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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关戰爭經過子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-戰爭經過-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-法军先发制人" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法军先发制人"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>法军先发制人</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-法军先发制人-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-攻势的准备" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#攻势的准备"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>攻势的准备</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-攻势的准备-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-攻占萨尔布吕肯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#攻占萨尔布吕肯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>攻占萨尔布吕肯</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-攻占萨尔布吕肯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-普鲁士的进攻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#普鲁士的进攻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>普鲁士的进攻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-普鲁士的进攻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-维桑堡战役" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#维桑堡战役"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>维桑堡战役</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-维桑堡战役-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-斯皮什倫战役" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#斯皮什倫战役"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>斯皮什倫战役</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-斯皮什倫战役-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-沃爾特战役" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#沃爾特战役"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>沃爾特战役</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-沃爾特战役-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-馬斯拉圖爾战役" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#馬斯拉圖爾战役"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>馬斯拉圖爾战役</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-馬斯拉圖爾战役-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-格拉沃洛特戰役" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#格拉沃洛特戰役"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>格拉沃洛特戰役</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-格拉沃洛特戰役-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-梅斯之围" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#梅斯之围"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>梅斯之围</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-梅斯之围-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-色当战役" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#色当战役"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.7</span> <span>色当战役</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-色当战役-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-梅斯投降" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#梅斯投降"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.8</span> <span>梅斯投降</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-梅斯投降-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-巴黎攻守战" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#巴黎攻守战"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>巴黎攻守战</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-巴黎攻守战-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-国防政府" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#国防政府"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>国防政府</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-国防政府-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-巴黎之围" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#巴黎之围"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>巴黎之围</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-巴黎之围-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-解圍的嘗試" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#解圍的嘗試"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>解圍的嘗試</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-解圍的嘗試-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-北方战场" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#北方战场"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>北方战场</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-北方战场-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-东方战场" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#东方战场"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5</span> <span>东方战场</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-东方战场-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-海上戰場" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#海上戰場"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>海上戰場</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-海上戰場-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-海上封鎖" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#海上封鎖"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>海上封鎖</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-海上封鎖-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他地區" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他地區"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>其他地區</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他地區-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-停火协议" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#停火协议"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>停火协议</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-停火协议-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分析" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分析"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>分析</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-分析-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关分析子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-分析-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-戰術和結果" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#戰術和結果"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>戰術和結果</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-戰術和結果-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-普鲁士的军事组织" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#普鲁士的军事组织"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>普鲁士的军事组织</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-普鲁士的军事组织-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外国的不干预" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外国的不干预"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>外国的不干预</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外国的不干预-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-對軍事思想的影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#對軍事思想的影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>對軍事思想的影響</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-對軍事思想的影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-傷亡和損失" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#傷亡和損失"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>傷亡和損失</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-傷亡和損失-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-戰爭后续" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#戰爭后续"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>戰爭后续</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-戰爭后续-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关戰爭后续子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-戰爭后续-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-普鲁士撤军" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#普鲁士撤军"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>普鲁士撤军</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-普鲁士撤军-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-巴黎公社" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#巴黎公社"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>巴黎公社</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-巴黎公社-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-法國制度变化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法國制度变化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>法國制度变化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-法國制度变化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-德意志崛起" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#德意志崛起"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>德意志崛起</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-德意志崛起-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-義大利统一" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#義大利统一"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>義大利统一</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-義大利统一-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-法国的复仇" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法国的复仇"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>法国的复仇</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-法国的复仇-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參看條目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參看條目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>參看條目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參看條目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关參考資料子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-注解" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注解"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>注解</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注解-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关參考文獻子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-書籍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#書籍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>書籍</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-書籍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-期刊" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#期刊"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>期刊</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-期刊-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-網站" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#網站"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>網站</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-網站-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸閱讀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸閱讀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>延伸閱讀</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-延伸閱讀-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关延伸閱讀子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-延伸閱讀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-書籍和期刊" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#書籍和期刊"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>書籍和期刊</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-書籍和期刊-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-卡通和漫畫" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#卡通和漫畫"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>卡通和漫畫</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-卡通和漫畫-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">普法戰爭</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。87种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans-Duitse_Oorlog" title="Frans-Duitse Oorlog – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Frans-Duitse Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsch-Franz%C3%B6sischer_Krieg" title="Deutsch-Französischer Krieg – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Deutsch-Französischer Krieg" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحرب الفرنسية البروسية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الفرنسية البروسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_franco-prusiana" title="Guerra franco-prusiana – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra franco-prusiana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa%E2%80%93Prussiya_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Fransa–Prussiya müharibəsi – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fransa–Prussiya müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87_-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="فرانسه -پروس ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فرانسه -پروس ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Франка-пруская вайна – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Франка-пруская вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Френско-пруска война – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Френско-пруска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_Gall-Prusian_eus_1870" title="Brezel Gall-Prusian eus 1870 – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel Gall-Prusian eus 1870" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francusko-pruski_rat" title="Francusko-pruski rat – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Francusko-pruski rat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_francoprussiana" title="Guerra francoprussiana – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra francoprussiana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prusko-francouzsk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Prusko-francouzská válka – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Prusko-francouzská válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_fransk-preussiske_krig" title="Den fransk-preussiske krig – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den fransk-preussiske krig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsch-Franz%C3%B6sischer_Krieg" title="Deutsch-Französischer Krieg – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutsch-Französischer Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%80%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Γαλλοπρωσικός Πόλεμος – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γαλλοπρωσικός Πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Franco-Prussian War" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia-Prusia_Milito" title="Francia-Prusia Milito – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Francia-Prusia Milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_franco-prusiana" title="Guerra franco-prusiana – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra franco-prusiana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prantsuse-Preisi_s%C3%B5da" title="Prantsuse-Preisi sõda – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Prantsuse-Preisi sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantzia-Prusia_Gerra" title="Frantzia-Prusia Gerra – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frantzia-Prusia Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87_%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="جنگ فرانسه و پروس – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ فرانسه و پروس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksan%E2%80%93Ranskan_sota" title="Saksan–Ranskan sota – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksan–Ranskan sota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prantsus%C3%B5-Preisi_s%C3%B5da" title="Prantsusõ-Preisi sõda – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Prantsusõ-Preisi sõda" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_franco-allemande_de_1870" title="Guerre franco-allemande de 1870 – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre franco-allemande de 1870" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A2nsk-D%C3%BAtske_Oarloch" title="Frânsk-Dútske Oarloch – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Frânsk-Dútske Oarloch" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Cogadh_Franc-Phr%C3%BAiseach" title="An Cogadh Franc-Phrúiseach – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Cogadh Franc-Phrúiseach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_franco-prusiana" title="Guerra franco-prusiana – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra franco-prusiana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA%E2%80%93%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="מלחמת צרפת–פרוסיה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת צרפת–פרוסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="फ्रांसीसी जर्मन युद्ध – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ्रांसीसी जर्मन युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francusko-pruski_rat" title="Francusko-pruski rat – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Francusko-pruski rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bmsko-francoska_w%C3%B3jna" title="Němsko-francoska wójna – 上索布语" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Němsko-francoska wójna" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porosz%E2%80%93francia_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Porosz–francia háború – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Porosz–francia háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD-%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Ֆրանս-պրուսական պատերազմ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրանս-պրուսական պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Prancis%E2%80%93Prusia" title="Perang Prancis–Prusia – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Prancis–Prusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milito_Franca-Prusiana" title="Milito Franca-Prusiana – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Milito Franca-Prusiana" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransk-pr%C3%BAssneska_str%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Fransk-prússneska stríðið – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fransk-prússneska stríðið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_franco-prussiana" title="Guerra franco-prussiana – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra franco-prussiana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E4%BB%8F%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="普仏戦争 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="普仏戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Proshan_Waar" title="Franco-Proshan Waar – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Franco-Proshan Waar" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%97-%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="საფრანგეთ-პრუსიის ომი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საფრანგეთ-პრუსიის ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_you_t%C9%94m" title="1870 you tɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="1870 you tɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA-%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Франк-прусс соғысы – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Франк-прусс соғысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%BC-%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="프로이센-프랑스 전쟁 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프로이센-프랑스 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88%D1%83" title="Франция-Пруссия согушу – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Франция-Пруссия согушу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_Germano-Francicum" title="Bellum Germano-Francicum – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bellum Germano-Francicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A4itsch-Frans%C3%A9ische_Krich" title="Däitsch-Franséische Krich – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Däitsch-Franséische Krich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranc%C5%ABzijos%E2%80%93Pr%C5%ABsijos_karas" title="Prancūzijos–Prūsijos karas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prancūzijos–Prūsijos karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francijas%E2%80%94Pr%C5%ABsijas_kar%C5%A1" title="Francijas—Prūsijas karš – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Francijas—Prūsijas karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Француско-пруска војна – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Француско-пруска војна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86-%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Франц-Пруссийн дайн – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Франц-Пруссийн дайн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="फ्रान्स-प्रशिया युद्ध – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्रान्स-प्रशिया युद्ध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Perancis-Prusia" title="Perang Perancis-Prusia – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Perancis-Prusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Franco-Prussiana" title="Guerra Franco-Prussiana – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Guerra Franco-Prussiana" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch-Franz%C3%B6%C3%B6sch_Krieg" title="Düütsch-Franzöösch Krieg – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Düütsch-Franzöösch Krieg" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraans-Pruusischen_oorlog" title="Fraans-Pruusischen oorlog – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Fraans-Pruusischen oorlog" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans-Duitse_Oorlog" title="Frans-Duitse Oorlog – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frans-Duitse Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_fransk-pr%C3%B8yssiske_krigen" title="Den fransk-prøyssiske krigen – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den fransk-prøyssiske krigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_fransk-tyske_krig" title="Den fransk-tyske krig – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den fransk-tyske krig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_franco-prussiana" title="Guèrra franco-prussiana – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra franco-prussiana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_francusko-pruska" title="Wojna francusko-pruska – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna francusko-pruska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8ra_franco_prussian-a" title="Guèra franco prussian-a – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Guèra franco prussian-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%84%DA%91%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="فرینکو پروشیا لڑائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فرینکو پروشیا لڑائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%90_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د فرانسې او پروس جګړه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د فرانسې او پروس جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Franco-Prussiana" title="Guerra Franco-Prussiana – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra Franco-Prussiana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_Franco-German" title="Războiul Franco-German – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul Franco-German" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Франко-прусская война – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Франко-прусская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francusko-pruski_rat" title="Francusko-pruski rat – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Francusko-pruski rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Franco-Prussian War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prusko-franc%C3%BAzska_vojna" title="Prusko-francúzska vojna – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prusko-francúzska vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francosko-pruska_vojna" title="Francosko-pruska vojna – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Francosko-pruska vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_Franko-Prusiane" title="Lufta Franko-Prusiane – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta Franko-Prusiane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Француско-пруски рат – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Француско-пруски рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransk-tyska_kriget" title="Fransk-tyska kriget – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fransk-tyska kriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_ya_Ufaransa_dhidi_ya_Ujerumani_ya_1870" title="Vita ya Ufaransa dhidi ya Ujerumani ya 1870 – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vita ya Ufaransa dhidi ya Ujerumani ya 1870" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA-%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="สงครามฝรั่งเศส-ปรัสเซีย – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามฝรั่งเศส-ปรัสเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digmaang_Prangko-Pruso" title="Digmaang Prangko-Pruso – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Digmaang Prangko-Pruso" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa-Prusya_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Fransa-Prusya Savaşı – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fransa-Prusya Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Французько-прусська війна – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Французько-прусська війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="فرانسیسی جرمن جنگ – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرانسیسی جرمن جنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransiya-Prussiya_urushi" title="Fransiya-Prussiya urushi – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fransiya-Prussiya urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guera_franco-prusiana" title="Guera franco-prusiana – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Guera franco-prusiana" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_Ph%C3%A1p_%E2%80%93_Ph%E1%BB%95" title="Chiến tranh Pháp – Phổ – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh Pháp – Phổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guere_di_1870" title="Guere di 1870 – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Guere di 1870" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyera_han_Franses_ngan_Prusya" title="Gyera han Franses ngan Prusya – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gyera han Franses ngan Prusya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="普法战争 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="普法战争" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B3%CD%98-Hoat_Chi%C3%A0n-cheng" title="Phó͘-Hoat Chiàn-cheng – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phó͘-Hoat Chiàn-cheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="普法戰爭 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="普法戰爭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q46083#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="浏览条目正文[c]" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Alfred_Dehodencq_-_Le_d%C3%A9part_des_mobiles%2C_en_juillet_1870_-_P2834_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg/292px-Alfred_Dehodencq_-_Le_d%C3%A9part_des_mobiles%2C_en_juillet_1870_-_P2834_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5730" data-file-height="3958" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">民眾歡送法軍開拔</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Emil_H%C3%BCnten_Heinrich_XVII_Prinz_Reu%C3%9F_bei_Mars-la-Tour_1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Johann_Emil_H%C3%BCnten_Heinrich_XVII_Prinz_Reu%C3%9F_bei_Mars-la-Tour_1870.jpg/148px-Johann_Emil_H%C3%BCnten_Heinrich_XVII_Prinz_Reu%C3%9F_bei_Mars-la-Tour_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Johann_Emil_H%C3%BCnten_Heinrich_XVII_Prinz_Reu%C3%9F_bei_Mars-la-Tour_1870.jpg/222px-Johann_Emil_H%C3%BCnten_Heinrich_XVII_Prinz_Reu%C3%9F_bei_Mars-la-Tour_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Johann_Emil_H%C3%BCnten_Heinrich_XVII_Prinz_Reu%C3%9F_bei_Mars-la-Tour_1870.jpg/296px-Johann_Emil_H%C3%BCnten_Heinrich_XVII_Prinz_Reu%C3%9F_bei_Mars-la-Tour_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="815" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">普魯士的禁衛龍騎兵團在<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94" title="马斯拉图尔">馬斯拉圖爾</a>對法軍發動進攻</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:84px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst_Zimmer_-_Das_Lauenburgische_J%C3%A4ger-Bataillon_Nr._9_bei_Gravelotte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ernst_Zimmer_-_Das_Lauenburgische_J%C3%A4ger-Bataillon_Nr._9_bei_Gravelotte.jpg/164px-Ernst_Zimmer_-_Das_Lauenburgische_J%C3%A4ger-Bataillon_Nr._9_bei_Gravelotte.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ernst_Zimmer_-_Das_Lauenburgische_J%C3%A4ger-Bataillon_Nr._9_bei_Gravelotte.jpg/246px-Ernst_Zimmer_-_Das_Lauenburgische_J%C3%A4ger-Bataillon_Nr._9_bei_Gravelotte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ernst_Zimmer_-_Das_Lauenburgische_J%C3%A4ger-Bataillon_Nr._9_bei_Gravelotte.jpg/328px-Ernst_Zimmer_-_Das_Lauenburgische_J%C3%A4ger-Bataillon_Nr._9_bei_Gravelotte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2101" data-file-height="1078" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%83%E6%B4%9B%E7%89%B9%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="格拉沃洛特战役">格拉沃洛特戰役</a>期間，勞恩堡第9獵兵團對法軍陣地發起衝鋒</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:84px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe_de_Neuville_-_Les_derni%C3%A8res_cartouches_(1873).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe_de_Neuville_-_Les_derni%C3%A8res_cartouches_%281873%29.jpg/130px-Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe_de_Neuville_-_Les_derni%C3%A8res_cartouches_%281873%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe_de_Neuville_-_Les_derni%C3%A8res_cartouches_%281873%29.jpg/195px-Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe_de_Neuville_-_Les_derni%C3%A8res_cartouches_%281873%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe_de_Neuville_-_Les_derni%C3%A8res_cartouches_%281873%29.jpg/260px-Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe_de_Neuville_-_Les_derni%C3%A8res_cartouches_%281873%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1779" data-file-height="1156" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">法軍在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B3%BD%E8%80%B6%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="巴泽耶战役">巴澤耶戰役</a>阻擊<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="巴伐利亞陸軍">巴伐利亞軍隊</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:111px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Siege_of_Paris.jpg/144px-Siege_of_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Siege_of_Paris.jpg/216px-Siege_of_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Siege_of_Paris.jpg/288px-Siege_of_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1082" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">法軍<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%9B%B4%E5%9F%8E%E6%88%98_(1870%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941871%E5%B9%B4)" title="巴黎围城战 (1870年—1871年)">死守巴黎</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:111px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_(3._Fassung_1885).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/150px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/225px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/300px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="1097" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">德意志帝國在<a href="/wiki/%E9%8F%A1%E5%BB%B3" title="鏡廳">鏡廳</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%A3%E5%91%8A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B" title="德意志帝國宣告成立">宣告成立</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="text-align:left; font-size:small; line-height:1.5em;;width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em;white-space:nowrap">日期</th><td>1870年7月19日－1871年1月28日<br />（6个月1周又2天）</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em;white-space:nowrap">地点</th><td><div class="location"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em;white-space:nowrap">结果</th><td class="status"> <p>德意志決定性勝利 </p> <ul><li>雙方簽訂《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="法兰克福条约">法兰克福条约</a>》</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="法兰西第二帝国">法兰西第二帝国</a>覆灭</li> <li>法國建立<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰西第三共和国">第三共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%A3%E5%91%8A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B" title="德意志帝國宣告成立">德意志帝国宣告成立</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%B3%95%E4%B8%96%E4%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="德法世仇">德法世仇</a>开始</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em;white-space:nowrap">领土变更</th><td> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80" title="德意志统一">德意志统一</a>完成</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF-%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="阿尔萨斯-洛林">阿尔萨斯-洛林</a>割予德国</li></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;">参战方</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;font-size:90%"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國"><img alt="德意志帝國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="北德意志邦联">北德意志邦联</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國">普魯士王國</a><sup>c</sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/22px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/33px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/44px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="萨克森王国">萨克森王国</a></li></ul> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Baden_1862.svg/23px-Flag_of_Baden_1862.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Baden_1862.svg/35px-Flag_of_Baden_1862.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Baden_1862.svg/45px-Flag_of_Baden_1862.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="巴登大公國">巴登大公国</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="巴伐利亞王國">巴伐利亚王国</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/35px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/46px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E9%A8%B0%E5%A0%A1%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="符騰堡王國">符腾堡王国</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A3%AE%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="黑森大公國">黑森大公國</a><hr /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國">德意志帝國</a><b><sup>d</sup></b></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西第二帝國">法兰西第二帝国</a><sup>a</sup><hr /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰西第三共和国">法兰西第三共和国</a><sup>b</sup> （<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="國防政府">國防政府</a>）</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;">指挥官与领导者</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;font-size:90%"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國"><img alt="普魯士王國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉一世 (德国)">威廉一世</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國"><img alt="普魯士王國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" title="奥托·冯·俾斯麦">奥托·冯·俾斯麦</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國"><img alt="普魯士王國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E7%A9%86%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E6%81%A9%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%AF%9B%E5%A5%87" class="mw-redirect" title="赫尔穆特·卡尔·贝恩哈特·冯·毛奇">赫尔穆特·冯·毛奇</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國"><img alt="普魯士王國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB)" title="腓特烈三世 (普鲁士)">腓特烈·威廉王储</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國"><img alt="普魯士王國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%B2%E7%8E%8B_(%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB)" class="mw-redirect" title="腓特烈·卡尔亲王 (普鲁士)">腓特烈·卡尔亲王</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國"><img alt="普魯士王國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0%E6%A2%85%E8%8C%A8" title="卡尔·腓特烈·冯·史泰因梅茨">卡尔·冯·史泰因梅茨</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國"><img alt="普魯士王國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E6%81%A9" title="阿爾布雷希特·馮·羅恩">阿尔布雷希特·冯·罗恩</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國"><img alt="法國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E4%BB%91%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="拿破仑三世">拿破仑三世</a>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E9%99%8D" title="投降"><img alt="投降" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國"><img alt="法國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%9E" title="弗朗索瓦·阿希尔·巴赞">弗朗索瓦巴赞</a>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E9%99%8D" title="投降"><img alt="投降" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國"><img alt="法國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E9%A9%AC%E6%B4%AA" title="帕特里斯·麦克马洪">帕特里斯·麦克马洪</a>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E9%99%8D" title="投降"><img alt="投降" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><hr /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國"><img alt="法國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E6%9C%B1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E7%BE%85%E8%83%A5" title="路易·朱爾·特羅胥">路易·朱尔·特罗胥</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國"><img alt="法國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E7%94%98%E5%BF%85%E5%A4%A7" title="莱昂·甘必大">莱昂·甘必大</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;">兵力</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;font-size:90%"> <p><b>1,200,000</b> </p> <ul><li>300,000 正规军</li> <li>900,000 预备役及后备军<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro200342_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro200342-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> <p><b>909,951</b> </p> <ul><li>492,585 正规军<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199139_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199139-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>417,366 <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="流动役" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Garde Mobile"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E5%8A%A8%E5%BD%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="流动役（页面不存在）">流动役</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garde_Mobile" class="extiw" title="en:Garde Mobile"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Garde Mobile</span></a></span>）</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199139_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199139-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;">伤亡与损失</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;font-size:90%"> <p><b>116,696</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1991453_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1991453-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>28,208死亡</li> <li>88,488负伤</li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> <p><b>756,285</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENolte1884526–527_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolte1884526–527-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>138,871死亡<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENolte1884527_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolte1884527-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017187of_which_41,000_killed_in_action,_36,000_died_of_wounds_and_45,000_died_from_disease_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017187of_which_41,000_killed_in_action,_36,000_died_of_wounds_and_45,000_died_from_disease-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathCocolin20208_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathCocolin20208-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>143,000负伤</li> <li>474,414被俘<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerman_General_Staff1884247_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerman_General_Staff1884247-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathCocolin20208_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathCocolin20208-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1916148At_least_370,000_captured_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1916148At_least_370,000_captured-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;font-size:85%;"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><sup>a</sup> 至1870年9月4日</li><li><sup>b</sup> 自1870年9月4日始。</li><li><sup>c</sup> 北德意志邦联领导者。</li><li><sup>d</sup> 自1871年1月18日始。</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Campaignbox_%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Campaignbox 普法戰爭（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Campaignbox_%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Campaignbox 普法戰爭"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="普法戰爭" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">普法戰爭</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E5%90%95%E8%82%AF%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="萨尔布吕肯戰役">萨尔布吕肯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E6%A1%91%E5%A0%A1%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9_(1870%E5%B9%B4)" title="维桑堡战役 (1870年)">维桑堡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%AE%E4%BB%80%E5%80%AB%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="斯皮什倫战役">斯皮什倫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="沃尔特战役">沃尔特</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="比奇之围" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Siege of Bitche"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E5%A5%87%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="比奇之围（页面不存在）">比奇</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Bitche" class="extiw" title="en:Siege of Bitche"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Siege of Bitche</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="利什滕贝格之围" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Siege of Lichtenberg"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E4%BB%80%E6%BB%95%E8%B4%9D%E6%A0%BC%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="利什滕贝格之围（页面不存在）">利什滕贝格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Lichtenberg" class="extiw" title="en:Siege of Lichtenberg"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Siege of Lichtenberg</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法尔斯堡之围" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Siege of Phalsbourg"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法尔斯堡之围（页面不存在）">法尔斯堡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Phalsbourg" class="extiw" title="en:Siege of Phalsbourg"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Siege of Phalsbourg</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马尔萨勒之围" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Siege of Marsal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E5%8B%92%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马尔萨勒之围（页面不存在）">马尔萨勒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Marsal" class="extiw" title="en:Siege of Marsal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Siege of Marsal</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="博尔尼-科隆贝之战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Borny–Colombey"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%9A%E5%B0%94%E5%B0%BC-%E7%A7%91%E9%9A%86%E8%B4%9D%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="博尔尼-科隆贝之战（页面不存在）">博尔尼-科隆贝</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Borny%E2%80%93Colombey" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Borny–Colombey"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Borny–Colombey</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E5%9B%B4%E5%9B%B0%E6%88%98" title="斯特拉斯堡围困战">斯特拉斯堡</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="图勒之围" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Siege of Toul"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BE%E5%8B%92%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="图勒之围（页面不存在）">图勒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Toul" class="extiw" title="en:Siege of Toul"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Siege of Toul</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96%E7%88%BE%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="馬斯拉圖爾戰役">馬斯拉圖爾</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%83%E6%B4%9B%E7%89%B9%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="格拉沃洛特战役">格拉沃洛特</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%8D%E5%9F%8E%E6%88%B0" title="梅斯圍城戰">梅斯</a></b></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="比藏西之战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Buzancy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E8%97%8F%E8%A5%BF%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="比藏西之战（页面不存在）">比藏西</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Buzancy" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Buzancy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Buzancy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="努阿尔之战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Nouart"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%AA%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="努阿尔之战（页面不存在）">努阿尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nouart" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Nouart"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Nouart</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="博蒙之战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Beaumont"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%9A%E8%92%99%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="博蒙之战（页面不存在）">博蒙</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Beaumont" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Beaumont"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Beaumont</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="努瓦斯维尔之战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Noisseville"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%AA%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="努瓦斯维尔之战（页面不存在）">努瓦斯维尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Noisseville" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Noisseville"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Noisseville</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B3%BD%E8%80%B6%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="巴泽耶战役">巴泽耶</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E5%BD%93%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%98" title="色当会战">色当</a></b></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蒙梅迪之围" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Siege of Montmédy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%99%E6%A2%85%E8%BF%AA%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蒙梅迪之围（页面不存在）">蒙梅迪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Montm%C3%A9dy" class="extiw" title="en:Siege of Montmédy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Siege of Montmédy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苏瓦松之围" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Siege of Soissons"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E7%93%A6%E6%9D%BE%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏瓦松之围（页面不存在）">苏瓦松</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Soissons" class="extiw" title="en:Siege of Soissons"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Siege of Soissons</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%9B%B4%E5%9F%8E%E6%88%98_(1870%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941871%E5%B9%B4)" title="巴黎围城战 (1870年—1871年)">巴黎</a></b></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="索镇之战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Sceaux"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%A2%E9%95%87%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="索镇之战（页面不存在）">索镇</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sceaux" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Sceaux"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Sceaux</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="舍维伊之战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Chevilly"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%8D%E7%BB%B4%E4%BC%8A%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="舍维伊之战（页面不存在）">舍维伊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chevilly" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Chevilly"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Chevilly</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="农帕特利兹之战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Nompatelize"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%9C%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B9%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="农帕特利兹之战（页面不存在）">农帕特利兹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nompatelize" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Nompatelize"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Nompatelize</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="贝勒维之战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Bellevue"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E5%8B%92%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贝勒维之战（页面不存在）">贝勒维</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bellevue" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Bellevue"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Bellevue</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E5%A5%88%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="阿尔特奈战役">阿尔特奈</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="沙蒂永之战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Châtillon"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%99%E8%92%82%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沙蒂永之战（页面不存在）">沙蒂永</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Châtillon"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Châtillon</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="凡尔登之围 (1870年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Siege of Verdun (1870)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%94%E7%99%BB%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B4_(1870%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="凡尔登之围 (1870年)（页面不存在）">凡尔登</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Verdun_(1870)" class="extiw" title="en:Siege of Verdun (1870)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Siege of Verdun (1870)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新布里萨克之围" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Siege of Neu-Breisach"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新布里萨克之围（页面不存在）">新布里萨克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Neu-Breisach" class="extiw" title="en:Siege of Neu-Breisach"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Siege of Neu-Breisach</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="沙托丹之围" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Châteaudun"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%99%E6%89%98%E4%B8%B9%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沙托丹之围（页面不存在）">沙托丹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2teaudun" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Châteaudun"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Châteaudun</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="塞莱斯塔之围" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Siege of Sélestat"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%9E%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塞莱斯塔之围（页面不存在）">塞莱斯塔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_S%C3%A9lestat" class="extiw" title="en:Siege of Sélestat"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Siege of Sélestat</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%97%8F%E7%93%A6%E5%8B%92%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9_(1870%E5%B9%B4)" title="比藏瓦勒战役 (1870年)">第一次比藏瓦勒</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奥尼翁河之战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Ognon"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%BC%E7%BF%81%E6%B2%B3%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥尼翁河之战（页面不存在）">奥尼翁河</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ognon" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Ognon"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Ognon</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="格雷之战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Gray"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格雷之战（页面不存在）">格雷</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gray" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Gray"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Gray</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%8B%92%E5%B8%83%E7%88%BE%E7%86%B1%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="第一次勒布爾熱战役">勒布尔歇</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第戎之战 (1870年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Dijon (1870)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E6%88%8E%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98_(1870%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第戎之战 (1870年)（页面不存在）">第戎</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dijon_(1870)" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Dijon (1870)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Dijon (1870)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%A6%8F%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="贝尔福战役">贝尔福</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉费尔之围" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Siege of La Fère"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E8%B4%B9%E5%B0%94%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉费尔之围（页面不存在）">拉费尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_La_F%C3%A8re" class="extiw" title="en:Siege of La Fère"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Siege of La Fère</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E7%B1%B3%E8%80%B6%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="库尔米耶战役">库尔米耶</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈瓦那之战 (1870年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Havana (1870)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E7%93%A6%E9%82%A3%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98_(1870%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈瓦那之战 (1870年)（页面不存在）">哈瓦那</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Havana_(1870)" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Havana (1870)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Havana (1870)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德勒之战 (1870年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Dreux (1870)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%8B%92%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98_(1870%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德勒之战 (1870年)（页面不存在）">德勒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dreux_(1870)" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Dreux (1870)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Dreux (1870)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蒂姆赖新堡之战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Chateauneuf-en-Thimerais"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%82%E5%A7%86%E8%B5%96%E6%96%B0%E5%A0%A1%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蒂姆赖新堡之战（页面不存在）">蒂姆赖新堡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chateauneuf-en-Thimerais" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Chateauneuf-en-Thimerais"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Chateauneuf-en-Thimerais</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蒂永维尔之围 (1870年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Siege of Thionville (1870)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%82%E6%B0%B8%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B4_(1870%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蒂永维尔之围 (1870年)（页面不存在）">蒂永维尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Thionville_(1870)" class="extiw" title="en:Siege of Thionville (1870)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Siege of Thionville (1870)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉东和梅济耶尔之战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Ladon and Mézières"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%92%8C%E6%A2%85%E6%B5%8E%E8%80%B6%E5%B0%94%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉东和梅济耶尔之战（页面不存在）">拉东</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ladon_and_M%C3%A9zi%C3%A8res" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Ladon and Mézières"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Ladon and Mézières</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="梅济耶尔之围 (1870年—1871年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Siege of Mézières (1870–1871)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%85%E6%B5%8E%E8%80%B6%E5%B0%94%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B4_(1870%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941871%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="梅济耶尔之围 (1870年—1871年)（页面不存在）">梅济耶尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_M%C3%A9zi%C3%A8res_(1870%E2%80%931871)" class="extiw" title="en:Siege of Mézières (1870–1871)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Siege of Mézières (1870–1871)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="布勒通塞勒之战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Bretoncelles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E5%8B%92%E9%80%9A%E5%A1%9E%E5%8B%92%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布勒通塞勒之战（页面不存在）">布勒通塞勒之战</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bretoncelles" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Bretoncelles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Bretoncelles</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%9C%A0%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9_(1870%E5%B9%B4)" title="亞眠戰役 (1870年)">亚眠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E8%AE%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%97%E6%9C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="博讷拉罗朗德战役">博讷拉罗朗德</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="瓦里兹之战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Varize"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E9%87%8C%E5%85%B9%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦里兹之战（页面不存在）">瓦里兹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Varize" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Varize"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Varize</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%BC%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="尚皮尼战役">维利耶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%8B%92%E7%9A%AE%E6%B0%B8%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="维勒皮永战役">维勒皮永</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%BC%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="卢瓦尼战役">卢瓦尼拉巴塔耶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E8%89%AF%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="第二次奥尔良战役">奥尔良</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="沙托讷夫之战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Chateauneuf"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%99%E6%89%98%E8%AE%B7%E5%A4%AB%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沙托讷夫之战（页面不存在）">沙托讷夫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chateauneuf" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Chateauneuf"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Chateauneuf</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="比希之战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Buchy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E5%B8%8C%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="比希之战（页面不存在）">比希</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Buchy" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Buchy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Buchy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="博让西之战 (1870年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Beaugency (1870)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%9A%E8%AE%A9%E8%A5%BF%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98_(1870%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="博让西之战 (1870年)（页面不存在）">博让西</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Beaugency_(1870)" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Beaugency (1870)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Beaugency (1870)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弗雷特瓦勒之战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fighting at Fréteval"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E7%89%B9%E7%93%A6%E5%8B%92%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗雷特瓦勒之战（页面不存在）">弗雷特瓦勒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_at_Fr%C3%A9teval" class="extiw" title="en:Fighting at Fréteval"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fighting at Fréteval</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="旺多姆之战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Vendôme"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%BA%E5%A4%9A%E5%A7%86%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="旺多姆之战（页面不存在）">旺多姆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vend%C3%B4me" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Vendôme"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Vendôme</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佩姆之战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fight at Pesmes"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%A9%E5%A7%86%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佩姆之战（页面不存在）">佩姆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight_at_Pesmes" class="extiw" title="en:Fight at Pesmes"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fight at Pesmes</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="隆若之战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Longeau"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%86%E8%8B%A5%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="隆若之战（页面不存在）">隆若</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Longeau" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Longeau"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Longeau</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃皮赛之战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fighting at Epuisay"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E7%9A%AE%E8%B5%9B%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃皮赛之战（页面不存在）">埃皮赛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_at_Epuisay" class="extiw" title="en:Fighting at Epuisay"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fighting at Epuisay</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尼伊圣乔治之战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Nuits Saint Georges"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E4%BC%8A%E5%9C%A3%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼伊圣乔治之战（页面不存在）">尼伊圣乔治</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nuits_Saint_Georges" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Nuits Saint Georges"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Nuits Saint Georges</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="莫奈之战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Monnaie"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%AB%E5%A5%88%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莫奈之战（页面不存在）">莫奈</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monnaie" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Monnaie"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Monnaie</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%90%95%E6%B2%B3%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="阿吕河战役">阿吕河</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佩罗讷之围" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Siege of Péronne"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%A9%E7%BD%97%E8%AE%B7%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佩罗讷之围（页面不存在）">佩罗讷</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_P%C3%A9ronne" class="extiw" title="en:Siege of Péronne"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Siege of Péronne</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B3%A2%E5%A7%86%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="巴波姆战役">巴波姆</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗克鲁瓦之围" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Siege of Rocroi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E7%93%A6%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗克鲁瓦之围（页面不存在）">罗克鲁瓦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rocroi" class="extiw" title="en:Siege of Rocroi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Siege of Rocroi</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E8%8E%B1%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E5%A1%9E%E5%8B%92%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="维莱塞克塞勒战役">维莱塞克塞勒</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E8%8A%92%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="勒芒战役">勒芒</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="埃里库尔战役">利宰讷河</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="隆维之围 (1871年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Siege of Longwy (1871)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%86%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B4_(1871%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="隆维之围 (1871年)（页面不存在）">隆维</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Longwy_(1871)" class="extiw" title="en:Siege of Longwy (1871)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Siege of Longwy (1871)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%BA%B7%E5%9D%A6%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9_(1871%E5%B9%B4)" title="圣康坦战役 (1871年)">圣康坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%97%8F%E7%93%A6%E5%8B%92%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9_(1871%E5%B9%B4)" title="比藏瓦勒战役 (1871年)">第二次圣康坦</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蓬塔利耶之战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Pontarlier"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%93%AC%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E8%80%B6%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蓬塔利耶之战（页面不存在）">蓬塔利耶</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pontarlier" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Pontarlier"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Pontarlier</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="德意志统一战争" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:315px;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#002654"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="法國歷史"><span style="color:white">法國历史</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="百合花飾（Fleur-de-lis）"><img alt="百合花飾（Fleur-de-lis）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Insigne_modernum_Francum.svg/50px-Insigne_modernum_Francum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Insigne_modernum_Francum.svg/75px-Insigne_modernum_Francum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Insigne_modernum_Francum.svg/100px-Insigne_modernum_Francum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="364" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="法國帝國鵰（Aigle de drapeau）"><img alt="法國帝國鵰（Aigle de drapeau）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Insigne_Francum_Napoleonis.svg/50px-Insigne_Francum_Napoleonis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Insigne_Francum_Napoleonis.svg/75px-Insigne_Francum_Napoleonis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Insigne_Francum_Napoleonis.svg/100px-Insigne_Francum_Napoleonis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="364" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="National Emblem"><img alt="National Emblem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Insigne_Francum.svg/50px-Insigne_Francum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Insigne_Francum.svg/75px-Insigne_Francum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Insigne_Francum.svg/100px-Insigne_Francum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="364" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="background:#CE1126"> <span style="color:white">历史系列条目</span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eee);color: inherit;">早期歷史</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法國史前時代" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prehistory of France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法國史前時代（页面不存在）">史前時代</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_France" class="extiw" title="en:Prehistory of France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prehistory of France</span></a></span>）</span></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="希臘殖民時期" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希臘殖民時期（页面不存在）">希臘殖民時期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" class="extiw" title="en:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul</span></a></span>）</span></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 前600年—前40年</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%9B%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="高盧">高盧</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%B1%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="凱爾特人">凱爾特人</a>）</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">   至前50年</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E9%AB%98%E5%8D%A2" title="罗马高卢">羅馬高盧</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">羅馬人</a>）</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 前50年—公元486年</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eee);color: inherit;">中古時期</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法蘭克王國">法蘭克王國</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="西法蘭克王國">西法蘭克王國</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西王國">法蘭西王國</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 987–1792</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eee);color: inherit;">近代早期</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西王國">法蘭西王國</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 987–1792</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰西第一共和国">法兰西第一共和国</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1792-1803</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰西第一帝国">法兰西第一帝国</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1804-1815</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eee);color: inherit;">近代</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%B3%A2%E6%97%81%E5%A4%8D%E8%BE%9F" title="法国波旁复辟">波旁王室復辟</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1814年–1830年</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E6%9C%88%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="七月王朝">七月王朝</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1830年–1848年</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西第二共和國">法蘭西第二共和國</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1848年–1852年</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西第二帝國">法蘭西第二帝國</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1852年–1870年</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰西第三共和国">法兰西第三共和国</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1870年–1940年</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eee);color: inherit;">20世紀至現代</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰西第三共和国">法兰西第三共和国</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1870年–1940年</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="自由法國">自由法國</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="维希法国">维希法国</a></li></ul></div></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1940年–1944年</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="法蘭西共和國臨時政府">臨時政府</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1944年–1946年</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰西第四共和国">法蘭西第四共和國</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1946年–1958年</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西第五共和國">法蘭西第五共和國</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1958年–<small>今世</small></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> 主题</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="法国文化">人文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2" title="法国军事史">軍事史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法國政治史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Political history of France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法國政治史（页面不存在）">政治史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_history_of_France" class="extiw" title="en:Political history of France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Political history of France</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法國經濟史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Economic history of France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法國經濟史（页面不存在）">經濟史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" class="extiw" title="en:Economic history of France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Economic history of France</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="法语历史">法語史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="法國文學">文學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF" title="法国美术">美術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1" title="法国电影">電影</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="法国音乐">音樂</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法國哲學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="French philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法國哲學（页面不存在）">哲學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:French philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">French philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E9%9A%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="法國軍隊">軍隊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%B3%BD%E6%9B%B2" title="馬賽曲">國歌</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/48px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/64px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="Portal:法国">法国主题</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="Template:法國歷史"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="Template talk:法國歷史"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:法國歷史"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist" style="width:180px"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:black;color:#ffce00;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="德国历史"><span style="color:#ffce00">德国历史</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1950年来的德意志联邦共和国国徽"><img alt="1950年来的德意志联邦共和国国徽" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> 历史系列条目</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:black;color:#ffce00;">早期历史</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="日耳曼人">日耳曼人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B7%E5%BE%99" title="民族大遷徙">民族大迁徙时期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰克王国">法兰克王国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="加洛林帝国">加洛林帝国</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:black;color:#ffce00;">中世纪</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="東法蘭克王國">東法蘭克王國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="德意志王国">德意志王国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="神圣罗马帝国">神圣罗马帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%9C%8B" title="哈布斯堡君主國">哈布斯堡君主國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%90%91%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="东向移民运动">东向移民运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A1%E9%A1%BF%E9%AA%91%E5%A3%AB%E5%9B%A2%E5%9B%BD" title="条顿骑士团国">条顿骑士团国</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:black;color:#ffce00;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2" title="德意志近代史"><span style="color:#ffce00">近代历史</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%89%B2%E6%8D%AE" title="德意志割据">地方割据</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="18世纪德意志历史">18世纪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國">普魯士王國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="奧地利帝國">奧地利帝國</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:black;color:#ffce00;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80" title="德意志统一"><span style="color:#ffce00">统一</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="萊茵邦聯">萊茵邦聯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="德意志邦聯">德意志邦聯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%971848%E5%B9%B4%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志1848年革命">德意志1848年革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%97%9C%E7%A8%85%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="德意志關稅同盟">关税同盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="北德意志邦聯">北德意志邦聯</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:black;color:#ffce00;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%9B%BD" title="德意志国"><span style="color:#ffce00">德意志國</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國">德意志帝國</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E6%9C%9F%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="第一次世界大战期间的德国">第一次世界大战</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%91%AA%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="魏瑪共和國">魏瑪共和國</a></li></ul> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;line-height:1.1em;"><small><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF-%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" title="阿爾薩斯-洛林">阿爾薩斯-洛林</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="萨尔盆地地区">萨尔</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E4%BC%8A%E5%BD%AD-%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E9%BB%98%E8%BF%AA" title="奧伊彭-馬爾默迪">东比利时</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%86%E6%BE%A4%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%B8%82" title="但澤自由市">但泽</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E4%BD%A9%E9%81%94%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="克萊佩達地區">梅梅尔</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97-%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志-奧地利共和國">奥地利</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E5%8F%B0%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="蘇台德地區">苏台德</a></li></ul></div></small></div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="納粹德國">納粹德國</a></li></ul> <span style="position: relative; bottom: 0.1em;"><small><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="弗伦斯堡政府">弗伦斯堡政府</a></small></span></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:black;color:#ffce00;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2_(1945%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941990%E5%B9%B4)" title="德国历史 (1945年—1990年)"><span style="color:#ffce00">冷战时期</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BD%94%E9%A0%98%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="同盟國軍事佔領德國">军事占领</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%9C%E9%83%A8%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F" title="德国前东部领土">前东部领土</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E6%88%98%E5%90%8E%E5%AF%B9%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E9%A9%B1%E9%80%90" title="第二次世界大战战后对德意志人的驱逐">对德意志人的驱逐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7" title="西德">西德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="東德">東德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E9%A0%98" title="薩爾保護領">薩爾保護領</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" title="兩德統一">兩德統一</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:black;color:#ffce00;">当代</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%B0%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%B7%9E" title="德国新联邦州">新联邦州</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A5%E4%BE%86%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="兩德統一以來德國歷史">两德统一以来德国历史</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:black;color:#ffce00;">专题史</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="德国历史年表">时间轴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%B2" title="德国经济史">经济史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德国军事史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Military history of Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国军事史（页面不存在）">军事史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Military history of Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Military history of Germany</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F%E8%AE%8A%E9%81%B7" title="德國領土變遷">領土變遷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="柏林歷史">柏林</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德国女权主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Feminism in Germany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%A5%B3%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国女权主义（页面不存在）">女权主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="en:Feminism in Germany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Feminism in Germany</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8D%E7%A7%B0" title="德国的名称">德國国名</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Template:德国历史"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Template talk:德国历史"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:德国历史"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>普法戰爭</b><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a>稱<b>1870年法德戰爭</b>（法語：<span lang="fr">Guerre franco-allemande de 1870</span>），在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德國</a>稱<b>德法戰爭</b>（德語：<span lang="de">Deutsch-Französischer Krieg</span>），是一場在<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國">普魯士王國</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西第二帝國">法蘭西第二帝國</a>之間爆發的戰爭，雙方的目标是爭奪歐洲西部的陸上霸權。这场战争是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="德國統一運動">德國統一運動</a>中的第三場也是最後一場戰爭，最終普魯士大獲全勝，以建立起統一的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國">德意志帝國</a>而告終<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>戰爭由法國率先發起，其率先宣戰並於1870年7月15日動員軍隊。这導致<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="北德意志邦聯">北德意志邦聯</a>在當天晚些時候以自己的迅速動員作出反擊<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamm1967308–313highlights_three_difficulties_with_the_argument_that_Bismarck_planned_or_provoked_a_French_attack._14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamm1967308–313highlights_three_difficulties_with_the_argument_that_Bismarck_planned_or_provoked_a_French_attack.-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。1870年7月16日，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A" title="法国议会">法國議會</a>投票決定對普魯士宣戰，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%9B%E9%82%A6" title="南德四邦">南德四邦</a>隨後基於民族主義而倒向普魯士；8月2日，法國自西南入侵德國領土，然而德意志聯軍能够比法國更有效地調動軍隊，並於8月4日反攻入<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="法國東北部">法國東北部</a>。德國軍隊在人數、訓練和領導方面都佔優勢，並且更有效地利用了現代技術，特別是<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="鐵路">鐵路</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%88%E6%9E%AA" title="针枪">针枪</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%A0%B2" title="大砲">大砲</a>。8月間，普魯士和其他德意志邦国的聯軍在法國東部取得了一系列的勝利，尤其顯著的是<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%8D%E5%9F%8E%E6%88%B0" title="梅斯圍城戰">梅斯圍城戰</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E5%BD%93%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="色当战役">色當戰役</a>，並最終俘虜了法國皇帝拿破崙三世，以此导致了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西第二帝國">法蘭西第二帝國</a>的瓦解；拿破仑三世投降后，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="國防政府">國防政府</a>於9月4日在巴黎成立，並將戰爭延續了五個月。国防政府尝试从北部和东部击败德军并保卫首都的安全，但均被德國軍隊击退。德军随后圍攻了巴黎四個多月，直到它於1871年1月28日投降<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>并派代表签订《<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E7%88%BE%E8%B3%BD%E5%81%9C%E6%88%B0%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="凡爾賽停戰協定">凡尔赛停战协议</a>》，以此結束了戰爭。 </p><p>到了戰爭的後半部分，形勢已經對普魯士一邊倒。由於高涨的民族主义情绪，南德各邦自願放棄獨立，轉而加入<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="北德意志邦联">北德意志邦联</a>，接受普魯士國王<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉一世 (德国)">威廉一世</a>的領導。1871年1月18日，在<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB)" title="腓特烈一世 (普鲁士)">腓特烈一世</a>于<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="哥尼斯堡">哥尼斯堡</a>加冕为<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="普鲁士国王列表">普鲁士国王</a>170年之際，威廉一世在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%A3%E5%91%8A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B" title="德意志帝國宣告成立">镜厅加冕</a>为<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" title="德意志皇帝">德意志皇帝</a>。由是，除了<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="奧地利帝國">奧地利</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="卢森堡大公国">卢森堡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A0%A1%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD_(1839%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D1867%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="林堡公国 (1839年－1867年)">林堡</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%8F%B0%E5%BE%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%BA%BA" title="苏台德德意志人">波西米亚</a>之外，絕大多數德國人第一次在民族國家的框架下團結起來。初步停戰後，德法之間於1871年5月10日簽署最終的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="法蘭克福條約">法蘭克福條約</a>》，條約规定了法国必須給予德國數十億法郎的戰爭賠款，還要割让<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾薩斯">阿爾薩斯</a>的大部分地區和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" title="洛林">洛林</a>的小部分地區，此地区後成为了德国的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF-%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" title="阿爾薩斯-洛林">阿爾薩斯-洛林帝國領</a>。 </p><p>这场法德之戰對歐洲政局造成了長久的影響，它顯著地改變了以英法為中心的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E5%9D%87%E5%8B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="大陸均勢">歐洲力量平衡</a>。新的德意志帝國取代法國成為歐洲最強的陸軍國家，直接破壞了<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大英帝國">大英帝國</a>所经营的大陸均勢政策，俾斯麥在接下來的20年中提升了德國的國際地位，之後的德皇威廉二世也在工業和海軍領域中趕上英國。在法國，这场战争彻底結束了持续千年的君主制，首都巴黎爆发了一场名为<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE" title="巴黎公社">巴黎公社</a>的短命起義，在兩個月後就被鎮壓，对後來的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="国际共产主义运动">国际共产主义运动</a>产生了一定的借鑑作用，而法国政治的主體則变为了一個持久的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法蘭西第三共和國">共和型政府</a>。法國的戰敗導致它在歐陸上的擴張之路被德國堵死，因此更加積極的擴大殖民地以彌補損失，在短時間內就建立起了僅次於英國的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西殖民帝國">世界第二大的殖民帝國</a>。与此同時，法國国民一直对德國保持着強烈的復仇慾望，想以奪回失地的方式一雪前恥，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%96%E4%BB%87" title="法德世仇">法德世仇</a>由此產生，並將在接下來的90年裏深刻的影響歐洲局勢。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="戰爭原因"><span id=".E6.88.B0.E7.88.AD.E5.8E.9F.E5.9B.A0"></span>戰爭原因</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：戰爭原因"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普法战争的原因（页面不存在）">普法战争的原因</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="萊茵危機">萊茵危機</a></div> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; display:table; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; color: inherit;width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">戰爭是迫使敵人服從我們意志的一種暴力行為。戰爭是政治通過另一種手段的繼續。政治不僅引起戰爭，而且支配戰爭，因而政治的性質決定戰爭的性質。 </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;"><cite>——<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E5%A1%9E%E7%BB%B4%E8%8C%A8" title="卡尔·冯·克劳塞维茨">卡爾·馮·克勞塞維茨</a>，《<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%BA" title="战争论">戰爭論</a>》（Vom Kriege，1832）</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rheinbund_1812,_political_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png/220px-Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png/330px-Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png/440px-Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="1420" /></a><figcaption>1812年<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E4%BB%91%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="拿破仑帝国">拿破仑帝国</a>极盛时期的德意志地區，此时法國控制了整個<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E6%B2%B3%E5%B7%A6%E5%B2%B8" title="萊茵河左岸">莱茵河左岸</a></figcaption></figure><p>普法戰爭的起因強烈地植根於圍繞在奧托·馮·俾斯麥領導下的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80" title="德意志统一">德意志國家逐漸走向統一</a>的事件。在1866年的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%A5%A7%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="普奧戰爭">普奧戰爭</a>中普鲁士取得胜利后，法國的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E7%8F%8D%E5%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%92%99%E6%8F%90%E8%8D%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="歐珍妮·德·蒙提荷">歐仁妮皇后</a>、外交部長<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%97%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%95%E4%BC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="特罗恩·德·吕伊">特羅恩·德·呂伊</a>和戰爭部長<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E6%9C%97%E4%B8%9C" title="雅克·路易·朗东">雅克·路易·朗東</a>擔心普魯士的勝利可能會危及法國作為歐洲主導力量的地位。<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="第二次意大利獨立戰爭">1859年法奥戰爭</a>中，法-意联军大胜奥地利，但是在普奥的冲突中，拿破仑三世却坐视不管。他未能成功地實施武裝調解，其中包括在法國東部邊境動員和集結軍隊以威胁普鲁士，此时大部分普魯士軍隊仍在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%B8%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="波希米亞">波希米亞</a>作戰。法国认为普鲁士再改變領土前应该諮詢法國<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza200939_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza200939-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，由於普魯士再1866年后吞併了戰爭期間支持奧地利的幾個德意志國家，並在普魯士的支持下組建了排除奥地利的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="北德意志邦聯">北德意志邦聯</a>，法國輿論變得強硬，人们現在要求政府更加堅定和領土補償。于是拿破崙要求普魯士同意德法回归1814年的邊界：法国吞併<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="卢森堡大公国">盧森堡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="薩爾">薩爾</a>的大部分地區和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E7%88%BE%E8%8C%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="巴伐利亞普法爾茨">巴伐利亞的普法爾茨</a>。俾斯麥斷然拒絕了这一要求，同时輕蔑地稱之為法國的“小費政策”（<span lang="fr">politique des pourboires</span>）<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza200940–41_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza200940–41-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199140_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199140-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。然後他將拿破崙的書面領土要求傳達給德國南部<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="巴伐利亞王國">巴伐利亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E9%A8%B0%E5%A0%A1%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="符騰堡王國">符騰堡</a>、巴登和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A3%AE-%E9%81%94%E5%A7%86%E6%96%BD%E5%A1%94%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="黑森-達姆施塔特">黑森-達姆施塔特</a>等其他邦国<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza200941_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza200941-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，這加速了與這些邦国认可普鲁士并与之結成防禦性軍事聯盟。法國強烈反對任何進一步的德意志國家聯盟，因为這將大大加強普魯士的軍事實力<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199145_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199145-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>法國政策的唯一結果是普魯士同意<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="薩克森王國">薩克森</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="巴伐利亞王國">巴伐利亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E9%A8%B0%E5%A0%A1%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="符騰堡王國">符騰堡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="巴登大公國">巴登</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A3%AE-%E9%81%94%E5%A7%86%E6%96%BD%E5%A1%94%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="黑森-達姆施塔特">黑森-達姆施塔特</a>名義上的獨立，這是一個小小的勝利<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro200318_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro200318-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，對於想要領土和想要一支法國軍隊的法國公眾來說，這是一場沒有味道的勝利。這種情況既不適合法國，它意外地發現自己毗鄰軍事強大的普魯士領導的北德意志聯邦；也不適合普魯士，後者的首要目標是完成將德國各邦統一在其控制下的過程。因此兩國自1866年以來爆发戰爭只是時間問題。 </p><p>在普魯士，一些官員認為對法國的戰爭是不可避免的，也是必要的，以在那些允許統一大德意志帝國的國家喚起<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="德意志民族主義">德意志民族主義</a>。普魯士總理<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="奧托·馮·俾斯麥">奧托·馮·俾斯麥</a>後來的聲明體現了這一目標：“我毫不懷疑，在實現統一德國的建設之前必須有法德戰爭。”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Bismarck189958_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Bismarck189958-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>俾斯麥也知道法國應該是衝突中的侵略者使德國南部的四個邦国與普魯士站在一邊，從而賦予德國人數量上的優勢<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Bismarckvon_Poschinger190087_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Bismarckvon_Poschinger190087-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他堅信法國不會在與德國的戰爭中找到任何盟友，原因很簡單，“勝利者法國將對所有人構成威脅——普魯士對任何人都不構成威脅”，他補充說，“這是我們的強項。”許多德國人也將法國人視為歐洲傳統秩序的破壞者，並試圖削弱法國以防止進一步破壞和平<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199141_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199141-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>戰爭的直接原因在於普魯士亲王<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E4%BA%A8%E7%B4%A2%E4%BC%A6-%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%BC%E9%A9%AC%E6%9E%97%E6%A0%B9%E4%BE%AF%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="霍亨索伦-西格马林根侯国">霍亨索倫-西格馬林根</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%E6%B3%A2%E5%BE%B7_(%E9%9C%8D%E4%BA%A8%E7%B4%A2%E4%BC%A6)" title="利奥波德 (霍亨索伦)">利奧波德</a>競爭<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="西班牙国王">西班牙王位</a>。法國害怕出现曾经<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="哈布斯堡王朝">哈布斯堡王朝</a>的情况，即被普魯士和西班牙的聯盟东西包圍。霍亨索倫亲王的候選資格在法國的外交壓力下被撤回，但奧托·馮·俾斯麥通過發布修改後的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="埃姆斯電報">埃姆斯电报</a>的摘要來煽動法國宣戰，這是威廉一世發送的電報，拒絕了法國要求普魯士不再支持霍亨索倫候選資格的要求<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。俾斯麥的摘要，被法國媒體<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%E9%80%9A%E8%AE%AF%E7%A4%BE" title="哈瓦斯通讯社">哈瓦斯</a>誤譯，聽起來好像國王以貶低的方式對待法國特使，這激怒了法國的公眾輿論<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritannica:_Franco-German_War_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritannica:_Franco-German_War-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">普法戰爭时期的外国君主</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 98px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 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href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="巴伐利亚国王">巴伐利亚国王</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A)" title="路德维希二世 (巴伐利亚)">路德维希二世</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 90px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 88px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Willem_III_(1817-90),_koning_der_Nederlanden,_Nicolaas_Pieneman,_1856,_Rijksmuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="尼德蘭國王兼林堡公爵和盧森堡大公威廉三世"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Willem_III_%281817-90%29%2C_koning_der_Nederlanden%2C_Nicolaas_Pieneman%2C_1856%2C_Rijksmuseum.jpg/132px-Willem_III_%281817-90%29%2C_koning_der_Nederlanden%2C_Nicolaas_Pieneman%2C_1856%2C_Rijksmuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Willem_III_%281817-90%29%2C_koning_der_Nederlanden%2C_Nicolaas_Pieneman%2C_1856%2C_Rijksmuseum.jpg/198px-Willem_III_%281817-90%29%2C_koning_der_Nederlanden%2C_Nicolaas_Pieneman%2C_1856%2C_Rijksmuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Willem_III_%281817-90%29%2C_koning_der_Nederlanden%2C_Nicolaas_Pieneman%2C_1856%2C_Rijksmuseum.jpg/264px-Willem_III_%281817-90%29%2C_koning_der_Nederlanden%2C_Nicolaas_Pieneman%2C_1856%2C_Rijksmuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4764" data-file-height="7040" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="荷兰君主列表">尼德蘭國王</a>兼<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A0%A1%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD_(1839%E5%B9%B4-1867%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="林堡公国 (1839年-1867年)">林堡公爵</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC" title="卢森堡大公">盧森堡大公</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%B0)" title="威廉三世 (尼德兰)">威廉三世</a></div> </li> </ul><p>法國歷史學家弗朗索瓦·羅斯（François Roth）和皮埃爾·米爾扎（Pierre Milza）認為，拿破崙三世受到好戰的媒體和輿論的壓力，因此尋求戰爭以應對法國在奧普戰爭後未能獲得任何領土利益的外交失敗<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2002101_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2002101-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E5%B4%99%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="拿破崙三世">拿破崙三世</a>相信他會贏得與普魯士的衝突。他的宮廷中的許多人，例如歐仁妮皇后，也希望通過一場胜利的戰爭來解決日益嚴重的國內政治問題，恢復法國在歐洲無可爭議的主導地位，並確保<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%8B%BF%E5%B7%B4%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="波拿巴家族">波拿巴家族</a>的長期存續。1870年5月8日舉行的全國公民投票結果壓倒性地支持了皇帝的國內議程，給人的印像是該政權在政治上很受歡迎，並且有能力對抗普魯士。在公民投票的幾天內，法國的和平主義外交部長拿破崙，達魯伯爵被普魯士的激烈反對者阿格諾爾取代，他於1866年擔任法國駐奧地利大使，廣告主張與普魯士建立奧法軍事聯盟。拿破崙三世日益惡化的健康問題使他越來越無法控制歐仁妮皇后、格拉蒙和其他被統稱為“馬穆魯克”的鷹派成員。對於俾斯麥來說，格拉蒙的提名被視為“一種高度好戰的症狀”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza200949_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza200949-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">普法戰爭中普方的主要人物</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaiser_Wilhelm_I..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="普魯士國王威廉一世"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Kaiser_Wilhelm_I..jpg/189px-Kaiser_Wilhelm_I..jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Kaiser_Wilhelm_I..jpg/285px-Kaiser_Wilhelm_I..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Kaiser_Wilhelm_I..jpg/379px-Kaiser_Wilhelm_I..jpg 2x" data-file-width="2069" data-file-height="2130" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E5%9C%8B%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="普魯士國王">普魯士國王</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉一世 (德国)">威廉一世</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kronprinz_Friedrich.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="王储腓特烈三世"><img alt="王储腓特烈三世" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kronprinz_Friedrich.jpg/165px-Kronprinz_Friedrich.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kronprinz_Friedrich.jpg/248px-Kronprinz_Friedrich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kronprinz_Friedrich.jpg/330px-Kronprinz_Friedrich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1822" data-file-height="2150" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">王储<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB)" title="腓特烈三世 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href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%E6%B3%A2%E5%BE%B7_(%E9%9C%8D%E4%BA%A8%E7%B4%A2%E4%BC%A6)" title="利奥波德 (霍亨索伦)">利奧波德親王</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 123.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prinz_Friedrich_Karl_von_Preu%C3%9Fen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="“血王子”腓特烈·卡尔"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Prinz_Friedrich_Karl_von_Preu%C3%9Fen.jpg/185px-Prinz_Friedrich_Karl_von_Preu%C3%9Fen.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Prinz_Friedrich_Karl_von_Preu%C3%9Fen.jpg/278px-Prinz_Friedrich_Karl_von_Preu%C3%9Fen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Prinz_Friedrich_Karl_von_Preu%C3%9Fen.jpg/370px-Prinz_Friedrich_Karl_von_Preu%C3%9Fen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="1874" /></a></span></div> <div 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title="奧托·馮·俾斯麥">奧托·馮·俾斯麥</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 96.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 94.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:General_der_Infanterie_von_Moltke.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="赫爾穆特·馮·毛奇"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/General_der_Infanterie_von_Moltke.jpg/142px-General_der_Infanterie_von_Moltke.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/General_der_Infanterie_von_Moltke.jpg/214px-General_der_Infanterie_von_Moltke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/General_der_Infanterie_von_Moltke.jpg/285px-General_der_Infanterie_von_Moltke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="1738" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E7%A9%86%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%AF%9B%E5%A5%87" class="mw-redirect" title="赫尔穆特·冯·毛奇">赫爾穆特·馮·毛奇</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:General_von_Roon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="阿尔布雷希特·冯·罗恩"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/General_von_Roon.jpg/169px-General_von_Roon.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/General_von_Roon.jpg/253px-General_von_Roon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/General_von_Roon.jpg/337px-General_von_Roon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="1684" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E6%81%A9" title="阿爾布雷希特·馮·羅恩">阿尔布雷希特·冯·罗恩</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:General_von_Steinmetz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="卡爾·馮·施泰因梅茨"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/General_von_Steinmetz.jpg/171px-General_von_Steinmetz.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/General_von_Steinmetz.jpg/256px-General_von_Steinmetz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/General_von_Steinmetz.jpg/341px-General_von_Steinmetz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1542" data-file-height="1762" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0%E6%A2%85%E8%8C%A8" title="卡尔·腓特烈·冯·史泰因梅茨">卡爾·馮·施泰因梅茨</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:General_von_Manteuffel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="埃德溫·馮·曼陀菲爾"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/General_von_Manteuffel.jpg/168px-General_von_Manteuffel.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/General_von_Manteuffel.jpg/253px-General_von_Manteuffel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/General_von_Manteuffel.jpg/336px-General_von_Manteuffel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1783" data-file-height="2067" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E6%BA%AB%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%9B%BC%E9%99%80%E8%8F%B2%E7%88%BE%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5" title="埃德溫·馮·曼陀菲爾男爵">埃德溫·馮·曼陀菲爾</a></div> </li> </ul><p>1870年7月13日的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="埃姆斯電報">埃姆斯電報</a>對法國公眾輿論產生的影響正是俾斯麥所期望的。俾斯麥後來寫道：“這段文字在高盧公牛身上產生了一面紅旗的效果”。法國外交部長<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E8%92%99%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%BC%E8%AF%BA%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="格拉蒙公爵阿格诺尔">格拉蒙</a>宣稱，他覺得“自己剛剛挨了一記耳光”。議會中的君主主義者領袖<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%A2%AF%E4%B9%9F%E7%88%BE" title="阿道夫·梯也爾">阿道夫·梯也爾</a>發表了溫和的言論，認為法國已贏得了外交戰，沒有戰爭的理由。但他被稱為叛徒和普魯士人的呼聲淹沒了。拿破崙的新任總理<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%AD%E8%80%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="埃米勒·奧利維耶">埃米爾·奧利維爾</a>宣布，法國已盡其所能以人道和光榮的方式阻止戰爭，他“以輕鬆的心情”接受了責任。15,000-20,000人手持旗幟和愛國旗幟，在巴黎街頭遊行，要求戰爭。法國於7月15日早些時候下令動員。在收到法國動員的消息後，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="北德意志邦聯">北德意志邦聯</a>在7月15日至16日晚上進行了動員<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerman_General_Staff188134–35_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerman_General_Staff188134–35-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="巴伐利亞王國">巴伐利亞</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="巴登大公國">巴登</a>在7月16日和<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E9%A8%B0%E5%A0%A1%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="符騰堡王國">符騰堡</a>在7月17日也進行了動員<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerman_General_Staff188134–35_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerman_General_Staff188134–35-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。1870年7月19日，法國人向普魯士政府發出<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E6%88%B0" title="宣戰">戰爭宣言<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza200957–59_31-0" class="reference"></sup></a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza200957–59-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%9B%E9%82%A6" title="南德四邦">德國南部各州</a>立即站在普魯士一邊<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritannica:_Franco-German_War_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritannica:_Franco-German_War-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。因为拿破崙三世時期的法國沒有與其他列強結盟的記錄，幾乎沒有盟友在普法的冲突中參戰。法国高层原本的预估只有胜利，正如法國外交部長格拉蒙所說，這是“法國引誘警惕的奧地利人、意大利人和丹麥人加入法方阵营的唯一途徑”。他根本沒有考慮拉拢俄羅斯站在法國一邊，因為俄羅斯意图取消在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="克里米亞戰爭">克里米亞戰爭</a>後根據1856年簽訂的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84_(1856%E5%B9%B4)" title="巴黎條約 (1856年)">巴黎條約</a>》中对俄罗斯黑海建造海軍的限製作為其帮助法国的先決條件。但法國還沒有準備好同意这一请求，“波拿巴不敢侵犯《巴黎條約》：現在發生的事情越糟糕，過去的遺產就越珍貴”<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">普法戰爭中法方（帝国）的主要人物</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 101.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 99.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Emperor_Napoleon_III_of_France_in_Coronation_Robes,_by_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="法皇拿破崙三世"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Portrait_of_Emperor_Napoleon_III_of_France_in_Coronation_Robes%2C_by_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter.jpg/149px-Portrait_of_Emperor_Napoleon_III_of_France_in_Coronation_Robes%2C_by_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Portrait_of_Emperor_Napoleon_III_of_France_in_Coronation_Robes%2C_by_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter.jpg/224px-Portrait_of_Emperor_Napoleon_III_of_France_in_Coronation_Robes%2C_by_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Portrait_of_Emperor_Napoleon_III_of_France_in_Coronation_Robes%2C_by_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter.jpg/298px-Portrait_of_Emperor_Napoleon_III_of_France_in_Coronation_Robes%2C_by_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1572" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="法国皇帝">法皇</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E5%B4%99%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="拿破崙三世">拿破崙三世</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 97.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 95.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patrice-Mac_Mahon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="帕特里克·麥克馬洪"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Patrice-Mac_Mahon.jpg/143px-Patrice-Mac_Mahon.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Patrice-Mac_Mahon.jpg/215px-Patrice-Mac_Mahon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Patrice-Mac_Mahon.jpg/287px-Patrice-Mac_Mahon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E9%A9%AC%E6%B4%AA" title="帕特里斯·麦克马洪">帕特里克·麥克馬洪</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 86.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 84.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bazaine.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="弗朗索瓦·阿希爾·巴贊"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bazaine.jpeg/127px-Bazaine.jpeg" decoding="async" width="85" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bazaine.jpeg/190px-Bazaine.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bazaine.jpeg/254px-Bazaine.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1967" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%9E" title="弗朗索瓦·阿希尔·巴赞">弗朗索瓦·阿希爾·巴贊</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmond_Leboeuf.png" class="mw-file-description" title="埃德蒙·勒伯夫 "><img alt="埃德蒙·勒伯夫" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Edmond_Leboeuf.png/157px-Edmond_Leboeuf.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Edmond_Leboeuf.png/236px-Edmond_Leboeuf.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Edmond_Leboeuf.png/314px-Edmond_Leboeuf.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="547" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E4%BC%AF%E5%A4%AB" title="埃德蒙·勒伯夫">埃德蒙·勒伯夫</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ag%C3%A9nor_de_Gramont_(1819-1880).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="格拉蒙公爵阿格诺尔"><img alt="格拉蒙公爵阿格诺尔" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ag%C3%A9nor_de_Gramont_%281819-1880%29.jpg/136px-Ag%C3%A9nor_de_Gramont_%281819-1880%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ag%C3%A9nor_de_Gramont_%281819-1880%29.jpg/205px-Ag%C3%A9nor_de_Gramont_%281819-1880%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ag%C3%A9nor_de_Gramont_%281819-1880%29.jpg/272px-Ag%C3%A9nor_de_Gramont_%281819-1880%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="870" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E8%92%99%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%BC%E8%AF%BA%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="格拉蒙公爵阿格诺尔">格拉蒙公爵阿格诺尔</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="战前军力"><span id=".E6.88.98.E5.89.8D.E5.86.9B.E5.8A.9B"></span>战前军力</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：战前军力"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="法国"><span id=".E6.B3.95.E5.9B.BD"></span>法国</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：法国"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-053-87,_Deutsch-franz%C3%B6sischer_Krieg_1870-71.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-053-87%2C_Deutsch-franz%C3%B6sischer_Krieg_1870-71.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-053-87%2C_Deutsch-franz%C3%B6sischer_Krieg_1870-71.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-053-87%2C_Deutsch-franz%C3%B6sischer_Krieg_1870-71.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-053-87%2C_Deutsch-franz%C3%B6sischer_Krieg_1870-71.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-053-87%2C_Deutsch-franz%C3%B6sischer_Krieg_1870-71.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-053-87%2C_Deutsch-franz%C3%B6sischer_Krieg_1870-71.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>1870年梅斯要塞的法國軍隊</figcaption></figure> <p>法國軍隊在和平時期由大約426,000名士兵組成，其中一些是正規軍，另一些是應徵入伍者，他們在1869年3月之前通過投票選出並服役了相對較長的七年。他們中的一些人是法國在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="克里米亚战争">克里米亞戰爭</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="法國征服阿爾及利亞">征服阿爾及利亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%A5%A7%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="法奧戰爭">法奧戰爭</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="法國武裝干涉墨西哥">墨西哥戰爭</a>中的退伍軍人。然而在四年前普魯士和奧地利之間的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%A5%A5%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="普奥战争">七週戰爭</a>之後，據計算，由於需在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%B1%9E%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="法属阿尔及利亚">法属阿尔及利亚</a>和其他殖民地駐軍，法國軍隊只能派出288,000人來對抗普魯士軍隊，而打完整場戰爭可能需要100萬人<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcElwee197443_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcElwee197443-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94" title="阿道夫·尼埃尔">阿道夫·尼埃尔</a>元帥的領導下，進行了緊急改革。普遍徵兵和更短的服役期增加了<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%90%E5%82%99%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="預備役">預備役人員</a>的數量，他們將把軍隊擴大到計劃動員的800,000人。那些因任何原因沒有被徵召入伍的人將被編入流動役（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Garde Mobile" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Garde Mobile"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garde_Mobile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garde Mobile（页面不存在）">Garde Mobile</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garde_Mobile" class="extiw" title="en:Garde Mobile"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Garde Mobile</span></a></span>）</span></span>），這批部隊名義兵力為400,000人。然而這些改革尚未完全實施，普法戰爭就爆發了。預備役人員的動員混亂，導致大量散兵游勇，而前衛機動部隊通常未經訓練且經常叛變<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcElwee197446_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcElwee197446-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>法國步兵配備了後膛裝填的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Chassepot" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chassepot"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chassepot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chassepot（页面不存在）">沙塞波特步槍</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassepot" class="extiw" title="en:Chassepot"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chassepot</span></a></span>）</span></span>，這是當時世界上最現代化的大規模生產槍支之一，法國庫存中有1,037,555支。使用橡膠密封圈和較小的子彈，沙塞波特步枪的最大有效射程約為1,500米（4,900英尺），並且重新裝彈時間很短<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2002102_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2002102-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。法國的戰術強調在塹壕戰風格的戰鬥中使用沙塞波特步槍進行防禦——即所謂的feu de bataillon<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2002103_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2002103-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。火砲裝備有膛線、前膛裝的拉赫特炮（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="La_Hitte_system#Change_in_meaning_of_gun_designations" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="La_Hitte_system#Change_in_meaning_of_gun_designations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Hitte_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Hitte system（页面不存在）">La Hitte</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Hitte_system#Change_in_meaning_of_gun_designations" class="extiw" title="en:La Hitte system"><span lang="en" dir="auto">La_Hitte_system#Change_in_meaning_of_gun_designations</span></a></span>）</span></span>）<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward19914_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward19914-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。軍隊還擁有機關槍的前身：米特留斯排放槍，它可以釋放強大的集中火力，但射程不足，而且相對固定，因此很容易被反制。米特留斯排放槍安裝在砲架上，並以與大砲類似的方式分組在弹药箱中<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2002102_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2002102-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>這支軍隊名義上由<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E4%BB%91%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="拿破仑三世">拿破崙三世</a>領導，实际由元帥<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%9E" title="弗朗索瓦·阿希尔·巴赞">弗朗索瓦·阿希爾·巴贊</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E9%A9%AC%E6%B4%AA" title="帕特里斯·麦克马洪">帕特里斯·德·麥克馬洪</a>指揮<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer201020_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer201020-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。但是這支部隊並沒有事先安排好的戰爭計劃<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199145_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199145-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="德国"><span id=".E5.BE.B7.E5.9B.BD"></span>德国</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：德国"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E8%BB%8D%E9%9A%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="普魯士軍隊">普魯士軍隊</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Troupes_allemandes_%C3%A0_Torcy_en_septembre_1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Troupes_allemandes_%C3%A0_Torcy_en_septembre_1870.jpg/220px-Troupes_allemandes_%C3%A0_Torcy_en_septembre_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Troupes_allemandes_%C3%A0_Torcy_en_septembre_1870.jpg/330px-Troupes_allemandes_%C3%A0_Torcy_en_septembre_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Troupes_allemandes_%C3%A0_Torcy_en_septembre_1870.jpg/440px-Troupes_allemandes_%C3%A0_Torcy_en_septembre_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="1404" /></a><figcaption>1870年9月從<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%B0%94%E8%A5%BF" title="托尔西">托爾西</a>進軍的普魯士軍隊</figcaption></figure> <p>德國軍隊由普魯士王國領導的北德意志聯邦和南德意志各州組成，根據1866年7月26日<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E8%8D%89%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼科爾斯堡草約（页面不存在）">尼科爾斯堡和约</a>的初步设置秘密條款<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAscoli20019_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAscoli20019-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，並在1866年8月23日的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84_(1866%E5%B9%B4)" title="布拉格條約 (1866年)">布拉格條約</a>中正式化<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliot-WrightShann199329_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliot-WrightShann199329-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>各個軍隊的招募和組織幾乎相同，並且基於每年徵兵的概念，這些人然後在常規團中服役一段固定期限，然後被轉移到預備隊<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro200289_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro200289-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。這一過程得出的理論和平時期兵力為382,000人，戰時兵力約為1,189,000人<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarry2009a43_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarry2009a43-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>德國的戰術強調像<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E5%B0%BC%E6%9C%83%E6%88%B0" title="坎尼會戰">坎尼這樣的包圍戰</a>，並儘可能使用火砲進攻。普魯士步兵不是以縱隊或<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E5%88%97%E6%AD%A5%E5%85%B5" title="线列步兵">線隊形式</a>前進，而是以更難被砲兵或法國防禦火力瞄準的小團體移動<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarry2009a43_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarry2009a43-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。可用的士兵數量之多使得大規模包圍和摧毀法國編隊相對容易<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2002110_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2002110-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>軍隊配備了德赖斯針槍，該槍因其在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%BC%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E8%8C%A8%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="克尼格雷茨战役">克尼格里茨戰役</a>中的使用而聞名，此時距离其最早投入使用已超过25年<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2002102_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2002102-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。步槍的射程只有600m，並且缺少允許瞄準射擊的橡膠後膛密封件<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer201030_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer201030-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。著名的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="C64 (field gun)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="C64 (field gun)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=C64_(field_gun)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C64 (field gun)（页面不存在）">克虜伯6磅炮</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C64_(field_gun)" class="extiw" title="en:C64 (field gun)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">C64 (field gun)</span></a></span>）</span></span>（儘管槍被稱為6磅炮，但實際為6公斤，<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%9B%E7%B7%9A" title="膛線">膛線技術</a>使火砲能夠以相同口徑發射兩倍重量的彈丸）的鋼後膛彌補了針槍的不足，普魯士砲兵得以連發射、裝載大砲<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2002113_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2002113-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。克虜伯火砲發射接觸引爆的砲彈，其射程比法國青銅砲口裝填炮的射程更遠，射速更高，而後者依賴於錯誤的時間保險絲<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro200358_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro200358-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>普魯士軍隊由<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E5%86%9B%E5%85%83%E5%B8%85_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" class="mw-redirect" title="陆军元帅 (德国)">陸軍元帥</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E7%A9%86%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E6%81%A9%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%AF%9B%E5%A5%87" class="mw-redirect" title="赫尔穆特·卡尔·贝恩哈特·冯·毛奇">赫爾穆特·馮·毛奇</a>領導的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E5%8F%82%E8%B0%8B%E9%83%A8" title="德国总参谋部">總參謀部</a>指挥。总参谋部自<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0-%E5%93%88%E7%99%BB%E8%B2%9D%E6%A0%BC%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="斯泰因-哈登貝格改革">1810年代的军事改革</a>开始设立，普魯士軍隊是欧洲唯一拥有此類組織的军队，其目的是在和平時期制定整體戰爭戰略，在戰時指導作戰行動並組織後勤和通信<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZabecki20085–7_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabecki20085–7-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。總參謀部的軍官是從<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" title="普魯士戰爭學院">普魯士戰爭學院</a>（Kriegsakademie）中挑選出來的。毛奇积极採用新技術，特別是<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="鐵路">鐵路</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="電報">電報</a>，以協調和加速大規模部隊的動員<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro200347_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro200347-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="戰爭經過"><span id=".E6.88.B0.E7.88.AD.E7.B6.93.E9.81.8E"></span>戰爭經過</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：戰爭經過"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="法军先发制人"><span id=".E6.B3.95.E5.86.9B.E5.85.88.E5.8F.91.E5.88.B6.E4.BA.BA"></span>法军先发制人</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：法军先发制人"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="攻势的准备"><span id=".E6.94.BB.E5.8A.BF.E7.9A.84.E5.87.86.E5.A4.87"></span>攻势的准备</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：攻势的准备"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_german_and_french_armys_on_july_31_1870.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Map_german_and_french_armys_on_july_31_1870.png/220px-Map_german_and_french_armys_on_july_31_1870.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Map_german_and_french_armys_on_july_31_1870.png/330px-Map_german_and_french_armys_on_july_31_1870.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Map_german_and_french_armys_on_july_31_1870.png/440px-Map_german_and_french_armys_on_july_31_1870.png 2x" data-file-width="3164" data-file-height="2456" /></a><figcaption>在1870年7月31日普法兩國軍隊的分佈圖</figcaption></figure> <p>1870年7月28日，拿破崙三世離開巴黎前往梅斯，並擔任新命名的萊茵軍團的指揮官，該軍團約有202,448人，人员預計將隨著法國動員的進展而增長<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199178_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199178-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E9%A9%AC%E6%B4%AA" title="帕特里斯·麦克马洪">麥克馬洪元帥</a>在維桑堡附近指揮第一軍（4個步兵師），<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E5%9D%8E%E7%BE%85%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗朗索瓦·坎羅貝爾（页面不存在）">弗朗索瓦·坎羅貝爾</a>元帥將第六軍（4個步兵師）帶到法國北部的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%81%A9%E6%B2%B3%E7%95%94%E6%B2%99%E9%9A%86" class="mw-redirect" title="马恩河畔沙隆">馬恩河畔沙隆</a>作為預備隊，以防止普魯士通過比利時推進<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199169,_78–79_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199169,_78–79-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>已故的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94" title="阿道夫·尼埃尔">尼埃尔元帥</a>制定的戰前計劃要求法軍從<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%82%E6%B0%B8%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94" title="蒂永维尔">蒂永維爾</a>向<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%94" title="特里尔">特里爾</a>和普魯士<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%E5%85%B0" title="莱茵兰">萊茵蘭</a>發起猛烈進攻。該計劃被<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%8F%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E7%BE%85%E8%96%A9%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="夏爾·弗羅薩德（页面不存在）">夏爾·弗羅薩德</a>將軍和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92%E7%B1%B3%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E5%B8%83%E5%80%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴特勒米·勒布倫（页面不存在）">巴特勒米·勒布倫</a>將軍放棄，取而代之的是一項防禦計劃，該計劃要求萊茵軍團在德國邊境附近保持防禦態勢並擊退普魯士的任何進攻。由於奧地利與巴伐利亞、符騰堡和巴登預計將加入對普魯士的復仇戰爭，<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC1%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89)" title="第1集团军 (普法战争)">第一軍團</a>將入侵<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="巴伐利亚">巴伐利亞</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E7%88%BE%E8%8C%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="巴伐利亞普法爾茨">普法爾茨</a>，並與<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8C%88%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="奥匈帝国军队">奥匈帝国軍隊</a>一起“解放”<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%9B%E9%82%A6" title="南德四邦">德國南部的四個邦國</a>。第六軍團將根據需要增援任何一支軍隊<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro200366–67_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro200366–67-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>不幸的是，對於弗羅薩德的計劃，普魯士軍隊的動員速度比預期的要快得多。奧匈帝國在普奧戰爭中被普魯士擊敗後仍然感到不安，他們小心翼翼地表示，只有在南德人積極看待法國人的情況下，他們才會站在法國一邊。這並沒有成為現實，因為四個德國南部國家已經向普魯士伸出援手，並正在動員他們的軍隊對抗法國<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199147,_48,_60_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199147,_48,_60-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="攻占萨尔布吕肯"><span id=".E6.94.BB.E5.8D.A0.E8.90.A8.E5.B0.94.E5.B8.83.E5.90.95.E8.82.AF"></span>攻占萨尔布吕肯</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：攻占萨尔布吕肯"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E5%90%95%E8%82%AF%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="萨尔布吕肯戰役">萨尔布吕肯戰役</a></div> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; display:table; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; color: inherit;width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">〔法军〕泰然自若地进城，仿佛在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E9%9A%86" title="沙隆">沙隆</a>的营地里训练。 </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;"><cite>——杰弗里·瓦罗，《普法战争：1870-1871年德国征服法国》剑桥大学出版社，2003</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battaglieallafrontiera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Battaglieallafrontiera.jpg/220px-Battaglieallafrontiera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Battaglieallafrontiera.jpg/330px-Battaglieallafrontiera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Battaglieallafrontiera.jpg/440px-Battaglieallafrontiera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>在战争开始时部署法国和德国军队；红色的普鲁士人的指导方针进入敌方领土</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolph-Von-Menzel-Departure-of-King-William-I-for-the-Army-31-July-1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Adolph-Von-Menzel-Departure-of-King-William-I-for-the-Army-31-July-1870.jpg/220px-Adolph-Von-Menzel-Departure-of-King-William-I-for-the-Army-31-July-1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Adolph-Von-Menzel-Departure-of-King-William-I-for-the-Army-31-July-1870.jpg/330px-Adolph-Von-Menzel-Departure-of-King-William-I-for-the-Army-31-July-1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Adolph-Von-Menzel-Departure-of-King-William-I-for-the-Army-31-July-1870.jpg/440px-Adolph-Von-Menzel-Departure-of-King-William-I-for-the-Army-31-July-1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>《<a href="/wiki/1870%E5%B9%B47%E6%9C%8831%E6%97%A5%EF%BC%8C%E5%9C%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96%E5%95%9F%E7%A8%8B%E5%8F%83%E8%BB%8D" title="1870年7月31日，國王威廉一世啟程參軍">1870年7月31日，國王威廉一世啟程參軍</a>》，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E9%96%80%E9%87%87%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="阿道夫·馮·門采爾">阿道夫·馮·門采爾</a>作</figcaption></figure> <p>拿破崙三世承受著巨大的國內壓力，要求在毛奇的全部力量動員和部署之前發動進攻。弗羅薩德部隊的偵察只發現了守衛邊境城鎮薩爾布呂肯的普魯士第16步兵師，就在整個萊茵軍團之前。因此7月31日，陸軍向薩爾河進發，佔領了<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E5%B8%83%E5%91%82%E8%82%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="薩爾布呂肯">薩爾布呂肯</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro200385,_86,_90_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro200385,_86,_90-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>弗羅薩德將軍的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC2%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第2集团军 (法國)（页面不存在）">第二軍團</a>和巴贊元帥的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC3%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD)" class="mw-redirect" title="第3集团军 (法国)">第三軍團</a>於8月2日越過德國邊境，開始從薩爾布呂肯鎮迫使普魯士第16步兵師的第40團進行一系列直接攻擊。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%99%E5%A1%9E%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9%E6%AD%A5%E6%A7%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沙塞波特步槍（页面不存在）">沙塞波特步槍</a>證明了它對针管步槍的價值，法國步槍兵在薩爾布呂肯周圍的小規模衝突中經常超過他們的普魯士对手。然而普魯士人頑強抵抗，法軍傷亡86人，而普魯士人傷亡83人。薩爾布呂肯也被證明是物流方面的主要障礙。那裡只有一條鐵路通往德國腹地，但可以很容易地由一支部隊防守，該地區唯一的河流系統沿著邊境而不是內陸流動<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro200387,_90_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro200387,_90-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。雖然法國人稱讚入侵是向<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="萊茵蘭">萊茵蘭</a>和後來的柏林邁出的第一步，但<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E4%BC%AF%E5%A4%AB" title="埃德蒙·勒伯夫">埃德蒙·勒伯夫</a>將軍和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E5%B4%99%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="拿破崙三世">拿破崙三世</a>卻從外國新聞來源收到了令人震驚的報告，即<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E8%BB%8D%E9%9A%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="普魯士軍隊">普魯士</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="巴伐利亞陸軍">巴伐利亞軍隊</a>除了北部的部隊外，有東南方向的部队集結<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro200394_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro200394-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sturm_auf_den_Spicherer_Berg_(1880)_Anton_von_Werner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sturm_auf_den_Spicherer_Berg_%281880%29_Anton_von_Werner.jpg/220px-Sturm_auf_den_Spicherer_Berg_%281880%29_Anton_von_Werner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sturm_auf_den_Spicherer_Berg_%281880%29_Anton_von_Werner.jpg/330px-Sturm_auf_den_Spicherer_Berg_%281880%29_Anton_von_Werner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sturm_auf_den_Spicherer_Berg_%281880%29_Anton_von_Werner.jpg/440px-Sturm_auf_den_Spicherer_Berg_%281880%29_Anton_von_Werner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1352" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>普魯士軍隊在薩爾布呂肯發起反攻</figcaption></figure> <p>毛奇確實在該地區集結了三支軍隊，編制如下<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199182_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199182-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC1%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89)" title="第1集团军 (普法战争)">第一軍團</a>（50,000人），由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0%E6%A2%85%E8%8C%A8" title="卡尔·腓特烈·冯·史泰因梅茨">卡爾·馮·施泰因梅茨將軍</a>指挥，总参谋长<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%8F%80%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="奥斯卡·冯·斯珀林">奥斯卡·冯·斯珀林</a>，部署在<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93" class="mw-redirect" title="薩爾路易">薩爾路易</a>對面，下轄： <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC1%E5%86%9B_(%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第1军 (德意志帝國)（页面不存在）">第1军</a>，军长<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E6%BA%AB%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%9B%BC%E9%99%80%E8%8F%B2%E7%88%BE%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5" title="埃德溫·馮·曼陀菲爾男爵">埃德溫·馮·曼陀菲爾</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC7%E5%86%9B_(%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第7军 (德意志帝國)（页面不存在）">第7军</a>，军长<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%89%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%97" title="海因里希·冯·扎斯特罗">海因里希·冯·扎斯特罗</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC8%E5%86%9B_(%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第8军 (德意志帝國)（页面不存在）">第8军</a>，军长<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E6%9C%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="奥古斯特·卡尔·冯·戈本">奥古斯特·卡尔·冯·格本</a></li> <li>第1骑兵师，师长<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%B1%E5%88%A9%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朱利叶斯·冯·哈特曼（页面不存在）">朱利叶斯·冯·哈特曼</a></li> <li>第3骑兵师，师长<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%9C%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格奥尔格·冯·格本（页面不存在）">格奥尔格·冯·格本</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC2%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第2集团军 (普法战争)（页面不存在）">第二軍團</a>（134,000人），由<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%B2%E7%8E%8B_(%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB)" class="mw-redirect" title="腓特烈·卡尔亲王 (普鲁士)">弗里德里希·卡爾親王</a>指挥，总参谋长<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%8B%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古斯塔夫·冯·斯蒂勒（页面不存在）">古斯塔夫·冯·斯蒂勒</a>，部署在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB" title="福尔巴赫">福爾巴赫</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%AE%E4%BB%80%E4%BC%A6" title="斯皮什伦">斯皮什倫</a>一線對面，下轄： <ul><li>近卫军，军长<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%8E%8B%E5%AD%90_(%E7%AC%A6%E9%A8%B0%E5%A0%A1)" title="奧古斯特王子 (符騰堡)">符腾堡的奥古斯特</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC2%E5%86%9B_(%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第2军 (德意志帝國)（页面不存在）">第2军</a>，军长<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%A1%9E%E5%9F%BA" title="爱德华·冯·弗兰塞基">爱德华·冯·弗兰塞基</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC3%E5%86%9B_(%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第3军 (德意志帝國)（页面不存在）">第3军</a>，军长<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E6%96%AF%E8%8E%B1%E6%9C%AC" title="康斯坦丁·冯·阿尔文斯莱本">康斯坦丁·冯·阿尔文斯莱本</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC4%E5%86%9B_(%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第4军 (德意志帝國)（页面不存在）">第4军</a>，军长<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E6%96%AF%E8%8E%B1%E6%9C%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古斯塔夫·冯·阿尔文斯莱本（页面不存在）">古斯塔夫·冯·阿尔文斯莱本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC9%E8%BB%8D_(%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)" title="第9軍 (德意志帝國)">第9军</a>，军长<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%BD%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0" title="阿尔布雷希特·古斯塔夫·冯·曼施泰因">阿尔布雷希特·古斯塔夫·冯·曼施泰因</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC10%E5%86%9B_(%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第10军 (德意志帝國)（页面不存在）">第10军</a>，军长<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E6%81%A9%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E4%BC%8A%E8%8C%A8-%E9%9B%B7%E8%8C%A8" title="康斯坦丁·伯恩哈德·冯·沃伊茨-雷茨">康斯坦丁·伯恩哈德·冯·沃伊茨-雷茨</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC12%E5%86%9B_(%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第12军 (德意志帝國)（页面不存在）">第12军</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="薩克森陸軍">萨克森王家陆军</a>），军长<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E7%9A%84%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="薩克森的阿爾伯特">萨克森王储阿尔布雷希特</a></li> <li>第5骑兵师，师长<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%E5%B7%B4%E6%9C%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿尔布雷希特·冯·莱茵巴本（页面不存在）">阿尔布雷希特·冯·莱茵巴本</a></li> <li>第6骑兵师，师长<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E5%80%AB%E5%A0%A1-%E6%96%BD%E5%A8%81%E6%9E%97%E7%9A%84%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89" title="梅克倫堡-施威林的威廉">梅克倫堡-施威林的威廉</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC3%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第3集团军 (普法战争)（页面不存在）">第三軍團</a>（120,000人）由王儲<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB)" title="腓特烈三世 (普鲁士)">腓特烈·威廉</a>指揮，总参谋长<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E6%98%82%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%A7%E9%96%80%E5%A1%94%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5" title="萊昂哈特·馮·布盧門塔爾伯爵">萊昂哈特·馮·布盧門塔爾</a>，包含<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E9%A8%B0%E5%A0%A1%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="符騰堡陸軍">符騰堡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="巴伐利亞陸軍">巴伐利亞</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB%E9%99%86%E5%86%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴登陆军（页面不存在）">巴登</a>的軍隊，部署在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E6%A1%91%E5%A0%A1" title="维桑堡">維桑堡</a>對面，下轄： <ul><li>第5军，军长<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%9C%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E5%B8%8C%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雨果·冯·基希巴赫（页面不存在）">雨果·冯·基希巴赫</a></li> <li>第6军，军长<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%BB%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·冯·廷普林（页面不存在）">威廉·冯·廷普林</a></li> <li>第11军，军长<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%B1%E5%88%A9%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朱利叶斯·冯·博斯（页面不存在）">朱利叶斯·冯·博斯</a></li> <li>巴伐利亚第1军，军长<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%9D%A6%E6%81%A9-%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8%E5%A7%86%E8%B1%AA%E6%A3%AE%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="路德维希·冯·德·坦恩-拉萨姆豪森男爵（页面不存在）">路德维希·冯·德·坦恩-拉萨姆豪森男爵</a></li> <li>巴伐利亚第2军，军长<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%E6%9B%BC" title="雅各布·冯·哈特曼">雅各布·冯·哈特曼</a></li> <li>符騰堡-巴登联合军 <ul><li>符腾堡师，师长<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%9C%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E4%BC%AF%E5%B0%BC%E8%8C%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雨果·冯·奥伯尼茨（页面不存在）">雨果·冯·奥伯尼茨</a></li> <li>巴登师，师长<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%8B%9C%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古斯塔夫·弗里德里希·冯·拜尔（页面不存在）">古斯塔夫·弗里德里希·冯·拜尔</a></li></ul></li> <li>第2骑兵师，师长<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%BD%E6%89%98%E5%B0%94%E8%B4%9D%E6%A0%BC-%E9%9F%A6%E5%B0%BC%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="施托尔贝格-韦尼格罗德的威廉伯爵（页面不存在）">施托尔贝格-韦尼格罗德的威廉伯爵</a></li> <li>第4骑兵师，师长<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%9A%84%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9_(1809%E2%80%931872)" class="mw-redirect" title="普魯士的阿爾布雷希特 (1809–1872)">普魯士亲王阿爾布雷希特</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="普鲁士的进攻"><span id=".E6.99.AE.E9.B2.81.E5.A3.AB.E7.9A.84.E8.BF.9B.E6.94.BB"></span>普鲁士的进攻</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：普鲁士的进攻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; display:table; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; color: inherit;width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">边境上征服的大军不会因雄辩而止步。 </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;"><cite>——<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A6" title="奥托·冯·俾斯麦">奥托·冯·俾斯麦</a>，1867年9月24日在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83_(%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF)" title="帝國議會 (北德意志邦聯)">北德意志邦联议会</a>的演讲</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="维桑堡战役"><span id=".E7.BB.B4.E6.A1.91.E5.A0.A1.E6.88.98.E5.BD.B9"></span>维桑堡战役</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：维桑堡战役"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E6%A1%91%E5%A0%A1%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="维桑堡战役">维桑堡战役</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uniform-Bilder_K%C3%B6niglich_Bayerisches_Infanterie-Regiment_Gro%C3%9Fherzog_Ernst_Ludwig_von_Hessen_007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Uniform-Bilder_K%C3%B6niglich_Bayerisches_Infanterie-Regiment_Gro%C3%9Fherzog_Ernst_Ludwig_von_Hessen_007.jpg/220px-Uniform-Bilder_K%C3%B6niglich_Bayerisches_Infanterie-Regiment_Gro%C3%9Fherzog_Ernst_Ludwig_von_Hessen_007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Uniform-Bilder_K%C3%B6niglich_Bayerisches_Infanterie-Regiment_Gro%C3%9Fherzog_Ernst_Ludwig_von_Hessen_007.jpg/330px-Uniform-Bilder_K%C3%B6niglich_Bayerisches_Infanterie-Regiment_Gro%C3%9Fherzog_Ernst_Ludwig_von_Hessen_007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Uniform-Bilder_K%C3%B6niglich_Bayerisches_Infanterie-Regiment_Gro%C3%9Fherzog_Ernst_Ludwig_von_Hessen_007.jpg/440px-Uniform-Bilder_K%C3%B6niglich_Bayerisches_Infanterie-Regiment_Gro%C3%9Fherzog_Ernst_Ludwig_von_Hessen_007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2944" data-file-height="2222" /></a><figcaption>巴伐利亚陆军在维桑堡战役中推进</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_crown_Prince_Friedrich_Wilhelm_contemplating_the_corpse_of_French_general_Abel_Douay,_Franco-Prussian_War,_1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/German_crown_Prince_Friedrich_Wilhelm_contemplating_the_corpse_of_French_general_Abel_Douay%2C_Franco-Prussian_War%2C_1870.jpg/220px-German_crown_Prince_Friedrich_Wilhelm_contemplating_the_corpse_of_French_general_Abel_Douay%2C_Franco-Prussian_War%2C_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/German_crown_Prince_Friedrich_Wilhelm_contemplating_the_corpse_of_French_general_Abel_Douay%2C_Franco-Prussian_War%2C_1870.jpg/330px-German_crown_Prince_Friedrich_Wilhelm_contemplating_the_corpse_of_French_general_Abel_Douay%2C_Franco-Prussian_War%2C_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/German_crown_Prince_Friedrich_Wilhelm_contemplating_the_corpse_of_French_general_Abel_Douay%2C_Franco-Prussian_War%2C_1870.jpg/440px-German_crown_Prince_Friedrich_Wilhelm_contemplating_the_corpse_of_French_general_Abel_Douay%2C_Franco-Prussian_War%2C_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2102" /></a><figcaption>維桑堡戰役後，<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB)" title="腓特烈三世 (普鲁士)">腓特烈王儲</a>及其幕僚在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E5%9F%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿貝爾·杜埃（页面不存在）">阿貝爾·杜埃</a>將軍的遺體前默哀，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3" title="安东·冯·维尔纳">安東·馮·威爾納</a>作</figcaption></figure> <p>從被俘的普魯士士兵和當地警察局長那裡得知，普魯士王儲的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC3%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第3集团军 (普法战争)（页面不存在）">第三軍團</a>距離萊茵河小鎮維桑堡附近的<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E5%B8%83%E5%91%82%E8%82%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="薩爾布呂肯">薩爾布呂肯</a>以北僅30英里（48公里），勒伯夫將軍和拿破崙三世決定撤退到防禦陣地。弗羅薩德將軍在沒有指示的情況下，匆忙將他在薩爾布呂肯的萊茵軍團部隊撤回河對岸的斯皮什倫和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB" title="福尔巴赫">福爾巴赫</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro200395_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro200395-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>現在離<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E6%A1%91%E5%A0%A1" title="维桑堡">維桑堡</a>最近的麥克馬洪元帥將他的四個師展開20英里（32公里）以應對任何普魯士-巴伐利亞軍隊的入侵。這個組織是由於缺乏補給，迫使每個師從農村和本應為他們提供給養的軍隊供應部門的代表那裡尋找食物和草料。使情況變得更糟的是第一師指揮官<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9-%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E6%9D%9C%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧古斯特-亞歷山大杜克羅（页面不存在）">奧古斯特-亞歷山大杜克羅將軍</a>的行為。他在8月1日告訴第2師指揮官阿貝爾·杜埃將軍，“我收到的消息讓我認為，敵人在他的前哨附近沒有可觀的兵力，並且沒有發動進攻的意願”。兩天後，他告訴麥克馬洪，他沒有找到“一個敵方哨所……在我看來，巴伐利亞人的威脅只是虛張聲勢”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1991100–101_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1991100–101-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。儘管杜克羅對德軍進攻的可能性不以為然，麥克馬洪還是試圖警告他的其他三名師長，但沒有成功<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1991101_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1991101-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>普法戰爭的第一次行動發生在1870年8月4日。在這場戰鬥中，杜埃率领的第一軍將在無人支援的部隊和一些被派駐守望邊界的附屬騎兵部隊駐紮在維桑堡。德國<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC3%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第3集团军 (普法战争)（页面不存在）">第三軍團</a>以壓倒性的兵力和不協調的方式向發動了進攻。一個巴伐利亞軍和兩個普魯士軍進行冲锋，並得到普魯士砲兵的協助，他們在城市防禦上炸開了一個洞。阿貝爾·杜埃最初佔據了一個非常穩固的位置，這要歸功於沙塞波特步槍精確的遠程快速射擊，但他的兵力太薄弱了，無法保持住優勢。杜埃在傍晚時分因為身邊的一個師連隊砲台的沉箱爆炸而被炸死。普魯士人對該鎮的包圍隨後威脅了法國撤退的道路<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro200397,_98,_101_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro200397,_98,_101-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>鎮內的戰鬥變得異常激烈，變成了挨家挨戶的生存之戰。儘管普魯士步兵不斷進攻，第2師的士兵仍堅守陣地。維桑堡的民眾終於向德國人投降了。沒有投降的法軍向西撤退，留下了1000名死傷者和1000名俘虜以及所有剩餘彈藥<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003101–103_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003101–103-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。普魯士軍隊的最後一次進攻也導致了約1000人傷亡。德國騎兵隨後未能追擊法國人並與他們失去聯繫。進攻方最初在人數上佔優勢，部署範圍廣泛，很有可能被包圍，但法國沙塞波特步槍的火力對步兵的攻擊造成了巨大損失，直到法國步兵遭到普魯士火砲的廣泛轟炸局勢才得以逆轉<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1991101–103_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1991101–103-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="斯皮什倫战役"><span id=".E6.96.AF.E7.9A.AE.E4.BB.80.E5.80.AB.E6.88.98.E5.BD.B9"></span>斯皮什倫战役</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：斯皮什倫战役"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%AE%E4%BB%80%E5%80%AB%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="斯皮什倫战役">斯皮什倫战役</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spicheren-Roter_Berg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Spicheren-Roter_Berg.png/220px-Spicheren-Roter_Berg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Spicheren-Roter_Berg.png/330px-Spicheren-Roter_Berg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Spicheren-Roter_Berg.png/440px-Spicheren-Roter_Berg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E5%B8%8C%E6%9E%97" title="卡爾·勒希林">卡爾·勒希林</a>描繪斯皮什倫战役所作《红山的风暴》</figcaption></figure> <p>8月5日的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%AE%E4%BB%80%E5%80%AB%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="斯皮什倫战役">斯皮什倫戰役</a>是法國三場重大失敗中的第二場。毛奇原本計劃將巴讚的軍隊留在<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="薩爾河">薩爾河</a>上，直到他可以用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC2%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第2集团军 (普法战争)（页面不存在）">第二軍團</a>在前面，<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC1%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89)" title="第1集团军 (普法战争)">第一軍團</a>在左翼進攻，而<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC3%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第3集团军 (普法战争)（页面不存在）">第三軍團</a>向後方靠近。年邁的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0%E6%A2%85%E8%8C%A8" title="卡尔·腓特烈·冯·史泰因梅茨">馮·施泰因梅茨將軍</a>採取了一個過分熱心的、計劃外的行動，帶領<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC1%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89)" title="第1集团军 (普法战争)">第一軍團</a>從他在<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%BE%A4%E7%88%BE%E6%B2%B3" title="摩澤爾河">摩澤爾河</a>的陣地向南。他直奔斯皮切倫鎮，在此過程中將腓特烈·卡爾與他的前鋒騎兵部隊隔開<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003108_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003108-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在法國方面，維桑堡災難後的計劃變得至關重要。勒伯夫將軍氣得通紅，打算對薩爾發動攻勢，以彌補他們的損失。然而下一次遭遇的計劃更多地基於正在展開的事件的現實，而不是情感或自豪感，因為沃爾夫警長告訴他和他的工作人員，薩爾之外的補給是不可能的。因此法國軍隊將採取防禦陣地，以防御所有可能的攻擊點，但這也使軍隊無法相互支持<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199187–88_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199187–88-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>當麥克馬洪將軍率領的法國軍隊在沃爾特戰役中與德國<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC3%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第3集团军 (普法战争)（页面不存在）">第三軍團</a>交戰時，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0%E6%A2%85%E8%8C%A8" title="卡尔·腓特烈·冯·史泰因梅茨">施泰因梅茨</a>領導的德國<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC1%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89)" title="第1集团军 (普法战争)">第一軍團</a>從薩爾布呂肯向西推進。普魯士的<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%B2%E7%8E%8B_(%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB)" class="mw-redirect" title="腓特烈·卡尔亲王 (普鲁士)">腓特烈·卡爾親王</a>率領的德國第2集團軍巡邏隊在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%AE%E4%BB%80%E4%BC%A6" title="斯皮什伦">斯皮什倫鎮</a>以南的一個遙遠高原上發現了附近的誘餌火力和弗羅薩德的軍隊，並將其視為弗羅薩德撤退的跡象。再次無視毛奇的計劃，兩支德國軍隊襲擊了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E7%BE%85%E8%96%A9%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗羅薩德（页面不存在）">弗羅薩德</a>的法國<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC2%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第2集团军 (法国)（页面不存在）">第二軍團</a>，該軍團設在斯皮什倫和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB" title="福尔巴赫">福爾巴赫</a>之間<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199189–90_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199189–90-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在戰鬥開始時，法國人並沒有意識到德國的數量優勢，因為德國<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC2%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第2集团军 (普法战争)（页面不存在）">第二軍團</a>並沒有立即發起進攻。弗羅薩德將迎面而來的攻擊僅僅視為小規模衝突，並沒有要求其他部隊提供額外支援。等到他意識到自己在對抗什麼樣的勢力時，已經太遲了。弗羅薩德和巴赞下的預備隊之間的通信嚴重缺陷，以至於當預備隊接到命令轉移到斯皮什倫時，來自第1和第2軍團的德國士兵已經衝上高地。由於預備隊尚未到達，弗羅薩德錯誤地認為他處於被包抄的嚴重危險中，因為在福爾巴赫發現了馮·格魯姆將軍率領的德國士兵<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199192–93_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199192–93-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他沒有繼續守住高地，而是在黃昏後的戰鬥結束時向南撤退。由於沙塞波特步槍的先進性和有效性，德國人的傷亡人數相對較高。當他們發現他們的努力沒有白費時，他們大吃一驚——弗羅薩德已經放棄了他在高地的位置<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199198–99_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199198–99-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="沃爾特战役"><span id=".E6.B2.83.E7.88.BE.E7.89.B9.E6.88.98.E5.BD.B9"></span>沃爾特战役</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：沃爾特战役"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="沃尔特战役">沃爾特战役</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ReichshoffenMorot1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/ReichshoffenMorot1870.jpg/220px-ReichshoffenMorot1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/ReichshoffenMorot1870.jpg/330px-ReichshoffenMorot1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/ReichshoffenMorot1870.jpg/440px-ReichshoffenMorot1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1035" /></a><figcaption>沃尔特战役中的法国骑兵冲锋，艾梅·莫罗（Aimé Morot）作</figcaption></figure> <p>8月6日，兩軍在距離維桑堡約16公里的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%8B%92%E4%BB%80%E7%BB%B4%E8%8E%B1%E5%B0%94" title="弗勒什维莱尔">弗勒什維萊爾鎮</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9" title="沃尔特">沃爾特</a>附近再次發生衝突，沃爾特戰役開始。普魯士王儲的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC3%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第3集团军 (普法战争)（页面不存在）">第三軍團</a>在其參謀長<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E6%98%82%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%A7%E9%96%80%E5%A1%94%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5" title="萊昂哈特·馮·布盧門塔爾伯爵">馮·布盧門塔爾將軍</a>的迅速反應下，召集了增援部隊，使其兵力達到140,000人。法軍逐漸得到增援，他們的兵力只有35,000人。儘管人數遠遠超過法國人，但法國人在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%8B%92%E4%BB%80%E7%BB%B4%E8%8E%B1%E5%B0%94" title="弗勒什维莱尔">弗勒什維萊爾</a>城外捍衛了自己的陣地。到下午，德國人遭受了约10,500人死亡或受傷，法國人損失了相似數量的傷亡人數，另外還有一個俘虜9200人，損失約50%。德國人佔領了位於法國防線中心山頂上的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E7%BE%85%E6%96%BD%E7%B6%AD%E5%8B%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗羅施維勒（页面不存在）">弗羅施維勒</a>。由于失去了勝利的希望並面臨一場大屠殺，法軍脫離接觸，向西向比奇和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%A9%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薩維爾（页面不存在）">薩維爾</a>撤退，希望在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9A%E6%97%A5%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" class="mw-redirect" title="孚日山脈">孚日山脈</a>的另一邊與法軍會合。德軍<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC3%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第3集团军 (普法战争)（页面不存在）">第三軍團</a>沒有追擊法軍，而是留在阿爾薩斯，緩慢向南移動，攻擊並摧毀了附近的法軍駐軍部队<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1979108–117_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1979108–117-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="馬斯拉圖爾战役"><span id=".E9.A6.AC.E6.96.AF.E6.8B.89.E5.9C.96.E7.88.BE.E6.88.98.E5.BD.B9"></span>馬斯拉圖爾战役</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：馬斯拉圖爾战役"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96%E7%88%BE%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="馬斯拉圖爾戰役">馬斯拉圖爾战役</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battagliadimarslatour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Battagliadimarslatour.jpg/220px-Battagliadimarslatour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Battagliadimarslatour.jpg/330px-Battagliadimarslatour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Battagliadimarslatour.jpg/440px-Battagliadimarslatour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption> 馬斯拉圖爾战役地图</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Mars-La-Tour,_August_16,1870_by_Emil_H%C3%BCnten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Battle_of_Mars-La-Tour%2C_August_16%2C1870_by_Emil_H%C3%BCnten.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Mars-La-Tour%2C_August_16%2C1870_by_Emil_H%C3%BCnten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Battle_of_Mars-La-Tour%2C_August_16%2C1870_by_Emil_H%C3%BCnten.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Mars-La-Tour%2C_August_16%2C1870_by_Emil_H%C3%BCnten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Battle_of_Mars-La-Tour%2C_August_16%2C1870_by_Emil_H%C3%BCnten.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Mars-La-Tour%2C_August_16%2C1870_by_Emil_H%C3%BCnten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1702" /></a><figcaption>馬斯拉圖爾战役，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%B9%BC%E7%B3%BB%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="羅伊斯幼系親王國">羅伊斯親王</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96_(%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%B9%BC%E7%B3%BB)" title="亨利十四世 (羅伊斯幼系)">亨利十四世</a>率領第五中隊第一禁衛龍騎兵團對法軍發動進攻</figcaption></figure> <p>在邊境戰敗後，大約160,000名法國士兵被圍困在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%85%E6%96%AF%E8%A6%81%E5%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="梅斯要塞（页面不存在）">梅斯要塞</a>。8月15日下令從梅斯撤退以在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E9%9A%86" title="沙隆">沙隆</a>與法國軍隊會合，並被<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%A7%E9%96%80%E5%A1%94%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧斯卡·馮·布盧門塔爾（页面不存在）">奧斯卡·馮·布盧門撒爾</a>少校領導的普魯士騎兵巡邏隊發現<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1979145_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1979145-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。第二天，一支由<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E6%96%AF%E8%8E%B1%E6%9C%AC" title="康斯坦丁·冯·阿尔文斯莱本">康斯坦丁·馮·阿爾文斯萊本</a>將軍率領的第3軍（隸屬<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC2%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第2集团军 (普法战争)（页面不存在）">第二軍團</a>）的30,000人組成的普魯士軍隊在马斯拉图尔以東的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E6%B0%B8%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94" title="维永维尔">維永維爾</a>附近發現了法國軍隊。儘管敵我交換比是四比一，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC3%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第3集团军 (普法战争)（页面不存在）">第三軍團</a>還是發起了一次冒險的進攻。法軍被擊潰，第3軍佔領了維翁維爾，阻止了任何進一步向西逃跑的企圖。一旦被阻止撤退，梅斯要塞的法國人別無選擇，只能進行一場戰鬥，這將是西歐最後一次大規模騎兵交戰。戰鬥很快爆發，普鲁士第3軍被不斷的騎兵衝鋒擊潰，損失了一半以上的士兵。德國官方歷史記錄了15,780人傷亡，法國人傷亡13,761人，事後德軍指揮官<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E6%96%AF%E8%8E%B1%E6%9C%AC" title="康斯坦丁·冯·阿尔文斯莱本">康斯坦丁·馮·阿爾文斯萊本</a>將軍後因過高的傷亡比而受到了批評<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1979152–161_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1979152–161-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>8月16日，法國人有機會掃除普魯士的關鍵防禦並逃脫。兩個普魯士軍團襲擊了法國前衛，認為這是法國默茲軍隊撤退的後衛。儘管有這個誤判，普魯士的兩個軍團一整天都控制了整個法國軍隊。普魯士人以5比1的優勢戰勝了法國人的優柔寡斷，法國人失去了取得決定性勝利的機會<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1979160–163_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1979160–163-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="格拉沃洛特戰役"><span id=".E6.A0.BC.E6.8B.89.E6.B2.83.E6.B4.9B.E7.89.B9.E6.88.B0.E5.BD.B9"></span>格拉沃洛特戰役</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：格拉沃洛特戰役"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%83%E6%B4%9B%E7%89%B9%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="格拉沃洛特战役">格拉沃洛特战役</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battagliadigravelotte.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Battagliadigravelotte.gif/220px-Battagliadigravelotte.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Battagliadigravelotte.gif/330px-Battagliadigravelotte.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Battagliadigravelotte.gif/440px-Battagliadigravelotte.gif 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>格拉沃洛特戰役地图</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst_Zimmer_-_Das_Lauenburgische_J%C3%A4ger-Bataillon_Nr._9_bei_Gravelotte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ernst_Zimmer_-_Das_Lauenburgische_J%C3%A4ger-Bataillon_Nr._9_bei_Gravelotte.jpg/220px-Ernst_Zimmer_-_Das_Lauenburgische_J%C3%A4ger-Bataillon_Nr._9_bei_Gravelotte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ernst_Zimmer_-_Das_Lauenburgische_J%C3%A4ger-Bataillon_Nr._9_bei_Gravelotte.jpg/330px-Ernst_Zimmer_-_Das_Lauenburgische_J%C3%A4ger-Bataillon_Nr._9_bei_Gravelotte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ernst_Zimmer_-_Das_Lauenburgische_J%C3%A4ger-Bataillon_Nr._9_bei_Gravelotte.jpg/440px-Ernst_Zimmer_-_Das_Lauenburgische_J%C3%A4ger-Bataillon_Nr._9_bei_Gravelotte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2101" data-file-height="1078" /></a><figcaption>格拉沃洛特戰役，勞恩堡第9步兵團對法軍陣地發起衝鋒</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%83%E6%B4%9B%E7%89%B9%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="格拉沃洛特战役">格拉沃洛特戰役</a>（8月18日），是普法戰爭期間最大規模的戰役。它在梅斯以西約6英里（9.7公里）處進行了戰鬥，前一天，普魯士人在馬爾拉圖爾戰役中攔截了法國軍隊向西撤退，現在正在逼近以完成對法國軍隊。在陸軍元帥赫爾穆斯·馮·毛奇伯爵的領導下，德軍聯合部隊是北德意志聯邦的普魯士第一軍團和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC2%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第2集团军 (普法战争)（页面不存在）">第二軍團</a>，約有210個步兵營、133個騎兵中隊和732門重砲，共計188,332名官兵。由<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%9E" title="弗朗索瓦·阿希尔·巴赞">弗朗索瓦-阿奇尔·巴贊元帥</a>指揮的法軍萊茵軍團，約有183個步兵營、104個騎兵中隊，由520門重砲支持，共計112,800名官兵，沿高地開挖，南側左翼在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%B3%BD%E9%87%8C%E7%BA%A6%E5%8B%92" title="罗泽里约勒">罗泽里约勒</a>，北右翼在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E7%93%A6" title="圣普里瓦">聖普里瓦</a>。 </p><p>8月18日，戰斗在08:00時開始，毛奇命令第一和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC2%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第2集团军 (普法战争)（页面不存在）">第二軍團</a>向法國陣地發起進攻。法國人在戰壕和步槍坑中挖掘，他們的大砲和他們的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E7%95%99%E6%96%AF%E6%8E%92%E6%94%BE%E6%9E%AA" title="米特留斯排放枪">米特留斯排放槍</a>在隱蔽的位置。在砲火的支持下，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0%E6%A2%85%E8%8C%A8" title="卡尔·腓特烈·冯·史泰因梅茨">施泰因梅茨</a>的第7和8軍在曼斯峽谷發動了攻擊，所有這些都被法國步槍和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E7%95%99%E6%96%AF%E6%8E%92%E6%94%BE%E6%9E%AA" title="米特留斯排放枪">米特留斯排放槍</a>火力擊敗，迫使兩個德國軍撤退到雷松維爾。普魯士近衛第1步兵師襲擊了法軍控制的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E7%93%A6" title="圣普里瓦">聖普里瓦</a>，並被來自步槍坑和戰壕的法軍火力壓制。腓特烈·卡尔亲王領導下的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC2%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第2集团军 (普法战争)（页面不存在）">第二軍團</a>用它的火砲粉碎了法國在聖普里瓦的陣地。他的第12軍攻占了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%97%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94" title="朗库尔">朗庫爾鎮</a>，並幫助衛隊征服了<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E7%93%A6" title="圣普里瓦">聖普里瓦</a>，而<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%A1%9E%E5%9F%BA" title="爱德华·冯·弗兰塞基">愛德華·馮·弗蘭塞基</a>的第2軍則挺進了<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%BE%A4%E7%88%BE%E6%B2%B3" title="摩澤爾河">摩澤爾河</a>河谷。戰鬥於22:00平息。 </p><p>第二天早上，萊茵河的法國軍隊撤退到<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E6%96%AF" title="梅斯">梅斯</a>，在那裡他們被圍困並在兩個月後被迫投降。在8月18日的戰鬥中，共有20,163名德軍士兵在行動中陣亡、受傷或失踪。法軍陣亡和受傷人數為7,855人，還有4,420名被俘（其中一半受傷），共計12,275人。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="梅斯之围"><span id=".E6.A2.85.E6.96.AF.E4.B9.8B.E5.9B.B4"></span>梅斯之围</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：梅斯之围"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%8D%E5%9F%8E%E6%88%B0" title="梅斯圍城戰">梅斯圍城戰</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Situazionedimetz2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Situazionedimetz2.jpg/220px-Situazionedimetz2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Situazionedimetz2.jpg/330px-Situazionedimetz2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Situazionedimetz2.jpg/440px-Situazionedimetz2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>8月14日至15日在梅斯的局势：注意德國军队的逐步包抄，他們將通往凡尔登的道路封锁，这阻止了沙隆法軍的後續撤退</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlphonseNeuvilleFriedhofSaint-PrivatL1100806_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/AlphonseNeuvilleFriedhofSaint-PrivatL1100806_%282%29.jpg/220px-AlphonseNeuvilleFriedhofSaint-PrivatL1100806_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/AlphonseNeuvilleFriedhofSaint-PrivatL1100806_%282%29.jpg/330px-AlphonseNeuvilleFriedhofSaint-PrivatL1100806_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/AlphonseNeuvilleFriedhofSaint-PrivatL1100806_%282%29.jpg/440px-AlphonseNeuvilleFriedhofSaint-PrivatL1100806_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3233" data-file-height="2214" /></a><figcaption>梅斯战役后损伤惨重的法军</figcaption></figure> <p>隨著巴贊元帥的萊茵軍團在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%83%E6%B4%9B%E7%89%B9" title="格拉沃洛特">格拉維洛特</a>被擊敗，法國人撤退到梅斯，在那裡他們被德国第一和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC2%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第2集团军 (普法战争)（页面不存在）">第二軍團</a>的150,000多名士兵包圍。巴贊指揮下的軍隊進一步的軍事行動引起了歷史學家對其指揮官的無數批評。帶有諷刺意味的是，他當時的做的是出台關於衛生和紀律的命令，以及玩<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E8%AB%BE%E9%AA%A8%E7%89%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="多米諾骨牌">多米諾骨牌</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003196_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003196-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。巴赞出人意料的不作為讓毛奇鬆了一口氣，他現在有時間改善他在梅斯周圍的补给並加強對麥克馬洪的追捕<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003201_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003201-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。此時，拿破崙三世和麥克馬洪組成了新的法國沙隆軍團，前往梅斯營救巴贊。拿破崙三世親自率領軍隊，麥克馬洪元帥同时参加。沙隆軍向東北進軍比利時邊境以避開普魯士人，然後向南進攻與巴贊會合。毛奇離開了包圍梅斯的普魯士第一和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC2%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第2集团军 (普法战争)（页面不存在）">第二軍團</a>，除了三個軍團在<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%B2%9D_(%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E5%9C%8B%E7%8E%8B)" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾貝 (薩克森國王)">薩克森王儲</a>領導下組成默茲軍團。8月30日，毛奇帶著這支軍隊和普魯士<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC3%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第3集团军 (普法战争)（页面不存在）">第三軍團</a>向北進軍，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9" class="mw-disambig" title="博蒙特">博蒙特</a>追上了法國人。經過一場激戰，令法國人損失了5000人和40門大砲，法國人向色當撤退。在鎮上進行改革後，沙隆軍立即被匯合的普魯士軍隊孤立了。拿破崙三世命令軍隊立即突圍。由於麥克馬洪在前一天受傷，奧古斯特·杜克羅將軍在戰場上指揮了法國軍隊。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="色当战役"><span id=".E8.89.B2.E5.BD.93.E6.88.98.E5.BD.B9"></span>色当战役</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：色当战役"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E5%BD%93%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="色当战役">色当战役</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sedanfasefinale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sedanfasefinale.jpg/220px-Sedanfasefinale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sedanfasefinale.jpg/330px-Sedanfasefinale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sedanfasefinale.jpg/440px-Sedanfasefinale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption>色黨戰役地圖</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bazeilles_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bazeilles_2.jpg/220px-Bazeilles_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bazeilles_2.jpg/330px-Bazeilles_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bazeilles_2.jpg/440px-Bazeilles_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>當日清晨，戰役在色当南部的巴泽耶斯村爆發，巴伐利亚第一军在接到夺取小镇的命令後，立即不得不面对非常顽强的防御。法軍勒布伦将军第12军得到了居民和狙击手的积极支持，他们从窗户和房屋的开口偷偷向正在进攻的巴伐利亚人开火。戰後法國指责巴伐利亚軍隊屠杀平民，而普鲁士人则批评法国人武装平民來抵抗自己的军队 </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franco_Prussian_War_after_surrender_of_Sedan_Anton_von_Werner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Franco_Prussian_War_after_surrender_of_Sedan_Anton_von_Werner.jpg/220px-Franco_Prussian_War_after_surrender_of_Sedan_Anton_von_Werner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Franco_Prussian_War_after_surrender_of_Sedan_Anton_von_Werner.jpg/330px-Franco_Prussian_War_after_surrender_of_Sedan_Anton_von_Werner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Franco_Prussian_War_after_surrender_of_Sedan_Anton_von_Werner.jpg/440px-Franco_Prussian_War_after_surrender_of_Sedan_Anton_von_Werner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>色當受降的場景。左起：法軍最高統帥<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E7%B4%90%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E5%88%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%BA%AB%E6%99%AE%E8%8A%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊曼紐爾·費利克斯·德溫普芬（页面不存在）">伊曼紐爾·費利克斯·德溫普芬</a>（起身）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9-%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E7%BE%85%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧古斯特-亞歷山大·杜羅特（页面不存在）">奧古斯特-亞歷山大·杜羅特</a>。右側：普魯士聯軍最高統帥<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E7%A9%86%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%AF%9B%E5%A5%87" class="mw-redirect" title="赫尔穆特·冯·毛奇">赫爾穆特·馮·毛奇</a>（站在桌邊）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="奧托·馮·俾斯麥">奧托·馮·俾斯麥</a>（坐在毛奇左側），<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E6%98%82%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%A7%E9%96%80%E5%A1%94%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5" title="萊昂哈特·馮·布盧門塔爾伯爵">萊昂哈德·馮·布盧門塔爾</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E6%99%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞歷山大·奧古斯特·威廉·馮·帕普（页面不存在）">亞歷山大·奧古斯特·馮·帕普</a>。中間的畫像：<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E5%B4%99%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="拿破崙一世">拿破崙一世</a></figcaption></figure> <p>1870年9月1日，擁有202個步兵營、80個騎兵中隊和564門火砲的沙隆軍團開始進攻，和默茲軍團攻擊周圍的普魯士<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC3%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%9B_(%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第3集团军 (普法战争)（页面不存在）">第三軍團</a>，共計222個步兵營、186個騎兵中隊和774門火砲。法國第五軍預備役指揮官德溫普芬將軍希望對普魯士第11軍發起步兵和騎兵聯合攻擊。但是到了11:00，普魯士大砲對法軍造成了傷亡，同時更多的普魯士軍隊抵達戰場。事實證明，在包圍條件下的戰鬥對法國人來說是絕對不可能的——他們的前線被三邊的砲火貫穿始終。由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A9-%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%8E%9B%E6%A0%BC%E4%B8%BD%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="让-奥古斯特·玛格丽特（页面不存在）">让-奥古斯特·玛格丽特</a>將軍指揮的法國騎兵對附近的普魯士第11軍集中的弗洛因村發動了三場絕望的襲擊。瑪格麗特在第一次沖鋒時受了致命傷，4天后死亡，另外兩次沖鋒只造成了重大損失。到一天結束時，拿破崙三世看到沒有取勝的希望，取消了襲擊。法軍陣亡或受傷超過17,000人，其中21,000人被俘。普魯士人報告他們的損失為2,320人被殺，5,980人受傷，700人被俘或失踪。次日，即9月2日，拿破崙三世投降並與他的104,000名士兵被俘。這對普魯士人來說是壓倒性的勝利，因為他們不僅俘虜了整個法國軍隊，而且還俘虜了法國的領導人。法國人在色當的戰敗決定了戰爭對普魯士有利。一支法國軍隊現在被困在梅斯並被圍攻，沒有其他部隊駐紮在法國領土上以防止德國入侵。儘管如此戰爭仍將繼續<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003240_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003240-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="梅斯投降"><span id=".E6.A2.85.E6.96.AF.E6.8A.95.E9.99.8D"></span>梅斯投降</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：梅斯投降"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freyberg_%E2%80%93_%C3%9Cbergabe_von_Metz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Freyberg_%E2%80%93_%C3%9Cbergabe_von_Metz.jpg/220px-Freyberg_%E2%80%93_%C3%9Cbergabe_von_Metz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Freyberg_%E2%80%93_%C3%9Cbergabe_von_Metz.jpg/330px-Freyberg_%E2%80%93_%C3%9Cbergabe_von_Metz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Freyberg_%E2%80%93_%C3%9Cbergabe_von_Metz.jpg/440px-Freyberg_%E2%80%93_%C3%9Cbergabe_von_Metz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption>梅斯要塞向德軍投降</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%B4%8A%E5%B0%87%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="巴贊將軍">巴赞</a>，一位著名的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%8B%BF%E5%B7%B4%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="波拿巴主义">波拿巴主义者</a>，此时让自己被幻想在法国担任政治角色的计划所迷惑。提出了非常规的军事计划，德国人将允许巴赞指挥下的军队从梅斯要塞撤退到法国南部<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003244_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003244-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，直到德国军队占领巴黎，消灭政治篡位者并取得在巴赞军队的支持下，为合法的帝国当局腾出空间。即使忽略道德问题和潜在的公众抗议，这个计划似乎也完全不现实。俾斯麦和毛奇对巴赞提出的“合作”反对“<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共和主义">共和主义</a>威胁”的提议漠不关心地耸了耸肩。德国媒体无疑是在俾斯麦的怂恿下广泛报道了这个话题，并报道了巴赞谈判的细节。法国媒体在这个问题上只能保持沉默。巴赞与谁谈判-仍然引起历史学家的质疑。“十年来，法国人认为他是一个阴险的人物，几乎可以肯定是俾斯麦的代理人。他们认为他是一个小丑更有道理”<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。毫无疑问，巴赞指挥官出于政治动机的行动导致了梅斯被包围的军队的被动，不仅导致了这支军队的失败，而且导致了整个国家的失败。巴赞的军队于10月26日投降。整个军团一共142,000人投降，普鲁士人由此缴获了位于梅斯的大量军事装备。战后，巴赞元帅被法国<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="军事法庭">军事法庭</a>判定有罪。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="巴黎攻守战"><span id=".E5.B7.B4.E9.BB.8E.E6.94.BB.E5.AE.88.E6.88.98"></span>巴黎攻守战</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：巴黎攻守战"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; display:table; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; color: inherit;width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">在德国方面，战争失去其严格的防御性质而蜕变为<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="人民战争">反对法国人民的战争</a>。德國的防御性战争是到路易·波拿巴缴械、色当投降和巴黎宣告共和国成立时告终的。但是还在这些事件之前很久，当波拿巴军队腐朽透顶的情况刚一变得显而易见的时候，普鲁士军事上的幕后操纵者就决定要打一场征服战争了。 </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;"><cite>——<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="卡爾·馬克思">卡爾·馬克思</a>，《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="法蘭西內戰">法兰西内战</a>》（Der Bürgerkrieg in Frankreich，1871）</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="国防政府"><span id=".E5.9B.BD.E9.98.B2.E6.94.BF.E5.BA.9C"></span>国防政府</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：国防政府"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="國防政府">國防政府</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Franco-Prussian-War_Phase_2_deu_ger_all.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Franco-Prussian-War_Phase_2_deu_ger_all.svg/200px-Franco-Prussian-War_Phase_2_deu_ger_all.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Franco-Prussian-War_Phase_2_deu_ger_all.svg/300px-Franco-Prussian-War_Phase_2_deu_ger_all.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Franco-Prussian-War_Phase_2_deu_ger_all.svg/400px-Franco-Prussian-War_Phase_2_deu_ger_all.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="679" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">战争第二阶段第一部分(1870年9月至12月)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Franco-Prussian-War_Phase_3_deu_ger_all.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Franco-Prussian-War_Phase_3_deu_ger_all.svg/200px-Franco-Prussian-War_Phase_3_deu_ger_all.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Franco-Prussian-War_Phase_3_deu_ger_all.svg/300px-Franco-Prussian-War_Phase_3_deu_ger_all.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Franco-Prussian-War_Phase_3_deu_ger_all.svg/400px-Franco-Prussian-War_Phase_3_deu_ger_all.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="679" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">战争第二阶段第二部分(1870年12月至戰爭結束)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>當拿破崙三世和80,000人在色當投降的消息傳到巴黎時，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西第二帝國">第二帝國</a>在巴黎的一場民眾起義中被推翻，這迫使<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E6%9C%B1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E7%BE%85%E8%83%A5" title="路易·朱爾·特羅胥">路易·朱爾·特羅胥</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E5%A4%AB%E5%B0%94" title="朱尔·法夫尔">朱爾·法夫爾</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E7%94%98%E5%BF%85%E5%A4%A7" title="莱昂·甘必大">萊昂·甘必大</a>於9月4日在巴黎宣布成立臨時政府和第三共和國，新政府自稱為國防政府<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldick197420–21_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldick197420–21-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。德國在色當獲勝後，大部分法國常備軍要么被圍困在梅斯，要么被德國人俘虜，他們希望停戰並結束戰爭。俾斯麥希望早日實現和平，但很難找到一個合法的法國當局進行談判。國防政府沒有選舉權，皇帝被俘虜，皇后被流放，但在法律上沒有退位，軍隊仍受效忠於已解散的帝國政權的誓言約束<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1979228–231_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1979228–231-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>顯然，普魯士的意圖是削弱法國在國外的政治地位。法國新當局的防禦立場，向德國提供了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E6%A6%AE%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="光榮和平（页面不存在）">光榮和平</a>和戰爭費用的報銷，普魯士認為它具有侵略性，拒絕了兼併法國阿爾薩斯省和洛林的一部分的要求。這一政策對俾斯麥來說在一定程度上是成功的，法國當局的合法性問題在歐洲媒體上得到了積極的討論，普魯士為了吞併和賠償而繼續戰爭的侵略立場對一些人來說是程度了解。只有美國和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a>在宣布後立即承認新的國防政府，其他國家有一段時間拒絕這樣做。在<a href="/wiki/1851%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="1851年法国政变">1851年政變</a>之後，合法性問題對法國來說相當奇怪。 </p><p>簡而言之，俾斯麥將這位臃腫、疲憊的皇帝吊在共和國頭上，稱拿破崙三世為“法國的合法統治者”，並將甘必大的新共和國斥為“un coup de parti”——“黨派政變”，以此來削弱國防政府的合法性<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003240_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003240-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">普法戰爭中法方（国防政府）的主要人物</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legros_-_Gambetta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="萊昂·甘必大"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Legros_-_Gambetta.jpg/160px-Legros_-_Gambetta.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Legros_-_Gambetta.jpg/241px-Legros_-_Gambetta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Legros_-_Gambetta.jpg/321px-Legros_-_Gambetta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E7%94%98%E5%BF%85%E5%A4%A7" title="莱昂·甘必大">萊昂·甘必大</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jules_Favre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="朱爾·法夫爾 "><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jules_Favre.jpg/153px-Jules_Favre.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jules_Favre.jpg/229px-Jules_Favre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jules_Favre.jpg/305px-Jules_Favre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="499" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E5%A4%AB%E5%B0%94" title="朱尔·法夫尔">朱爾·法夫爾</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Jules_Trochu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="路易·朱爾·特羅胥"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Louis_Jules_Trochu.jpg/121px-Louis_Jules_Trochu.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Louis_Jules_Trochu.jpg/182px-Louis_Jules_Trochu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Louis_Jules_Trochu.jpg/243px-Louis_Jules_Trochu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="1992" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E6%9C%B1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E7%BE%85%E8%83%A5" title="路易·朱爾·特羅胥">路易·朱爾·特羅胥</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 103.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 101.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AdolpheThiersParNadarjpeg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="阿道夫·梯也爾"><img alt="阿道夫·梯也爾" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/AdolpheThiersParNadarjpeg.jpg/152px-AdolpheThiersParNadarjpeg.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/AdolpheThiersParNadarjpeg.jpg/228px-AdolpheThiersParNadarjpeg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/AdolpheThiersParNadarjpeg.jpg/303px-AdolpheThiersParNadarjpeg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="671" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%A2%AF%E4%B9%9F%E7%88%BE" title="阿道夫·梯也爾">阿道夫·梯也爾</a></div> </li> </ul><p> 德國人希望通過談判結束戰爭，但當共和政府願意接受戰爭賠償或將非洲或東南亞的殖民地割讓給普魯士時，法夫爾代表國防政府於9月6日宣布法國不會“放棄其領土的一寸，也不會放棄其堡壘的石頭”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig198031_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig198031-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。共和國隨後再次宣戰，呼籲在全國各地招募新兵，並承諾以一種反抗的方式將德國軍隊趕出法國<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1979234_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1979234-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在這種情況下，德國人不得不繼續戰爭，但無法在其附近壓制任何適當的軍事反對力量。由於大部分剩餘的法國軍隊正在巴黎附近進行挖掘，德國領導人決定通過攻擊<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a>來向敵人施加壓力。到9月15日，德軍抵達巴黎郊區，毛奇下令對該市進行封锁。9月19日，德國人包圍了巴黎，並在梅斯建立了封鎖，於9月20日完成了包圍。俾斯麥於9月18日在<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E9%87%8C%E8%80%B6%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1" title="费里耶尔城堡">費里耶爾城堡</a>會見了法夫爾，並要求新的邊界不受法國未来報復性戰爭的影響，其中包括斯特拉斯堡、阿爾薩斯和洛林的大部分<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B3%BD%E5%B0%94%E7%9C%81" title="摩泽尔省">摩澤爾省</a>，其中梅斯是首府。作為法國人選舉國民議會的停戰協議的回報，俾斯麥要求<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1" title="斯特拉斯堡">斯特拉斯堡</a>和要塞城市<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="圖爾">圖爾</a>投降。為了讓物資進入巴黎，必須移交其中一個外圍堡壘。法夫爾不知道俾斯麥提出這種勒索要求的真正目的是在德國西部新邊境建立持久和平，最好是在法國公眾輿論可以接受的條件下與友好政府達成和平。一個堅不可摧的軍事邊界是他的次要選擇，只有德國方面的激進民族主義者才會青睞<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1991230–233_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1991230–233-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franco-Prussian_War-_Illustrated_London_News,_September_3,_1870.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Franco-Prussian_War-_Illustrated_London_News%2C_September_3%2C_1870.PNG/220px-Franco-Prussian_War-_Illustrated_London_News%2C_September_3%2C_1870.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Franco-Prussian_War-_Illustrated_London_News%2C_September_3%2C_1870.PNG/330px-Franco-Prussian_War-_Illustrated_London_News%2C_September_3%2C_1870.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Franco-Prussian_War-_Illustrated_London_News%2C_September_3%2C_1870.PNG/440px-Franco-Prussian_War-_Illustrated_London_News%2C_September_3%2C_1870.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1925" data-file-height="1447" /></a><figcaption>1870年普法战争期间法国的国民卫队、别动队、消防队员和志愿兵</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrenchGardeNationale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/FrenchGardeNationale.jpg/220px-FrenchGardeNationale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/FrenchGardeNationale.jpg/330px-FrenchGardeNationale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/FrenchGardeNationale.jpg/440px-FrenchGardeNationale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>法国保卫首都的流动国民警卫队</figcaption></figure><p>戰爭開始時，歐洲輿論非常認可德國人；許多意大利人試圖在普魯士駐<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%A6%E8%90%A8" title="佛罗伦萨">佛羅倫薩</a>大使館報名成為志願者，一名普魯士外交官訪問了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%99%AE%E9%9B%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%B3%B6" title="卡普雷拉島">卡普雷拉</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%A1%9E%E4%BD%A9%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E6%B3%A2%E7%AC%AC" title="朱塞佩·加里波第">朱塞佩·加里波第</a>。俾斯麥要求法國放棄對阿爾薩斯的主權，這在意大利引起了這種情緒的巨大轉變，加里波第在巴黎革命後不久的反應就是最好的例證，他在1870年9月7日對熱那亞的《運動》（Movimento）雜誌說：“昨天我說過你：向波拿巴開戰。今天我要對你說：用一切手段拯救<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法蘭西共和國">法蘭西共和國</a>。”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley1976602_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley1976602-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E6%B3%A2%E7%AC%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="加里波第">加里波第</a>前往法國並擔任<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9A%E6%97%A5%E8%BB%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孚日軍（页面不存在）">孚日軍团</a>的指揮官，他在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E6%88%8E" title="第戎">第戎</a>周圍作戰直到最後的戰爭。在共和黨人物甘必大的領導下，部分政府（代表團）在圖爾的積極行動導致了形式上的重大成功組建一支新軍。成立了11個新軍團——第16-26號。“這些兵團中的3個直到1月底才准備好，當時休戰已經結束，但是8個兵團參與了戰鬥。在不到4個月的時間裡，在前線的持續戰鬥中，一支新的群眾軍隊被創建。編隊的平均成功相當於每天6000名步兵。儘管軍事工業和倉庫主要集中在巴黎，而且該省的一切都必須重新進行即興創作，但還是取得了成功。該省重新建立了許多軍事工業部門，補給了法軍的武器、營地、制服、彈藥、設備、輜重。與國外市場的自由交流帶來了顯著的好處：可以在國外市場上進行大量採購-主要是<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="比利時">比利時</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>市場，甘必大在4個月內製造的火砲——238個砲台——比法國的火砲大一倍半，技術上更加先进<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEСвечин_(Svechin)1928327_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEСвечин_(Svechin)1928327-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>普法戰爭帝國時期（开战至拿破仑投降）的戰鬥是在德國人的军力雙倍優勢下進行的，而共和時期的戰鬥是在法國人的雙倍甚至三倍優勢下進行的。雖然法國人在戰爭期間將兵力增加了兩倍多，但德國人實際上並沒有增加兵力。北德意志邦聯在8月動員的888,000人的數量在3.5個月後僅增加了2%，而到戰爭結束時，也即六個月後僅增加了15%，這甚至無法彌補所遭受的損失。1870年的普魯士完全沒有意識到永久動員的狂熱活動。法方的兵力增加了200%，而他们的部隊数量則保持不變，在前線造成了一場危機（1870年11月）<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEСвечин_(Svechin)1928332_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEСвечин_(Svechin)1928332-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。只有转移大量參與圍攻梅斯要塞的德軍，德國人才化解了這場危機。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="巴黎之围"><span id=".E5.B7.B4.E9.BB.8E.E4.B9.8B.E5.9B.B4"></span>巴黎之围</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：巴黎之围"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%9B%B4%E5%9F%8E%E6%88%98_(1870%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D1871%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="巴黎围城战 (1870年－1871年)">巴黎围城战 (1870年－1871年)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anton_von_Werner_-_Im_Etappenquartier_vor_Paris_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Anton_von_Werner_-_Im_Etappenquartier_vor_Paris_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Anton_von_Werner_-_Im_Etappenquartier_vor_Paris_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Anton_von_Werner_-_Im_Etappenquartier_vor_Paris_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Anton_von_Werner_-_Im_Etappenquartier_vor_Paris_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Anton_von_Werner_-_Im_Etappenquartier_vor_Paris_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Anton_von_Werner_-_Im_Etappenquartier_vor_Paris_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2998" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3" title="安东·冯·维尔纳">安東·馮·維爾納</a>所作進入巴黎的普軍</figcaption></figure> <p>普魯士軍隊於1870年9月19日開始圍攻巴黎。面對封鎖，法國新政府呼籲在法國各省建立數支大型軍隊。這些新的部隊將向巴黎進發，同時從各個方向攻擊那裡的德軍。武裝的法國平民將組建一支游擊隊——所謂的流動役——以攻擊德國補給線。 </p><p>俾斯麥是轟炸這座城市的積極支持者。他試圖盡快結束戰爭，非常擔心國際形勢發生有利於普魯士的變化，因為他自己稱之為“中立國的干預”。因此，俾斯麥不顧軍事指揮部的所有反對，不斷積極地堅持早日開始轟炸。指揮圍攻的<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E6%98%82%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%A7%E9%96%80%E5%A1%94%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5" title="萊昂哈特·馮·布盧門塔爾伯爵">馮·布盧門塔爾</a>出於道德原因反對轟炸。在這方面，他得到了王儲和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E5%A5%87%EF%BC%8CH.K.B.von" class="mw-redirect" title="毛奇，H.K.B.von">毛奇</a>等其他高級軍事人物的支持。然而在1月份，德國人還是向這座城市發射了大約12,000發砲彈（每天300-400發）<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="解圍的嘗試"><span id=".E8.A7.A3.E5.9C.8D.E7.9A.84.E5.98.97.E8.A9.A6"></span>解圍的嘗試</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：解圍的嘗試"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bapaume-tableau-Faidherbe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bapaume-tableau-Faidherbe.jpg/220px-Bapaume-tableau-Faidherbe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bapaume-tableau-Faidherbe.jpg/330px-Bapaume-tableau-Faidherbe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bapaume-tableau-Faidherbe.jpg/440px-Bapaume-tableau-Faidherbe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2996" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B3%A2%E5%A7%86%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="巴波姆战役">巴波姆戰役</a>，两军陷入僵局。法國北方軍團未能解除普魯士對<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E7%BD%97%E8%AE%B7" title="佩罗讷">佩羅訥</a>的包圍</figcaption></figure><p>作為共和政府特使從巴黎派出的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E7%94%98%E5%BF%85%E5%A4%A7" title="莱昂·甘必大">萊昂·甘貝大</a>駕駛著一個氣球飛越德國防線，氣球裡裝滿了該市煤氣廠的煤氣，並組織了盧瓦爾軍團的招募工作。關於所謂的德國“滅絕”計劃的謠言激怒了法國，並加強了他們對新政權的支持。幾週之內，五支總兵力超過500,000人的新軍隊被徵召入伍<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoley200719–20_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoley200719–20-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>德國人將部分部隊派往法國各省，以在新的法國軍隊成為威脅之前發現、攻擊和驅散他們。德國人沒有準備好佔領整個法國。10月10日，德國和法國共和軍在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E8%89%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="奧爾良">奧爾良</a>附近開始了敵對行動。起初德國人取得了勝利，但法國人在11月9日的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E7%B1%B3%E8%80%B6%E5%B0%94%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="库尔米耶尔战役">庫爾米耶爾戰役</a>中吸引了增援部隊並擊敗了巴伐利亞軍隊。梅斯投降後，10萬多名訓練有素、經驗豐富的德軍加入了德國“南方軍”。法軍於12月4日被迫放棄奧爾良，並最終在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E8%8A%92%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="勒芒战役">勒芒戰役</a>（1月10日至12日）中被擊敗。在巴黎北部作戰的第二支法國軍隊在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%9C%A0%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9_(1870%E5%B9%B4)" title="亞眠戰役 (1870年)">亞眠戰役</a>（11月27日）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B3%A2%E5%A7%86%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="巴波姆战役">巴波姆戰役</a>（1871年1月3日）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%BA%B7%E5%9D%A6%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9_(1871%E5%B9%B4)" title="圣康坦战役 (1871年)">聖康坦戰役</a>（1月13日）中被擊退<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShannDelperier19914_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannDelperier19914-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="北方战场"><span id=".E5.8C.97.E6.96.B9.E6.88.98.E5.9C.BA"></span>北方战场</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：北方战场"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在盧瓦爾軍團戰敗後，甘必大轉向費代爾貝將軍的北方軍團<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHozierDavenport_Adams1872217ff_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHozierDavenport_Adams1872217ff-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。軍隊在漢姆、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E5%93%88%E7%9B%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉哈盧（页面不存在）">拉哈盧</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%9C%A0" title="亞眠">亞眠</a>等城鎮取得了幾次小胜利，並受到法國北部要塞帶的保護，使法德赫貝的人能夠對孤立的普魯士部隊發動快速攻擊，然後撤退到要塞後面。儘管進入了里爾的軍備工廠，北方軍卻遭遇了嚴重的補給困難，士氣低落。1871年1月，甘必大強迫法德赫貝將他的軍隊開出要塞，與普魯士人展開公開戰鬥。由於士氣低落、補給問題、惡劣的冬季天氣和部隊素質低下，軍隊被嚴重削弱，而費德赫貝將軍由於健康狀況不佳而無法指揮，這是他在西非數十年征戰疆場的結果。在聖康坦戰役中，北方軍團大敗而散，數以千計的士兵被普魯士押解到東方<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOllier1883210_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOllier1883210-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="东方战场"><span id=".E4.B8.9C.E6.96.B9.E6.88.98.E5.9C.BA"></span>东方战场</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：东方战场"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arm%C3%A9e-Bourb-en-Suisse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Arm%C3%A9e-Bourb-en-Suisse.jpg/220px-Arm%C3%A9e-Bourb-en-Suisse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Arm%C3%A9e-Bourb-en-Suisse.jpg/330px-Arm%C3%A9e-Bourb-en-Suisse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Arm%C3%A9e-Bourb-en-Suisse.jpg/440px-Arm%C3%A9e-Bourb-en-Suisse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1721" data-file-height="1138" /></a><figcaption>法国东方军团在瑞士边境解除武装</figcaption></figure> <p>在盧瓦爾河的法國軍隊被摧毀後，盧瓦爾軍團的殘餘部隊聚集在法國東部，組建了由查爾斯-丹尼斯布爾巴基將軍指揮的東方軍隊。在最後一次嘗試切斷法國東北部的德國補給線時，布爾巴基的軍隊向北進軍，攻擊普魯士對<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%A6%8F" title="贝尔福">貝爾福</a>的圍攻並解救守軍。 </p><p>法國軍隊具有顯著優勢（11萬士兵對4萬人）。法軍的攻勢出乎德軍的意料，而且開始得相當成功。到1871年1月中旬，法國人已經到達了距離被圍困的貝爾福要塞僅幾公里的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E8%96%A9%E7%B4%8D%E6%B2%B3" title="利薩納河">利塞納河</a>。 </p><p>在利薩因河戰役中，布爾巴基的手下未能突破由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E9%9F%8B%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧古斯特·馮·韋德爾（页面不存在）">奧古斯特·馮·韋德爾</a>將軍指揮的德軍防線。<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E6%BA%AB%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%9B%BC%E9%99%80%E8%8F%B2%E7%88%BE%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5" title="埃德溫·馮·曼陀菲爾男爵">馮·曼托菲爾將軍</a>率領德國“南方軍”，隨後將布爾巴基的軍隊驅趕到瑞士邊境附近的山區。布爾巴基試圖自殺，但未能造成致命傷<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。面對全軍覆沒，最後一支完整的87,000名法國軍隊（現在由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%88%E6%96%AF%E6%B1%80%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E5%B0%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="賈斯汀·克林尚（页面不存在）">賈斯汀·克林尚</a>將軍指揮）<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>越過邊界，在<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%AC%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E8%80%B6" title="蓬塔利耶">蓬塔利耶</a>附近被中立的瑞士人解除武裝並拘留（2月1日）。 </p><p>被圍困的貝爾福要塞繼續抵抗，直到停戰協議簽署，擊退了德國人在1月27日奪取要塞的企圖，這在這場頑固而不幸的戰役中為法國人提供了一些安慰。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="海上戰場"><span id=".E6.B5.B7.E4.B8.8A.E6.88.B0.E5.A0.B4"></span>海上戰場</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：海上戰場"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="海上封鎖"><span id=".E6.B5.B7.E4.B8.8A.E5.B0.81.E9.8E.96"></span>海上封鎖</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：海上封鎖"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Combat_du_Bouvet_et_du_Meteor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Combat_du_Bouvet_et_du_Meteor.jpg/220px-Combat_du_Bouvet_et_du_Meteor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Combat_du_Bouvet_et_du_Meteor.jpg/330px-Combat_du_Bouvet_et_du_Meteor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Combat_du_Bouvet_et_du_Meteor.jpg/440px-Combat_du_Bouvet_et_du_Meteor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3028" data-file-height="2054" /></a><figcaption>流星號（左）和法軍艦隻作戰圖</figcaption></figure> <p>戰爭開始時，法國政府下令<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E9%8E%96" title="封鎖">封鎖</a>北德海岸，只有五艘鐵甲艦和各種小型船隻的小型<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D" title="北德意志邦聯海軍">北德邦聯海軍</a>對此幾乎無能為力。在戰爭的大部分時間裡，德國最大的三艘<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E7%94%B2%E8%88%B0" title="铁甲舰">鐵甲艦</a>因發動機故障而停止服役。只有砲塔船阿米尼烏斯號（SMS Arminius）可以進行操作。當發動機維修完成時，法國艦隊已經出發了<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus2001101–102_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus2001101–102-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。由於巴黎規劃者的重大疏忽，封鎖被證明只是部分成功。本應為戰爭做好準備的預備役人員正在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD" class="mw-disambig" title="紐芬蘭">紐芬蘭</a>漁業或蘇格蘭工作。7月24日，只有470艘法國海軍的一部分出海。不久之後，法國海軍的煤炭短缺，每天需要200短噸（180噸），而艦隊的燃料艙容量僅為250短噸（230噸）。對<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E6%B8%AF" title="威廉港">威廉港</a>的封鎖失敗，關於在波羅的海行動或返回法國的命令相互矛盾，使法國海軍的努力徒勞無功。由於ducharbon的問題，發現一個封鎖跑者變得不受歡迎；追擊普魯士艦船很快耗盡了法國艦船的煤炭儲備<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERüstow1872229–235_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstow1872229–235-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003191_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003191-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。但海軍行動僅部分成功的主要原因是害怕法國指揮部冒著與英國發生政治糾紛的風險。這阻止了法國指揮部試圖中斷在英國國旗下的德國貿易<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。儘管封鎖措施有限，但仍給德國貿易造成了明顯困難。“實際俘獲的德國船隻有八十艘”<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>為了減輕德國對<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF-%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" title="阿爾薩斯-洛林">阿爾薩斯-洛林</a>的預期攻擊壓力，拿破崙三世和法國高級指揮部計劃在戰爭開始後立即從海上入侵德國北部。法國人預計這次入侵會轉移德國軍隊，並鼓勵丹麥以其50,000人的軍隊和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A5%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹麥皇家海軍（页面不存在）">丹麥皇家海軍</a>參戰。他們發現普魯士最近在德國北部的大港口周圍建立了防禦工事，包括配備克虜伯重型火砲的海岸砲台，其射程為4,000碼（3,700米），其射程是法國海軍艦炮的兩倍。法國海軍缺乏重型火砲來參與海岸防禦，而普魯士海岸的地形使得對德國北部的海上入侵成為不可能<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003190–192_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003190–192-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>打算入侵德國北部的法國海軍陸戰隊被派去增援沙隆的法國軍隊，並與拿破崙三世一起被俘虜在色當。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%8D%E5%9F%8E%E6%88%B0" title="梅斯圍城戰">梅斯圍城戰</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E5%BD%93%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="色当战役">色當戰役</a>中俘獲了大部分專業的法國軍隊後，軍官短缺，導致海軍軍官從他們的船上被派去指揮匆忙集結的前衛機動預備役人員<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003192_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003192-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。隨著北海秋季風暴迫使更多法國船隻返回，對德國北部港口的封鎖減少，1870年9月，法國海軍放棄了冬季封鎖。其餘的海軍撤退到<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%90%89%E5%88%A9%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="英吉利海峽">英吉利海峽</a>沿岸的港口，並在戰爭的剩餘時間裡留在港口<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003192_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003192-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="其他地區"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E5.9C.B0.E5.8D.80"></span>其他地區</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：其他地區"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在歐洲以外，法國護衛艦杜布雷号（Dupleix）在<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%B4%8E%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="長崎市">長崎</a>封鎖了德國<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B7%E8%A1%9B%E8%89%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="護衛艦">護衛艦</a>赫爾塔號（SMS Hertha），1870年11月，普魯士<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B2%E8%89%A6" class="mw-disambig" title="砲艦">砲艦</a>流星號（SMS Meteor）和法國艦隻在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4" title="古巴">古巴</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%93%A6%E9%82%A3" title="哈瓦那">哈瓦那</a>附近發生了哈瓦那海戰<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERüstow1872243_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstow1872243-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Pflugk-Harttung1900587–588_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Pflugk-Harttung1900587–588-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="停火协议"><span id=".E5.81.9C.E7.81.AB.E5.8D.8F.E8.AE.AE"></span>停火协议</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：停火协议"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E7%88%BE%E8%B3%BD%E5%81%9C%E6%88%B0%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="凡爾賽停戰協定">凡爾賽停戰協定</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E7%88%BE%E8%B3%BD%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84_(1871%E5%B9%B4)" title="凡爾賽條約 (1871年)">凡尔赛条约 (1871年)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bivouac_apr%C3%A8s_le_combat_du_Bourget,_21_d%C3%A9cembre_1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bivouac_apr%C3%A8s_le_combat_du_Bourget%2C_21_d%C3%A9cembre_1870.jpg/220px-Bivouac_apr%C3%A8s_le_combat_du_Bourget%2C_21_d%C3%A9cembre_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bivouac_apr%C3%A8s_le_combat_du_Bourget%2C_21_d%C3%A9cembre_1870.jpg/330px-Bivouac_apr%C3%A8s_le_combat_du_Bourget%2C_21_d%C3%A9cembre_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bivouac_apr%C3%A8s_le_combat_du_Bourget%2C_21_d%C3%A9cembre_1870.jpg/440px-Bivouac_apr%C3%A8s_le_combat_du_Bourget%2C_21_d%C3%A9cembre_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>遭受轟炸和封鎖後的巴黎</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H26707,_Deutsch-franz%C3%B6sischer_Krieg_1870-71,_Paris,_Belagerung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H26707%2C_Deutsch-franz%C3%B6sischer_Krieg_1870-71%2C_Paris%2C_Belagerung.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H26707%2C_Deutsch-franz%C3%B6sischer_Krieg_1870-71%2C_Paris%2C_Belagerung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H26707%2C_Deutsch-franz%C3%B6sischer_Krieg_1870-71%2C_Paris%2C_Belagerung.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H26707%2C_Deutsch-franz%C3%B6sischer_Krieg_1870-71%2C_Paris%2C_Belagerung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H26707%2C_Deutsch-franz%C3%B6sischer_Krieg_1870-71%2C_Paris%2C_Belagerung.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H26707%2C_Deutsch-franz%C3%B6sischer_Krieg_1870-71%2C_Paris%2C_Belagerung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>德军进入巴黎</figcaption></figure><p>1871年1月26日，設在巴黎的國防政府與普魯士人談判停戰。巴黎飢腸轆轆，<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E5%BF%85%E5%A4%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="甘必大">甘必大</a>的軍隊在一場接一場的災難中掙扎，法國外交部長法夫爾於1月24日前往凡爾賽與俾斯麥討論和平條款。俾斯麥同意結束圍攻並允許食品車隊立即進入巴黎（包括載有數百萬德國軍隊口糧的火車），條件是國防政府將巴黎以外的幾個關鍵堡壘交給普魯士人。沒有堡壘，法國軍隊將無法再保衛巴黎。 </p><p>儘管巴黎的輿論強烈反對向普魯士人投降或讓步，但政府意識到它無法再控制這座城市，而且甘必大的省軍可能永遠不會突破以解救巴黎。特羅胥總統於1月25日辭職，由法夫爾接任，兩天后他在<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E7%88%BE%E8%B3%BD" title="凡爾賽">凡爾賽</a>簽署投降書，停戰協定於午夜生效。 </p><p>1月28日，在糧食和燃料供應耗儘後，巴黎守軍投降，國民警衛隊保留了武器，而德軍佔領了巴黎的部分堡壘，以防止恢復敵對行動的可能性。但是在該國東部的布爾巴基軍隊的作戰地區，軍事行動仍在繼續。法方在沒有關於鬥爭結果的可靠消息的情況下，堅持將這一地區排除在停戰之外，以期鬥爭取得圓滿成功<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003298_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003298-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。德國人沒有阻止法國人。 </p><p>多位消息人士稱，在返回巴黎的馬車上，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E5%A4%AB%E5%B0%94" title="朱尔·法夫尔">法夫爾</a>淚流滿面，當巴黎周圍的槍聲在午夜寂靜無聲時，倒在女兒的懷裡。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="波爾多">波爾多</a>，甘必大於1月29日收到來自巴黎的消息，稱政府已投降。憤怒的他拒絕投降。政府成員<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99" title="朱尔·西蒙">朱爾斯·西蒙</a>於2月1日乘火車從巴黎抵達，與甘必大進行談判。另一個由三名部長組成的小組於2月5日抵達<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="波爾多">波爾多</a>，第二天甘必大下台，將省級軍隊的控制權交給了國防政府，國防政府立即下令在法國全境停火。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分析"><span id=".E5.88.86.E6.9E.90"></span>分析</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：分析"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="戰術和結果"><span id=".E6.88.B0.E8.A1.93.E5.92.8C.E7.B5.90.E6.9E.9C"></span>戰術和結果</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：戰術和結果"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; display:table; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; color: inherit;width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">战略是权宜之计，它不仅仅是一门学术的学科。它是将知识转化为实际生活的技能，是根据不断变化的情况改进原有计划的思想模式。 </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;"><cite>——<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE%E7%A9%86%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E6%81%A9%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%AF%9B%E5%A5%87" class="mw-redirect" title="赫爾穆特·卡爾·貝恩哈特·馮·毛奇">赫爾穆特·卡爾·貝恩哈特·馮·毛奇</a>，《战略论》（Über Strategie，1871）</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IC1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/IC1870.jpg/190px-IC1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/IC1870.jpg/286px-IC1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/IC1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>普法戰爭期間，普魯士頒發的一枚<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%8B%B3%E7%AB%A0" title="鐵十字勳章">鐵十字勳章</a></figcaption></figure> <p>德國對法國的快速勝利令中立的觀察家們震驚，他們中的許多人原本預計法國會取得勝利，其中大多數人預計會打一場漫長的戰爭。直到敵對行動停止之後，德國人所擁有的戰略優勢才在德國以外得到體現。其他國家很快發現了他們的軍事系統給德國人帶來的優勢，並採用了他們的許多創新，特別是總參謀部、普遍徵兵和高度詳細的動員系統<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Creveld197796_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Creveld197796-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>與傳統的法國學派相比，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE%E7%A9%86%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E6%81%A9%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%AF%9B%E5%A5%87" class="mw-redirect" title="赫爾穆特·卡爾·貝恩哈特·馮·毛奇">毛奇</a>開發的普魯士總<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E8%B0%8B%E9%83%A8" title="参谋部">參謀部</a>被證明是非常有效的。這在很大程度上是因為普魯士總參謀部的成立是為了研究普魯士以前的行動並學會避免錯誤。該部還極大地增強了毛奇控制分佈很廣的超大<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%A3%E6%B3%95" title="陣法">陣型</a>的能力<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199123_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199123-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。總參謀長，實際上是普魯士軍隊的總司令，獨立於戰爭部長，只對君主負責<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrvine1938192_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrvine1938192-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。法國總參謀部——以及其他所有歐洲軍隊的總參謀部——只不過是一線指揮官的助手集合<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199123–24_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199123–24-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。這種混亂阻礙了法國指揮官控制其部隊的能力。此外，普魯士的軍事教育體系優於法國模式；普魯士參謀人員接受了訓練，表現出主動性和獨立思考能力。事實上這是正式毛奇所期望的。與此同時，法國人受到阻礙智力發展的教育和晉升制度的影響。根據軍事歷史學家達拉斯歐文的說法， </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>該系統幾乎完全有效地將軍隊的腦力排除在參謀和高級指揮部之外。由此導致的高層缺乏情報可以歸咎於法國軍事政策的所有不可原諒的缺陷。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrvine1938192_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrvine1938192-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>1859年至1873年擔任<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="普魯士戰爭部長">普魯士戰爭部長</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E6%81%A9" title="阿爾布雷希特·馮·羅恩">阿爾布雷希特·馮·罗恩</a>在1860年代對普魯士的軍事制度進行了一系列改革。其中有兩項重大改革大大增強了德國的軍事實力。第一個是整合正規軍和國土防衛軍預備隊的軍隊重組。第二項規定是在動員時徵召所有達到軍齡的男性普魯士人<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199121_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199121-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。因此，儘管法國的人口比所有參加戰爭的德國北部國家的人口都多，但德國人卻動員了更多的士兵參戰。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>战争期间的人口和动员数量 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th scope="col">1870年人口 </th> <th scope="col">动员人数 </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西第二帝國">法蘭西第二帝國</a> </td> <td align="right">38,000,000 </td> <td align="right">500,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="北德意志邦聯">北德意志邦聯</a> </td> <td align="right">32,000,000 </td> <td align="right">550,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>在普法戰爭開始時，462,000名德國士兵集中在法國邊境，而只能調動270,000名法國士兵面對他們，由於計劃和管理不善，法國軍隊在開槍前損失了100,000名脫隊者<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcElwee197446_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcElwee197446-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。這部分是由於軍隊的和平時期組織。每個普魯士軍團都駐紮在一個地區主要城市周圍的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E5%8C%BA_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="军区 (德国)">军区</a>（kreis，字面意思是“圓圈”）內<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcElwee197446_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcElwee197446-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。預備役人員很少從他們的團的倉庫住超過一天的路程。相比之下，法國軍團通常在遠離他們的倉庫的地方服役，而倉庫又不在他們的士兵所在的法國地區。預備役人員經常面臨幾天的旅程向他們的倉庫報到，然後再長途跋涉加入他們的團。大量預備役人員堵住火車站，徒勞地尋求口糧和命令<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199168_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199168-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>和平時期的準備工作加劇了這些差異的影響。普魯士總參謀部已經制定了詳細的鐵路系統動員計劃，而這些計劃又部分地根據總參謀部鐵路部門的建議而製定。法國鐵路系統與競爭公司完全是在商業壓力下發展起來的，許多前往阿爾薩斯和洛林前線的旅程都涉及長途改道和列車之間的頻繁換乘。沒有對鐵路進行軍事控制的系統，軍官們只是在他們認為合適的時候徵用了火車。鐵路側線和編組場擠滿了滿載的貨車，沒有人負責卸下它們或將它們引導到目的地<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199170–71_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199170–71-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dreyse_mechanism_model_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dreyse_mechanism_model_1865.jpg/200px-Dreyse_mechanism_model_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dreyse_mechanism_model_1865.jpg/300px-Dreyse_mechanism_model_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dreyse_mechanism_model_1865.jpg/400px-Dreyse_mechanism_model_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2562" data-file-height="1168" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">德軍裝備的1865年式德萊賽針發槍</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chassepot_gun_model_1866_Mutzig_1869.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Chassepot_gun_model_1866_Mutzig_1869.jpg/200px-Chassepot_gun_model_1866_Mutzig_1869.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Chassepot_gun_model_1866_Mutzig_1869.jpg/300px-Chassepot_gun_model_1866_Mutzig_1869.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Chassepot_gun_model_1866_Mutzig_1869.jpg/400px-Chassepot_gun_model_1866_Mutzig_1869.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="624" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">法軍裝備的1866年式沙塞波特步槍</div></div></div></div></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_soldiers_in_the_Franco-Prussian_War_1870-71.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/French_soldiers_in_the_Franco-Prussian_War_1870-71.jpg/220px-French_soldiers_in_the_Franco-Prussian_War_1870-71.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/French_soldiers_in_the_Franco-Prussian_War_1870-71.jpg/330px-French_soldiers_in_the_Franco-Prussian_War_1870-71.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/French_soldiers_in_the_Franco-Prussian_War_1870-71.jpg/440px-French_soldiers_in_the_Franco-Prussian_War_1870-71.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1299" data-file-height="954" /></a><figcaption>法军阵地的火炮</figcaption></figure><p>法國也遭受了過時的戰術體系的困擾。儘管被稱為“拿破崙戰術”，但該系統是由<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%89%98%E4%B8%87-%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%8B%A5%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%BC" title="安托万-亨利·若米尼">安托萬-亨利·若米尼</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E5%B4%99%E5%BE%81%E4%BF%84%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="拿破崙征俄戰爭">征俄期間</a>发明的。被具有“神聖社會秩序”心態的死板貴族包圍，喬米尼的製度同樣僵化和僵化。他的系統以營為基石，簡化了適用於整個軍隊的幾種編隊。他的系統很簡單，但也只是強大到可以單向攻擊。波旁王朝採用該系統是為了防止重蹈拿破崙一世返回法國的覆轍，而拿破崙三世在他上台後保留了該系統（因此它們與他的姓氏聯繫在一起）。相比之下，普魯士人並沒有將營作為他們的基本戰術單位，而且他們的系統更加靈活。連被編成縱隊以並行攻擊，而不僅只是作為一個同質的營大小的區塊。並行攻擊允許每個連選擇自己的前進軸並充分利用本地掩護。它還允許普魯士人以斜角射擊，用步槍掃射法軍戰線。因此儘管普魯士人的有較差的步槍，但他們用步槍射擊造成的傷亡仍然比法國人多，德雷塞枪殺死了53,900名法國人（佔他們戰爭傷亡人數的70%），而沙塞波特槍殺死了25,475名德國人（佔他們戰爭傷亡人數的96%）。 </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="普鲁士的军事组织"><span id=".E6.99.AE.E9.B2.81.E5.A3.AB.E7.9A.84.E5.86.9B.E4.BA.8B.E7.BB.84.E7.BB.87"></span>普鲁士的军事组织</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：普鲁士的军事组织"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1870_bei_Le_Bourget.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/1870_bei_Le_Bourget.jpg/220px-1870_bei_Le_Bourget.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/1870_bei_Le_Bourget.jpg/330px-1870_bei_Le_Bourget.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/1870_bei_Le_Bourget.jpg/440px-1870_bei_Le_Bourget.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2010" data-file-height="2785" /></a><figcaption>普鲁士<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E8%BF%91%E5%8D%AB%E6%8E%B7%E5%BC%B9%E5%85%B5%E5%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="普鲁士第一近卫掷弹兵团">第一近卫掷弹兵团</a>的士兵</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_Sell_Winterfeldzug_1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Christian_Sell_Winterfeldzug_1870.jpg/220px-Christian_Sell_Winterfeldzug_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Christian_Sell_Winterfeldzug_1870.jpg/330px-Christian_Sell_Winterfeldzug_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Christian_Sell_Winterfeldzug_1870.jpg/440px-Christian_Sell_Winterfeldzug_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>普魯士<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E8%98%AD_(%E9%A8%8E%E5%85%B5)" title="烏蘭 (騎兵)">烏蘭騎兵</a>押解著法軍俘虜</figcaption></figure> <p>应征入伍者二十岁入伍，如果属于步兵部队，则在此待三年，如果在炮兵或骑兵部队服役，则待四年。自 1858 年以来一直担任这一职务的德国总参谋长<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%AF%9B%E5%A5%87" class="mw-redirect" title="老毛奇">冯·毛奇</a>元帥能够依靠一群他希望以高度专业精神和始终如一的技术准备为特征的军官，由此而產生了聞名後世的普魯士<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E5%AE%98%E5%9C%98" title="軍官團">軍官團</a>。毛奇努力确保这个精英團體（在普鲁士军队中以“半神”的定义而闻名）能够立即动员的需要的人员，并因此建立了一个单独的铁路部門，以便实现更多部队在各自的阵地尽可能容易地进行。 </p><p>普鲁士军队的基地由陆军军团构成，该军团约有30,000人的武装，装备和组织起来，在需要时还可以作为一支小型军队作战。普鲁士军队由这些军中的13个军组成，每个军又分为两个步兵师。一个师由两个旅组成，分为两个团，每个团三个营，外加一个来自<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%B5%E5%85%B5" title="獵兵">獵兵</a>营、一个骑兵团和一个炮兵。例外的是普鲁士近卫军，它也有三个骑兵旅，第12萨克森皇家军，包括第12骑兵师和第25亚西亚师，它是第9军的一部分，也有不同的师结构（四个团和每个营两个营，外加火炮）。 </p><p>国土防卫軍（landwehr）也是普鲁士军队的一部分，它 1813年創建的境內民兵，随着1868年的改革，它实际上已成为军队的延伸，其部队的干部主要由正规军人员组成；在现有的147个营中，有121个在冲突期间投入了戰鬥。制服差异很大，许多士兵穿着典型的深蓝色束腰外衣，普鲁士人则戴着独特的<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%98%E7%9B%94" title="釘盔">钉状头盔</a>。巴伐利亚以两个军为战争做出了贡献，符腾堡和巴登以独立的部隊参加了战争。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="外国的不干预"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E5.9B.BD.E7.9A.84.E4.B8.8D.E5.B9.B2.E9.A2.84"></span>外国的不干预</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：外国的不干预"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>儘管<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8C%88%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="奧匈帝國">奧匈帝國</a>和丹麥都希望為最近對普魯士的軍事失敗報仇，但由於對法國缺乏信心，他們選擇不干預戰爭。這些國家與法國沒有記錄在案的聯盟，他們發動戰爭為時已晚。在普魯士取得迅速而驚人的勝利之後，他們寧願放棄任何完全干預戰爭的計劃。拿破崙三世也未能與<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯帝國">俄羅斯帝國</a>和英國建立聯盟，部分原因是<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%B8%BD%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="普魯士總理">普魯士總理</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="奧托·馮·俾斯麥">奧托·馮·俾斯麥</a>的外交努力。俾斯麥通過承諾幫助恢復他的海軍進入黑海和地中海的通道（被克里米亞戰爭結束的條約切斷）來收買沙皇亞歷山大二世的同謀，而其他大國則不太受人追捧<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003238_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003238-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。“抓住普法戰爭的干擾，俄羅斯於1870年11月開始重建其在<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="黑海">黑海</a>的海軍基地，這明顯違反了14年前結束<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="克里米亞戰爭">克里米亞戰爭</a>的條約”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003290_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003290-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="法蘭克福條約">1871年法蘭克福和约</a>签署後，法國和俄羅斯開始了和解。“俾斯麥的錯誤估計沒有在東方與俄羅斯建立聯繫，在西方進一步削弱法國，而是為巴黎和<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="聖彼得堡">聖彼得堡</a>之間的未來關係打開了大門。這種新關係的高潮最終將是1894年的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E4%BF%84%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="法俄同盟">法俄聯盟</a>，一個明確提到德國的感知威脅及其軍事反應的聯盟”<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>英國認為普魯士在歐洲大陸的強大並沒有錯，但面對法國，英國卻將其視為國際事務中的傳統對手。1865年英國內閣首腦<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E9%BB%98%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF%EF%BC%8CH.J." class="mw-redirect" title="帕默斯顿，H.J.">帕默斯頓勳爵</a>寫道：“當前的普魯士太弱了，不真正和獨立地採取行動。” </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83933911">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: 18em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">系列條目</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#000000; padding-bottom:0; font-size:175%; color:white;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德國軍事史（页面不存在）"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">德國軍事歷史</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.4em 0 0.4em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundeswehr_Kreuz_Black.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bundeswehr_Kreuz_Black.svg/150px-Bundeswehr_Kreuz_Black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bundeswehr_Kreuz_Black.svg/225px-Bundeswehr_Kreuz_Black.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="德国战争罪行">德國戰爭罪行</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德國軍國主義（页面不存在）">德國軍國主義</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;">軍事人物</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9" title="Category:德國軍事人物">德國軍事人物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%B8%A5_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B)" title="元帥 (德國)">德國元帥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%86" title="德国大将">德国大将</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E9%8A%9C%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德國軍銜制度（页面不存在）">德國軍銜制度</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;">指揮組織</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><b>參謀部</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E5%8F%82%E8%B0%8B%E9%83%A8" title="德国总参谋部">德國總參謀部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E9%83%A8" title="普魯士戰爭部">普鲁士戰爭部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8" title="帝國國防部">帝国国防部</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A%E5%B1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="部隊局（页面不存在）">部隊局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E7%B5%B1%E5%B8%A5%E9%83%A8" title="國防軍最高統帥部">德國國防軍最高統帥部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8" title="德國聯邦國防部">德國聯邦國防部</a></li> <li><b>學院</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" title="普魯士戰爭學院">普魯士戰爭學院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" title="普魯士戰爭學院">普魯士戰爭學院</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普魯士軍事學校（页面不存在）">普魯士軍事學校</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E8%88%87%E5%8F%83%E8%AC%80%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德國聯邦國防軍指揮與參謀學院（页面不存在）">聯邦國防軍指揮與參謀學院</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;">參與戰爭</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E8%BB%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%81" title="十字軍東征">十字軍征伐</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E8%BB%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%81" title="十字軍東征">東方</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%86%9B%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5" title="北方十字军入侵">北方</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0-%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B-%E6%9D%A1%E9%A1%BF%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="波兰-立陶宛-条顿战争">波兰-条顿战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="三十年戰爭">三十年戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="大北方戰爭">大北方戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E7%8E%8B%E4%BD%8D%E7%B9%BC%E6%89%BF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="西班牙王位繼承戰爭">西班牙王位繼承戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%8E%8B%E4%BD%8D%E7%BB%A7%E6%89%BF%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="波兰王位继承战争">波兰王位继承战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%8B%E4%BD%8D%E7%B9%BC%E6%89%BF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="奧地利王位繼承戰爭">奧地利王位繼承戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="西里西亞戰爭">西里西亞戰爭</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第一次西里西亚战争">第一次</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第二次西里西亚战争">第二次</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第三次西里西亚战争">第三次</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="七年战争">七年战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="美國獨立戰爭">美國獨立戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E5%B4%99%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="拿破崙戰爭">拿破崙戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%8B%92%E8%98%87%E7%9B%8A%E6%A0%BC%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-disambig" title="石勒蘇益格戰爭">石勒蘇益格戰爭</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E7%9F%B3%E5%8B%92%E8%98%87%E7%9B%8A%E6%A0%BC%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="第一次石勒蘇益格戰爭">第一次</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%B9%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="普丹战争">第二次</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" class="mw-disambig" title="德意志统一战争">王朝戰爭</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%B9%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="普丹战争">普丹战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%A5%A5%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="普奥战争">普奥战争</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">普法戰爭</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E5%86%9B%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="八国联军之役">八国联军之役</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战">第一次世界大战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="西班牙内战">西班牙内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">第二次世界大战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E6%B2%83%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="科索沃战争">科索沃战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(2001%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%942021%E5%B9%B4)" title="阿富汗戰爭 (2001年—2021年)">阿富汗戰爭</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;">武器裝備</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD" title="Category:德國軍事工業">德國軍事工業</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%A3%9D%E7%94%B2%E6%88%B0%E9%AC%A5%E8%BB%8A%E8%BC%9B" title="Category:德國裝甲戰鬥車輛">德國裝甲戰鬥車輛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%A7%8D%E6%A2%B0" title="Category:德國槍械">德國槍械</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%81%AB%E7%82%AE" title="Category:德國火炮">德國火炮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%A3%9B%E5%BD%88" title="Category:德國飛彈">德國飛彈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E7%94%A8%E6%A9%9F" title="Category:德國軍用機">德國軍用機</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D%E8%89%A6%E8%88%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:德國海軍艦船（页面不存在）">德國海軍艦船</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E6%9C%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德國軍服（页面不存在）">德國軍服</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E8%A6%8F%E6%A8%A1%E6%AE%BA%E5%82%B7%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德國大規模殺傷武器（页面不存在）">德國大規模殺傷武器</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%A0%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB" title="德國核武器開發計畫">德國核武器開發計畫</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;">軍隊</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A1%E9%A1%BF%E9%AA%91%E5%A3%AB%E5%9B%A2" title="条顿骑士团">条顿骑士团</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國">普魯士王國</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="普魯士陸軍">普魯士陸軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D" title="普魯士海軍">普魯士皇家海軍</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國">德意志帝國</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="德意志帝國陸軍">德意志帝國陸軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D" title="德意志帝國海軍">德意志帝國海軍</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E9%9A%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德意志帝國航空隊（页面不存在）">德意志帝國航空隊</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%91%AA%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="魏瑪共和國">魏瑪共和國</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%BB%8D%E5%9C%98" title="德國自由軍團">德國自由軍團</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E7%91%AA%E9%98%B2%E8%A1%9B%E8%BB%8D" title="威瑪防衛軍">威瑪防衛軍</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E7%91%AA%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威瑪國家陸軍（页面不存在）">威瑪國家陸軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D" title="國家海軍">國家海軍</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="納粹德國">納粹德國</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E5%85%9A%E5%8D%AB%E9%98%9F" title="武装党卫队">武装党卫队</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D" title="德意志國防軍">德意志國防軍</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="納粹德國陸軍">納粹德國陸軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D" title="納粹德國海軍">納粹德國海軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%A9%BA%E8%BB%8D" title="納粹德國空軍">納粹德國空軍</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="東德">東德</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%BB%8D" title="國家人民軍">德國國家人民軍</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%BB%8D%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D_(%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7)" class="mw-redirect" title="國家人民軍陸軍 (東德)">東德陸軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="人民海军 (德国)">東德海軍</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%A9%BA%E8%BB%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="東德空軍（页面不存在）">東德空軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E8%BE%B9%E9%98%B2%E5%86%9B" title="德意志民主共和国边防军">民主德国边防军</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7" title="西德">西德</a>與当代<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="德國聯邦國防軍">德國聯邦國防軍</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="德國陸軍">德國聯邦國防軍陸軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B" title="德国海军">德国海军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E7%A9%BA%E5%86%9B" title="德国空军">德國聯邦國防軍空軍</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;">軍事合作與聯盟</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E5%9C%8B_(%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0)" title="同盟國 (第一次世界大戰)">同盟國</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%B7%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C_(1911%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941941%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中德合作 (1911年—1941年)（页面不存在）">中德合作</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6_(1922%E5%B9%B4)" title="拉巴洛条约 (1922年)">拉巴洛條約</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%B4%E5%BF%83%E5%9B%BD" title="轴心国">轴心国</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B-%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德國-美國軍事合作（页面不存在）">德美合作</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="北大西洋公约组织">北大西洋公约组织</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%88%87%E5%8C%97%E7%B4%84%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德國與北約關係（页面不存在）">德國與北約關係</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A7%90%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%BB%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="駐阿富汗德軍（页面不存在）">駐阿富汗德軍</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲联盟">欧洲联盟</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%B3%95%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E6%97%85" title="德法混合旅">德法混合旅</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;">軍事理論與思想</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%BA" title="战争论">戰爭論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="普魯士改革運動">军事改革</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E5%BE%B7%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普德學派（页面不存在）">普德學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E7%94%B5%E6%88%98" title="闪电战">闪电战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E9%87%8C%E8%8A%AC%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="施里芬计划">施里芬計畫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%AE%E5%88%80%E6%94%B6%E5%89%B2%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB" title="鐮刀收割計畫">镰刀收割</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D%E9%A2%A8%E9%9A%AA%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海軍風險理論（页面不存在）">海軍風險理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%B2%E6%BB%85%E6%88%B0%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="殲滅戰理論">殲滅戰理論</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portal:德國軍事（页面不存在）">德國軍事主題</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Template:德国军事历史"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Template talk:德国军事历史"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:德国军事历史"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="對軍事思想的影響"><span id=".E5.B0.8D.E8.BB.8D.E4.BA.8B.E6.80.9D.E6.83.B3.E7.9A.84.E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF"></span>對軍事思想的影響</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：對軍事思想的影響"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>普法戰爭事件對未來四十年的軍事思想產生了重大影響。從戰爭中汲取的教訓包括對<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E5%8F%82%E8%B0%8B%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="总参谋部">總參謀部</a>系統的需求、未來戰爭的規模和持續時間以及砲兵和騎兵的戰術使用。普魯士人大膽使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E7%A0%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="火砲">火砲</a>，在遠距離壓制法軍火砲，然後在近距離直接支援步兵攻擊，證明優於法國砲手採用的防禦學說。同樣，戰爭表明<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Breechloader" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Breechloader"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breechloader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breechloader（页面不存在）">後膛裝填</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breechloader" class="extiw" title="en:Breechloader"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Breechloader</span></a></span>）</span></span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%86%9C%E7%82%AE" title="加农炮">加農炮</a>優於<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%86%9B%E6%9E%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="前膛枪">前膛裝填</a>加農炮，正如1866年<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%91%A8%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" class="mw-redirect" title="七周战争">普奧戰爭</a>對步槍所展示的那樣。普魯士的戰術和設計在1914年被歐洲軍隊採用，以<a href="/wiki/M1897%E5%BC%8F75mm%E9%87%8E%E6%88%98%E7%82%AE" title="M1897式75mm野战炮">法國75炮</a>為例，這是一種經過優化的火砲，可為前進的步兵提供直接火力支援。大多數歐洲軍隊忽視了1904-1905年<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%BF%84%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="日俄戰爭">日俄戰爭</a>的證據，這表明裝備新型<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%85%99%E7%81%AB%E8%97%A5" title="無煙火藥">無菸火藥</a>步槍的步兵可以在公開場合有效地與砲手交戰。這迫使砲手使用間接火力在更遠的範圍內射擊，通常是從掩體位置<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2004218–219_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2004218–219-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。日俄戰爭中防禦工事和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B2%E7%A9%BA%E6%B4%9E" title="防空洞">防空洞</a>的大量使用也極大地削弱了野戰火砲的實用性，而野戰火砲並不是為間接射擊而設計的。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96%E7%88%BE%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="馬斯拉圖爾戰役">馬爾斯拉圖爾戰役</a>中，由<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Adalbert von Bredow" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Adalbert von Bredow"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adalbert_von_Bredow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adalbert von Bredow（页面不存在）">阿達爾伯特·馮·布雷多</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalbert_von_Bredow" class="extiw" title="en:Adalbert von Bredow"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Adalbert von Bredow</span></a></span>）</span></span>將軍指揮的普魯士第12騎兵旅對法國砲兵阵地進行了衝鋒。這次襲擊取得了巨大的成功，後來被稱為“馮·布雷多的死亡之旅”，但仍然證明騎兵衝鋒仍然可以在戰場上佔上風。由於精確的遠程步槍射擊、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="機槍">機槍</a>和大砲，在1914年的戰場上使用傳統騎兵被證明是災難性的。布雷多的進攻之所以成功，只是因為在衝鋒前進行了一次異常有效的砲擊<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1979156–157_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1979156–157-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，以及掩蓋了他接近的有利地形<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2004218_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2004218-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>第三個影響是對战壕概念及其局限性的影響。眾所周知，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="美國內戰">美國內戰</a>在戰爭的最後幾年就涉及到了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Entrenchment (fortification)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Entrenchment (fortification)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entrenchment_(fortification)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entrenchment (fortification)（页面不存在）">戰壕</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrenchment_(fortification)" class="extiw" title="en:Entrenchment (fortification)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Entrenchment (fortification)</span></a></span>）</span></span>，而普魯士的體系卻壓倒了法國使用類似戰術的嘗試。由於普魯士的戰術似乎使壕溝和長期進攻行動無效，美國內戰的經歷被視為一場滑膛槍戰爭（musket war），而不是步槍戰爭（rifle war）。許多歐洲軍隊因此相信進攻崇拜的可行性，並將他們的注意力集中在步兵火力上的侵略性<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E5%88%80" title="刺刀">刺刀衝鋒</a>上。在1914年，這些將不必要地讓人們暴露在砲火之下，而<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E5%A3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="戰壕">戰壕</a>將捲土重來。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="傷亡和損失"><span id=".E5.82.B7.E4.BA.A1.E5.92.8C.E6.90.8D.E5.A4.B1"></span>傷亡和損失</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节：傷亡和損失"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>德軍總共向法國部署了33,101名軍官和1,113,254名士兵，其中有1,046名軍官和16,539名士兵陣亡。另有671名軍官和10,050名士兵因傷死亡，戰鬥總死亡人數為28,306人。疾病導致207名軍官和11,940名士兵死亡，<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B7%E5%AF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="傷寒">傷寒</a>佔6,965人。4,009人失踪並被推定死亡；290人死於事故，29人自殺。失踪和被俘人員中有103名軍官和10,026名男子。受傷人數為3,725名軍官和86,007名男子<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017187_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017187-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>法國戰鬥死亡人數為77,000，其中41,000在行動中喪生，36,000因受傷而死亡。超過45,000人死於疾病。總死亡人數為138,871人，其中陸軍136,540人，海軍2,331人。傷者共計137,626人；陸軍131,000人，海軍6,526人。法國戰俘人數為383,860人。此外90,192名法國士兵在<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a>被拘禁，6,300人在<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="比利時">比利時</a>被拘禁<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017187_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017187-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="戰爭后续"><span id=".E6.88.B0.E7.88.AD.E5.90.8E.E7.BB.AD"></span>戰爭后续</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=34" title="编辑章节：戰爭后续"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_1871_map_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Europe_1871_map_en.png/220px-Europe_1871_map_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Europe_1871_map_en.png/330px-Europe_1871_map_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Europe_1871_map_en.png/440px-Europe_1871_map_en.png 2x" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="1503" /></a><figcaption>普法战争结束后的欧洲局势以及战争中德军占领的土地。这场战争深刻改变了欧洲的势力分配，法国的声望和领土受到了损失，而曾经长期混乱分散的中欧地区建立起了人口达4500万、单一民族的大帝国</figcaption></figure> <p>普法戰爭以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西第二帝國">法蘭西第二帝國</a>的垮台而告結束，法國逾千年的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="君主制">君主制</a>亦宣告結束。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法蘭西第三共和國">法蘭西第三共和國</a>成立，建立由<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83_(%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B)" title="國民議會 (法國)">國民議會</a>主導的議會共和政治。 </p><p>普法停戰的和約<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="法蘭克福條約">法蘭克福條約</a>極其苛刻：規定法國割讓<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾薩斯">阿爾薩斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B3%BD%E5%B0%94%E7%9C%81" title="摩泽尔省">摩泽尔省</a>予德國，並賠款50億<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E9%83%8E" title="法郎">法郎</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1955133_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1955133-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1955133_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1955133-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而於1871年1月18日，普魯士國王<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉一世 (德国)">威廉一世</a>在法國<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E7%88%BE%E8%B3%BD%E5%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="凡爾賽宮">凡爾賽宮</a>的鏡廳登基成為德意志皇帝，宣告建立<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國">德意志帝國</a>，他本人成為首任皇帝。遂告<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="德意志統一">德意志統一</a>，成为欧陸第一大国。 </p><p>而在法国，则产生了强烈的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E4%BB%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="复仇主义">复仇主义</a>氛围。與過去在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E5%B4%99%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="拿破崙戰爭">拿破崙戰爭</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="七年战争">七年战争</a>后，英國即使要求法國簽訂戰敗條約仍維持法國的大國地位，除了失去美洲大陸的殖民地外，法國仍然可以在歐洲大陸維持主導地位。此條約中德國對法國極具羞辱，導致此後的共和政府一直希望再通过一场战争来重奪<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF-%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="阿尔萨斯-洛林">阿尔萨斯-洛林</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>德法兩國於這次戰爭中結怨，為日後两次世界大戰埋下最初的伏筆。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="普鲁士撤军"><span id=".E6.99.AE.E9.B2.81.E5.A3.AB.E6.92.A4.E5.86.9B"></span>普鲁士撤军</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=35" title="编辑章节：普鲁士撤军"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S95francoprussian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/S95francoprussian.jpg/220px-S95francoprussian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/S95francoprussian.jpg/330px-S95francoprussian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/S95francoprussian.jpg/440px-S95francoprussian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1195" /></a><figcaption>德军胜利后在巴黎进行阅兵</figcaption></figure><p> 根據停戰協議，普魯士軍隊於3月1日在巴黎舉行了短暫的勝利閱兵式；這座城市一片寂靜，籠罩著黑色，德國人迅速撤退。俾斯麥遵守停戰協議，允許火車裝載食物進入巴黎，並在法國同意支付50億法郎戰爭賠款後全面撤軍之前將普魯士軍隊撤回到城市東部。根據人口比例，賠款與拿破崙在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E7%88%BE%E8%A5%BF%E7%89%B9%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="提爾西特條約">1807年對普魯士施加的賠款</a>完全相等。與此同時，普魯士軍隊集中在阿爾薩斯省和洛林省。大約200,000人（主要是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%A2%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" title="中產階級">中產階級</a>）因為此役离开了巴黎，流向鄉村。</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defence-of-Paris.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Defence-of-Paris.png/220px-Defence-of-Paris.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Defence-of-Paris.png/330px-Defence-of-Paris.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Defence-of-Paris.png/440px-Defence-of-Paris.png 2x" data-file-width="3844" data-file-height="5136" /></a><figcaption>《伦敦图画新闻》上登载的图片：普法战争中设置街垒的巴黎学生志愿军</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="巴黎公社"><span id=".E5.B7.B4.E9.BB.8E.E5.85.AC.E7.A4.BE"></span>巴黎公社</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=36" title="编辑章节：巴黎公社"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE" title="巴黎公社">巴黎公社</a></div><p>由於法國皇帝的投降導致法國一時間失去統一的政府，在短時間的混亂後成立的第三共和決定罷黜拿破崙三世繼續抗戰試圖改變戰局，因此拿破崙三世的投降失去代表性與軍事意義，普軍遂繼續朝巴黎進攻。在9月19日，普军包围巴黎。为了保卫<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a>，由资产阶级和保皇派联合组成的「<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="國防政府">国防政府</a>」，巴黎市民也建立了194个营的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E8%87%AA%E5%8D%AB%E5%86%9B" title="国民自卫军">国民自卫军</a>，决定继续与普鲁士王国作战。人数达30万人的国民自卫军，由市民选举产生的国民自卫军中央委员会领导。这是一支與第三共和國对立的政治力量。1871年1月28日，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國第三共和國">法國第三共和国</a>与普魯士签订停战协定。2月26日，草签<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="法蘭克福條約">法蘭克福條約</a>。 </p><p>3月18日，巴黎市民发动起义，仅仅一天占领了市政厅。法國政府遷往巴黎城郊的<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%B5%9B%E5%AE%AB" title="凡尔赛宫">凡尔赛宫</a>。3月26日，巴黎人民进行投票，<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="选举">选举</a>产生了巴黎公社。5月10日，法國政府與普魯士簽署法蘭克福條約，以割讓與普魯士接壤洛林和阿爾薩斯兩省，並允许普鲁士佔領法國東北部直到1873年9月。法国賠款50億法郎的代價，換取普軍從巴黎撤軍和釋放戰爭中被俘的十萬法國戰俘，这些战俘隨即用於鎮壓巴黎公社。最後巴黎公社被法國政府消滅，成員大多被處決<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003301,_310_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003301,_310-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldick1974209_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldick1974209-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="法國制度变化"><span id=".E6.B3.95.E5.9C.8B.E5.88.B6.E5.BA.A6.E5.8F.98.E5.8C.96"></span>法國制度变化</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=37" title="编辑章节：法國制度变化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%B1%9E%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="法属阿尔及利亚">法属阿尔及利亚</a>发生了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%AB%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莫克拉尼起义（页面不存在）">莫克拉尼起义</a>，这是阿尔及利亚人民反抗法国殖民统治的起义，该起义于1872年被镇压。法兰西共和国宣告成立后，马提尼克岛也发生了奴隶后裔针对欧洲土地拥有者精英的骚乱，骚乱很快被驻扎在那里的武装部队镇压下去。战争的后果还包括驱逐。甚至在色当战役之前，法国政府就要求曾在巴黎和塞纳河地区工作和生活的德国人在三天内离开法国。法律学者约翰·卡斯帕·布伦奇利（Johann Caspar Bluntschli）尖锐批评了驱逐行动，因为从法律上讲，这场战争只是“国家及其军队之间的战斗”。据估计有80,000名德国人离开了法国。 </p><p>普法战争期间宣布建立的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰西第三共和国">第三共和国</a>是否继续存在，直到1875年似乎仍然不确定。巴黎公社遭到暴力镇压后，共和党左翼的声誉受到严重损害。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E8%89%AF%E6%B4%BE" title="奥尔良派">奥尔良派</a>和正统派继续在议会中占主导地位。奥尔良派希望让波旁王朝的年轻血统重新夺回王位，而正统派则青睐老血统。 1871年8月31日，议会选举在镇压巴黎公社中发挥关键政治作用的阿道夫梯也尔为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="法国总统">法国总统</a>。然而，他与共和军的和解并没有受到保皇派阵营的欢迎。此外，梯也尔拒绝为恢复教皇国而运动。这让他在保守派圈子中赢得了更多的同情。1873年5月24日，他被议会多数票投票下台。随着总统的辞职，对于共和政体的反对者来说，道路似乎已经畅通无阻。正统派和奥尔良派对<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%96_(%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF)" title="查理十世 (法兰西)">查理十世</a>的孙子<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E5%8D%9A%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="尚博伯爵亨利">亨利·德阿图瓦</a>达成了一致。然而他公开反对保留三色旗，并希望恢复波旁王朝的白旗，但遭到议会拒绝。在接下来的几年里，共和党的影响力越来越大。最终1875年1月30日，议会以353票对352票投票决定政体为共和制，由此彻底宣告君主制走下法国的历史舞台。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="德意志崛起"><span id=".E5.BE.B7.E6.84.8F.E5.BF.97.E5.B4.9B.E8.B5.B7"></span>德意志崛起</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=38" title="编辑章节：德意志崛起"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%A3%E5%91%8A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B" title="德意志帝國宣告成立">德意志帝國宣告成立</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_(3._Fassung_1885).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/220px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/330px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/440px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption>画作《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%A3%E5%91%8A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B_(%E7%95%AB%E4%BD%9C)" title="德意志帝國宣告成立 (畫作)">德意志帝国宣告成立</a>》，俾斯麥為衣着白色者。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB)" title="弗里德里希一世 (巴登)">巴登大公</a>立於威廉身後，領銜歡呼。時為儲君的腓特烈三世立於其父、正加冕皇帝的普魯士國王威廉一世右側，<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E5%A5%87%EF%BC%8CH.K.B.von" class="mw-redirect" title="毛奇，H.K.B.von">毛奇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E6%81%A9" title="阿爾布雷希特·馮·羅恩">羅恩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E6%98%82%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%A7%E9%96%80%E5%A1%94%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5" title="萊昂哈特·馮·布盧門塔爾伯爵">布盧門塔爾</a>等人分列於後。安東·馮·維爾納作</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brandenburger_tor_1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Brandenburger_tor_1871.jpg/220px-Brandenburger_tor_1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Brandenburger_tor_1871.jpg/330px-Brandenburger_tor_1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Brandenburger_tor_1871.jpg/440px-Brandenburger_tor_1871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>1871年6月16日，柏林<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%A1%E9%97%A8" title="勃兰登堡门">勃兰登堡门</a>上的节日装饰和看台，迎接德皇威廉一世和军队的入场</figcaption></figure> <p>除去奥地利的統一的德意志帝國的建立極大地擾亂了拿破崙戰爭結束後與維也納會議建立的權力平衡。德國已成為歐洲大陸的主要大國，擁有世界上最強大和最專業的軍隊。儘管英國總體上仍然是世界上的主導力量，但英國在19世紀後期對歐洲事務的參與有限，因為它專注於建立<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="殖民帝国">殖民帝國</a>，這使得德國能夠對歐洲大陸施加巨大的影響。德國的迅速崛起在世界範圍內都引發了震撼，成为了后发国家希望效法的榜样，<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="楊度">楊度</a>在愛國救亡的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4%E6%AD%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="湖南少年歌">湖南少年歌</a>》中寫道： <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"> </p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>区区小国普鲁士，<br />倏忽成为德意志。<br />儿童女子尽知兵，<br />一战巴黎遂称帝。<br />内合诸省成联邦，<br />外与群雄争领地。</p></blockquote> <p>普法战争导致民间社会对军队的看法发生了变化。在德国，军队现在被视为民族团结的得力助手。正如一些社会民主主义政治家所表达的对战争期间行动的批评未能获得大多数民众的支持。许多军事规范和行为被纳入日常生活。甚至在学校里也培养了军事精神。与此同时，军方要求在政治中发挥更大的作用。高级将领经常向政府提出进一步武装军队和预防性战争的要求。日常生活中最重要的一个节日是每年9月2日的所谓<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E5%BD%93%E6%97%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="色当日">色当日</a>，以纪念<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E5%BD%93%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="色当战役">色当战役</a>和拿破仑三世的被俘。 </p><p>法国的巨额赔款是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="威廉時代">威廉时代</a>德国繁荣的触发因素<i>之一</i>。法国的付款给德国资本市场带来了额外的动力，提高了资产阶级的投资意愿。1871年至1873年间，德国大约创建了928家股份公司。铁路以及钢铁、煤炭和机械工程行业尤其受益。 </p><p>英德之間的緊張關係因兩個大國之間的幾個重要關係而有所緩解<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，例如王儲與維多利亞女王的女兒和<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB)" title="腓特烈三世 (普鲁士)">腓特烈三世</a>的婚姻。用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="卡爾·馬克思">卡爾·馬克思</a>的話來說，德意志帝國變成了“一個披著帶有封建成分的議會形式的軍事<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E5%88%B6%E6%94%BF%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="專制政權">專制政權</a>，受<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E7%94%A2%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" title="資產階級">資產階級</a>影響，以官僚為裝飾，由警察守衛。<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>”事實上，許多歷史學家會認為德國在1914年“逃入戰爭”是逃避俾斯麥在1870年秋天在<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E7%88%BE%E8%B3%BD%E5%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="凡爾賽宮">凡爾賽宮</a>製造的所有內部政治矛盾<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003302_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003302-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="義大利统一"><span id=".E7.BE.A9.E5.A4.A7.E5.88.A9.E7.BB.9F.E4.B8.80"></span>義大利统一</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=39" title="编辑章节：義大利统一"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BB%E5%8D%A0%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="攻占罗马">攻占罗马</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20_-_Italiansko_obedinenie_-_1866_-_C.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/20_-_Italiansko_obedinenie_-_1866_-_C.png/220px-20_-_Italiansko_obedinenie_-_1866_-_C.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/20_-_Italiansko_obedinenie_-_1866_-_C.png/330px-20_-_Italiansko_obedinenie_-_1866_-_C.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/20_-_Italiansko_obedinenie_-_1866_-_C.png/440px-20_-_Italiansko_obedinenie_-_1866_-_C.png 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1422" /></a><figcaption>普法戰爭前的義大利王國，粉色為<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E7%9A%87%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="教皇國">教皇國</a></figcaption></figure> <p>在1866年的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="第三次義大利獨立戰爭">第三次独立战争</a>后，意大利已整合除了<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="罗马">罗马</a>以外的所有领土。但是由于<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97" title="教宗">教宗</a>在国际<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="天主教會">天主教世界</a>中的地位，以及西欧其他天主教國家的阻挠，意大利政府對於罗马问题格外谨慎。由于天主教徒占多数的社会情况以及历史上长期和教宗的密切关系，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E4%BB%91%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="拿破仑三世">拿破仑三世</a>坚决反对意大利对教宗国的吞并，自1849年来法国就在罗马驻有一支数千人的军队。由于忌惮和法国交恶，意大利始终不敢收复罗马。1870年8月，<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" class="mw-redirect" title="普法战争">普法战争</a>爆发，拿破仑三世将驻守意大利的军队调回国，此时意大利舆论强烈要求政府收复罗马。9月，当<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E5%BD%93%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="色当战役">色当战役</a>法国惨败的消息传来后，意大利军队旋即围困了罗马，并在最后通牒被教宗<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%87%E6%8A%A4%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="庇护九世">庇护九世</a>拒绝后<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BB%E5%8D%A0%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="攻占罗马">攻入了城中</a>。持续千年的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E5%9B%BD" title="教宗国">教宗国</a>最终被<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E5%8C%96" title="世俗化">世俗化</a>，教宗本人也淪为了“<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%92%82%E5%86%88%E5%9B%9A%E5%BE%92" title="梵蒂冈囚徒">梵蒂冈囚徒</a>”，罗马取代都靈成为了新国家的首都，<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" title="意大利統一">意大利全境遂告统一</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="法国的复仇"><span id=".E6.B3.95.E5.9B.BD.E7.9A.84.E5.A4.8D.E4.BB.87"></span>法国的复仇</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=40" title="编辑章节：法国的复仇"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%96%E4%BB%87" title="法德世仇">法德世仇</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E4%BB%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="复仇主义">复仇主义</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bettannier_La_tache_noire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bettannier_La_tache_noire.jpg/220px-Bettannier_La_tache_noire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bettannier_La_tache_noire.jpg/330px-Bettannier_La_tache_noire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bettannier_La_tache_noire.jpg/440px-Bettannier_La_tache_noire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1029" /></a><figcaption>法国的中学地理课上，老师教授学生被割让的阿尔萨斯-洛林</figcaption></figure> <p>战后法国国力衰弱。随着阿尔萨斯-洛林的割让，它遭受了数十万人的死伤，丢失了大部分以前的铁矿石供应，并失去了200万居民。对于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="法國東部">法国东部</a>来说，战争的结束并不意味着立即恢复正常。根据《<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E7%88%BE%E8%B3%BD%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84_(1871%E5%B9%B4)" title="凡爾賽條約 (1871年)">凡尔赛条约</a>》的约定，德国占领军暂时驻扎在19个省，直至支付所需的赔款。 </p><p>法国军队的重建进展迅速：早在1871年12月，梯也尔总统就宣布他正在努力将军队规模增至60万人。针对这一情况，毛奇于1872年开始准备对法国发动可能的预防性战争。然而俾斯麦拒绝了这样的计划，并坚持他在联盟政治上孤立法国的新方针。普法戰爭的失敗導致了復仇主義在法國的誕生，其特點是對德國懷有深刻的苦毒、仇恨和報復的要求。這尤其體現在與德國進行另一場戰爭以奪回阿爾薩斯和洛林的漫談中<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarley2008b_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarley2008b-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarley2008a62–80_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarley2008a62–80-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。它還導致了民族主義意識形態的發展，強調“在戰爭的必要性中受過戒備、自我參照的國家的理想”，這種意識形態在1880年代<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97%E7%86%B1" title="喬治·布朗熱">喬治·歐內斯特·布朗熱</a>將軍等人物中得到了體現。強調失敗的屈辱的畫作需求量很大，例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E6%96%B9%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%AB%BE%E4%BC%8A%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿爾方斯·德·諾伊維爾（页面不存在）">阿爾方斯·德·諾伊維爾</a>（Alphonse de Neuville）的畫作<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJay1984151–162_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJay1984151–162-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>阿尔萨斯和洛林的强制割让在多大程度上为第一次世界大战的爆发奠定了基础，这个问题颇有争议。克里斯托夫·诺恩认为，吞并阿尔萨斯和洛林“阻碍了1870/1871年战争反对者之间和解的可能性”。根据布雷姆的说法，在接下来的几十年里，法国试图通过殖民夺取来补偿这两个省份的损失，俾斯麦也间接鼓励法国这样做。法国在非洲的殖民扩张又导致与英国的冲突加剧。 </p><p>在第一次世界大战之前的时期，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E7%94%98%E5%BF%85%E5%A4%A7" title="莱昂·甘必大">莱昂·甘必大</a>的口号“永远记得它，永远不要谈论它”（“Pensons-y toujours, n'en parlons jamais”）塑造了第三共和国与失去省份之间的关系。德国的吞并从未被完全忘记，因为许多阿尔萨斯人和洛林人反抗德國人的統治，移民到巴黎，并于1871年8月在那里成立了阿尔萨斯和洛林协会。据朱莉娅·施罗达（Julia Schroda）称，第一次世界大战开始时，阿尔萨斯和洛林的知名人士设法将收复失地重新纳入官方政治议程。法国政府高度重视收复失去的学校省份的努力。 </p><p>失败的记忆和复仇的追求（révanchisme）是该国文学和政治文化中反复出现的主题。这对实际的政治决策影响不大。復仇主義不是<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0%E8%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="第一次世界大戰起因">1914年戰爭的主要原因</a>，因為它在1880年後就消失了。凱格說：“到1880年代，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%B7%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" class="mw-redirect" title="法德關係">法德關係</a>相對良好。<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>”法國公眾對外交事務興趣不大，法國精英輿論強烈反對與其更強大的鄰國開戰。精英們現在很平靜，認為這是一個小問題。1880年後，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF-%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" title="阿爾薩斯-洛林">阿爾薩斯-洛林問題</a>仍然是一個次要主題，共和黨人和社會主義者係統地淡化了這個問題。直到<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第一次世界大戰">第一次世界大戰</a>開始後，使兩地回歸才成為法國的戰爭目標<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參看條目"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E7.9C.8B.E6.A2.9D.E7.9B.AE"></span>參看條目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=41" title="编辑章节：參看條目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width:18em;"> <p><b>德意志统一：</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="德意志問題">德意志問題</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83" title="德意志二元">德意志二元</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="北德意志邦联">北德意志邦联</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%A5%A5%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="普奥战争">普奥战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%B9%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="普丹战争">普丹战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80" title="德意志统一">德意志统一</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF" title="德意志特殊道路">德意志特殊道路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E5%BD%93%E6%97%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="色当日">色当日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%9A%84%E6%A6%AE%E8%80%80" title="普魯士的榮耀">普魯士的榮耀</a></li></ul> <p><b>阿尔萨斯-洛林问题：</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%94%E7%99%BB%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="凡尔登条约">凡尔登条约</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B" title="路易十四">路易十四</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="大同盟戰爭">大同盟戰爭</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E7%9B%9F%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="重盟战争">重盟战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" title="阿尔萨斯">阿尔萨斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" title="洛林">洛林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF-%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" title="阿爾薩斯-洛林">阿尔萨斯-洛林帝国领</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="都德">都德</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%BE%8C%E4%B8%80%E8%AA%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="最後一課">最後一課</a>》和《<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B4" title="柏林之围">柏林之围</a>》</li></ul> <p><b>法德关系：</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="莱茵邦联">莱茵邦联</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%B3%95%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" class="mw-redirect" title="德法關係">德法關係</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%96%E4%BB%87" title="法德世仇">法德世仇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E4%BB%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="复仇主义">复仇主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="德意志民族主義">德意志民族主义</a></li></ul> <p><b>军事历史：</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德国军事历史（页面不存在）">德国军事历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="世界戰爭列表">世界戰爭列表</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E5%8F%82%E4%B8%8E%E8%BF%87%E7%9A%84%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普鲁士参与过的战争（页面不存在）">普鲁士参与过的战争</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=42" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="注解"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E8.A7.A3"></span>注解</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=43" title="编辑章节：注解"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">此时巴黎并未完全沦陷</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">俾斯麦删除了原文中威廉一世所說的「我國政府已經不再參與此事」，並刪除了威廉一世派副官通知法國大使的原因。失去了前因後果的電文顯得法國大使對普魯士國王無理，而普魯士國王粗暴地對待法國大使。俾斯麥對<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E6%81%A9" title="阿爾布雷希特·馮·羅恩">羅恩</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%AF%9B%E5%A5%87" class="mw-redirect" title="老毛奇">毛奇</a>說：「這個電文將起到紅布對高盧公牛的作用」，毛奇回答說：「這樣聽起來就不一樣了，原來聽起來是退卻的信號，現在是回答挑戰的號角。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">法國的<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%E9%80%9A%E8%AE%AF%E7%A4%BE" title="哈瓦斯通讯社">哈瓦斯通訊社</a>在翻譯這個電報的時候，犯了一個錯誤。通訊社直接把德語的副官（adjutanten）翻譯成法語的副官（adjudant），因而法國的大部分報紙發佈的都是這個版本。然而问题是德語的adjutanten由高級軍官來擔任，比如這一次通知大使的是<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%BD%90%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%8C%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F" title="拉齐维乌家族">拉齊維烏親王</a>兼<a href="/wiki/%E7%82%AE%E5%85%B5%E4%B8%8A%E5%B0%86" class="mw-redirect" title="炮兵上将">炮兵上将</a>。而法語的adjudant（附屬官）是低級士官，連軍官都不是。和德語的adjutanten對應的應該是法語的「aide de camp」（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%8D%E5%BE%9E%E5%AE%98" title="侍從官">侍從官</a>）。由於這個錯譯，導致法國人認為普魯士國王故意派一個中士之類的士官去通知大使，這是明顯的侮辱，從而加強了電文的火藥味。</span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Franco-Prussian_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Franco-Prussian War"><span style="font-weight:bold;">普法戰爭</span></a></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=44" title="编辑章节：引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro200342-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro200342_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2003">Wawro 2003</a>，第42頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199139-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199139_2-0"><sup><b>2.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199139_2-1"><sup><b>2.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1991">Howard 1991</a>，第39頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1991453-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1991453_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1991">Howard 1991</a>，第453頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENolte1884526–527-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENolte1884526–527_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNolte1884">Nolte 1884</a>，第526–527頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENolte1884527-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENolte1884527_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNolte1884">Nolte 1884</a>，第527頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017187of_which_41,000_killed_in_action,_36,000_died_of_wounds_and_45,000_died_from_disease-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017187of_which_41,000_killed_in_action,_36,000_died_of_wounds_and_45,000_died_from_disease_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter 2017</a>，第187頁，of which 41,000 killed in action, 36,000 died of wounds and 45,000 died from disease.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathCocolin20208-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathCocolin20208_7-0"><sup><b>7.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathCocolin20208_7-1"><sup><b>7.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeathCocolin2020">Heath & Cocolin 2020</a>，第8頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFHeathCocolin2020 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerman_General_Staff1884247-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerman_General_Staff1884247_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerman_General_Staff1884">German General Staff 1884</a>，第247頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1916148At_least_370,000_captured-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1916148At_least_370,000_captured_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBodart1916">Bodart 1916</a>，第148頁，At least 370,000 captured.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFBodart1916 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 保羅·甘迺迪, （譯者張春柏、陸乃聖）《霸權興衰史》第237頁。提到「在1870年至1871年普法戰爭期間...」。五南圖書出版股份有限公司 <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789571153759" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9789571153759</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Philp Lee Ralph等所著《世界文明史：後篇—從工業革命到現代》第129頁。提到「俾斯麥完成德意志統一的最後一步是1870年至1871年的普法戰爭。」 <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789571157719" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-957-11-5771-9</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 何世同《殲滅論》第153頁。提到「1870年普法戰爭...」。上揚國際出版 <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789868400832" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-986-84008-3-2</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Éric Anceau, "Aux origines de la Guerre de 1870", in <i>France-Allemagne(s) 1870–1871. La guerre, la Commune, les mémoires</i>, (under the direction of Mathilde Benoistel, Sylvie Le Ray-Burimi, Christophe Pommier) Gallimard-Musée de l'Armée, 2017, p. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamm1967308–313highlights_three_difficulties_with_the_argument_that_Bismarck_planned_or_provoked_a_French_attack.-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamm1967308–313highlights_three_difficulties_with_the_argument_that_Bismarck_planned_or_provoked_a_French_attack._14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamm1967">Ramm 1967</a>，第308–313頁，highlights three difficulties with the argument that Bismarck planned or provoked a French attack..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza200939-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza200939_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009">Milza 2009</a>，第39頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza200940–41-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza200940–41_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009">Milza 2009</a>，第40–41頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199140-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199140_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1991">Howard 1991</a>，第40頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza200941-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza200941_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009">Milza 2009</a>，第41頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199145-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199145_20-0"><sup><b>19.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199145_20-1"><sup><b>19.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1991">Howard 1991</a>，第45頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro200318-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro200318_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2003">Wawro 2003</a>，第18頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Bismarck189958-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Bismarck189958_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Bismarck1899">von Bismarck 1899</a>，第58頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Bismarckvon_Poschinger190087-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Bismarckvon_Poschinger190087_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Bismarckvon_Poschinger1900">von Bismarck & von Poschinger 1900</a>，第87頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199141-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199141_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1991">Howard 1991</a>，第41頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritannica:_Franco-German_War-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritannica:_Franco-German_War_27-0"><sup><b>24.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritannica:_Franco-German_War_27-1"><sup><b>24.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBritannica:_Franco-German_War">Britannica: Franco-German War</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2002101-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2002101_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2002">Wawro 2002</a>，第101頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza200949-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza200949_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009">Milza 2009</a>，第49頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerman_General_Staff188134–35-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerman_General_Staff188134–35_30-0"><sup><b>27.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerman_General_Staff188134–35_30-1"><sup><b>27.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerman_General_Staff1881">German General Staff 1881</a>，第34–35頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilza200957–59-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilza200957–59_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilza2009">Milza 2009</a>，第57–59頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Vinogradov, V. N. Was there a connection between the triumph of France in the Crimean War and its defeat at Sedan?. New and Recent History. 2005, (5) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到Russian网页">（Russian）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.atitle=Was+there+a+connection+between+the+triumph+of+France+in+the+Crimean+War+and+its+defeat+at+Sedan%3F&rft.aufirst=V.+N.&rft.aulast=Vinogradov&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=New+and+Recent+History&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：未识别语文类型 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E6%9C%AA%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%87%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" title="Category:引文格式1维护：未识别语文类型">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcElwee197443-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcElwee197443_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcElwee1974">McElwee 1974</a>，第43頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcElwee197446-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcElwee197446_34-0"><sup><b>31.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcElwee197446_34-1"><sup><b>31.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcElwee197446_34-2"><sup><b>31.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcElwee1974">McElwee 1974</a>，第46頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2002102-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2002102_35-0"><sup><b>32.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2002102_35-1"><sup><b>32.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2002102_35-2"><sup><b>32.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2002">Wawro 2002</a>，第102頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2002103-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2002103_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2002">Wawro 2002</a>，第103頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward19914-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward19914_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1991">Howard 1991</a>，第4頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer201020-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer201020_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer2010">Palmer 2010</a>，第20頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAscoli20019-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAscoli20019_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAscoli2001">Ascoli 2001</a>，第9頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliot-WrightShann199329-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliot-WrightShann199329_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElliot-WrightShann1993">Elliot-Wright & Shann 1993</a>，第29頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro200289-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro200289_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2002">Wawro 2002</a>，第89頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarry2009a43-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarry2009a43_42-0"><sup><b>39.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarry2009a43_42-1"><sup><b>39.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarry2009a">Barry 2009a</a>，第43頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2002110-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2002110_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2002">Wawro 2002</a>，第110頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer201030-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer201030_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer2010">Palmer 2010</a>，第30頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2002113-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2002113_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2002">Wawro 2002</a>，第113頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro200358-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro200358_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2003">Wawro 2003</a>，第58頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabecki20085–7-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZabecki20085–7_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZabecki2008">Zabecki 2008</a>，第5–7頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro200347-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro200347_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2003">Wawro 2003</a>，第47頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199178-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199178_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1991">Howard 1991</a>，第78頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199169,_78–79-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199169,_78–79_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1991">Howard 1991</a>，第69, 78–79頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro200366–67-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro200366–67_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2003">Wawro 2003</a>，第66–67頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199147,_48,_60-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199147,_48,_60_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1991">Howard 1991</a>，第47, 48, 60頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro200385,_86,_90-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro200385,_86,_90_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2003">Wawro 2003</a>，第85, 86, 90頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro200387,_90-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro200387,_90_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2003">Wawro 2003</a>，第87, 90頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro200394-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro200394_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2003">Wawro 2003</a>，第94頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199182-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199182_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1991">Howard 1991</a>，第82頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro200395-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro200395_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2003">Wawro 2003</a>，第95頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1991100–101-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1991100–101_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1991">Howard 1991</a>，第100–101頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1991101-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1991101_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1991">Howard 1991</a>，第101頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro200397,_98,_101-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro200397,_98,_101_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2003">Wawro 2003</a>，第97, 98, 101頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003101–103-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003101–103_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2003">Wawro 2003</a>，第101–103頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1991101–103-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1991101–103_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1991">Howard 1991</a>，第101–103頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003108-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003108_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2003">Wawro 2003</a>，第108頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199187–88-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199187–88_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1991">Howard 1991</a>，第87–88頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199189–90-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199189–90_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1991">Howard 1991</a>，第89–90頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199192–93-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199192–93_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1991">Howard 1991</a>，第92–93頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199198–99-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199198–99_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1991">Howard 1991</a>，第98–99頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1979108–117-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1979108–117_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1979">Howard 1979</a>，第108–117頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1979145-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1979145_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1979">Howard 1979</a>，第145頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1979152–161-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1979152–161_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1979">Howard 1979</a>，第152–161頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1979160–163-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1979160–163_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1979">Howard 1979</a>，第160–163頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003196-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003196_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2003">Wawro 2003</a>，第196頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003201-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003201_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2003">Wawro 2003</a>，第201頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003240-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003240_74-0"><sup><b>71.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003240_74-1"><sup><b>71.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2003">Wawro 2003</a>，第240頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003244-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003244_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2003">Wawro 2003</a>，第244頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard, Michael (2001) [1961]. The Franco-Prussian War: The German Invasion of France 1870–1871. New York: Routledge. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-415-26671-8" title="Special:网络书源/0-415-26671-8">0-415-26671-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldick197420–21-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldick197420–21_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldick1974">Baldick 1974</a>，第20–21頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1979228–231-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1979228–231_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1979">Howard 1979</a>，第228–231頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig198031-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig198031_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCraig1980">Craig 1980</a>，第31頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1979234-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1979234_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1979">Howard 1979</a>，第234頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1991230–233-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1991230–233_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1991">Howard 1991</a>，第230–233頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERidley1976602-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidley1976602_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidley1976">Ridley 1976</a>，第602頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEСвечин_(Svechin)1928327-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEСвечин_(Svechin)1928327_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFСвечин_(Svechin)1928">Свечин (Svechin) 1928</a>，第327頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFСвечин_(Svechin)1928 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEСвечин_(Svechin)1928332-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEСвечин_(Svechin)1928332_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFСвечин_(Svechin)1928">Свечин (Svechin) 1928</a>，第332頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFСвечин_(Svechin)1928 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard, p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoley200719–20-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoley200719–20_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoley2007">Foley 2007</a>，第19–20頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShannDelperier19914-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShannDelperier19914_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShannDelperier1991">Shann & Delperier 1991</a>，第4頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHozierDavenport_Adams1872217ff-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHozierDavenport_Adams1872217ff_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHozierDavenport_Adams1872">Hozier & Davenport Adams 1872</a>，第217ff頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOllier1883210-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOllier1883210_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOllier1883">Ollier 1883</a>，第210頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard, p.429</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard, p.421</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus2001101–102-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus2001101–102_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSondhaus2001">Sondhaus 2001</a>，第101–102頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstow1872229–235-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERüstow1872229–235_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRüstow1872">Rüstow 1872</a>，第229–235頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003191-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003191_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2003">Wawro 2003</a>，第191頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ropp T. The development of a modern navy: French naval policy 1871–1904. — Annapolis (Maryland): Naval Institute Press, 1987</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson X. Battleships in battle. — London.: s. Low, Marston and Company, 1896. p.274</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003190–192-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003190–192_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2003">Wawro 2003</a>，第190–192頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003192-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003192_98-0"><sup><b>95.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003192_98-1"><sup><b>95.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2003">Wawro 2003</a>，第192頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERüstow1872243-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERüstow1872243_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRüstow1872">Rüstow 1872</a>，第243頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Pflugk-Harttung1900587–588-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Pflugk-Harttung1900587–588_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Pflugk-Harttung1900">von Pflugk-Harttung 1900</a>，第587–588頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003298-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003298_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2003">Wawro 2003</a>，第298頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Creveld197796-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Creveld197796_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Creveld1977">van Creveld 1977</a>，第96頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199123-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199123_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1991">Howard 1991</a>，第23頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrvine1938192-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrvine1938192_104-0"><sup><b>101.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrvine1938192_104-1"><sup><b>101.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrvine1938">Irvine 1938</a>，第192頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199123–24-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199123–24_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1991">Howard 1991</a>，第23–24頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199121-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199121_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1991">Howard 1991</a>，第21頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199168-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199168_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1991">Howard 1991</a>，第68頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward199170–71-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward199170–71_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1991">Howard 1991</a>，第70–71頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003238-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003238_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2003">Wawro 2003</a>，第238頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003290-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003290_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2003">Wawro 2003</a>，第290頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Kempshall, British, French and American Relations on the Western Front, 1914-1918, Canterbury, Kent, UK, 2018, (<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783319894645" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-319-89464-5</a>), p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2004218–219-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2004218–219_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailey2004">Bailey 2004</a>，第218–219頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1979156–157-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1979156–157_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1979">Howard 1979</a>，第156–157頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2004218-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2004218_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailey2004">Bailey 2004</a>，第218頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017187-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017187_115-0"><sup><b>112.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017187_115-1"><sup><b>112.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter 2017</a>，第187頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1955133-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1955133_116-0"><sup><b>113.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1955133_116-1"><sup><b>113.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1955">Taylor 1955</a>，第133頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karine Varley, "The Taboos of Defeat: Unmentionable Memories of the Franco-Prussian War in France, 1870–1914." in Jenny Macleod, ed., <i>Defeat and Memory: Cultural Histories of Military Defeat in the Modern Era</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008) pp. 62-80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karine Varley, <i>Under the Shadow of Defeat: The War of 1870-71 in French Memory</i> (2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003301,_310-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003301,_310_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2003">Wawro 2003</a>，第301, 310頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldick1974209-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldick1974209_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldick1974">Baldick 1974</a>，第209頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Arthur Ransome Marriott, <i>The Evolution of Prussia: The Making of an Empire</i>, OUP 1937, pp.400-402</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">马克思《<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E8%BE%BE%E7%BA%B2%E9%A2%86%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4" title="哥达纲领批判">哥达纲领批判</a>》（写于1875年4-5月）既然他们没有勇气——而这是明智的，因为形势要求小心谨慎——像法国工人纲领在<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93-%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%B5%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="路易-菲利浦">路易-菲力浦</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93-%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E4%BB%91%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%8B%BF%E5%B7%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="路易-拿破仑·波拿巴">路易-拿破仑</a>时代那样要求民主共和国，那就不应当采取这个既不“诚实”也不体面的手法：居然向一个<u>以议会形式粉饰门面、混杂着封建残余、已经受到资产阶级影响、按官僚制度组织起来、并以警察来保卫的、军事专制制度的国家</u>，要求只有在民主共和国里才有意义的东西，并且还庄严地向这个国家保证：他们认为能够用“合法手段”争得这类东西！</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawro2003302-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWawro2003302_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWawro2003">Wawro 2003</a>，第302頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarley2008b-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarley2008b_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVarley2008b">Varley 2008b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarley2008a62–80-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarley2008a62–80_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVarley2008a">Varley 2008a</a>，第62–80頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJay1984151–162-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJay1984151–162_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJay1984">Jay 1984</a>，第151–162頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Keiger, J.F.V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/franceworldsince0000keig">France and the World since 1870</a>. 2001: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/franceworldsince0000keig/page/112">112</a>–120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=J.F.V.&rft.aulast=Keiger&rft.btitle=France+and+the+World+since+1870&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=112-120&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffranceworldsince0000keig&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>, quoting p 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Carroll, E. Malcolm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frenchpublicopin0000carr_u2j4">French Public Opinion and Foreign Affairs: 1870–1914</a>. 1931: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frenchpublicopin0000carr_u2j4/page/47">47</a>–48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=E.+Malcolm&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.btitle=French+Public+Opinion+and+Foreign+Affairs%3A+1870%E2%80%931914&rft.date=1931&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=47-48&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrenchpublicopin0000carr_u2j4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Seager, Frederic H. Warner, Charles K. , 编. The Alsace-Lorraine Question in France, 1871–1914. From the Ancien Régime to the Popular Front: Essays in the History of Modern France. 1969: 111–126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Frederic+H.&rft.aulast=Seager&rft.btitle=The+Alsace-Lorraine+Question+in+France%2C+1871%E2%80%931914&rft.date=1969&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=111-126&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="若克斯·阿蘇爾門迪" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Joxe Azurmendi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%A5%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%98%87%E7%88%BE%E9%96%80%E8%BF%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="若克斯·阿蘇爾門迪（页面不存在）">若克斯·阿蘇爾門迪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" class="extiw" title="en:Joxe Azurmendi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Joxe Azurmendi</span></a></span>）</span></span>. Historia, arraza, nazioa. Donostia: Elkar, 2014. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9788490272978" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-84-9027-297-8</a></li> <li>Mitchner, E. Alyn, R. Joanne Tuffs. Century of Change. Canada: Reidmore Books Inc., 1997.</li> <li>Michael Howard: Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415266718/303-9032460-5269020">[1]</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210322204938/http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415266718/303-9032460-5269020">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Lexikon der deutschen Geschichte – Ploetz, Verlag Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau, Österreich 2001</li> <li>Der große Ploetz, Verlag Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau, Österreich 1998</li> <li>Dtv-Atlas Weltgeschichte, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, München 2000</li> <li>Dennis E. Showalter: <i>Das Gesicht des modernen Krieges. Sedan, 1. und 2. September 1870</i>, in: <i>Schlachten der Weltgeschichte. Von Salamis bis Sinai</i>, hrsg. v. Stig Förster, Dierk Walter und Markus Pöhlmann, München <sup>2</sup>2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3423340835" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-423-34083-5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Fontane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodor Fontane（页面不存在）">Theodor Fontane</a>：<i>Band 1 - Der Krieg gegen Frankreich 1870-1871</i>, Weißenburg - Wörth - Spicheren - Colombey -Vionville - Gravelotte - Sedan - Wilhelmshöhe - Straßburg - Toul - Metz, Verlag Rockstuhl, Bad Langensalza, Reprint 1873/2004, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3937135251" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-937135-25-1</a></li> <li>Theodor Fontane: <i>Band 2 - Der Krieg gegen Frankreich 1870-1871</i>, Vor und in Paris vom 20. September bis 24. Dezember 1870 - Die großen Ausfallgefechte - Vor Paris im Dezember 1870 - Orleans, Verlag Rockstuhl, Bad Langensalza, Reprint 1876/2004, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/393713526X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-937135-26-X</a></li> <li>Theodor Fontane: <i>Band 3 - Der Krieg gegen Frankreich 1870-1871</i>, Amiens - Dijon - Le Mans - Belfort -(Vor) Paris 25. Dezember 1870 bis 2. März 1871 - Bapaume = St. Quentin - Pontarlier, Verlag Rockstuhl, Bad Langensalza, Reprint 1876/2004, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3937135278" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-937135-27-8</a></li> <li>Max Riemschneider: <i>Ein Erfurter im Deutsch-Französischen Krieg 1870/71</i>, Verlag Rockstuhl, Bad Langensalza, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3937135014" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-937135-01-4</a></li> <li>Sigismund von Dobschütz: <i>„Wir sind dahin gekommen, ganze Dörfer niederzubrennen“ -– Briefe aus dem Deutsch-Französischen Krieg 1870/71 und der Okkupationszeit 1872/73 von Paul von Collas an seine Eltern.</i>, Ostdeutsche Familienkunde (OFK), Heft 1/2006, Seite 321f., Verlag Degener & Co., Neustadt (Aisch) 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A%E8%99%9F" title="國際標準期刊號">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0472-190X">0472-190X</a>. -- <i>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_von_Collas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul von Collas（页面不存在）">Paul von Collas</a> war damals Generalstabsoffizier und Adjutant unter <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_von_Steinmetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz">Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz</a> und später unter General <a href="/wiki/Edwin_von_Manteuffel" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin von Manteuffel">Edwin von Manteuffel</a>，dessen Memoiren er schrieb.)</i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=45" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="書籍"><span id=".E6.9B.B8.E7.B1.8D"></span>書籍</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=46" title="编辑章节：書籍"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80540462"><div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 40em; -webkit-column-width: 40em; column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Ascoli, David. A Day of Battle: Mars-La-Tour 16 August 1870. Edinburgh: Birlinn. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-84158-121-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-84158-121-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-84158-121-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Ascoli&rft.btitle=A+Day+of+Battle%3A+Mars-La-Tour+16+August+1870&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84158-121-7&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Birlinn&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Bailey, Jonathan B. A. Field Artillery and Firepower Revised and expanded. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-59114-029-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-59114-029-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-59114-029-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+B.+A.&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.btitle=Field+Artillery+and+Firepower&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=Revised+and+expanded&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-029-0&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Baldick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Baldick（页面不存在）">Baldick, Robert</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/siegeofparis0000unse">The Siege of Paris</a>. London: London New English Library. 1974. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-450-02190-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-450-02190-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-450-02190-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.aulast=Baldick&rft.btitle=The+Siege+of+Paris&rft.date=1974&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-450-02190-9&rft.place=London&rft.pub=London+New+English+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsiegeofparis0000unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Barry, Quintin. The Franco-Prussian War 1870–71. 1 The Campaign of Sedan. Solihull: Helion & Company. 2009a. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-906033-45-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-906033-45-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-906033-45-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Quintin&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.btitle=The+Franco-Prussian+War+1870%E2%80%9371&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-906033-45-3&rft.place=Solihull&rft.pub=Helion+%26+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Brown, Frederick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forsouloffrancec0000brow">For the Soul of France: Culture wars in the age of Dreyfus</a>. New York: Knopf. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-307-26631-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-307-26631-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-307-26631-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.btitle=For+the+Soul+of+France%3A+Culture+wars+in+the+age+of+Dreyfus&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-307-26631-6&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforsouloffrancec0000brow&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Clodfelter, Micheal. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 4th. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. 2017. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7864-7470-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7864-7470-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-7864-7470-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492%E2%80%932015&rft.date=2017&rft.edition=4th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7470-7&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_A._Craig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon A. Craig（页面不存在）">Craig, G. A.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germany1866194500crai">Germany: 1866–1945</a><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="需要免费注册"><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1980. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-502724-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-502724-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-19-502724-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=G.+A.&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.btitle=Germany%3A+1866%E2%80%931945&rft.date=1980&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-502724-2&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermany1866194500crai&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Elliot-Wright, Philipp; Shann, Stephen. Gravelotte-St-Privat 1870. Campaign. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 1993. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-85532-286-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-85532-286-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-85532-286-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Shann%2C+Stephen&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft.aulast=Elliot-Wright&rft.btitle=Gravelotte-St-Privat+1870&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-286-8&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.series=Campaign&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Foley, Robert T. German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916 pbk. Cambridge: CUP. 2007. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-04436-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-04436-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-521-04436-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Robert+T.&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.btitle=German+Strategy+and+the+Path+to+Verdun%3A+Erich+von+Falkenhayn+and+the+Development+of+Attrition%2C+1870%E2%80%931916&rft.date=2007&rft.edition=pbk.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-04436-3&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=CUP&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">German General Staff. The Franco-German War 1870–71: Part 1; Volume 1. 由Clarke, F.C.H.翻译. London: Clowes & Sons. 1881.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=German+General+Staff&rft.btitle=The+Franco-German+War+1870%E2%80%9371%3A+Part+1%3B+Volume+1&rft.date=1881&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Clowes+%26+Sons&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">German General Staff. The Franco-German War 1870–71: Part 2; Volume 3. 由Clarke, F.C.H.翻译. London: Clowes & Sons. 1884.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=German+General+Staff&rft.btitle=The+Franco-German+War+1870%E2%80%9371%3A+Part+2%3B+Volume+3&rft.date=1884&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Clowes+%26+Sons&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alistair_Horne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alistair Horne（页面不存在）">Horne, Alistair</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fallofparissiege0000alis">The Fall of Paris; The siege and the Commune 1870–71</a>. London: Macmillan. 1965. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/490599556"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 490599556</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+Paris%3B+The+siege+and+the+Commune+1870%E2%80%9371&rft.date=1965&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffallofparissiege0000alis&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F490599556&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Howard_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Howard (historian)（页面不存在）">Howard, Michael</a>. The Franco-Prussian War: The German Invasion of France 1870–1871. London: Rupert Hart-Davis. 1979 [1961]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-246-63587-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-246-63587-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-246-63587-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.btitle=The+Franco-Prussian+War%3A+The+German+Invasion+of+France+1870%E2%80%931871&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-246-63587-7&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Rupert+Hart-Davis&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Howard, Michael. The Franco-Prussian War: The German Invasion of France 1870–1871. New York: Routledge. 1991 [1961]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-415-02787-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-415-02787-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-415-02787-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.btitle=The+Franco-Prussian+War%3A+The+German+Invasion+of+France+1870%E2%80%931871&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-02787-8&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Hozier, Henry Montagu; <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Henry_Davenport_Adams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Henry Davenport Adams（页面不存在）">Davenport Adams, W. H.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb11122111_00257.html">The Franco-Prussian War: Its Causes, Incidents, and Consequences</a> <b>2</b>. London: William Mackenzie. 1872 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-07-13</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/931716547"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 931716547</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224153947/https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb11122111_00257.html">存档</a>于2021-02-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Davenport+Adams%2C+W.+H.&rft.aufirst=Henry+Montagu&rft.aulast=Hozier&rft.btitle=The+Franco-Prussian+War%3A+Its+Causes%2C+Incidents%2C+and+Consequences&rft.date=1872&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Mackenzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freader.digitale-sammlungen.de%2Fde%2Ffs1%2Fobject%2Fdisplay%2Fbsb11122111_00257.html&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F931716547&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Kennedy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Kennedy（页面不存在）">Kennedy, Paul M.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallofgreatp00kenn">The rise and fall of the great powers: economic change and military conflict from 1500 to 2000</a><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="需要免费注册"><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span> 1st. New York: Random House. 1987. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-394-54674-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-394-54674-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-394-54674-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.btitle=The+rise+and+fall+of+the+great+powers%3A+economic+change+and+military+conflict+from+1500+to+2000&rft.date=1987&rft.edition=1st&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-394-54674-2&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frisefallofgreatp00kenn&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">McElwee, William Lloyd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artofwarwaterloo0000mcel">The Art of War: Waterloo to Mons</a><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="需要免费注册"><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1974. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-253-20214-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-253-20214-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-253-20214-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=William+Lloyd&rft.aulast=McElwee&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+War%3A+Waterloo+to+Mons&rft.date=1974&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20214-7&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartofwarwaterloo0000mcel&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Milza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Milza（页面不存在）">Milza, Pierre</a>. L'Année terrible. 1: La Guerre franco-prussienne, septembre 1870 – mars 1871. Paris: Perrin. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-2-262-02498-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-2-262-02498-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-2-262-02498-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.aulast=Milza&rft.btitle=L%27Ann%C3%A9e+terrible&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-2-262-02498-7&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Perrin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Nolte, Frédérick. L'Europe militaire et diplomatique au dix-neuvième siècle, 1815–1884 (4 volumes). Paris: E. Plon, Nourrit et Cie. 1884. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/4899575"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 4899575</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到法语网页">（法语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rick&rft.aulast=Nolte&rft.btitle=L%27Europe+militaire+et+diplomatique+au+dix-neuvi%C3%A8me+si%C3%A8cle%2C+1815%E2%80%931884+%284+volumes%29&rft.date=1884&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=E.+Plon%2C+Nourrit+et+Cie.&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4899575&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Ollier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Ollier（页面不存在）">Ollier, Edmund</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JO3n-ui4VvEC&pg=PA210">Cassell's History of the War Between France and Germany, 1870–1871</a> <b>2</b>. London: Cassell Petter & Galpin. 1883. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/914936793"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 914936793</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft.aulast=Ollier&rft.btitle=Cassell%27s+History+of+the+War+Between+France+and+Germany%2C+1870%E2%80%931871&rft.date=1883&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell+Petter+%26+Galpin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJO3n-ui4VvEC%26pg%3DPA210&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F914936793&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Palmer, Michael A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germanwarsconcis0000palm">The German Wars: A Concise History, 1859–1945</a>. Minneapolis: MBI Pub. Co. and Zenith Press. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-61673-985-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-61673-985-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-61673-985-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.btitle=The+German+Wars%3A+A+Concise+History%2C+1859%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-61673-985-0&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=MBI+Pub.+Co.+and+Zenith+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermanwarsconcis0000palm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Ramm, Agetha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germany17891919p0000ramm">Germany, 1789–1919 : a political history</a><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="需要免费注册"><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>. London: Methuen. 1967. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-416-33990-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-416-33990-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-416-33990-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Agetha&rft.aulast=Ramm&rft.btitle=Germany%2C+1789%E2%80%931919+%3A+a+political+history&rft.date=1967&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-416-33990-1&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermany17891919p0000ramm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jasper_Ridley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jasper Ridley（页面不存在）">Ridley, Jasper</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/garibaldi00ridl">Garibaldi</a>. New York: Viking Press. 1976 [1974]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-670-33548-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-670-33548-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-670-33548-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rft.aulast=Ridley&rft.btitle=Garibaldi&rft.date=1976&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-670-33548-0&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgaribaldi00ridl&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Rougerie, Jacques. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parisinsurgelaco0000roug">Paris Insurgé: La Commune de 1871</a>. Paris: Gallimard. 1995. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-2-07-053289-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-2-07-053289-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-2-07-053289-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.aulast=Rougerie&rft.btitle=Paris+Insurg%C3%A9%3A+La+Commune+de+1871&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-2-07-053289-6&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparisinsurgelaco0000roug&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Rougerie, Jacques. La Commune de 1871. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. 2014. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-2-13-062078-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-2-13-062078-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-2-13-062078-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.aulast=Rougerie&rft.btitle=La+Commune+de+1871&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-2-13-062078-5&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+France&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Rüstow, W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9cBVAAAAYAAJ">The War for the Rhine Frontier, 1870: Its Political and Military History</a> <b>3</b>. 由Needham, John Layland翻译. Edinburgh: Blackwood. 1872. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/13591954"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 13591954</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.aulast=R%C3%BCstow&rft.btitle=The+War+for+the+Rhine+Frontier%2C+1870%3A+Its+Political+and+Military+History&rft.date=1872&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Blackwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9cBVAAAAYAAJ&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13591954&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Shann, Stephen; Delperier, Louis. French Army 1870–71 Franco-Prussian War. Men-at-Arms. 2 Republican Troops. Illustrated by Richard and Christa Hook. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 1991. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-85532-135-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-85532-135-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-85532-135-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Delperier%2C+Louis&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Shann&rft.btitle=French+Army+1870%E2%80%9371+Franco-Prussian+War&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-135-9&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.series=Men-at-Arms&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Sondhaus, Lawrence. Naval Warfare, 1815–1914. London: Routledge. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-415-21478-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-415-21478-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-415-21478-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft.aulast=Sondhaus&rft.btitle=Naval+Warfare%2C+1815%E2%80%931914&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21478-0&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="A. J. P. Taylor">Taylor, A. J. P.</a> Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman. London: Hamish Hamilton. 1955. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/867374488"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 867374488</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=A.+J.+P.&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.btitle=Bismarck%3A+The+Man+and+the+Statesman&rft.date=1955&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F867374488&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_van_Creveld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin van Creveld（页面不存在）">van Creveld, Martin</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supplyingwarlogi0000vanc">Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton</a> 1st. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1977. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-29793-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-29793-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-521-29793-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.aulast=van+Creveld&rft.btitle=Supplying+War%3A+Logistics+from+Wallenstein+to+Patton&rft.date=1977&rft.edition=1st&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29793-6&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsupplyingwarlogi0000vanc&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Varley, Karine. The Taboos of Defeat: Unmentionable Memories of the Franco-Prussian War in France, 1870–1914. Macleod, Jenny (编). Defeat and Memory: Cultural Histories of Military Defeat in the Modern Era. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 2008a. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-230-51740-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-230-51740-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-230-51740-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.atitle=The+Taboos+of+Defeat%3A+Unmentionable+Memories+of+the+Franco-Prussian+War+in+France%2C+1870%E2%80%931914&rft.aufirst=Karine&rft.aulast=Varley&rft.btitle=Defeat+and+Memory%3A+Cultural+Histories+of+Military+Defeat+in+the+Modern+Era&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-230-51740-0&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Varley, Karine. Under the shadow of defeat: the war of 1870–71 in French memory. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 2008b. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-230-00519-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-230-00519-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-230-00519-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Karine&rft.aulast=Varley&rft.btitle=Under+the+shadow+of+defeat%3A+the+war+of+1870%E2%80%9371+in+French+memory&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-230-00519-8&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto von Bismarck">von Bismarck, Otto Eduard Leopold</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bismarckmanands00butlgoog">Bismarck: The Man & the Statesman</a>. 由<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_John_Butler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur John Butler（页面不存在）">Arthur John Butler</a>翻译. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1899. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/51415680"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 51415680</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Otto+Eduard+Leopold&rft.aulast=von+Bismarck&rft.btitle=Bismarck%3A+The+Man+%26+the+Statesman&rft.date=1899&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbismarckmanands00butlgoog&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51415680&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">von Bismarck, Otto Eduard Leopold; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_von_Poschinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich von Poschinger（页面不存在）">von Poschinger, Heinrich</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_von_Poschinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich von Poschinger（页面不存在）">von Poschinge, Heinrich</a>; Whitman, Sidney , 编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conversationswit00poscrich/page/87">Conversations with Prince Bismarck</a>. 由Whitman, Sidney翻译 English. London: Harper & Brothers. 1900. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/222059904"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 222059904</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=von+Poschinger%2C+Heinrich&rft.aufirst=Otto+Eduard+Leopold&rft.aulast=von+Bismarck&rft.btitle=Conversations+with+Prince+Bismarck&rft.date=1900&rft.edition=English&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconversationswit00poscrich%2Fpage%2F87&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F222059904&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_von_Pflugk-Harttung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius von Pflugk-Harttung（页面不存在）">von Pflugk-Harttung, Julius Albert Georg</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/francogermanwar100maur/page/n0">The Franco-German War, 1870–71</a>. 由Maurice, J. F.; Long, Wilfred James; Sonnenschein, A翻译. London: S. Sonnenschein and Co. 1900. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/3132807"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 3132807</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Julius+Albert+Georg&rft.aulast=von+Pflugk-Harttung&rft.btitle=The+Franco-German+War%2C+1870%E2%80%9371&rft.date=1900&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=S.+Sonnenschein+and+Co.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrancogermanwar100maur%2Fpage%2Fn0&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3132807&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Wawro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffrey Wawro（页面不存在）">Wawro, Geoffrey</a>. Warfare and Society in Europe, 1792–1914. New York: Routledge. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-203-17183-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-203-17183-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-203-17183-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.aulast=Wawro&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Society+in+Europe%2C+1792%E2%80%931914&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-203-17183-7&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Wawro, Geoffrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warfaresocietyin0000wawr">Warfare and Society in Europe, 1792–1914</a>. London: Routledge. 2000. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-415-21445-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-415-21445-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-415-21445-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.aulast=Wawro&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Society+in+Europe%2C+1792%E2%80%931914&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21445-2&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarfaresocietyin0000wawr&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Wawro, Geoffrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/francoprussianwa0000wawr">The Franco-Prussian War: The German Conquest of France in 1870–1871</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-58436-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-58436-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-521-58436-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.aulast=Wawro&rft.btitle=The+Franco-Prussian+War%3A+The+German+Conquest+of+France+in+1870%E2%80%931871&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-58436-4&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrancoprussianwa0000wawr&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_T._Zabecki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David T. Zabecki（页面不存在）">Zabecki, David T.</a> Chief of Staff. 1: <i>Napoleonic Wars to World War I</i>. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-59114-990-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-59114-990-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-59114-990-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rft.aulast=Zabecki&rft.btitle=Chief+of+Staff&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-990-3&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="期刊"><span id=".E6.9C.9F.E5.88.8A"></span>期刊</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=47" title="编辑章节：期刊"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80540462"><div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 40em; -webkit-column-width: 40em; column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li><cite class="citation journal">Holborn, H. Moltke's Strategical Concepts. Military Affairs. 1942, <b>VI</b> (3): 153–168. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2325-6990"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 2325-6990</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1982846"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 1982846</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1982846"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/1982846</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.atitle=Moltke%27s+Strategical+Concepts&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.aulast=Holborn&rft.date=1942&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=2325-6990&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Military+Affairs&rft.pages=153-168&rft.volume=VI&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1982846&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1982846&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Irvine, D. D. The French and Prussian Staff Systems Before 1870. The Journal of the American Military Foundation. 1938, <b>2</b> (4): 192–203. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2326-6120"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 2326-6120</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3038792"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 3038792</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3038792"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/3038792</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.atitle=The+French+and+Prussian+Staff+Systems+Before+1870&rft.aufirst=D.+D.&rft.aulast=Irvine&rft.date=1938&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=2326-6120&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+American+Military+Foundation&rft.pages=192-203&rft.volume=2&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3038792&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3038792&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Jay, Robert. Alphonse de Neuville's 'The Spy' and the Legacy of the Franco-Prussian War. Metropolitan Museum Journal. 1984, <b>19/20</b>: 151–162. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1512817"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 1512817</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193058659"><span title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID 193058659</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1512817"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/1512817</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.atitle=Alphonse+de+Neuville%27s+%27The+Spy%27+and+the+Legacy+of+the+Franco-Prussian+War&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.aulast=Jay&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metropolitan+Museum+Journal&rft.pages=151-162&rft.volume=19%2F20&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1512817&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193058659&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1512817&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="網站"><span id=".E7.B6.B2.E7.AB.99"></span>網站</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=48" title="编辑章节：網站"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80540462"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Puvis_de_Chavannes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Puvis de Chavannes">de Chavannes, Puvis</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://art.thewalters.org/detail/8084">Hope</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Walters_Art_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Walters Art Museum（页面不存在）">The Walters Art Museum</a>. 1872 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-07-13</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516192537/http://art.thewalters.org/detail/8084">存档</a>于2013-05-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Puvis&rft.aulast=de+Chavannes&rft.btitle=Hope&rft.date=1872&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Walters+Art+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fart.thewalters.org%2Fdetail%2F8084&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica:_Franco-German_War" class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/216971/Franco-German-War">Franco-German War</a>. Britannica.com. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> 30 December 2013 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2013]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150508080742/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/216971/Franco-German-War">存档</a>于2015-05-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.atitle=Franco-German+War&rft.date=2013-12-30&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F216971%2FFranco-German-War&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸閱讀"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.96.B1.E8.AE.80"></span>延伸閱讀</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=49" title="编辑章节：延伸閱讀"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="書籍和期刊"><span id=".E6.9B.B8.E7.B1.8D.E5.92.8C.E6.9C.9F.E5.88.8A"></span>書籍和期刊</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=50" title="编辑章节：書籍和期刊"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80540462"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Arand, Tobias. 1870/71 die Geschichte des Deutsch-Französischen Krieges erzählt in Einzelschicksalen. Hamburg: Osburg Verlag GmbH. 2018. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-95510-167-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-95510-167-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-3-95510-167-1</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到德语网页">（德语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rft.aulast=Arand&rft.btitle=1870%2F71+die+Geschichte+des+Deutsch-Franz%C3%B6sischen+Krieges+erz%C3%A4hlt+in+Einzelschicksalen&rft.date=2018&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-95510-167-1&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Osburg+Verlag+GmbH&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Aronson, Theo. The fall of the third Napoleon. 1st History Book Club. London: Cassell. 1970. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0304934518" title="Special:网络书源/0304934518"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0304934518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Theo&rft.aulast=Aronson&rft.btitle=The+fall+of+the+third+Napoleon.&rft.date=1970&rft.edition=1st+History+Book+Club&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0304934518&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane. 1870 : la France dans la guerre. Paris: Armand Colin. 1989. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-2-20037-165-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-2-20037-165-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-2-20037-165-4</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到法语网页">（法语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft.aulast=Audoin-Rouzeau&rft.btitle=1870+%3A+la+France+dans+la+guerre&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-2-20037-165-4&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Armand+Colin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Baumont, Maurice. Gloires et tragédies de la IIIe République. Histoire de France Hachette. París: Hachette. 1956. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/40712256"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 40712256</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到法语网页">（法语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.aulast=Baumont&rft.btitle=Gloires+et+trag%C3%A9dies+de+la+IIIe+R%C3%A9publique&rft.date=1956&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Par%C3%ADs&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.series=Histoire+de+France+Hachette.&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40712256&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Bresler, Fenton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/napoleoniiilife00bres">Napoleon III: A Life</a>. New York: Carroll & Graf. 1999. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7867-0660-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7867-0660-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-7867-0660-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Fenton&rft.aulast=Bresler&rft.btitle=Napoleon+III%3A+A+Life&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-0660-0&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnapoleoniiilife00bres&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Bucholz, Arden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moltkegermanwars0000buch">Moltke and the German wars, 1864–1871</a>. Basingstoke: Palgrave. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-333-68758-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-333-68758-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-333-68758-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Arden&rft.aulast=Bucholz&rft.btitle=Moltke+and+the+German+wars%2C+1864%E2%80%931871&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-333-68758-1&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoltkegermanwars0000buch&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Clark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher Clark（页面不存在）">Clark, Christopher M.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ironkingdomrised00chri">Iron Kingdom: The Rise And Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947</a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-674-02385-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-674-02385-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-674-02385-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Christopher+M.&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.btitle=Iron+Kingdom%3A+The+Rise+And+Downfall+of+Prussia%2C+1600%E2%80%931947&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02385-7&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fironkingdomrised00chri&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">De Cesare, Raffaele. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thelastdaysofpap00cesauoft">The Last Days of Papal Rome 1850–1870</a>. 由<a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Zimmern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen Zimmern（页面不存在）">Zimmern, Helen</a>翻译. London: Archibald Constable & Co. 1909. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/565258394"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 565258394</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Raffaele&rft.aulast=De+Cesare&rft.btitle=The+Last+Days+of+Papal+Rome+1850%E2%80%931870&rft.date=1909&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Archibald+Constable+%26+Co&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthelastdaysofpap00cesauoft&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F565258394&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Fontane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodor Fontane（页面不存在）">Fontane, Theodor</a>. Der Krieg gegen Frankreich 1870–1871 <b>1</b>. Bad Langensalza: Rockstuhl. 2010 [1873]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-937135-25-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-937135-25-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-3-937135-25-0</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到德语网页">（德语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rft.aulast=Fontane&rft.btitle=Der+Krieg+gegen+Frankreich+1870%E2%80%931871&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-937135-25-0&rft.place=Bad+Langensalza&rft.pub=Rockstuhl&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Helmert, Heinz; Usczeck, Hansjürgen. Preussischdeutsche Kriege von 1864 bis 1871. Militärischer Verlauf.. Kleine Militärgeschichte., Kriege. Berlin: Deutscher Militärverlag. 1967. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/4322242"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 4322242</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到德语网页">（德语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Usczeck%2C+Hansj%C3%BCrgen&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rft.aulast=Helmert&rft.btitle=Preussischdeutsche+Kriege+von+1864+bis+1871.+Milit%C3%A4rischer+Verlauf.&rft.date=1967&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Deutscher+Milit%C3%A4rverlag&rft.series=Kleine+Milit%C3%A4rgeschichte.%2C+Kriege.&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4322242&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Jerrold, William Blanchard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofnapoleonii01jerruoft">The Life of Napoleon III</a> <b>I</b>. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1874. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/717506637"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 717506637</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=William+Blanchard&rft.aulast=Jerrold&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Napoleon+III&rft.date=1874&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofnapoleonii01jerruoft&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F717506637&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Jerrold, William Blanchard. The Life of Napoleon III <b>II</b>. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1875. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/867960419"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 867960419</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=William+Blanchard&rft.aulast=Jerrold&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Napoleon+III&rft.date=1875&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F867960419&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Jerrold, William Blanchard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofnapoleonii03jerruoft">The Life of Napoleon III</a> <b>III</b>. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1877. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/832069805"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 832069805</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=William+Blanchard&rft.aulast=Jerrold&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Napoleon+III&rft.date=1877&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofnapoleonii03jerruoft&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F832069805&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Jerrold, William Blanchard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofnapoleonii04jerruoft">The Life of Napoleon III</a> <b>IV</b>. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1882. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/832069819"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 832069819</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=William+Blanchard&rft.aulast=Jerrold&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Napoleon+III&rft.date=1882&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofnapoleonii04jerruoft&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F832069819&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Kropotkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Kropotkin（页面不存在）">Kropotkin, Pyotr Alexeyevich</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/2917655.0001.001.umich.edu">The Commune of Paris</a>. Freedom Pamphlets <b>2</b>. London: New Fellowship Press. 1891. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/620450578"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 620450578</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Pyotr+Alexeyevich&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.btitle=The+Commune+of+Paris&rft.date=1891&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=New+Fellowship+Press&rft.series=Freedom+Pamphlets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F2917655.0001.001.umich.edu&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F620450578&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Lowe, William J. The Nest in the Altar or Reminiscences of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. London: Chapter Two. 1999. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-85307-123-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-85307-123-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-85307-123-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.btitle=The+Nest+in+the+Altar+or+Reminiscences+of+the+Franco-Prussian+War+of+1870&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-85307-123-2&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chapter+Two&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Lowe, John. The Great Powers, Imperialism and the German Problem 1865–1925. Hoboken NY: Florence Taylor and Francis. 2013. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-136-15228-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-136-15228-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-136-15228-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.btitle=The+Great+Powers%2C+Imperialism+and+the+German+Problem+1865%E2%80%931925&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-136-15228-3&rft.place=Hoboken+NY&rft.pub=Florence+Taylor+and+Francis&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">McCabe, James D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=miun.acj5737.0001.001;view=1up;seq=7">History of the War Between Germany and France</a>. Philadelphia: National Publishing Company, and Jones Brothers and Company. 1871 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-07-13</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1032848707"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 1032848707</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308024400/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=miun.acj5737.0001.001;view=1up;seq=7">存档</a>于2021-03-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft.aulast=McCabe&rft.btitle=History+of+the+War+Between+Germany+and+France&rft.date=1871&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=National+Publishing+Company%2C+and+Jones+Brothers+and+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmiun.acj5737.0001.001%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D7&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1032848707&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Mehrkens, Heidi. Statuswechsel : Kriegserfahrung und nationale Wahrnehmung im Deutsch-Französischen Krieg 1870/71. Schriften der Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte. Essen: Klartext. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-89861-565-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-89861-565-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-3-89861-565-5</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到德语网页">（德语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Heidi&rft.aulast=Mehrkens&rft.btitle=Statuswechsel+%3A+Kriegserfahrung+und+nationale+Wahrnehmung+im+Deutsch-Franz%C3%B6sischen+Krieg+1870%2F71&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-89861-565-5&rft.place=Essen&rft.pub=Klartext&rft.series=Schriften+der+Bibliothek+f%C3%BCr+Zeitgeschichte&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Milza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Milza（页面不存在）">Milza, Pierre</a>. Napoleon III. Paris: Editions Perrin. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-2-262-02607-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-2-262-02607-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-2-262-02607-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.aulast=Milza&rft.btitle=Napoleon+III&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-2-262-02607-3&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+Perrin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Milza, Pierre. L'Année terrible. 2: La commune mars – juin 1871. Paris: Perrin. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-2-262-03073-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-2-262-03073-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-2-262-03073-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.aulast=Milza&rft.btitle=L%27Ann%C3%A9e+terrible&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-2-262-03073-5&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Perrin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Grant_Robertson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Grant Robertson（页面不存在）">Robertson, Charles Grant</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bismarck1969robe">Bismark</a>. New York: H. Fertig. 1969. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/560259585"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 560259585</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Charles+Grant&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.btitle=Bismark&rft.date=1969&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=H.+Fertig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbismarck1969robe&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F560259585&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Séguin, Philippe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/louisnapoleonleg00segu">Louis Napoléon Le Grand</a>. Paris: Grasset. 1996. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-2-246-42951-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-2-246-42951-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-2-246-42951-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft.aulast=S%C3%A9guin&rft.btitle=Louis+Napol%C3%A9on+Le+Grand&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-2-246-42951-7&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Grasset&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flouisnapoleonleg00segu&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Shann, Stephen; Delperier, Louis. French Army 1870–71 Franco-Prussian War. Men-at-Arms. 1 Imperial Troops. Illustrated by Jeffrey Burn. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 1991. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-85532-121-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-85532-121-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-85532-121-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.au=Delperier%2C+Louis&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Shann&rft.btitle=French+Army+1870%E2%80%9371+Franco-Prussian+War&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-121-2&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.series=Men-at-Arms&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Showalter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dennis Showalter（页面不存在）">Showalter, Dennis E.</a> The wars of German unification. Modern Wars 2. London: Bloomsbury Academic. 2015. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-78093-808-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-78093-808-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-78093-808-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Dennis+E.&rft.aulast=Showalter&rft.btitle=The+wars+of+German+unification&rft.date=2015&rft.edition=2&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-78093-808-0&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.series=Modern+Wars&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Spencer, Frank. Bismarck And The Franco-Prussian War. History (Wiley). 1955, <b>40</b> (140): 319–325. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/24403118"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 24403118</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1955.tb00309.x"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1955.tb00309.x</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.atitle=Bismarck+And+The+Franco-Prussian+War&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.date=1955&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=140&rft.jtitle=History&rft.pages=319-325&rft.volume=40&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24403118&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1955.tb00309.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Stoneman, Mark R. Die deutschen Greueltaten im Krieg 1870/71 am Beispiel der Bayern. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B6nke_Neitzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sönke Neitzel（页面不存在）">Neitzel, Sönke</a>; Daniel Hohrath (编). Kriegsgreuel: Die Entgrenzung der Gewalt in kriegerischen Konflikten vom Mittelalter bis ins 20. Jahrhundert. Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-50676-375-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-50676-375-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-3-50676-375-4</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到德语网页">（德语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.atitle=Die+deutschen+Greueltaten+im+Krieg+1870%2F71+am+Beispiel+der+Bayern&rft.aufirst=Mark+R&rft.aulast=Stoneman&rft.btitle=Kriegsgreuel%3A+Die+Entgrenzung+der+Gewalt+in+kriegerischen+Konflikten+vom+Mittelalter+bis+ins+20.+Jahrhundert&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-3-50676-375-4&rft.place=Paderborn&rft.pub=Ferdinand+Sch%C3%B6ningh&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Varley, Karine. "Death and sacrifice in the Prussian War," <i>History Today</i> (Aug 2020) 70#8 pp 28–41. online</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Taithe, Bertrand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citizenshipwarsf0000tait">Citizenship and Wars: France in Turmoil 1870–1871</a>. London: Routledge. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-415-23927-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-415-23927-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-415-23927-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rft.aulast=Taithe&rft.btitle=Citizenship+and+Wars%3A+France+in+Turmoil+1870%E2%80%931871&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23927-1&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitizenshipwarsf0000tait&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_von_Moltke_the_Elder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helmuth von Moltke the Elder（页面不存在）">von Moltke, Helmuth</a>. Förster, Stig , 编. Moltke : von Kabinettskrieg zum Volkskrieg : eine Werkauswahl. Bonn: Bouvier Verlag. 1992. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-41680-655-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-41680-655-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-3-41680-655-8</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到德语网页">（德语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Helmuth&rft.aulast=von+Moltke&rft.btitle=Moltke+%3A+von+Kabinettskrieg+zum+Volkskrieg+%3A+eine+Werkauswahl&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-41680-655-8&rft.place=Bonn&rft.pub=Bouvier+Verlag&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">von Moltke, Helmuth. Hughes, Daniel J. , 编. Moltke on the Art of War: Selected Writings. 由Hughes, Daniel J.; Bell, Harry翻译. Novato, CA: Presidio Press. 1995. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-891414-84-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-891414-84-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-891414-84-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Helmuth&rft.aulast=von+Moltke&rft.btitle=Moltke+on+the+Art+of+War%3A+Selected+Writings&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-891414-84-1&rft.place=Novato%2C+CA&rft.pub=Presidio+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">von Moltke, Helmuth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/francogermanwaro01molt">The Franco-German war of 1870–71</a>. 由Bell, Clara; Fischer, Henry W.翻译. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1892. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/758996861"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 758996861</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Helmuth&rft.aulast=von+Moltke&rft.btitle=The+Franco-German+war+of+1870%E2%80%9371&rft.date=1892&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrancogermanwaro01molt&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F758996861&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">von Moltke, Helmuth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/francogermanwaro0000molt_m3z0">The Franco-German war of 1870–71</a>. 由<a href="/w/index.php?title=Archibald_Forbes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archibald Forbes（页面不存在）">Forbes, Archibald</a>翻译. London: Greenhill Books. 1992. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-85367-131-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-85367-131-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-85367-131-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Helmuth&rft.aulast=von+Moltke&rft.btitle=The+Franco-German+war+of+1870%E2%80%9371&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-131-9&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrancogermanwaro0000molt_m3z0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Wetzel, David. A Duel of Nations: Germany, France, and the diplomacy of the War of 1870-1871. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press. 2012. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-299-29133-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-299-29133-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-299-29133-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Wetzel&rft.btitle=A+Duel+of+Nations%3A+Germany%2C+France%2C+and+the+diplomacy+of+the+War+of+1870-1871&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-299-29133-4&rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&rft.pub=The+University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="卡通和漫畫"><span id=".E5.8D.A1.E9.80.9A.E5.92.8C.E6.BC.AB.E7.95.AB"></span>卡通和漫畫</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&section=51" title="编辑章节：卡通和漫畫"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_William_Pullen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry William Pullen（页面不存在）">Pullen, Henry William</a>. Illustrated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Nast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Nast（页面不存在）">Thomas Nast</a>. <a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Fight_at_Dame_Europa%27s_School" class="extiw" title="s:The Fight at Dame Europa's School">The Fight at Dame Europa's School</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a>. New York: Francis B. Felt. 1871. <div class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/504021110">504021110</a></div>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%5B%5Bs%3AThe+Fight+at+Dame+Europa%27s+School%7C-%7BR%7CThe+Fight+at+Dame+Europa%27s+School%7D-%5D%5D&rft.jtitle=%5B%5B%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Pullen&rft.aufirst=Henry+William&rft.au=Pullen%2C%26%2332%3BHenry+William&rft.date=1871&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Francis+B.+Felt&rft_id=info:oclcnum/504021110&rfr_id=info:sid/zh.wikipedia.org:%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web">Daniels, Morna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/eblj/2005articles/pdf/article5.pdf">Caricatures from the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and the Paris Commune</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. British Library. 2005 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2018]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221034015/http://www.bl.uk/eblj/2005articles/pdf/article5.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2021-12-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Morna&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.btitle=Caricatures+from+the+Franco-Prussian+War+of+1870+and+the+Paris+Commune&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=British+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Feblj%2F2005articles%2Fpdf%2Farticle5.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web">Vernon, Teresa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/european/2014/06/napoleon-iii-meets-his-nemesis-caricatures-from-the-franco-prussian-war.html">Napoleon III meets his nemesis: caricatures from the Franco-Prussian War</a>. British Library. 23 June 2014 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2018]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407132602/https://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/european/2014/06/napoleon-iii-meets-his-nemesis-caricatures-from-the-franco-prussian-war.html">存档</a>于2022-04-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rft.aulast=Vernon&rft.btitle=Napoleon+III+meets+his+nemesis%3A+caricatures+from+the+Franco-Prussian+War&rft.date=2014-06-23&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=British+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbritishlibrary.typepad.co.uk%2Feuropean%2F2014%2F06%2Fnapoleon-iii-meets-his-nemesis-caricatures-from-the-franco-prussian-war.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Fabry-Tehranchi, Irene (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europeancollections.wordpress.com/2019/03/11/caricatures-of-the-franco-prussian-war-and-the-paris-commune-1870-71/">"Cambridge caricatures of the Franco-Prussian War and the Paris Commune (1870–71)".</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20221005114232/https://europeancollections.wordpress.com/2019/03/11/caricatures-of-the-franco-prussian-war-and-the-paris-commune-1870-71/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Cambridge University Library.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="class=notpageimage&#124;22x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=德意志帝國&#124;link=德意志帝國_德意志統一" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse 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href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80" title="德意志统一"><span style="color:white">德意志統一</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white;color:black;border: 1px solid black;">邦國</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="奧地利帝國">奧地利帝國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國">普魯士王國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%BA%E5%A8%81%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="汉诺威王国">汉诺威王国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="萨克森王国">萨克森王国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%9B%E9%82%A6" title="南德四邦">南德四邦</a> <small>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="巴伐利亞王國">巴伐利亞王国</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E9%A8%B0%E5%A0%A1%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="符騰堡王國">符騰堡王國</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A3%AE%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="黑森大公国">黑森大公国</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%99%BB%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="巴登大公國">巴登大公國</a>）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E9%82%A6%E5%9C%8B" title="德國歷史上的邦國">更多</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_Germania_(painting).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Image_Germania_%28painting%29.jpg/170px-Image_Germania_%28painting%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Image_Germania_%28painting%29.jpg/255px-Image_Germania_%28painting%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Image_Germania_%28painting%29.jpg/340px-Image_Germania_%28painting%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="2690" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white;color:black;border: 1px solid black;">聯合</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="德意志邦聯">德意志邦聯</a><small>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95_(1815%E5%B9%B4)" title="德意志邦聯憲法 (1815年)">憲法</a>）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%97%9C%E7%A8%85%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="德意志關稅同盟">德意志關稅同盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%9C%8B_(1848%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941849%E5%B9%B4)" title="德意志國 (1848年—1849年)">德意志國 (1848年—1849年)</a> <small>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="保罗教堂宪法">憲法</a>）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E7%A6%8F%E7%89%B9%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="埃尔福特联盟">埃尔福特联盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E7%8E%8B%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="四王聯盟">四王聯盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF" title="北德意志邦聯">北德意志邦聯</a> <small>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" title="北德意志邦聯憲法">憲法</a>）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝國">德意志帝國</a> <small>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95_(1871%E5%B9%B4)" title="德意志邦聯憲法 (1871年)">預備憲法</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="德意志帝国宪法">憲法</a>）</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white;color:black;border: 1px solid black;">事件</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><small>1806</small> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E8%A7%A3%E4%BD%93" title="神圣罗马帝国解体">神聖羅馬帝國解體</a></li> <li><small>1807–19</small> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="普魯士改革運動">普魯士改革運動</a></li> <li><small>1814–15</small> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%9F%E7%BA%B3%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="维也纳会议">維也納會議</a></li> <li><small>1814–15</small> <a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83_(%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF)" title="邦聯議會 (德意志邦聯)">德意志邦聯議會</a></li> <li><small>1819</small> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7%E6%B1%BA%E8%AD%B0" title="卡爾斯巴德決議">卡爾斯巴德決議</a></li> <li><small>1832</small> <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%A7%86%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB%E9%9B%86%E6%9C%83" title="哈姆巴赫集會">哈姆巴赫集會</a></li> <li><small>1833</small> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9D%E6%93%8A%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E8%A1%9B%E5%85%B5%E5%AE%A4" title="衝擊法蘭克福衛兵室">衝擊法蘭克福衛兵室</a></li> <li><small>1848</small> <a href="/wiki/1848%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941849%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="1848年—1849年德意志革命">德意志革命</a></li> <li><small>1848–49</small> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83" title="法蘭克福國民議會">法蘭克福國民議會</a></li> <li><small>1850</small> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%88%BE%E7%A6%8F%E7%89%B9%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83" title="埃爾福特聯盟議會">埃爾福特聯盟議會</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E7%B1%B3%E8%8C%A8%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="奧爾米茨條約">奧爾米茨條約</a>》</li> <li><small>1850-51</small> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E7%B4%AF%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="德累斯頓會議">德累斯頓會議</a></li> <li><small>1862</small> <a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E8%A1%80%E6%BC%94%E8%AA%AA" title="鐵血演說">鐵血演說</a></li> <li><small>1864</small> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%B9%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="普丹战争">普丹战争</a></li> <li><small>1866</small> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%A5%A5%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="普奥战争">普奥战争</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84_(1866%E5%B9%B4)" title="布拉格條約 (1866年)">布拉格條約</a>》</li> <li><small>1867</small> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="立憲帝國議會" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Konstituierender Reichstag"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="立憲帝國議會（页面不存在）">立憲帝國議會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstituierender_Reichstag" class="extiw" title="de:Konstituierender Reichstag"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Konstituierender Reichstag</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><small>1867-71</small> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83_(%E5%8C%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E9%82%A6%E8%81%AF)" title="帝國議會 (北德意志邦聯)">帝國議會</a></li> <li><small>1867-71</small> <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83_(%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)" title="聯邦議會 (德意志帝國)">聯邦議會</a></li> <li><small>1870–71</small> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">普法戰爭</a></li> <li><small>1871</small> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%A3%E5%91%8A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B" title="德意志帝國宣告成立">帝國宣告成立</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E7%88%BE%E8%B3%BD%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84_(1871%E5%B9%B4)" title="凡爾賽條約 (1871年)">凡爾賽條約</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="法蘭克福條約">法蘭克福條約</a>》</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:white;color:black;border: 1px solid black;">人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%99%BB%E8%B2%9D%E6%A0%BC" title="卡爾·奧古斯特·馮·哈登貝格">奧古斯特·馮·哈登貝格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5" title="海因里希·弗里德里希·卡尔·冯·施泰因帝国男爵">馮·施泰因男爵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E6%81%A9%E9%9C%8D%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="格哈德·馮·沙恩霍斯特">格哈德·馮·沙恩霍斯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A5%88%E5%BE%B7%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%88%E6%A3%AE%E7%91%99" title="奥古斯特·奈德哈特·冯·格奈森瑙">奧古斯特·馮·格奈森瑙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%B4%AA%E5%A0%A1" title="威廉·馮·洪堡">威廉·馮·洪堡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%8D%A2%E5%A7%86" title="罗伯特·布卢姆">罗伯特·布卢姆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E9%96%80%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E7%89%B9%E6%B6%85" title="克萊門斯·馮·梅特涅">克萊門斯·馮·梅特涅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E7%AC%A6%E8%85%BE%E5%A0%A1)" title="卡尔一世 (符腾堡)">符騰堡的卡爾一世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%96" title="克里斯蒂安九世">丹麥的克里斯蒂安九世</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="愛德華·馮·西姆森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Eduard von Simson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="愛德華·馮·西姆森（页面不存在）">愛德華·馮·西姆森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_von_Simson" class="extiw" title="en:Eduard von Simson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Eduard von Simson</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%8C%A8%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="弗朗茨二世 (神圣罗马帝国)">奧地利的弗朗茨一世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%9A%84%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="奧地利的約翰">奧地利的約翰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世">奧地利的弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="腓特烈·威廉三世">普魯士的腓特烈·威廉三世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="腓特烈·威廉二世">普魯士的腓特烈·威廉二世</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弗里德里希·丹尼爾·巴斯瑟曼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Friedrich Daniel Bassermann"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E7%91%9F%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗里德里希·丹尼爾·巴斯瑟曼（页面不存在）">弗里德里希·丹尼爾·巴斯瑟曼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Daniel_Bassermann" class="extiw" title="en:Friedrich Daniel Bassermann"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Friedrich Daniel Bassermann</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="弗里德里希·費迪南德·馮·貝斯特">弗里德里希·費迪南德·馮·貝斯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E6%A0%BC%E6%81%A9" title="亨里希·馮·加格恩">亨里希·馮·加格恩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9" title="約翰·戈特利布·費希特">約翰·戈特利布·費希特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85%E6%A3%AE" title="約翰·古斯塔夫·德羅森">約翰·古斯塔夫·德羅森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0_(%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E5%9C%8B%E7%8E%8B)" title="約翰 (薩克森國王)">薩克森的約翰</a></li> <li><a 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</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:red;color:white;"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国"><img alt="德国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/25px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/38px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/50px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="Portal:德国"><span style="color:white">德國主題</span></a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="法國參與過的戰爭" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0055A4;color:white;border:2px solid #EF4135;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FRA_conflicts" title="Template:FRA conflicts"><abbr title="查看该模板" style="color:white">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:FRA_conflicts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:FRA conflicts（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板" style="color:white">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:FRA_conflicts" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:FRA conflicts"><abbr title="编辑该模板" style="color:white">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="法國參與過的戰爭" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国"><span style="color:white;">法國</span></a>參與過的<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="战争"><span style="color:white;">戰爭</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0055A4;color:white;border:2px solid #EF4135;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰克王国"><span style="color:white;">法蘭克時期</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%B4%9B%E7%BB%B4%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="克洛维一世">克洛維一世的征服</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法國－哥特戰爭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Franco-Visigothic Wars"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%EF%BC%8D%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法國－哥特戰爭（页面不存在）">法國－哥特戰爭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Visigothic_Wars" class="extiw" title="en:Franco-Visigothic Wars"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Franco-Visigothic Wars</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="勃艮第戰爭 (523年－533年)" data-lang-code="fr" data-lang-name="法语" data-foreign-title="Guerre de Burgondie"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%83%E8%89%AE%E7%AC%AC%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(523%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D533%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="勃艮第戰爭 (523年－533年)（页面不存在）">勃艮第戰爭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">法语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_de_Burgondie" class="extiw" title="fr:Guerre de Burgondie"><span lang="fr" dir="auto">Guerre de Burgondie</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="安斯特魯特河戰役 (531年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of the Unstrut River (531)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%AD%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B2%B3%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9_(531%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安斯特魯特河戰役 (531年)（页面不存在）">征服圖林根</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Unstrut_River_(531)" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of the Unstrut River (531)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of the Unstrut River (531)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89_(535%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%94554%E5%B9%B4)" title="哥特战争 (535年—554年)">哥特战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="阿勒曼尼人">征服阿勒曼尼</a></li> <li>征服巴伐利亞</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="布列塔尼戰役" data-lang-code="fr" data-lang-name="法语" data-foreign-title="Campagne de Bretagne"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布列塔尼戰役（页面不存在）">布列塔尼戰役</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">法语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagne_de_Bretagne" class="extiw" title="fr:Campagne de Bretagne"><span lang="fr" dir="auto">Campagne de Bretagne</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弗里斯兰－法蘭克戰爭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Frisian–Frankish wars"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%EF%BC%8D%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗里斯兰－法蘭克戰爭（页面不存在）">弗里斯兰－法蘭克戰爭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisian%E2%80%93Frankish_wars" class="extiw" title="en:Frisian–Frankish wars"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Frisian–Frankish wars</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="倭瑪亞入侵高盧" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Umayyad invasion of Gaul"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%80%AD%E7%91%AA%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E9%AB%98%E7%9B%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="倭瑪亞入侵高盧（页面不存在）">倭瑪亞入侵高盧</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_invasion_of_Gaul" class="extiw" title="en:Umayyad invasion of Gaul"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Umayyad invasion of Gaul</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AE%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%95%E5%B9%B3" title="矮子丕平">倫巴底戰爭</a></li> <li>阿基坦戰爭</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿瓦爾戰爭" data-lang-code="fr" data-lang-name="法语" data-foreign-title="Guerres des Francs contre les Avars"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿瓦爾戰爭（页面不存在）">阿瓦爾戰爭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">法语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerres_des_Francs_contre_les_Avars" class="extiw" title="fr:Guerres des Francs contre les Avars"><span lang="fr" dir="auto">Guerres des Francs contre les Avars</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="萨克森战争">萨克森战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E6%9B%BC" title="查理曼">對倫巴底人戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E6%9B%BC" title="查理曼">對阿爾瓦和斯拉夫人戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%9C%8D%E5%9F%8E%E6%88%B0_(885%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%94886%E5%B9%B4)" title="巴黎圍城戰 (885年—886年)">維京入侵法國</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0055A4;color:white;border:2px solid #EF4135;">中世紀</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E5%BE%A9%E5%A4%B1%E5%9C%B0%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="收復失地運動">收復失地運動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="诺曼征服英格兰">诺曼征服</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%81" title="第一次十字军东征">第一次十字军东征</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%81" title="第二次十字军东征">第二次十字军东征</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%81" title="第三次十字军东征">第三次十字军东征</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E6%AC%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%81" title="第四次十字军东征">第四次十字军东征</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E8%AB%BE%E6%9B%BC%E7%AC%AC_(1202%E2%80%941204%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="法國入侵諾曼第 (1202—1204年)">法國入侵諾曼第</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%AF%94%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%86%9B" title="阿尔比十字军">阿尔比十字军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%B1%B6%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="布汶战役">布汶战役</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第一次男爵战争">第一次男爵战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E6%AC%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%81" title="第五次十字军东征">第五次十字军东征</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉羅歇爾圍城戰 (1224年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Siege of La Rochelle (1224)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E7%BE%85%E6%AD%87%E7%88%BE%E5%9C%8D%E5%9F%8E%E6%88%B0_(1224%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉羅歇爾圍城戰 (1224年)（页面不存在）">普瓦圖戰爭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_La_Rochelle_(1224)" class="extiw" title="en:Siege of La Rochelle (1224)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Siege of La Rochelle (1224)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="英國入侵法國 (1230年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="English invasion of France (1230)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B_(1230%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英國入侵法國 (1230年)（页面不存在）">英國入侵法國</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_invasion_of_France_(1230)" class="extiw" title="en:English invasion of France (1230)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">English invasion of France (1230)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%B8%E7%88%B5%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E8%BB%8D" title="諸爵十字軍">諸爵十字軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E9%80%9A%E6%97%A5%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="桑通日戰爭">桑通日戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E6%AC%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%81" title="第七次十字军东征">第七次十字军东征</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AB%E6%AC%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%81" title="第八次十字军东征">第八次十字军东征</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E6%99%9A%E7%A5%B7%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="西西里晚祷战争">西西里晚祷战争</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="英法戰爭 (1294年－1303年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anglo-French War (1294–1303)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(1294%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D1303%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英法戰爭 (1294年－1303年)（页面不存在）">吉耶訥戰爭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1294%E2%80%931303)" class="extiw" title="en:Anglo-French War (1294–1303)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anglo-French War (1294–1303)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E6%A1%91%E4%BD%A9%E9%9F%8B%E5%8B%92%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="蒙桑佩韋勒戰役">法國－法蘭德斯戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%AF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="聖薩爾多斯戰爭">聖薩爾多斯戰爭</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1323年法蘭德斯起義" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1323–1328 Flemish revolt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1323%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1323年法蘭德斯起義（页面不存在）">法蘭德斯起義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1323%E2%80%931328_Flemish_revolt" class="extiw" title="en:1323–1328 Flemish revolt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1323–1328 Flemish revolt</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="百年战争">百年战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E4%BD%8D%E7%B9%BC%E6%89%BF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="第一次卡斯蒂利亞王位繼承戰爭">卡斯蒂利亞內戰</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴巴里十字軍" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Barbary Crusade"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%B7%B4%E9%87%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E8%BB%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴巴里十字軍（页面不存在）">巴巴里十字軍</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_Crusade" class="extiw" title="en:Barbary Crusade"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Barbary Crusade</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="尼科波利斯戰役">尼科波利斯戰役</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="米蘭君位繼承戰爭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Milanese War of Succession"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E8%98%AD%E5%90%9B%E4%BD%8D%E7%B9%BC%E6%89%BF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="米蘭君位繼承戰爭（页面不存在）">米蘭君位繼承戰爭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milanese_War_of_Succession" class="extiw" title="en:Milanese War of Succession"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Milanese War of Succession</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AB%E7%91%B0%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="玫瑰战争">玫瑰战争</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="加泰隆尼亞內戰" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Catalan Civil War"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E6%B3%B0%E9%9A%86%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加泰隆尼亞內戰（页面不存在）">加泰隆尼亞內戰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_Civil_War" class="extiw" title="en:Catalan Civil War"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Catalan Civil War</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E8%89%AE%E7%AC%AC%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="勃艮第戰爭">勃艮第戰爭</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="勃艮第君位繼承戰爭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="War of the Burgundian Succession"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%83%E8%89%AE%E7%AC%AC%E5%90%9B%E4%BD%8D%E7%B9%BC%E6%89%BF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="勃艮第君位繼承戰爭（页面不存在）">勃艮第君位繼承戰爭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Burgundian_Succession" class="extiw" title="en:War of the Burgundian Succession"><span lang="en" dir="auto">War of the Burgundian Succession</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%98%8B%E7%8B%82%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="瘋狂戰爭">瘋狂戰爭</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="布列塔尼戰爭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="French–Breton War"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布列塔尼戰爭（页面不存在）">布列塔尼戰爭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%E2%80%93Breton_War" class="extiw" title="en:French–Breton War"><span lang="en" dir="auto">French–Breton War</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0055A4;color:white;border:2px solid #EF4135;">16世紀</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(1494%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941498%E5%B9%B4)" title="意大利戰爭 (1494年—1498年)">第一次意大利战争</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="意大利战争 (1499年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Italian Wars of 1499–1504"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89_(1499%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利战争 (1499年)（页面不存在）">第二次意大利战争</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Wars_of_1499%E2%80%931504" class="extiw" title="en:Italian Wars of 1499–1504"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Italian Wars of 1499–1504</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="意大利战争 (1499年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Italian Wars of 1499–1504"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89_(1499%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利战争 (1499年)（页面不存在）">第三次意大利战争</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Wars_of_1499%E2%80%931504" class="extiw" title="en:Italian Wars of 1499–1504"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Italian Wars of 1499–1504</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="康布雷同盟戰爭">康布雷同盟戰爭</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="意大利戰爭 (1521年－1526年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Italian War of 1521–1526"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(1521%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D1526%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利戰爭 (1521年－1526年)（页面不存在）">意大利戰爭 (1521年－1526年)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526" class="extiw" title="en:Italian War of 1521–1526"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Italian War of 1521–1526</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%B6%85%E5%85%8B%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="科涅克同盟戰爭">干邑聯盟戰爭</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="意大利戰爭 (1536年－1538年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Italian War of 1536–1538"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(1536%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D1538%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利戰爭 (1536年－1538年)（页面不存在）">意大利戰爭 (1536年－1538年)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_War_of_1536%E2%80%931538" class="extiw" title="en:Italian War of 1536–1538"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Italian War of 1536–1538</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="意大利戰爭 (1542年－1546年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Italian War of 1542–1546"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(1542%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D1546%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利戰爭 (1542年－1546年)（页面不存在）">意大利戰爭 (1542年－1546年)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%931546" class="extiw" title="en:Italian War of 1542–1546"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Italian War of 1542–1546</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%97%E6%9A%B4%E6%B1%82%E5%A9%9A" title="粗暴求婚">粗暴求婚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(1551%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941559%E5%B9%B4)" title="意大利戰爭 (1551年—1559年)">意大利戰爭 (1551年—1559年)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="法国宗教战争">法国宗教战争</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="英國遠征法國 (1562年－1563年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="English expedition to France (1562-1563)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E9%81%A0%E5%BE%81%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B_(1562%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D1563%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英國遠征法國 (1562年－1563年)（页面不存在）">英國遠征法國 (1562年－1563年)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_expedition_to_France_(1562-1563)" class="extiw" title="en:English expedition to France (1562-1563)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">English expedition to France (1562-1563)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(1595%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941598%E5%B9%B4)" title="法西戰爭 (1595年—1598年)">法西戰爭 (1595年—1598年)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0055A4;color:white;border:2px solid #EF4135;">17世紀</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法薩戰爭 (1600年－1601年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Franco-Savoyard War (1600–1601)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%96%A9%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(1600%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D1601%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法薩戰爭 (1600年－1601年)（页面不存在）">法薩戰爭 (1600年－1601年)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Savoyard_War_(1600%E2%80%931601)" class="extiw" title="en:Franco-Savoyard War (1600–1601)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Franco-Savoyard War (1600–1601)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="瓦爾泰利納戰爭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Valtellina War"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E6%B3%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%B4%8D%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦爾泰利納戰爭（页面不存在）">瓦爾泰利納戰爭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtellina_War" class="extiw" title="en:Valtellina War"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Valtellina War</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(1627%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941629%E5%B9%B4)" title="英法戰爭 (1627年—1629年)">英法戰爭 (1627年—1629年)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E6%89%98%E7%93%A6%E5%8F%8A%E8%92%99%E8%B2%BB%E6%8B%89%E6%89%98%E7%88%B5%E4%BD%8D%E7%B9%BC%E6%89%BF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="曼托瓦及蒙費拉托爵位繼承戰爭">曼托瓦及蒙費拉托爵位繼承戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="三十年戰爭">三十年戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89_(1635%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941659%E5%B9%B4)" title="法西战争 (1635年—1659年)">法西战争 (1635年—1659年)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%8E%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BE%A9%E8%BE%9F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="葡萄牙王政復辟戰爭">葡萄牙王政復辟戰爭</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="薩瓦戰爭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Savoyard–Waldensian wars"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%A9%E7%93%A6%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薩瓦戰爭（页面不存在）">薩瓦戰爭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoyard%E2%80%93Waldensian_wars" class="extiw" title="en:Savoyard–Waldensian wars"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Savoyard–Waldensian wars</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="聖哥達戰役 (1664年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Battle of Saint Gotthard (1664)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%96%E5%93%A5%E9%81%94%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9_(1664%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聖哥達戰役 (1664年)（页面不存在）">聖哥達戰役</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Saint_Gotthard_(1664)" class="extiw" title="en:Battle of Saint Gotthard (1664)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Battle of Saint Gotthard (1664)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%8B%B1%E8%8D%B7%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="第二次英荷戰爭">第二次英荷戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="遗产战争">遗产战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%8D%B7%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="法荷战争">法荷战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E7%9B%9F%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="重盟战争">重盟战争</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法國征服塞內加爾" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="French conquest of Senegal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%A7%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法國征服塞內加爾（页面不存在）">法國征服塞內加爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_conquest_of_Senegal" class="extiw" title="en:French conquest of Senegal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">French conquest of Senegal</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法國的黎波里戰爭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="French-Tripolitania War (1681-1685)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%BB%8E%E6%B3%A2%E9%87%8C%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法國的黎波里戰爭（页面不存在）">法國的黎波里戰爭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French-Tripolitania_War_(1681-1685)" class="extiw" title="en:French-Tripolitania War (1681-1685)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">French-Tripolitania War (1681-1685)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法阿戰爭 (1681年－1688年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="French-Algerian War 1681–1688"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E9%98%BF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(1681%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D1688%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法阿戰爭 (1681年－1688年)（页面不存在）">法阿戰爭 (1681年－1688年)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French-Algerian_War_1681%E2%80%931688" class="extiw" title="en:French-Algerian War 1681–1688"><span lang="en" dir="auto">French-Algerian War 1681–1688</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="大同盟戰爭">大同盟戰爭</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0055A4;color:white;border:2px solid #EF4135;">18世紀</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E7%8E%8B%E4%BD%8D%E7%B9%BC%E6%89%BF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="西班牙王位繼承戰爭">西班牙王位繼承戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="四国同盟战争">四国同盟战争</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="福克斯戰爭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fox Wars"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="福克斯戰爭（页面不存在）">福克斯戰爭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Wars" class="extiw" title="en:Fox Wars"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fox Wars</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%8E%8B%E4%BD%8D%E7%BB%A7%E6%89%BF%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="波兰王位继承战争">波兰王位继承战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%8B%E4%BD%8D%E7%B9%BC%E6%89%BF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="奧地利王位繼承戰爭">奧地利王位繼承戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="七年战争">七年战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(1778%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941783%E5%B9%B4)" title="英法戰爭 (1778年—1783年)">英法戰爭 (1778年—1783年)</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法國征服科西嘉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="French conquest of Corsica"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E7%A7%91%E8%A5%BF%E5%98%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法國征服科西嘉（页面不存在）">法國征服科西嘉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_conquest_of_Corsica" class="extiw" title="en:French conquest of Corsica"><span lang="en" dir="auto">French conquest of Corsica</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%8F%8D%E6%B3%95%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="第一次反法同盟">第一次反法同盟戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%87%E9%87%8C%E7%89%9B%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="庇里牛斯山戰爭">庇里牛斯山戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="海地革命">海地革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%8F%8D%E6%B3%95%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="第二次反法同盟">第二次反法同盟戰爭</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0055A4;color:white;border:2px solid #EF4135;">19世紀</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="橘子戰爭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="War of the Oranges"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A9%98%E5%AD%90%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="橘子戰爭（页面不存在）">橘子戰爭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Oranges" class="extiw" title="en:War of the Oranges"><span lang="en" dir="auto">War of the Oranges</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E5%8F%8D%E6%B3%95%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="第三次反法同盟">第三次反法同盟戰爭</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法瑞戰爭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Franco-Swedish War"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E7%91%9E%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法瑞戰爭（页面不存在）">法瑞戰爭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Swedish_War" class="extiw" title="en:Franco-Swedish War"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Franco-Swedish War</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="聖多明哥圍城戰 (1805年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Siege of Santo Domingo (1805)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%96%E5%A4%9A%E6%98%8E%E5%93%A5%E5%9C%8D%E5%9F%8E%E6%88%B0_(1805%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聖多明哥圍城戰 (1805年)（页面不存在）">聖多明哥圍城戰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Santo_Domingo_(1805)" class="extiw" title="en:Siege of Santo Domingo (1805)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Siege of Santo Domingo (1805)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E6%AC%A1%E5%8F%8D%E6%B3%95%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="第四次反法同盟">第四次反法同盟戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="半岛战争">半岛战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E6%AC%A1%E5%8F%8D%E6%B3%95%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="第五次反法同盟">第五次反法同盟戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E6%B4%9B%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%9B%E4%BA%82" title="提洛人叛亂">提洛人叛亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="俄法战争">俄法战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E6%AC%A1%E5%8F%8D%E6%B3%95%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="第六次反法同盟">第六次反法同盟戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E6%97%A5%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="百日王朝">第七次反法同盟戰爭</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="神聖同盟干涉西班牙" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神聖同盟干涉西班牙（页面不存在）">神聖同盟干涉西班牙</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Thousand_Sons_of_Saint_Louis" class="extiw" title="en:Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="希腊独立战争">希腊独立战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="法國征服阿爾及利亞">法國征服阿爾及利亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第二次鸦片战争">第二次鸦片战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="克里米亚战争">克里米亚战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="法國武裝干涉墨西哥">入侵墨西哥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="第二次意大利獨立戰爭">第二次意大利獨立戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E8%B6%BE%E6%94%AF%E9%82%A3%E9%81%A0%E5%BE%81" title="交趾支那遠征">南圻遠征</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%99%E5%AF%85%E6%B4%8B%E6%93%BE" title="丙寅洋擾">丙寅洋擾</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">普法戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E9%81%A0%E5%BE%81" title="東京遠征">北圻遠征</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B3%95%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="中法战争">中法战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%94%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0%E9%81%A0%E5%BE%81" title="第二次馬達加斯加遠征">馬達加斯加遠征</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法國-達荷美戰爭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Franco-Dahomean Wars"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B-%E9%81%94%E8%8D%B7%E7%BE%8E%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法國-達荷美戰爭（页面不存在）">達荷美戰爭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Dahomean_Wars" class="extiw" title="en:Franco-Dahomean Wars"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Franco-Dahomean Wars</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E5%86%9B%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="八国联军之役">八国联军之役</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0055A4;color:white;border:2px solid #EF4135;">20世紀</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战">第一次世界大战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8F%E7%BA%A6%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="协约国武装干涉俄国内战">俄國內戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%B1%AC%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%A8%97%E7%AE%A1%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="法屬敘利亞託管地">法國佔領敘利亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E9%A2%86%E9%B2%81%E5%B0%94" title="占领鲁尔">占领鲁尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%AB%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="里夫戰爭">里夫戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">第二次世界大战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="朝鲜战争">朝鲜战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%94%AF%E9%82%A3%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="第一次印度支那戰爭">第一次印度支那戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第二次中东战争">蘇伊士運河危機</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="阿尔及利亚战争">阿尔及利亚战争</a><sup>1954－1962</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%AD%E9%AD%9A%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95" title="梭魚行動">梭魚行動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="黎巴嫩內戰">黎巴嫩內戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97%E2%80%94%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="乍得—利比亞衝突">乍得—利比亞衝突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B9%BE%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="海湾战争">海湾战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E6%B2%83%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="科索沃战争">科索沃战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BA%A6%E8%BD%B0%E7%82%B8%E5%8D%97%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB" title="北约轰炸南斯拉夫">南斯拉夫空襲</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0055A4;color:white;border:2px solid #EF4135;">21世紀</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(2001%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%942021%E5%B9%B4)" title="阿富汗戰爭 (2001年—2021年)">阿富汗戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E7%89%99%E6%B5%B7%E5%B2%B8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="象牙海岸革命戰爭">象牙海岸內戰</a><sup>2002–2007</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="2011年多国武装干涉利比亚">利比亞內戰</a><sup>2011</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="马里北部冲突">馬利內戰</a><sup>2012－至今</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%9D%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0_(2012%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B3%E4%BB%8A)" title="中非內戰 (2012年至今)">中非內戰</a><sup>2012–至今</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E6%89%93%E6%93%8A" title="對伊斯蘭國的軍事打擊">對伊斯蘭國的軍事打擊</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#0055A4;border:2px solid #EF4135;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2" title="法国军事史"><span style="color:white;">法國軍事史</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" title="法國武裝部隊"><span style="color:white;">法國軍事</span></a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法國戰役列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of battles involving France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法國戰役列表（页面不存在）">法國戰役列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_France" class="extiw" title="en:List of battles involving France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of battles involving France</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84365013">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-89s2c","wgBackendResponseTime":236,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.014","walltime":"2.549","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15190,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":781580,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":39953,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":122,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":212658,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1793.827 1 -total"," 15.07% 270.255 74 Template:Cite_book"," 12.11% 217.231 122 Template:Sfn"," 10.83% 194.306 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 9.39% 168.489 1 Template:Campaignbox_Franco-Prussian_War"," 9.13% 163.751 2 Template:Military_navigation"," 9.10% 163.156 1 Template:Campaign"," 7.95% 142.523 1 Template:Reflist"," 7.03% 126.034 3 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[\"CITEREFJay1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeiger2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcElwee1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilza2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNolte1884\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOllier1883\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPullen1871\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamm1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRidley1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRougerie1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRougerie2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRüstow1872\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeager1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShannDelperier1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSondhaus2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarley2008a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarley2008b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVernon2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVinogradov2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWawro2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWawro2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWawro2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZabecki2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Chavannes1872\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Creveld1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Bismarck1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Bismarckvon_Poschinger1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Pflugk-Harttung1900\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Age in years, months, weeks and days\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Franco-Prussian War\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox 德意志統一戰爭\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 74,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite wikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Cquote\"] = 5,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"FRA\"] = 1,\n [\"FRA conflicts\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 7,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 13,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang-de\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang-fr\"] = 1,\n [\"Le\"] = 2,\n [\"Longitem\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 17,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Multipleimage\"] = 2,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTA\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 5,\n [\"Refend\"] = 5,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 122,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 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