303-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9311780_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9311780-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17175815_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17175815-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">methaqualone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">propofol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stiripentol" title="Stiripentol">stiripentol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and anaesthetics<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28528665_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28528665-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (including <a href="/wiki/Volatile_anaesthetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatile anaesthetics">volatile anaesthetics</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist#Competitive" title="Receptor antagonist">Orthosteric (competitive) antagonist</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bicuculline" title="Bicuculline">bicuculline</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28528665_63-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28528665-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gabazine" title="Gabazine">gabazine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thujone" title="Thujone">thujone</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Flumazenil" title="Flumazenil">flumazenil</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uncompetitive_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncompetitive antagonist">Uncompetitive antagonist</a> (e.g., channel blocker) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cicutoxin" title="Cicutoxin">cicutoxin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Allosteric_regulation#Allosteric_modulation" title="Allosteric regulation">Negative allosteric modulators</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Furosemide" title="Furosemide">furosemide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oenanthotoxin" title="Oenanthotoxin">oenanthotoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amentoflavone" title="Amentoflavone">amentoflavone</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>GABAergic pro-drugs include <a href="/wiki/Chloral_hydrate" title="Chloral hydrate">chloral hydrate</a>, which is metabolised to <a href="/wiki/Trichloroethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichloroethanol">trichloroethanol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ull_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ull-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which then acts via the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plant <a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">kava</a> contains GABAergic compounds, including <a href="/wiki/Kavain" title="Kavain">kavain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydrokavain" title="Dihydrokavain">dihydrokavain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methysticin" title="Methysticin">methysticin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydromethysticin" title="Dihydromethysticin">dihydromethysticin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yangonin" title="Yangonin">yangonin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12383029_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12383029-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Medical_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs more <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">reliable medical references</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a> or relies too heavily on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Primary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Primary sources">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please review the contents of the section and <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GABA&action=edit">add the appropriate references</a> if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. <small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22GABA%22">"GABA"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22GABA%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22GABA%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22GABA%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22GABA%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22GABA%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/52px-Star_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/77px-Star_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/103px-Star_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="192" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other GABAergic modulators include: </p> <ul><li>GABA<sub>B</sub> receptor ligands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Baclofen" title="Baclofen">baclofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">propofol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16129424_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16129424-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">phenibut</a>.</li> <li>Antagonists: <a href="/wiki/Phaclofen" title="Phaclofen">phaclofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saclofen" title="Saclofen">saclofen</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABA_reuptake_inhibitor" title="GABA reuptake inhibitor">GABA reuptake inhibitors</a>: <a href="/wiki/Deramciclane" title="Deramciclane">deramciclane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperforin" title="Hyperforin">hyperforin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiagabine" title="Tiagabine">tiagabine</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABA_transaminase_inhibitor" title="GABA transaminase inhibitor">GABA transaminase inhibitors</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gabaculine" title="Gabaculine">gabaculine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenelzine" title="Phenelzine">phenelzine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valproate" title="Valproate">valproate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vigabatrin" title="Vigabatrin">vigabatrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemon_balm" title="Lemon balm">lemon balm</a> (<i>Melissa officinalis</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19165747_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19165747-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABA_analogue" title="GABA analogue">GABA analogues</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">pregabalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21296127_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21296127-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Picamilon" title="Picamilon">picamilon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progabide" title="Progabide">progabide</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/4-Amino-1-butanol" title="4-Amino-1-butanol">4-Amino-1-butanol</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Precursor_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precursor (biochemistry)">biochemical precursor</a> of GABA and can be converted into GABA by the actions of <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde_reductase" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldehyde reductase">aldehyde reductase</a> (ALR) and <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde_dehydrogenase" title="Aldehyde dehydrogenase">aldehyde dehydrogenase</a> (ALDH) with <a href="/wiki/%CE%93-aminobutyraldehyde" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-aminobutyraldehyde">γ-aminobutyraldehyde</a> (GABAL) as a <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_intermediate" title="Metabolic intermediate">metabolic intermediate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StorerFerrante1997_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StorerFerrante1997-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_plants">In plants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GABA&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GABA is also found in plants.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26219411_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26219411-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid27838745_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27838745-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the most abundant amino acid in the <a href="/wiki/Apoplast" title="Apoplast">apoplast</a> of tomatoes.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence also suggests a role in cell signalling in plants.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15003233_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15003233-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19704616_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19704616-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GABA&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Aminoisobutyric_acid" title="3-Aminoisobutyric acid">3-Aminoisobutyric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-aminobutyrate_transaminase" title="4-aminobutyrate transaminase">4-aminobutyrate transaminase</a> (GABA-transaminase) deficiency</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABA_analogue" title="GABA analogue">GABA analogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor" title="GABA receptor">GABA receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABA_tea" title="GABA tea">GABA tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_depolarizing_potential" title="Giant depolarizing potential">Giant depolarizing potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spastic_diplegia" title="Spastic diplegia">Spastic diplegia</a>, a GABA deficiency <a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromuscular">neuromuscular</a> <a href="/wiki/Neuropathology" title="Neuropathology">neuropathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spasticity" title="Spasticity">Spasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succinic_semialdehyde_dehydrogenase_deficiency" title="Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency">Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurine" title="Taurine">Taurine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GABA&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Many more GABA<sub>A</sub> ligands are listed at <a href="/wiki/Template:GABA_receptor_modulators" title="Template:GABA receptor modulators">Template:GABA receptor modulators</a> and at <a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor#Ligands" title="GABAA receptor">GABAA receptor#Ligands</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GABA&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pubchem_gaba-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pubchem_gaba_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Gamma-Aminobutyric-Acid#section=Solubility">"Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (compound) - 3.2.3 Solubility"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Sites of alcohol and volatile anaesthetic action on GABA<sub>A</sub> and glycine receptors". <i>Nature</i>. <b>389</b> (6649): <span class="nowrap">385–</span>389. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Natur.389..385M">1997Natur.389..385M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F38738">10.1038/38738</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9311780">9311780</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4393717">4393717</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Sites+of+alcohol+and+volatile+anaesthetic+action+on+GABA%3Csub%3EA%3C%2Fsub%3E+and+glycine+receptors&rft.volume=389&rft.issue=6649&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E385-%3C%2Fspan%3E389&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F38738&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4393717%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9311780&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997Natur.389..385M&rft.aulast=Mihic&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft.au=Ye%2C+Q&rft.au=Wick%2C+MJ&rft.au=Koltchine%2C+VV&rft.au=Krasowski%2C+MD&rft.au=Finn%2C+SE&rft.au=Mascia%2C+MP&rft.au=Valenzuela%2C+CF&rft.au=Hanson%2C+KK&rft.au=Greenblatt%2C+EP&rft.au=Harris%2C+RA&rft.au=Harrison%2C+NL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGABA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17175815-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17175815_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Source unclear. One of the following: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoehmPonomarevJenningsWhiting2004" class="citation journal cs1">Boehm SL, Ponomarev I, Jennings AW, Whiting PJ, Rosahl TW, Garrett EM, Blednov YA, Harris RA (2004). 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Signal+Behav&rft.atitle=Does+GABA+Act+as+a+Signal+in+Plants%3F%3A+Hints+from+Molecular+Studies&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E408-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2634229%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19704616&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4161%2Fpsb.2.5.4335&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PlSiB...2..408R&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=MR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2634229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGABA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GABA&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pediatric+Epilepsy&rft.atitle=Disorders+of+GABA+metabolism%3A+SSADH+and+GABA-transaminase+deficiencies&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E217-%3C%2Fspan%3E227&rft.date=2014-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4256671%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25485164&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3233%2FPEP-14097&rft.aulast=Parviz&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Vogel%2C+K&rft.au=Gibson%2C+KM&rft.au=Pearl%2C+PL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4256671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGABA" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gmd.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/Spectrums/499427bb-2409-44f0-ad19-815033a33710.aspx">Gamma-aminobutyric acid MS Spectrum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Gamma-aminobutyric_acid">Scholarpedia article on GABA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neurolex.org/wiki/GABAergic_Neurons">List of GABA neurons</a> on NeuroLex.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2020.00923/full">Effects of Oral Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Administration on Stress and Sleep in Humans: A Systematic Review</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Non-proteinogenic_amino_acids" title="Template talk:Non-proteinogenic amino acids"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Non-proteinogenic_amino_acids" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Non-proteinogenic amino acids"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Non-proteinogenic_amino_acids676" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-proteinogenic_amino_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-proteinogenic amino acid">Non-proteinogenic amino acids</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell wall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyproline" title="Hydroxyproline">Hydroxyproline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_cell_structure#Cell_wall" title="Bacterial cell structure">bacterial cell wall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanthionine" title="Lanthionine">Lanthionine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norleucine" title="Norleucine">Norleucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaminopimelic_acid" title="Diaminopimelic acid">Diaminopimelic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitters" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotransmitters">neurotransmitters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">gamma-Aminobutyric acid</a> (GABA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisqualic_acid" title="Quisqualic acid">Quisqualic acid</a> (toxic)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">human <a href="/wiki/Toxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxins">toxins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADDA_(amino_acid)" title="ADDA (amino acid)">ADDA (amino acid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canavanine" title="Canavanine">Canavanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-Aminoethyl-L-cysteine" title="S-Aminoethyl-L-cysteine">thialysine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azetidine-2-carboxylic_acid" title="Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid">Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisqualic_acid" title="Quisqualic acid">Quisqualic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical">Medical</a>/<a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Beta-peptides17" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beta-peptide" title="Beta-peptide">Beta-peptides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Alanine" title="Β-Alanine">β-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Leucine" title="Β-Leucine">β-Leucine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">Antibiotic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Aminoisobutyric_acid" title="2-Aminoisobutyric acid">2-Aminoisobutyric acid</a> (AIB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enduracididine" title="Enduracididine">Enduracididine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clotting_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Clotting factors">clotting factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carboxyglutamic_acid" title="Carboxyglutamic acid">Carboxyglutamic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Aminobenzoic_acid" title="4-Aminobenzoic acid">4-Aminobenzoic acid</a> (PABA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminolevulinic_acid" title="Aminolevulinic acid">Aminolevulinic acid</a> (metabolism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaline" title="Canaline">Canaline</a> (insectiside)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penicillamine" title="Penicillamine">Penicillamine</a> (chelation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norleucine" title="Norleucine">Norleucine</a> (Alzheimers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyphenylglycine" title="Dihydroxyphenylglycine">Dihydroxyphenylglycine</a> (DHPG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcosine" title="Sarcosine">Sarcosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norvaline" title="Norvaline">Norvaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homocysteine" title="Homocysteine">Homocysteine</a> (heart)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyproline" title="Hydroxyproline">Hydroxyproline</a> (collagen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypusine" title="Hypusine">Hypusine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abiotic amino acids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_abiotic_amino_acids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of abiotic amino acids (page does not exist)">List of abiotic amino acids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineered amino acids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expanded_genetic_code" title="Expanded genetic code">Expanded genetic code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intermediates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mitochondria_citric_acid_cycle38" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">Mitochondria</a> <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">citric acid cycle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ornithine" title="Ornithine">Ornithine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrulline" title="Citrulline">Citrulline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aminolevulinic_acid" title="Aminolevulinic acid">Aminolevulinic acid</a> (5-ALA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystine" title="Cystine">Cystine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist" style="font-size:88%;"> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acids">Amino acids</a> types</b>: <a href="/wiki/Template:Encoded_amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Encoded amino acids">Encoded (proteins)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential amino acids">Essential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-proteinogenic_amino_acids" title="Template:Non-proteinogenic amino acids">Non-proteinogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketogenic_amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketogenic amino acids">Ketogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucogenic_amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucogenic amino acids">Glucogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_amino_acid" title="Secondary amino acid">Secondary amino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imino_acid" title="Imino acid">Imino acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="D-amino acids">D-amino acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroamino_acid" title="Dehydroamino acid">Dehydroamino acids</a></li> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neurotransmitters114" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neurotransmitters" title="Template:Neurotransmitters"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neurotransmitters" title="Template talk:Neurotransmitters"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neurotransmitters" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neurotransmitters"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neurotransmitters114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">Neurotransmitters</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acid</a>-derived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Major excitatory /<br />inhibitory systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Glutamate system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agmatine" title="Agmatine">Agmatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartic acid (aspartate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_(neurotransmitter)" title="Glutamate (neurotransmitter)">Glutamic acid (glutamate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutathione" title="Glutathione">Glutathione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-Nitrosoglutathione" title="S-Nitrosoglutathione">GSNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutathione_disulfide" title="Glutathione disulfide">GSSG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenic_acid" title="Kynurenic acid">Kynurenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Acetylaspartic_acid" title="N-Acetylaspartic acid">NAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Acetylaspartylglutamic_acid" title="N-Acetylaspartylglutamic acid">NAAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">GABA system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GABA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Amino-%CE%B2-hydroxybutyric_acid" title="Γ-Amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid">GABOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Hydroxybutyric_acid" title="Γ-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Glycine system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">α-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Alanine" title="Β-Alanine">β-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypotaurine" title="Hypotaurine">Hypotaurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcosine" title="Sarcosine">Sarcosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurine" title="Taurine">Taurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/GHB_receptor" title="GHB receptor">GHB system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Hydroxybutyric_acid" title="Γ-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-HCA" title="T-HCA">T-HCA (GHC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Biogenic_amine" title="Biogenic amine">Biogenic amines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Monoamines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6-Hydroxymelatonin" title="6-Hydroxymelatonin">6-OHM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenaline" title="Adrenaline">Epinephrine (adrenaline)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Acetylserotonin" title="N-Acetylserotonin">NAS (normelatonin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Trace amines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Iodothyronamine" title="3-Iodothyronamine">3-Iodothyronamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylphenethylamine" title="N-Methylphenethylamine">N-Methylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methyltryptamine" title="N-Methyltryptamine">N-Methyltryptamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfenefrine" title="Norfenefrine"><i>m</i>-Octopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopamine" title="Octopamine"><i>p</i>-Octopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylethanolamine" title="Phenylethanolamine">Phenylethanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenethylamine" title="Phenethylamine">Phenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synephrine" title="Synephrine">Synephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryptamine" title="Tryptamine">Tryptamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Tyramine" title="Meta-Tyramine"><i>m</i>-Tyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyramine" title="Tyramine"><i>p</i>-Tyramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">Histamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide" title="Neuropeptide">Neuropeptides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Neuropeptides" title="Template:Neuropeptides">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">Lipid</a>-derived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Endocannabinoids33" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Endocannabinoids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Arachidonoylglycerol" title="2-Arachidonoylglycerol">2-AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Arachidonyl_glyceryl_ether" title="2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether">2-AGE (noladin ether)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Arachidonoyl_lysophosphatidylinositol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Arachidonoyl lysophosphatidylinositol (page does not exist)">2-ALPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Oleoylglycerol" title="2-Oleoylglycerol">2-OG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachidonoyl_serotonin" title="Arachidonoyl serotonin">AA-5-HT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">Anandamide (AEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docosatetraenoylethanolamide" title="Docosatetraenoylethanolamide">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophosphatidylinositol" title="Lysophosphatidylinositol">LPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Arachidonoyl_dopamine" title="N-Arachidonoyl dopamine">NADA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Arachidonylglycine" title="N-Arachidonylglycine">NAGly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleoylethanolamide" title="Oleoylethanolamide">OEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleamide" title="Oleamide">Oleamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmitoylethanolamide" title="Palmitoylethanolamide">PEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RVD-Hp%CE%B1" title="RVD-Hpα">RVD-Hpα</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stearoylethanolamide" title="Stearoylethanolamide">SEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virodhamine" title="Virodhamine">Virodhamine (O-AEA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Neurosteroid" title="Neurosteroid">Neurosteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Steroid_hormones" title="Template:Steroid hormones">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">Nucleobase</a>-derived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nucleosides11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Nucleosides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Adenosine_system20" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">Adenosine</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate" title="Adenosine diphosphate">ADP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamin</a>-derived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cholinergic_system18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Cholinergic system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Acetylcholine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gasotransmitters16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Gasotransmitters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide (CO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide (NO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Candidates10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">Carbonyl sulfide (COS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="GABA_receptor_modulators458" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GABA_receptor_modulators" title="Template:GABA receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GABA_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:GABA receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GABA_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GABA receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="GABA_receptor_modulators458" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor" title="GABA receptor"><abbr title="γ-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</abbr> receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ionotropic_GABA_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionotropic GABA receptors">Ionotropic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Aminobutyric_acid_A_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-Aminobutyric acid A receptor"><abbr title="γ-Aminobutyric acid A receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid A receptor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">(+)-Catechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamaluzole" title="Bamaluzole">Bamaluzole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Alanine" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Alanine">Beta-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BL-1020" title="BL-1020">BL-1020</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Aminovaleric_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Aminovaleric acid (page does not exist)">DAVA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydromuscimol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydromuscimol (page does not exist)">Dihydromuscimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabamide (page does not exist)">Gabamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABOB" class="mw-redirect" title="GABOB">GABOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaboxadol" title="Gaboxadol">Gaboxadol (THIP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homotaurine" title="Homotaurine">Homotaurine (tramiprosate, 3-APS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iso-THAZ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iso-THAZ (page does not exist)">iso-THAZ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iso-THIP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iso-THIP (page does not exist)">iso-THIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoguvacine" title="Isoguvacine">Isoguvacine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isomuscimol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isomuscimol (page does not exist)">Isomuscimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isonipecotic_acid" title="Isonipecotic acid">Isonipecotic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kojic_amine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kojic amine (page does not exist)">Kojic amine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-838,417" title="L-838,417">L-838,417</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignan" title="Lignan">Lignans</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Honokiol" title="Honokiol">honokiol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylglyoxal" title="Methylglyoxal">Methylglyoxal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastrol" title="Monastrol">Monastrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefiracetam" title="Nefiracetam">Nefiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroactive_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroactive steroid">Neuroactive steroids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">allopregnanolone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Org_20599" class="mw-redirect" title="Org 20599">Org 20599</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-6372865" class="mw-redirect" title="PF-6372865">PF-6372865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picamilon" title="Picamilon">Picamilon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piperidine-4-sulfonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piperidine-4-sulfonic acid (page does not exist)">P4S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progabide" title="Progabide">Progabide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">Propofol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisqualamine" title="Quisqualamine">Quisqualamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SL-75102" title="SL-75102">SL-75102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurine" title="Taurine">Taurine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-4-Aminocrotonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trans-4-Aminocrotonic acid (page does not exist)">TACA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-2-(Aminomethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trans-2-(Aminomethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (page does not exist)">TAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terpenoid" title="Terpenoid">Terpenoids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Borneol" title="Borneol">borneol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomuscimol" title="Thiomuscimol">Thiomuscimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolgabide" title="Tolgabide">Tolgabide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(Z)-3-((Aminoiminomethyl)thio)prop-2-enoic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(Z)-3-((Aminoiminomethyl)thio)prop-2-enoic acid (page does not exist)">ZAPA</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Positive modulators (abridged; see <a href="/wiki/Template:GABAAR_PAMs" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:GABAAR PAMs">here</a> for a full list):</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91-Ethyl-%CE%B1-methylthiobutyrolactone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Α-Ethyl-α-methylthiobutyrolactone (page does not exist)">α-EMTBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">Alcohols</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">drinking alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tert-Amyl_alcohol" title="Tert-Amyl alcohol">2M2B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avermectin" title="Avermectin">Avermectins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin">ivermectin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">diazepam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">Bromide</a> compounds (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Potassium_bromide" title="Potassium bromide">potassium bromide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Meprobamate" title="Meprobamate">meprobamate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloralose" title="Chloralose">Chloralose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormezanone" title="Chlormezanone">Chlormezanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomethiazole" title="Clomethiazole">Clomethiazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroergoline" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydroergoline">Dihydroergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ergoloid" title="Ergoloid">ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etazepine" title="Etazepine">Etazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etifoxine" title="Etifoxine">Etifoxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenamate">Fenamates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">mefenamic acid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">Flavonoids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Apigenin" title="Apigenin">apigenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispidulin" title="Hispidulin">hispidulin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flupirtine" title="Flupirtine">Flupirtine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidazole" title="Imidazole">Imidazoles</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Etomidate" title="Etomidate">etomidate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">Kava</a> constituents (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Kavain" title="Kavain">kavain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loreclezole" title="Loreclezole">Loreclezole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastrol" title="Monastrol">Monastrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroactive_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroactive steroid">Neuroactive steroids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">allopregnanolone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/THDOC" class="mw-redirect" title="THDOC">THDOC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(substance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (substance)">Niacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacinamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacinamide">Niacinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-carboline" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-carboline">β-carbolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Abecarnil" title="Abecarnil">abecarnil</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cyclopyrrolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclopyrrolone">cyclopyrrolones</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Zopiclone" title="Zopiclone">zopiclone</a>), <a href="/wiki/Imidazopyridine" title="Imidazopyridine">imidazopyridines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Zolpidem" title="Zolpidem">zolpidem</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pyrazolopyrimidine" title="Pyrazolopyrimidine">pyrazolopyrimidines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Zaleplon" title="Zaleplon">zaleplon</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfluoxetine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfluoxetine">Norfluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrichloral" title="Petrichloral">Petrichloral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">Phenols</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">propofol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperidinedione" class="mw-redirect" title="Piperidinedione">Piperidinediones</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Glutethimide" title="Glutethimide">glutethimide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propanidid" title="Propanidid">Propanidid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrazolopyridine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrazolopyridine">Pyrazolopyridines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Etazolate" title="Etazolate">etazolate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinones</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">methaqualone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retigabine" title="Retigabine">Retigabine (ezogabine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROD-188" title="ROD-188">ROD-188</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scutellaria" title="Scutellaria">Skullcap</a> constituents (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Baicalin" title="Baicalin">baicalin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiripentol" title="Stiripentol">Stiripentol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfonylalkane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulfonylalkane (page does not exist)">Sulfonylalkanes</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Sulfonmethane" title="Sulfonmethane">sulfonmethane (sulfonal)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(herb)" title="Valerian (herb)">Valerian</a> constituents (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Valerenic_acid" title="Valerenic acid">valerenic acid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">Volatiles</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chloral_hydrate" title="Chloral hydrate">chloral hydrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">diethyl ether</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraldehyde" title="Paraldehyde">paraldehyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">sevoflurane</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Bicuculline" title="Bicuculline">Bicuculline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriamyrtin" title="Coriamyrtin">Coriamyrtin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydrosecurinine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydrosecurinine (page does not exist)">Dihydrosecurinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famiraprinium" title="Famiraprinium">Famiraprinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabazine" title="Gabazine">Gabazine (SR-95531)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrastine" title="Hydrastine">Hydrastine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyenanchin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyenanchin (page does not exist)">Hyenachin (mellitoxin)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PHP-501&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PHP-501 (page does not exist)">PHP-501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitrazepin" title="Pitrazepin">Pitrazepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securinine" title="Securinine">Securinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinomenine" title="Sinomenine">Sinomenine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-42641&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-42641 (page does not exist)">SR-42641</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocolchicoside" title="Thiocolchicoside">Thiocolchicoside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutin_(toxin)" title="Tutin (toxin)">Tutin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Negative modulators:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Ethyl-5-(1,3-dimethylbut-1%27-enyl)barbituric_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Ethyl-5-(1,3-dimethylbut-1'-enyl)barbituric acid (page does not exist)">1,3M1B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Ethyl-5-(3-methylbut-2%27-enyl)barbituric_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Ethyl-5-(3-methylbut-2'-enyl)barbituric acid (page does not exist)">3M2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketoprogesterone" title="11-Ketoprogesterone">11-Ketoprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17-Phenylandrostenol" title="17-Phenylandrostenol">17-Phenylandrostenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%913IA" title="Α3IA">α3IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%915IA" title="Α5IA">α5IA (LS-193,268)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butyl_%CE%B2-carboline-3-carboxylate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butyl β-carboline-3-carboxylate (page does not exist)">β-CCB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethyl_%CE%B2-carboline-3-carboxylate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethyl β-carboline-3-carboxylate (page does not exist)">β-CCE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methyl_%CE%B2-carboline-3-carboxylate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methyl β-carboline-3-carboxylate (page does not exist)">β-CCM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propyl_%CE%B2-carboline-3-carboxylate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propyl β-carboline-3-carboxylate (page does not exist)">β-CCP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%92-Ethyl-%CE%B2-methyl-%CE%B3-butyrolactone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Β-Ethyl-β-methyl-γ-butyrolactone (page does not exist)">β-EMGBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiloride" title="Amiloride">Amiloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisatin" title="Anisatin">Anisatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Lactam" title="Β-Lactam">β-Lactams</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cephalosporin" title="Cephalosporin">cephalosporins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbapenem" title="Carbapenem">carbapenems</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmisanil" title="Basmisanil">Basmisanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bemegride" title="Bemegride">Bemegride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicyclic_phosphate" title="Bicyclic phosphate">Bicyclic phosphates</a> (<a href="/wiki/TBPS" title="TBPS">TBPS</a>, <a href="/wiki/TBPO" title="TBPO">TBPO</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPTBO" title="IPTBO">IPTBO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIDN" title="BIDN">BIDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilobalide" title="Bilobalide">Bilobalide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-(2-Cyclohexylideneethyl)-5-ethylbarbituric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="5-(2-Cyclohexylideneethyl)-5-ethylbarbituric acid">CHEB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophenylsilatrane" title="Chlorophenylsilatrane">Chlorophenylsilatrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicutoxin" title="Cicutoxin">Cicutoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloflubicyne" title="Cloflubicyne">Cloflubicyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclothiazide" title="Cyclothiazide">Cyclothiazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">Dieldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(%2B)-5-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-5-ethylbarbituric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="(+)-5-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-5-ethylbarbituric acid">(+)-DMBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMCM" title="DMCM">DMCM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5,7-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2(4-phenoxyphenyl)-4H-chromene-4-one&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5,7-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2(4-phenoxyphenyl)-4H-chromene-4-one (page does not exist)">DMPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EBOB" title="EBOB">EBOB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etbicyphat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etbicyphat (page does not exist)">Etbicyphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FG-7142" title="FG-7142">FG-7142 (ZK-31906)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiprole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiprole (page does not exist)">Fiproles</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Fipronil" title="Fipronil">fipronil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">Flavonoids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amentoflavone" title="Amentoflavone">amentoflavone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oroxylin_A" title="Oroxylin A">oroxylin A</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumazenil" title="Flumazenil">Flumazenil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroquinolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluoroquinolone">Fluoroquinolones</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ciprofloxacin" title="Ciprofloxacin">ciprofloxacin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flurothyl" title="Flurothyl">Flurothyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furosemide" title="Furosemide">Furosemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golexanolone" title="Golexanolone">Golexanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iomazenil_(123I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iomazenil (123I)">Iomazenil (<sup>123</sup>I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPTBO" title="IPTBO">IPTBO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopregnanolone" title="Isopregnanolone">Isopregnanolone (sepranolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-655,708" title="L-655,708">L-655,708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudanosine" title="Laudanosine">Laudanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindane" title="Lindane">Lindane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MaxiPost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MaxiPost (page does not exist)">MaxiPost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine-3-glucuronide" title="Morphine-3-glucuronide">Morphine-3-glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRK-016" title="MRK-016">MRK-016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicardipine" title="Nicardipine">Nicardipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_antiandrogen" title="Nonsteroidal antiandrogen">Nonsteroidal antiandrogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Apalutamide" title="Apalutamide">apalutamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">bicalutamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enzalutamide" title="Enzalutamide">enzalutamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">flutamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilutamide" title="Nilutamide">nilutamide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenanthotoxin" title="Oenanthotoxin">Oenanthotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentylenetetrazol" title="Pentylenetetrazol">Pentylenetetrazol (pentetrazol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylsilatrane" title="Phenylsilatrane">Phenylsilatrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrotoxin" title="Picrotoxin">Picrotoxin</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Picrotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Picrotin">picrotin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picrotoxinin" class="mw-redirect" title="Picrotoxinin">picrotoxinin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dihydropicrotoxinin" title="Dihydropicrotoxinin">dihydropicrotoxinin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propybicyphat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propybicyphat (page does not exist)">Propybicyphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PWZ-029" title="PWZ-029">PWZ-029</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radequinil" title="Radequinil">Radequinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_15-4513" class="mw-redirect" title="Ro 15-4513">Ro 15-4513</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_19-4603" title="Ro 19-4603">Ro 19-4603</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RO4882224&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RO4882224 (page does not exist)">RO4882224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RO4938581" class="mw-redirect" title="RO4938581">RO4938581</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmazenil" title="Sarmazenil">Sarmazenil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salicylidene_salicylhydrazide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salicylidene salicylhydrazide (page does not exist)">SCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suritozole" title="Suritozole">Suritozole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TB-21007" title="TB-21007">TB-21007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T-Butylbicycloorthobenzoate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T-Butylbicycloorthobenzoate (page does not exist)">TBOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBPS" title="TBPS">TBPS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TCS-1105&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCS-1105 (page does not exist)">TCS-1105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbequinil" title="Terbequinil">Terbequinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine" title="Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine">TETS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thujone" title="Thujone">Thujone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-93631" title="U-93631">U-93631</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZK-93426" title="ZK-93426">ZK-93426</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Aminobutyric_acid_A-rho_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-Aminobutyric acid A-rho receptor"><abbr title="γ-Aminobutyric acid A-rho receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub>-ρ</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid A-rho receptor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/BL-1020" title="BL-1020">BL-1020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(Z)-4-Amino-2-butenoic_acid" title="(Z)-4-Amino-2-butenoic acid">CACA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(%2B)-cis-2-Aminomethylcyclopropane_carboxylic_acid" title="(+)-cis-2-Aminomethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid">CAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homohypotaurine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homohypotaurine (page does not exist)">Homohypotaurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABOB" class="mw-redirect" title="GABOB">GABOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoguvacine" title="Isoguvacine">Isoguvacine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N4-Chloroacetylcytosine_arabinoside" title="N4-Chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside"><i>N</i><sup>4</sup>-Chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picamilon" title="Picamilon">Picamilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progabide" title="Progabide">Progabide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-4-Aminocrotonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trans-4-Aminocrotonic acid (page does not exist)">TACA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-2-(Aminomethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trans-2-(Aminomethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (page does not exist)">TAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomuscimol" title="Thiomuscimol">Thiomuscimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolgabide" title="Tolgabide">Tolgabide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Positive modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">Allopregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphaxolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphaxolone">Alphaxolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone">ATHDOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthanides</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=(S)-4-Amino-2-methylbutanoic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(S)-4-Amino-2-methylbutanoic acid (page does not exist)">(S)-2-MeGABA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(S)-(4-Aminocyclopent-1-enyl)butylphosphinic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(S)-(4-Aminocyclopent-1-enyl)butylphosphinic acid (page does not exist)">(S)-4-ACPBPA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(S)-4-Aminocyclopent-1-ene-1-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(S)-4-Aminocyclopent-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">(S)-4-ACPCA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-4-Amino-2-methylbut-2-enoic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trans-4-Amino-2-methylbut-2-enoic acid (page does not exist)">2-MeTACA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Aminopropyl(methyl)phosphinic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Aminopropyl(methyl)phosphinic acid (page does not exist)">3-APMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-Aminocyclopent-1-enecarboxamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-Aminocyclopent-1-enecarboxamide (page does not exist)">4-ACPAM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-Guanidinobutanoic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-Guanidinobutanoic acid (page does not exist)">4-GBA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cis-(3-Aminocyclopentyl)butylphosphinic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cis-(3-Aminocyclopentyl)butylphosphinic acid (page does not exist)"><i>cis</i>-3-ACPBPA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-36742&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-36742 (page does not exist)">CGP-36742 (SGS-742)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Aminovaleric_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Aminovaleric acid (page does not exist)">DAVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabazine" title="Gabazine">Gabazine (SR-95531)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaboxadol" title="Gaboxadol">Gaboxadol (THIP)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imidazole-4-acetic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imidazole-4-acetic acid (page does not exist)">I4AA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isonipecotic_acid" title="Isonipecotic acid">Isonipecotic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loreclezole" title="Loreclezole">Loreclezole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-(Piperidin-4-yl)methylphosphinic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-(Piperidin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid (page does not exist)">P4MPA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piperidine-4-sulfonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piperidine-4-sulfonic acid (page does not exist)">P4S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-97541" class="mw-redirect" title="SKF-97541">SKF-97541</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-95318&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-95318 (page does not exist)">SR-95318</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-95813&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-95813 (page does not exist)">SR-95813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic_acid" title="(1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid">TPMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-(3-Aminocyclopentyl)butylphosphinic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trans-(3-Aminocyclopentyl)butylphosphinic acid (page does not exist)"><i>trans</i>-3-ACPBPA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(Z)-3-((Aminoiminomethyl)thio)prop-2-enoic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(Z)-3-((Aminoiminomethyl)thio)prop-2-enoic acid (page does not exist)">ZAPA</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Negative modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5α-Dihydroprogesterone">5α-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilobalide" title="Bilobalide">Bilobalide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loreclezole" title="Loreclezole">Loreclezole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrotoxin" title="Picrotoxin">Picrotoxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Picrotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Picrotin">picrotin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picrotoxinin" class="mw-redirect" title="Picrotoxinin">picrotoxinin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnanolone" title="Pregnanolone">Pregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROD-188" title="ROD-188">ROD-188</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone" title="Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone">THDOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabotropic">Metabotropic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="GABABTooltip_γ-Aminobutyric_acid_B_receptor429" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Aminobutyric_acid_B_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-Aminobutyric acid B receptor"><abbr title="γ-Aminobutyric acid B receptor">GABA<sub>B</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid B receptor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/1,4-Butanediol" title="1,4-Butanediol">1,4-Butanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-APPA" title="3-APPA">3-APPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluorophenibut" title="4-Fluorophenibut">4-Fluorophenibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceburic_acid" title="Aceburic acid">Aceburic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbaclofen" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbaclofen">Arbaclofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbaclofen_placarbil" title="Arbaclofen placarbil">Arbaclofen placarbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baclofen" title="Baclofen">Baclofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BL-1020" title="BL-1020">BL-1020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabamide (page does not exist)">Gabamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABOB" class="mw-redirect" title="GABOB">GABOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Butyrolactone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Butyrolactone">GBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Hydroxybutaldehyde" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-Hydroxybutaldehyde">GHBAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxyvaleric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxyvaleric acid">GHV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Valerolactone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Valerolactone">GVL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isovaline" title="Isovaline">Isovaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesogaberan" title="Lesogaberan">Lesogaberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picamilon" title="Picamilon">Picamilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progabide" title="Progabide">Progabide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxybate" title="Sodium oxybate">Sodium oxybate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-97,541" title="SKF-97,541">SKF-97,541</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SL_75102" class="mw-redirect" title="SL 75102">SL 75102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolgabide" title="Tolgabide">Tolgabide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolibut" title="Tolibut">Tolibut</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Positive modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/ADX-71441" title="ADX-71441">ADX-71441</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BHF-177" title="BHF-177">BHF-177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BHFF" title="BHFF">BHFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSPP_(drug)" title="BSPP (drug)">BSPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGP-7930" title="CGP-7930">CGP-7930</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-13501&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-13501 (page does not exist)">CGP-13501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GS-39783" title="GS-39783">GS-39783</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rac-BHFF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rac-BHFF (page does not exist)">rac-BHFF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KK-92A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KK-92A (page does not exist)">KK-92A</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxysaclofen" title="2-Hydroxysaclofen">2-Hydroxysaclofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGP-35348" title="CGP-35348">CGP-35348</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-46381&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-46381 (page does not exist)">CGP-46381</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-52432&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-52432 (page does not exist)">CGP-52432</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-54626&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-54626 (page does not exist)">CGP-54626</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-55845&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-55845 (page does not exist)">CGP-55845</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-64213&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-64213 (page does not exist)">CGP-64213</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Aminovaleric_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Aminovaleric acid (page does not exist)">DAVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homotaurine" title="Homotaurine">Homotaurine (tramiprosate, 3-APS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaclofen" title="Phaclofen">Phaclofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saclofen" title="Saclofen">Saclofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCH-50911" title="SCH-50911">SCH-50911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-97541" class="mw-redirect" title="SKF-97541">SKF-97541</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Negative modulators:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Compound_14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compound 14 (page does not exist)">Compound 14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> </i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Template:GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators" title="Template:GABAA receptor positive modulators">GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor positive modulators</a> </i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Template:GABA_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template:GABA metabolism and transport modulators">GABA metabolism/transport modulators</a> </i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="GABATooltip_γ-Aminobutyric_acid_metabolism_and_transport_modulators899" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GABA_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template:GABA metabolism and transport modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GABA_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template talk:GABA metabolism and transport modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GABA_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GABA metabolism and transport modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="GABATooltip_γ-Aminobutyric_acid_metabolism_and_transport_modulators899" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-Aminobutyric acid"><abbr title="γ-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid</span> <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> and <a href="/wiki/GABA_transporter" title="GABA transporter">transport</a> <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_transporter" title="Neurotransmitter transporter">Transporter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/GABA_transporter" title="GABA transporter"><abbr title="GABA transporter">GAT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip GABA transporter</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=4-Aminovaleric_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-Aminovaleric acid (page does not exist)">4-Aminovaleric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Alanine" title="Β-Alanine">β-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecaidine" title="Arecaidine">Arecaidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CI-966" title="CI-966">CI-966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,4-Diaminobutyric_acid" title="2,4-Diaminobutyric acid">DABA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deramciclane" title="Deramciclane">Deramciclane (EGIS-3886, EGYT-3886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EF-1502" title="EF-1502">EF-1502</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabaculine" title="Gabaculine">Gabaculine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guvacine" title="Guvacine">Guvacine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipecotic_acid" title="Nipecotic acid">Nipecotic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NNC_05-2090&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NNC 05-2090 (page does not exist)">NNC 05-2090</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NO-711" class="mw-redirect" title="NO-711">NO-711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riluzole" title="Riluzole">Riluzole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-89976A" title="SKF-89976A">SKF-89976A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SNAP-5114&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SNAP-5114 (page does not exist)">SNAP-5114</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-4-Aminocrotonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trans-4-Aminocrotonic acid (page does not exist)">TACA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiagabine" title="Tiagabine">Tiagabine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vesicular_inhibitory_amino_acid_transporter" title="Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter"><abbr title="Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter">VIAAT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Inhibitors:</i> <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Alanine" title="Β-Alanine">β-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bafilomycin_A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Bafilomycin A1">Bafilomycin A1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_sky_blue_6B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chicago sky blue 6B (page does not exist)">Chicago sky blue 6B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evans_blue_(dye)" title="Evans blue (dye)">Evans blue</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GABA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Butyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="N-Butyric acid">N-Butyric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigericin" title="Nigericin">Nigericin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipecotic_acid" title="Nipecotic acid">Nipecotic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valinomycin" title="Valinomycin">Valinomycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigabatrin" title="Vigabatrin">Vigabatrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_decarboxylase" title="Glutamate decarboxylase"><abbr title="Glutamate decarboxylase">GAD</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Glutamate decarboxylase</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Inhibitors:</i> <a href="/wiki/3-Mercaptopropionic_acid" title="3-Mercaptopropionic acid">3-Mercaptopropionic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminooxyacetic_acid" title="Aminooxyacetic acid">AAOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-Allylglycine" class="mw-redirect" title="L-Allylglycine"><span style="font-size:85%;">L</span>-Allylglycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semicarbazide" title="Semicarbazide">Semicarbazide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Activators:</i> <a href="/wiki/3-Methyl-GABA" title="3-Methyl-GABA">3-Methyl-GABA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Aminobutyrate_aminotransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase"><abbr title="γ-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase">GABA-T</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip γ-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Hydrazinopropionic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Hydrazinopropionic acid (page does not exist)">3-Hydrazinopropionic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,4-Diaminobutyric_acid" title="2,4-Diaminobutyric acid">DABA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Acetylenic-GABA" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-Acetylenic-GABA">γ-Acetylenic-GABA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminooxyacetic_acid" title="Aminooxyacetic acid">AOAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanolamine-O-sulfate" title="Ethanolamine-O-sulfate">EOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabaculine" title="Gabaculine">Gabaculine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoniazid" title="Isoniazid">Isoniazid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-Cycloserine" class="mw-redirect" title="L-Cycloserine"><small>L</small>-Cycloserine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenelzine" title="Phenelzine">Phenelzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylethylidenehydrazine" title="Phenylethylidenehydrazine">PEH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosmarinic_acid" title="Rosmarinic acid">Rosmarinic acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lemon_balm" title="Lemon balm">lemon balm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_valproate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium valproate">Sodium valproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valnoctamide" title="Valnoctamide">Valnoctamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_pivoxil" title="Valproate pivoxil">Valproate pivoxil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_semisodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproate semisodium">Valproate semisodium (divalproex sodium)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproic acid">Valproic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valpromide" title="Valpromide">Valpromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigabatrin" title="Vigabatrin">Vigabatrin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Activators:</i> <a href="/wiki/3-Methyl-GABA" title="3-Methyl-GABA">3-Methyl-GABA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antivitamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Antivitamin">Antivitamin B6</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgotoxin" title="Ginkgotoxin">Ginkgotoxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> </i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Template:GABA_receptor_modulators" title="Template:GABA receptor modulators">GABA receptor modulators</a> </i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Template:GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators" title="Template:GABAA receptor positive modulators">GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor positive modulators</a> </i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Glutamate_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template:Glutamate metabolism and transport modulators">Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators</a> </i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1435" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210021#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4155919-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="GABA"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85052647">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="GABA"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12244469n">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="GABA"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12244469n">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ギャバ"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01112907">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007555553805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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