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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Fimbria-fornix pathway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fimbria-fornix_pathway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hippocampal_commissures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hippocampal_commissures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hippocampal commissures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hippocampal_commissures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hippocampal_cells_and_layers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hippocampal_cells_and_layers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hippocampal cells and layers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hippocampal_cells_and_layers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Component of brain anatomy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Alveus" redirects here. For the nonprofit, see <a href="/wiki/Alveus_Sanctuary" title="Alveus Sanctuary">Alveus Sanctuary</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray739-emphasizing-hippocampus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gray739-emphasizing-hippocampus.png/250px-Gray739-emphasizing-hippocampus.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gray739-emphasizing-hippocampus.png/375px-Gray739-emphasizing-hippocampus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Gray739-emphasizing-hippocampus.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Human hippocampus</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brainmaps-macaque-hippocampus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Brainmaps-macaque-hippocampus.jpg/300px-Brainmaps-macaque-hippocampus.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Brainmaps-macaque-hippocampus.jpg/450px-Brainmaps-macaque-hippocampus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Brainmaps-macaque-hippocampus.jpg/600px-Brainmaps-macaque-hippocampus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>Nissl-stained coronal section of the brain of a macaque monkey, showing hippocampus (circled)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hippocampus anatomy</b> describes the physical aspects and properties of the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a>, a neural structure in the medial <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">temporal lobe</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>. It has a distinctive, curved shape that has been likened to the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_(mythology)" title="Hippocampus (mythology)">sea-horse</a> monster of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> and the ram's horns of <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Egyptian mythology</a>. This general layout holds across the full range of <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian</a> species, from hedgehog to human, although the details vary. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rat</a>, the two hippocampi look similar to a pair of bananas, joined at the stems. In the <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a>, the portion of the hippocampus near the base of the temporal lobe is much broader than the part at the top. Due to the three-dimensional curvature of this structure, two-dimensional sections such as shown are commonly seen. <a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a> pictures can show a number of different shapes, depending on the angle and location of the cut. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray747.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Gray747.png/200px-Gray747.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Gray747.png/300px-Gray747.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Gray747.png/400px-Gray747.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>Shape of human hippocampus and associated structures</figcaption></figure> <p>Topologically, the surface of a cerebral hemisphere can be regarded as a sphere with an indentation where it attaches to the midbrain. The structures that line the edge of the hole collectively make up the so-called <a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">limbic system</a> (Latin <i>limbus</i> = <i>border</i>), with the hippocampus lining the posterior edge of this hole. These limbic structures include the hippocampus, <a href="/wiki/Cingulate_cortex" title="Cingulate cortex">cingulate cortex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_system" title="Olfactory system">olfactory cortex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">amygdala</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paul_D._MacLean" title="Paul D. MacLean">Paul MacLean</a> once suggested, as part of his <a href="/wiki/Triune_brain" title="Triune brain">triune brain</a> theory, that the limbic structures constitute the neural basis of <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotion</a>. While most neuroscientists no longer believe in the concept of a unified "limbic system", these regions are highly interconnected and do interact with one another.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_hippocampal_circuit">Basic hippocampal circuit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippocampus_anatomy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Basic hippocampal circuit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CajalHippocampus_(modified).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/CajalHippocampus_%28modified%29.png/400px-CajalHippocampus_%28modified%29.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/CajalHippocampus_%28modified%29.png/600px-CajalHippocampus_%28modified%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/CajalHippocampus_%28modified%29.png/800px-CajalHippocampus_%28modified%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption>Basic circuit of the hippocampus, shown using a modified drawing by Ramon y Cajal. DG: dentate gyrus. Sub: subiculum. EC: entorhinal cortex</figcaption></figure> <p>Starting at the dentate gyrus and working inward along the S-curve of the hippocampus means traversing a series of narrow zones. The first of these, the <a href="/wiki/Dentate_gyrus" title="Dentate gyrus">dentate gyrus</a> (DG), is actually a separate structure, a tightly packed layer of small <a href="/wiki/Granule_cell" title="Granule cell">granule cells</a> wrapped around the end of the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_proper" title="Hippocampus proper">hippocampus proper</a>, forming a pointed wedge in some cross-sections, a semicircle in others. Next come a series of <i>Cornu Ammonis</i> areas: first <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_proper" title="Hippocampus proper">CA4</a> (which underlies the dentate gyrus), then <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_proper" title="Hippocampus proper">CA3</a>, then a very small zone called <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_proper" title="Hippocampus proper">CA2</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_proper" title="Hippocampus proper">CA1</a>. The CA areas are all filled with densely packed <a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramidal cells">pyramidal cells</a> similar to those found in the <a href="/wiki/Neocortex" title="Neocortex">neocortex</a>. After CA1 comes an area called the <a href="/wiki/Subiculum" title="Subiculum">subiculum</a>. After this comes a pair of ill-defined areas called the presubiculum and parasubiculum, then a transition to the cortex proper (mostly the <a href="/wiki/Entorhinal_cortex" title="Entorhinal cortex">entorhinal</a> area of the cortex). Most anatomists use the term "hippocampus proper" to refer to the four CA fields, and <a href="/wiki/Hippocampal_formation" title="Hippocampal formation">hippocampal formation</a> to refer to the hippocampus proper plus dentate gyrus and subiculum.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major <a href="/wiki/Biochemical_cascade" title="Biochemical cascade">signaling pathways</a> flow through the hippocampus and combine to form a loop. Most external input comes from the adjoining <a href="/wiki/Entorhinal_cortex" title="Entorhinal cortex">entorhinal cortex</a>, via the axons of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Perforant_path" title="Perforant path">perforant path</a>. These axons arise from layer 2 of the entorhinal cortex (EC), and terminate in the dentate gyrus and CA3. There is also a distinct pathway from layer 3 of the EC directly to CA1, often referred to as the temporoammonic or TA-CA1 pathway. Granule cells of the DG send their axons (called "mossy fibers") to CA3. Pyramidal cells of CA3 send their axons to CA1. Pyramidal cells of CA1 send their axons to the subiculum and deep layers of the EC. Subicular neurons send their axons mainly to the EC. The perforant path-to-dentate gyrus-to-CA3-to-CA1 was called the <a href="/wiki/Trisynaptic_circuit" title="Trisynaptic circuit">trisynaptic circuit</a> by Per Andersen, who noted that thin slices could be cut out of the hippocampus perpendicular to its long axis, in a way that preserves all of these connections. This observation was the basis of his <i>lamellar hypothesis</i>, which proposed that the hippocampus can be thought of as a series of parallel strips, operating in a functionally independent way.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lamellar concept is still sometimes considered to be a useful organizing principle, but more recent data, showing extensive longitudinal connections within the hippocampal system, have required it to be substantially modified.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perforant path input from EC layer II enters the dentate gyrus and is relayed to region CA3 (and to mossy cells, located in the hilus of the dentate gyrus, which then send information to distant portions of the dentate gyrus where the cycle is repeated). Region CA3 combines this input with signals from EC layer II and sends extensive connections within the region and also sends connections to strata radiatum and oriens of ipsilateral and contralateral CA1 regions through a set of fibers called the <a href="/wiki/Schaffer_collateral" title="Schaffer collateral">Schaffer collaterals</a>, and commissural pathway, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Region CA1 receives input from the CA3 subfield, EC layer III and the <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_reuniens" title="Nucleus reuniens">nucleus reuniens</a> of the thalamus (which project only to the terminal apical dendritic tufts in the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampal_subfields" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippocampal subfields">stratum lacunosum-moleculare</a>). In turn, CA1 projects to the subiculum as well as sending information along the aforementioned output paths of the hippocampus. The subiculum is the final stage in the pathway, combining information from the CA1 projection and EC layer III to also send information along the output pathways of the hippocampus. </p><p>The hippocampus also receives a number of subcortical inputs. In <i><a href="/wiki/Macaca_fascicularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Macaca fascicularis">Macaca fascicularis</a></i>, these inputs include the <a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">amygdala</a> (specifically the anterior amygdaloid area, the basolateral nucleus, and the periamygdaloid cortex), the <a href="/wiki/Medial_septum" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial septum">medial septum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Diagonal_band_of_Broca" title="Diagonal band of Broca">diagonal band of Broca</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Claustrum" title="Claustrum">claustrum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Substantia_innominata" title="Substantia innominata">substantia innominata</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basal_nucleus_of_meynert" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal nucleus of meynert">basal nucleus of Meynert</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a> (including the anterior nuclear complex, the laterodorsal nucleus, the paraventricular and parataenial nuclei, the nucleus reuniens, and the nucleus centralis medialis), the lateral preoptic and lateral <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamic</a> areas, the supramammillary and retromammillary regions, the <a href="/wiki/Ventral_tegmental_area" title="Ventral tegmental area">ventral tegmental area</a>, the tegmental reticular fields, the <a href="/wiki/Raphe_nuclei" title="Raphe nuclei">raphe nuclei</a> (the nucleus centralis superior and the dorsal raphe nucleus), the <a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation" title="Reticular formation">nucleus reticularis tegementi pontis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Periaqueductal_gray" title="Periaqueductal gray">periaqueductal gray</a>, the dorsal tegmental nucleus, and the <a href="/wiki/Locus_coeruleus" title="Locus coeruleus">locus coeruleus</a>. The hippocampus also receives direct monosynaptic projections from the cerebellar <a href="/wiki/Fastigial_nucleus" title="Fastigial nucleus">fastigial nucleus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid4422320_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4422320-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_fiber_systems_in_the_rat">Major fiber systems in the rat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippocampus_anatomy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Major fiber systems in the rat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angular_bundle">Angular bundle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippocampus_anatomy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Angular bundle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These fibers start from the ventral part of entorhinal cortex (EC) and contain commissural (EC◀▶Hippocampus) and Perforant path (excitatory EC▶CA1, and inhibitory EC◀▶CA2<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) fibers. They travel along the septotemporal axis of the hippocampus. Perforant path fibers, as the name suggests, perforate subiculum before going to the hippocampus (CA fields) and dentate gyrus.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fimbria-fornix_pathway">Fimbria-fornix pathway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippocampus_anatomy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fimbria-fornix pathway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray749.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gray749.png/220px-Gray749.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gray749.png/330px-Gray749.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gray749.png/440px-Gray749.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>Coronal section of inferior horn of lateral ventricle. Fimbria labeled at center left and alveus to the right.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fimbria-fornix fibers are the hippocampal and <a href="/wiki/Subiculum" title="Subiculum">subicular</a> gateway <i>to</i> and <i>from</i> <b>subcortical</b> brain regions.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different parts of this system are given different names: </p> <ul><li>White myelinated fibers that cover the <i>ventricular (deep)</i> parts of hippocampus make <b>alveus</b>.</li> <li>Fibers that cover the <i>temporal</i> parts of hippocampus make a fiber bundle that is called <b>fimbria</b>. Going from temporal to septal (dorsal) parts of hippocampus fimbria collects more and more hippocampal and subicular outputs and becomes thicker.</li> <li>In the <i>midline</i> and under the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_callosum" title="Corpus callosum">corpus callosum</a>, these fibers form the <a href="/wiki/Fornix_(neuroanatomy)" title="Fornix (neuroanatomy)">fornix</a>.</li></ul> <p>At the circuit level, the <i>alveus</i> contains axonal fibers from the DG and from <a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramidal neurons">Pyramidal neurons</a> of CA3, CA2, CA1 and subiculum (<b>CA1 ▶ subiculum</b> and <b>CA1 ▶ entorhinal</b> projections) that collect in the temporal hippocampus to form the fimbria/fornix, one of the major outputs of the hippocampus.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_hippocampus_book_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_hippocampus_book-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the rat, some medial and lateral entorhinal axons (<b>entorhinal ▶ CA1</b> projection) pass through alveus towards the CA1 stratum lacunosum moleculare without making a significant number of <a href="/wiki/En_passant_boutons" class="mw-redirect" title="En passant boutons">en passant boutons</a> on other CA1 layers (<b>Temporoammonic alvear pathway</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-The_hippocampus_book_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_hippocampus_book-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contralateral entorhinal ▶ CA1 projections almost exclusively pass through alveus. The more septal the more ipsilateral entorhinal-CA1 projections that take alvear pathway (instead of perforant path).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although subiculum sends axonal projections to alveus, subiculum ▶ CA1 projection passes through strata oriens and moleculare of subiculum and CA1.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cholinergic and GABAergic projections from MS-DBB to CA1 also pass through Fimbria.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fimbria stimulation leads to cholinergic excitation of CA1 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hippocampome.org/php/neuron_page.php?id=4087">O-LMR cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is also known that extracellular stimulation of <i>fimbria</i> stimulates CA3 Pyramidal cells antidromically and orthodromically, but it has no impact on dentate granule cells.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each CA1 Pyramidal cell also sends an axonal branch to fimbria.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hippocampal_commissures">Hippocampal commissures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippocampus_anatomy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hippocampal commissures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hilar mossy cells and CA3 Pyramidal cells are the main origins of <b>hippocampal commissural fibers</b>. They pass through hippocampal commissures to reach <b>contralateral</b> regions of hippocampus. Hippocampal commissures have <b>dorsal</b> and <b>ventral</b> segments. Dorsal commissural fibers consists mainly of <a href="/wiki/Entorhinal_cortex" title="Entorhinal cortex">entorhinal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_27" title="Brodmann area 27">presubicular</a> fibers to or from the hippocampus and dentate gyrus.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a rule of thumb, one could say that each cytoarchitectonic field that contributes to the commissural projection also has a parallel associational fiber that terminates in the ipsilateral hippocampus.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inner molecular layer of dentate gyrus (dendrites of both granule cells and GABAergic interneurons) receives a projection that has both associational and commissural fibers mainly from hilar mossy cells and to some extent from CA3c Pyramidal cells. Because this projection fibers originate from both ipsilateral and contralateral sides of hippocampus they are called <b>associational/commissural</b> projections. In fact, each mossy cell innervates both the ipsilateral and contralateral dentate gyrus. The well known <a href="/wiki/Trisynaptic_circuit" title="Trisynaptic circuit">trisynaptic circuit</a> of the hippocampus spans mainly horizontally along the hippocampus. However, associational/commissural fibers, like CA2 Pyramidal cell associational projections, span mainly longitudinally (dorsoventrally) along the hippocampus.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commissural fibers that originate from CA3 Pyramidal cells go to CA3, CA2 and CA1 regions. Like mossy cells, a single CA3 Pyramidal cell contributes to both commissural and associational fibers, and they terminate on both principal cells and interneurons.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A weak commissural projection connects both CA1 regions together. Subiculum has no commissural inputs or outputs. In comparison with rodents, hippocampal commissural connections are much less abundant in the monkey and humans.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although excitatory cells are the main contributors to commissural pathways, a GABAergic component has been reported among their terminals which were traced back to hilus as origin.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stimulation of commissural fibers stimulates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hippocampome.org/php/neuron_page.php?id=1013">DG hilar perforant path-associated (HIPP)</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hippocampome.org/php/neuron_page.php?id=2020">CA3 trilaminar</a> cells antidromically.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hippocampal_cells_and_layers">Hippocampal cells and layers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippocampus_anatomy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hippocampal cells and layers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_proper" title="Hippocampus proper">Hippocampus proper</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HippocampalRegions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/HippocampalRegions.jpg/250px-HippocampalRegions.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/HippocampalRegions.jpg/375px-HippocampalRegions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/HippocampalRegions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of hippocampal regions in a rat brain. DG: <a href="/wiki/Dentate_gyrus" title="Dentate gyrus">Dentate gyrus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hippocampus_(brain).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Hippocampus_%28brain%29.jpg/220px-Hippocampus_%28brain%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Hippocampus_%28brain%29.jpg/330px-Hippocampus_%28brain%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Hippocampus_%28brain%29.jpg/440px-Hippocampus_%28brain%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption>Schematic showing regions of the hippocampus proper in relation to other structures</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hippocampus_proper">Hippocampus proper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippocampus_anatomy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hippocampus proper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_proper" title="Hippocampus proper">hippocampus proper</a> is composed of a number of subfields. Though terminology varies among authors, the terms most frequently used are <a href="/wiki/Dentate_gyrus" title="Dentate gyrus">dentate gyrus</a> and the <b>cornu ammonis</b> (literally "<a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Ammon</a>'s horn", abbreviated <b>CA</b>). The dentate gyrus contains the <b>fascia dentata</b> and the <b>hilus</b>, while the CA is differentiated into subfields <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_proper" title="Hippocampus proper">CA1, CA2, CA3, and CA4</a>. </p><p>However, the region known as CA4 is in fact the "deep, polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus"<sup id="cite_ref-Andersen_et_al._33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andersen_et_al.-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (as clarified by Theodor Blackstad (1956)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by David Amaral (1978)).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cut in <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry)" title="Cross section (geometry)">cross section</a>, the hippocampus is a C-shaped structure that resembles a <a href="/wiki/Ovis" title="Ovis">ram's</a> <a href="/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)" title="Horn (anatomy)">horns</a>. The name <i>cornu ammonis</i> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> deity <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a>, who has the head of a ram. The horned appearance of the hippocampus is caused by cell density differentials and varying degrees of <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">neuronal fibers</a>. </p><p>In rodents, the hippocampus is positioned so that, roughly, one end is near the top of the head (the dorsal or septal end) and one end near the bottom of the head (the ventral or temporal end). As shown in the figure, the structure itself is curved and subfields or regions are defined along the curve, from CA4 through CA1 (only CA3 and CA1 are labeled). The CA regions are also structured depthwise in clearly defined strata (or layers): </p> <ul><li><b>Stratum oriens</b> (str. oriens) is the next layer superficial to the alveus. The cell bodies of inhibitory <a href="/wiki/Basket_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Basket cells">basket cells</a> and horizontal trilaminar cells, named for their axons innervating three layers—the oriens, Pyramidal, and radiatum are located in this stratum. The basal <a href="/wiki/Dendrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Dendrites">dendrites</a> of Pyramidal neurons are also found here, where they receive input from other Pyramidal cells, <a href="/wiki/Septum" title="Septum">septal</a> fibers and commissural fibers from the contralateral hippocampus (usually recurrent connections, especially in CA3 and CA2.) In rodents the two hippocampi are highly connected, but in primates this commissural connection is much sparser.</li> <li><b>Stratum pyramidale</b> (str. pyr.) contains the cell bodies of the Pyramidal neurons, which are the principal excitatory neurons of the hippocampus. This stratum tends to be one of the more visible strata to the naked eye. In region CA3, this stratum contains synapses from the mossy fibers that course through stratum lucidum. This stratum also contains the cell bodies of many <a href="/wiki/Interneurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Interneurons">interneurons</a>, including axo-axonic cells, <a href="/wiki/Bistratified_cell" title="Bistratified cell">bistratified cells</a>, and radial trilaminar cells.</li> <li><b>Stratum lucidum</b> (str. luc.) is one of the thinnest strata in the hippocampus and only found in the CA3 region. Mossy fibers from the dentate gyrus <a href="/wiki/Granule_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Granule cells">granule cells</a> course through this stratum in CA3, though synapses from these fibers can be found in str. pyr.</li> <li><b>Stratum radiatum</b> (str. rad.), like str. oriens, contains septal and commissural fibers. It also contains <a href="/wiki/Schaffer_collaterals" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaffer collaterals">Schaffer collateral</a> fibers, which are the projection forward from CA3 to CA1. Some interneurons that can be found in more superficial layers can also be found here, including basket cells, bistratified cells, and radial trilaminar cells.</li> <li><b>Stratum lacunosum</b> (str. lac.) is a thin stratum that too contains Schaffer collateral fibers, but it also contains <a href="/wiki/Perforant_path" title="Perforant path">perforant path</a> fibers from the superficial layers of entorhinal cortex. Due to its small size, it is often grouped together with stratum moleculare into a single stratum called stratum lacunosum-moleculare (str. l-m.).</li> <li><b>Stratum moleculare</b> (str. mol.) is the most superficial stratum in the hippocampus. Here the perforant path fibers form synapses onto the distal, apical dendrites of Pyramidal cells.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hippocampal_sulcus" title="Hippocampal sulcus">Hippocampal sulcus</a></b> (sulc.) or <b>fissure</b> is a cell-free region that separates the CA1 field from the dentate gyrus. Because the phase of recorded <a href="/wiki/Theta_rhythm" class="mw-redirect" title="Theta rhythm">theta rhythm</a> varies systematically through the strata, the sulcus is often used as a fixed reference point for recording <a href="/wiki/EEG" class="mw-redirect" title="EEG">EEG</a> as it is easily identifiable.<sup id="cite_ref-Andersen_et_al._33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andersen_et_al.-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dentate_gyrus">Dentate gyrus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippocampus_anatomy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dentate gyrus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dentate_gyrus" title="Dentate gyrus">dentate gyrus</a> is composed of a similar series of strata: </p> <ul><li>The <b>polymorphic layer</b> (poly. lay.) is the most superficial layer of the dentate gyrus and is often considered a separate subfield (as the hilus). This layer contains many <a href="/wiki/Interneurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Interneurons">interneurons</a>, and the axons of the dentate granule cells pass through this stratum on the way to CA3.</li> <li><b>Stratum granulosum</b> (str. gr.) contains the cell bodies of the dentate granule cells.</li> <li><b>Stratum moleculare, inner third</b> (str. mol. 1/3) is where both commissural fibers from the contralateral dentate gyrus run and form synapses as well as where inputs from the <a href="/wiki/Medial_septum" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial septum">medial septum</a> terminate, both on the proximal dendrites of the granule cells.</li> <li><b>Stratum moleculare, external two thirds</b> (str. mol. 2/3) is the deepest of the strata, sitting just superficial to the hippocampal sulcus across from stratum moleculare in the CA fields. The perforant path fibers run through this strata, making excitatory synapses onto the distal apical dendrites of granule cells.</li></ul> <p>An up-to-date knowledge base of hippocampal formation neuronal types, their biomarker profile, active and passive electrophysiological parameters, and connectivity is supported at the <i>Hippocampome</i> website.<sup id="cite_ref-Hippocampome_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hippocampome-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippocampus_anatomy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="Amaral2006" class="citation book cs1">Amaral, D; Lavenex P (2006). 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"A Golgi study of cell types in the hilar region of the hippocampus in the rat". <i>J Comp Neurol</i>. <b>182</b> (5): 851–914. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcne.901820508">10.1002/cne.901820508</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/730852">730852</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44257239">44257239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Comp+Neurol&rft.atitle=A+Golgi+study+of+cell+types+in+the+hilar+region+of+the+hippocampus+in+the+rat&rft.volume=182&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=851-914&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44257239%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F730852&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcne.901820508&rft.aulast=Amaral&rft.aufirst=DG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocampus+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hippocampome-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hippocampome_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hippocampome.org/php/index.php">"Hippocampome"</a>. <i>hippocampome.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hippocampome.org&rft.atitle=Hippocampome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhippocampome.org%2Fphp%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHippocampus+anatomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippocampus_anatomy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/maciverlab/hippocampal.html">Schematic Diagram of a Hippocampal Brain Slice</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Hippocampus">Hippocampus</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a 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striatum">Ventral striatum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens" title="Nucleus accumbens">Nucleus accumbens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_tubercle" title="Olfactory tubercle">Olfactory tubercle</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globus_pallidus" title="Globus pallidus">Globus pallidus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_globus_pallidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral globus pallidus">GPe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_globus_pallidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial globus pallidus">GPi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">Amygdala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claustrum" title="Claustrum">Claustrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrum_semiovale" title="Centrum semiovale">Centrum semiovale</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_capsule" title="Internal capsule">Internal capsule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_limb_of_internal_capsule" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior limb of internal capsule">Anterior limb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genu_of_internal_capsule" class="mw-redirect" title="Genu of internal capsule">Genu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_limb_of_internal_capsule" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior limb of internal capsule">Posterior limb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optic_radiation" title="Optic radiation">Optic radiation</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corona_radiata" title="Corona radiata">Corona radiata</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/External_capsule" title="External capsule">External capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_capsule" title="Extreme capsule">Extreme capsule</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pallidothalamic_tracts" title="Pallidothalamic tracts">Pallidothalamic tracts</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Thalamic_fasciculus" title="Thalamic fasciculus">Thalamic fasciculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansa_lenticularis" title="Ansa lenticularis">Ansa lenticularis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenticular_fasciculus" title="Lenticular fasciculus">Lenticular fasciculus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subthalamic_fasciculus" title="Subthalamic fasciculus">Subthalamic fasciculus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhinencephalon" title="Rhinencephalon">Rhinencephalon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_olfactory_nucleus" title="Anterior olfactory nucleus">Anterior olfactory nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_perforated_substance" title="Anterior perforated substance">Anterior perforated substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_bulb" title="Olfactory bulb">Olfactory bulb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_tract" title="Olfactory tract">Olfactory tract</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medial_olfactory_stria" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial olfactory stria">Medial olfactory stria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_olfactory_stria" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral olfactory stria">Lateral olfactory stria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_trigone" title="Olfactory trigone">Olfactory trigone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Basal_forebrain" title="Basal forebrain">basal forebrain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substantia_innominata" title="Substantia innominata">Substantia innominata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_basalis" title="Nucleus basalis">Nucleus basalis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_of_diagonal_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleus of diagonal band">Nucleus of diagonal band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_band_of_Broca" title="Diagonal band of Broca">Diagonal band of Broca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stria_terminalis" title="Stria terminalis">Stria terminalis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archicortex" title="Archicortex">Archicortex</a>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Hippocampal_formation" title="Hippocampal formation">Hippocampal formation</a>/<br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hippocampus anatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">Hippocampus proper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_proper" title="Hippocampus proper">CA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_proper" title="Hippocampus proper">CA2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_proper" title="Hippocampus proper">CA3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_proper" title="Hippocampus proper">CA4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentate_gyrus" title="Dentate gyrus">Dentate gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascia_dentata" title="Fascia dentata">Fascia dentata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subiculum" title="Subiculum">Subiculum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveus_of_hippocampus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveus of hippocampus">Alveus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbria_of_hippocampus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fimbria of hippocampus">Fimbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perforant_path" title="Perforant path">Perforant path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaffer_collateral" title="Schaffer collateral">Schaffer collateral</a></li></ul> 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