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4.2 Parliament in an English constitutional framework </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliament_in_an_English_constitutional_framework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliamentary_concerns_and_the_Petition_of_Right" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliamentary_concerns_and_the_Petition_of_Right"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Parliamentary concerns and the Petition of Right </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliamentary_concerns_and_the_Petition_of_Right-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Personal rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebellion_in_Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebellion_in_Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Rebellion in Scotland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebellion_in_Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recall_of_the_English_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recall_of_the_English_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Recall of the English Parliament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recall_of_the_English_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Long_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Long_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 The Long Parliament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Long_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_grievances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_grievances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Local grievances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_grievances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_English_Civil_War_(1642–1646)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_English_Civil_War_(1642–1646)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 First English Civil War (1642–1646) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_English_Civil_War_(1642–1646)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interbellum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interbellum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Interbellum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interbellum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_English_Civil_War_(1648–1649)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_English_Civil_War_(1648–1649)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Second English Civil War (1648–1649) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_English_Civil_War_(1648–1649)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trial_of_Charles_I_for_treason" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trial_of_Charles_I_for_treason"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Trial of Charles I for treason </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trial_of_Charles_I_for_treason-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_English_Civil_War_(1649–1651)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_English_Civil_War_(1649–1651)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Third English Civil War (1649–1651) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Third_English_Civil_War_(1649–1651)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Third English Civil War (1649–1651) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Third_English_Civil_War_(1649–1651)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Scotland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Wales </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immediate_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immediate_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Immediate aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immediate_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Political control </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_control-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political control subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Episcopacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Episcopacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Episcopacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Episcopacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_overseas_possessions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_overseas_possessions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 English overseas possessions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_overseas_possessions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_gains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_gains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Popular gains </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_gains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Historical interpretations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_interpretations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Historical interpretations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hobbes'_Behemoth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hobbes'_Behemoth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Hobbes' Behemoth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hobbes'_Behemoth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whig_and_Marxist_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whig_and_Marxist_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Whig and Marxist views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whig_and_Marxist_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 Later views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Re-enactments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-enactments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Re-enactments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-enactments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">English Civil War</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" > 94 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelse_Burgeroorlog" title="Engelse Burgeroorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Engelse Burgeroorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="अंग्रेज़ी गृहयुद्ध – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अंग्रेज़ी गृहयुद्ध" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englisca_Ingewinn" title="Englisca Ingewinn – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Englisca Ingewinn" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحرب الأهلية الإنجليزية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الأهلية الإنجليزية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Civil_Anglesa" title="Guerra Civil Anglesa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Guerra Civil Anglesa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_inglesa" title="Revolución inglesa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Revolución inglesa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ngilt%C9%99r%C9%99_burjua_inqilab%C4%B1" title="İngiltərə burjua inqilabı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İngiltərə burjua inqilabı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="اینگیلیس ایچ ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اینگیلیس ایچ ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="ইংরেজ গৃহযুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইংরেজ গৃহযুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eng-l%C3%A2n_L%C5%8De-chi%C3%A0n" title="Eng-lân Lōe-chiàn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Eng-lân Lōe-chiàn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Англияла революция – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Англияла революция" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Англійская рэвалюцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Англійская рэвалюцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Ангельская рэвалюцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ангельская рэвалюцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Английска революция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Английска революция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engleski_gra%C4%91anski_rat" title="Engleski građanski rat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Engleski građanski rat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_diabarzh_Bro-Saoz" title="Brezel diabarzh Bro-Saoz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel diabarzh Bro-Saoz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Civil_anglesa" title="Guerra Civil anglesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra Civil anglesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglick%C3%A1_ob%C4%8Dansk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Anglická občanská válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anglická občanská válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyfel_Cartref_Lloegr" title="Rhyfel Cartref Lloegr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyfel Cartref Lloegr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelske_borgerkrig" title="Engelske borgerkrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Engelske borgerkrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englischer_B%C3%BCrgerkrieg" title="Englischer Bürgerkrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Englischer Bürgerkrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglise_kodus%C3%B5da" title="Inglise kodusõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Inglise kodusõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B5%CE%BC%CF%86%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αγγλικός εμφύλιος πόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγγλικός εμφύλιος πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_inglesa" title="Revolución inglesa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revolución inglesa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angla_enlanda_milito" title="Angla enlanda milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Angla enlanda milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingalaterrako_Iraultza" title="Ingalaterrako Iraultza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ingalaterrako Iraultza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جنگ‌های داخلی انگلستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ‌های داخلی انگلستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_r%C3%A9volution_anglaise" title="Première révolution anglaise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Première révolution anglaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingelske_Boargeroarloch" title="Ingelske Boargeroarloch – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ingelske Boargeroarloch" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_Cathartha_Shasana" title="Cogadh Cathartha Shasana – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cogadh Cathartha Shasana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civil_inglesa" title="Guerra civil inglesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra civil inglesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%89%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C_%EB%82%B4%EC%A0%84" title="잉글랜드 내전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잉글랜드 내전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Անգլիական հեղափոխություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անգլիական հեղափոխություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="अंग्रेज़ी गृहयुद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंग्रेज़ी गृहयुद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engleski_gra%C4%91anski_rat" title="Engleski građanski rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Engleski građanski rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angla_interna_milito" title="Angla interna milito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Angla interna milito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Saudara_Inggris" title="Perang Saudara Inggris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Saudara Inggris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Civil_Anglese" title="Guerra Civil Anglese – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Guerra Civil Anglese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Англисаг революци – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Англисаг революци" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enska_borgarastyrj%C3%B6ldin" title="Enska borgarastyrjöldin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Enska borgarastyrjöldin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civile_inglese" title="Guerra civile inglese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra civile inglese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מלחמת האזרחים האנגלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת האזרחים האנגלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ინგლისის რევოლუცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინგლისის რევოლუცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ағылшын революциясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ағылшын революциясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kas_an_Pymp_Kenedhel" title="Kas an Pymp Kenedhel – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kas an Pymp Kenedhel" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_civile_Anglicum" title="Bellum civile Anglicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bellum civile Anglicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglijas_pilso%C5%86u_kar%C5%A1" title="Anglijas pilsoņu karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Anglijas pilsoņu karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englesch_Revolutioun" title="Englesch Revolutioun – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Englesch Revolutioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglijos_pilietinis_karas" title="Anglijos pilietinis karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anglijos pilietinis karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angol_polg%C3%A1rh%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Angol polgárháború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Angol polgárháború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Англиска граѓанска војна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Англиска граѓанска војна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="इंग्लिश यादवी युद्ध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इंग्लिश यादवी युद्ध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Saudara_England" title="Perang Saudara England – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Saudara England" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Cebil_Anglesa" title="Guerra Cebil Anglesa – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Guerra Cebil Anglesa" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Английн иргэний дайн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Английн иргэний дайн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelse_Burgeroorlog" title="Engelse Burgeroorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Engelse Burgeroorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="अङ्ग्रेजी गृहयुद्ध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अङ्ग्रेजी गृहयुद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="अंग्रेज गृह युद्ध – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अंग्रेज गृह युद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%86%85%E6%88%A6" title="イングランド内戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イングランド内戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_engelske_borgerkrigen" title="Den engelske borgerkrigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den engelske borgerkrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_engelske_borgarkrigen" title="Den engelske borgarkrigen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den engelske borgarkrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingliz_inqilobi" title="Ingliz inqilobi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ingliz inqilobi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="انگریزی خانہ جنگی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انگریزی خانہ جنگی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8D_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د انګليس کورنۍ جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د انګليس کورنۍ جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingelsche_B%C3%B6rgerkrieg" title="Ingelsche Börgerkrieg – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ingelsche Börgerkrieg" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angielska_wojna_domowa" title="Angielska wojna domowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Angielska wojna domowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Civil_Inglesa" title="Guerra Civil Inglesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra Civil Inglesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_Civil_Englez" title="Războiul Civil Englez – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul Civil Englez" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Английская революция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Английская революция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gherra_tzivile_inglesa" title="Gherra tzivile inglesa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gherra tzivile inglesa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civili_ngrisi" title="Guerra civili ngrisi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Guerra civili ngrisi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉංග්‍රීසි සිවිල් යුද්ධය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉංග්‍රීසි සිවිල් යුද්ධය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="English Civil War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglick%C3%A1_ob%C4%8Dianska_vojna" title="Anglická občianska vojna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Anglická občianska vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle%C5%A1ka_dr%C5%BEavljanska_vojna" title="Angleška državljanska vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Angleška državljanska vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8E%D9%88%D8%AE%DB%86%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="شەڕی نێوخۆییی ئینگلتەرا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی نێوخۆییی ئینگلتەرا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Енглески грађански рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Енглески грађански рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engleski_gra%C4%91anski_rat" title="Engleski građanski rat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Engleski građanski rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englannin_sis%C3%A4llissota" title="Englannin sisällissota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Englannin sisällissota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelska_inb%C3%B6rdeskriget" title="Engelska inbördeskriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Engelska inbördeskriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digmaang_Sibil_ng_Ingles" title="Digmaang Sibil ng Ingles – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Digmaang Sibil ng Ingles" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="இங்கிலாந்து உள்நாட்டுப் போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இங்கிலாந்து உள்நாட்டுப் போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Инглиз инкыйлабы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Инглиз инкыйлабы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="สงครามกลางเมืองอังกฤษ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามกลางเมืองอังกฤษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ngiliz_%C4%B0%C3%A7_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="İngiliz İç Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İngiliz İç Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Англійська громадянська війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Англійська громадянська війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="انگریزی خانہ جنگی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انگریزی خانہ جنگی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BB%99i_chi%E1%BA%BFn_Anh" title="Nội chiến Anh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nội chiến Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%BCse_kodos%C3%B5da" title="Inglüse kodosõda – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Inglüse kodosõda" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyera_Sibil_Ingles" title="Gyera Sibil Ingles – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gyera Sibil Ingles" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="英国内战 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="英国内战" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%92" title="ענגלישער בירגערקריג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ענגלישער בירגערקריג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="英格蘭內戰 – Cantonese" lang="yue" 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not they; wars aren't people). The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this version.<div id="revision-info-current-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 18:25, 20 November 2024 by <a href="/wiki/User:Jp2207" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Jp2207" data-mw-revid="1258618770"><bdi>Jp2207</bdi></a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Jp2207" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Jp2207">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Jp2207" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Jp2207">contribs</a>) (<a href="#Terminology">→<bdi dir="ltr">Terminology</bdi></a>: These not they; wars aren't people)</div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&diff=prev&oldid=1258618770" title="English Civil War">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&direction=prev&oldid=1258618770" title="English Civil War">← Previous revision</a> | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Series of wars in England, 1642–1651</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other civil wars in England, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_civil_wars" title="List of English civil wars">List of English civil wars</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="English Civil War (disambiguation)">English Civil War (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">English Civil War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Naseby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Battle_of_Naseby.jpg/300px-Battle_of_Naseby.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Battle_of_Naseby.jpg/450px-Battle_of_Naseby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Battle_of_Naseby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="433" /></a> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naseby" title="Battle of Naseby">Battle of Naseby</a>, 14 June 1645; <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarian</a> victory marked the decisive turning point in the English Civil War.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>August 1642 – September 1651</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Parliamentarian victory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I" title="Execution of Charles I">Execution of Charles I</a></li> <li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarians</a><hr /></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg/15px-Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg/23px-Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg/30px-Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Covenanters" title="Covenanters">Covenanter Scots</a> (1643 to 1647)</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="780" /> <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Royalists</a><hr /></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg/15px-Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg/23px-Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg/30px-Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Covenanters" title="Covenanters">Covenanter Scots</a> (1649 to 1652)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_3rd_Earl_of_Essex" title="Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex">Robert Devereux</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Montagu,_2nd_Earl_of_Manchester" title="Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester">Edward Montagu</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fairfax" title="Thomas Fairfax">Thomas Fairfax</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/William_Waller" title="William Waller">William Waller</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg/15px-Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg/23px-Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg/30px-Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> Alexander Leslie (1643 to 1647)</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg/15px-Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg/23px-Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg/30px-Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> David Leslie (1643 to 1645)</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="780" /> <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>  <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="780" /> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert_of_the_Rhine" title="Prince Rupert of the Rhine">Prince Rupert</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="780" /> <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle">William Cavendish</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="780" /> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_of_the_Palatinate" title="Maurice of the Palatinate">Prince Maurice</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="780" /> <a href="/wiki/George_Goring,_Lord_Goring" title="George Goring, Lord Goring">George Goring</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="780" /> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Hopton,_1st_Baron_Hopton" title="Ralph Hopton, 1st Baron Hopton">Sir Ralph Hopton</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_England_%281603-1649%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="780" /> <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg/15px-Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg/23px-Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg/30px-Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Leslie,_1st_Earl_of_Leven" title="Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven">Alexander Leslie</a> (1648 to 1651)</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg/15px-Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg/23px-Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg/30px-Scottish_Covenanter_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/David_Leslie,_1st_Lord_Newark" title="David Leslie, 1st Lord Newark">David Leslie</a> (1650 to 1651)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>34,130 dead</li><li>32,823 captured<a href="#cite_note-Clod-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>50,700 dead</li><li>83,467 captured<a href="#cite_note-Clod-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 127,000 non-combat deaths (including some 40,000 civilians)<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Irish Confederate Wars</a> • <a href="/wiki/First_English_Civil_War" title="First English Civil War">First English Civil War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Second_English_Civil_War" title="Second English Civil War">Second English Civil War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_English_Civil_War" 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style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_First_English_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox First English Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_English_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_English_Civil_War" title="First English Civil War">First English Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/First_English_Civil_War,_1642" title="First English Civil War, 1642">1642</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hull_(1642)" title="Siege of Hull (1642)">1st Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marshall%27s_Elm" title="Battle of Marshall's Elm">Marshall's Elm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Portsmouth" title="Siege of Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Plymouth" title="Siege of Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Babylon_Hill" title="Battle of Babylon Hill">Babylon Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Powick_Bridge" title="Battle of Powick Bridge">Powick Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Norton" title="Battle of Kings Norton">Kings Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edgehill" title="Battle of Edgehill">Edgehill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aylesbury" title="Battle of Aylesbury">Aylesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brentford_(1642)" title="Battle of Brentford (1642)">Brentford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turnham_Green" title="Battle of Turnham Green">Turnham Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_Farnham_Castle" title="Storming of Farnham Castle">Farnham Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piercebridge" title="Battle of Piercebridge">Piercebridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tadcaster" title="Battle of Tadcaster">Tadcaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Exeter_(1642)" title="Siege of Exeter (1642)">1st Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muster_Green" title="Battle of Muster Green">Muster Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Bradford" title="Sieges of Bradford">1st Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chichester" title="Siege of Chichester">Chichester</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/First_English_Civil_War,_1643" title="First English Civil War, 1643">1643</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Braddock_Down" title="Battle of Braddock Down">Braddock Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leeds" title="Battle of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Middlewich" title="First Battle of Middlewich">1st Middlewich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hopton_Heath" title="Battle of Hopton Heath">Hopton Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seacroft_Moor" title="Battle of Seacroft Moor">Seacroft Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camp_Hill" title="Battle of Camp Hill">Camp Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lichfield" title="Siege of Lichfield">Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ripple_Field" title="Battle of Ripple Field">Ripple Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Reading" title="Siege of Reading">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sourton_Down" title="Battle of Sourton Down">Sourton Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wardour_Castle" title="Siege of Wardour Castle">1st Wardour Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stratton" title="Battle of Stratton">Stratton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Wakefield" title="Capture of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Worcester_(1643)" title="Siege of Worcester (1643)">1st Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chalgrove_Field" title="Battle of Chalgrove Field">Chalgrove Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adwalton_Moor" title="Battle of Adwalton Moor">Adwalton Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Bradford" title="Sieges of Bradford">2nd Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burton_Bridge_(1643)" title="Battle of Burton Bridge (1643)">Burton Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lansdowne" title="Battle of Lansdowne">Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roundway_Down" title="Battle of Roundway Down">Roundway Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_Bristol" title="Storming of Bristol">1st Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gainsborough" title="Battle of Gainsborough">Gainsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gloucester" title="Siege of Gloucester">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hull_(1643)" title="Siege of Hull (1643)">2nd Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aldbourne_Chase" title="Battle of Aldbourne Chase">Aldbourne Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Newbury" title="First Battle of Newbury">1st Newbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Winceby" title="Battle of Winceby">Winceby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olney_Bridge" title="Battle of Olney Bridge">Olney Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Basing_House" title="Siege of Basing House">1st Basing House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heptonstall" title="Battle of Heptonstall">Heptonstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wardour_Castle" title="Siege of Wardour Castle">2nd Wardour Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alton" title="Battle of Alton">Alton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bramber_Bridge" title="Battle of Bramber Bridge">Bramber Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Arundel" title="Siege of Arundel">Arundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Middlewich" title="Second Battle of Middlewich">2nd Middlewich</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/First_English_Civil_War,_1644" title="First English Civil War, 1644">1644</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nantwich" title="Battle of Nantwich">Nantwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Newcastle" title="Siege of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lathom_House" title="Siege of Lathom House">1st Lathom House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Newark" title="Relief of Newark">Newark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boldon_Hill" title="Battle of Boldon Hill">Boldon Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stourbridge_Heath" title="Battle of Stourbridge Heath">Stourbridge Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cheriton" title="Battle of Cheriton">Cheriton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Selby" title="Battle of Selby">Selby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lyme_Regis" title="Siege of Lyme Regis">Lyme Regis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_York" title="Siege of York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lincoln" title="Siege of Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oxford" title="Siege of Oxford">1st Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolton_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolton massacre">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Basing_House" title="Siege of Basing House">2nd Basing House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tipton_Green" title="Battle of Tipton Green">Tipton Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oswestry" title="Battle of Oswestry">Oswestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cropredy_Bridge" title="Battle of Cropredy Bridge">Cropredy Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marston_Moor" title="Battle of Marston Moor">Marston Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gunnislake_New_Bridge" title="Battle of Gunnislake New Bridge">Gunnislake New Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ormskirk" title="Battle of Ormskirk">Ormskirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lostwithiel" title="Battle of Lostwithiel">Lostwithiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippermuir" title="Battle of Tippermuir">Tippermuir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aberdeen_(1644)" title="Battle of Aberdeen (1644)">1st Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Montgomery_Castle" title="Relief of Montgomery Castle">Montgomery Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chester" title="Siege of Chester">1st Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Taunton" title="Sieges of Taunton">1st Taunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carlisle_(1644)" title="Siege of Carlisle (1644)">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Newbury" title="Second Battle of Newbury">2nd Newbury</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/First_English_Civil_War,_1645" title="First English Civil War, 1645">1645</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inverlochy_(1645)" title="Battle of Inverlochy (1645)">Inverlochy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_High_Ercall_Hall" title="Siege of High Ercall Hall">High Ercall Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Weymouth" title="Battle of Weymouth">Weymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Scarborough_Castle" title="Great Siege of Scarborough Castle">Scarborough Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Taunton" title="Sieges of Taunton">2nd Taunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Auldearn" title="Battle of Auldearn">Auldearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Taunton" title="Sieges of Taunton">3rd Taunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oxford" title="Siege of Oxford">2nd Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester#Civil_War" title="Leicester">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naseby" title="Battle of Naseby">Naseby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alford" title="Battle of Alford">Alford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lathom_House" title="Siege of Lathom House">2nd Lathom House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Langport" title="Battle of Langport">Langport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hereford" title="Siege of Hereford">Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kilsyth" title="Battle of Kilsyth">Kilsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bristol_(1645)" title="Siege of Bristol (1645)">2nd Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philiphaugh" title="Battle of Philiphaugh">Philiphaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chester" title="Siege of Chester">2nd Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rowton_Heath" title="Battle of Rowton Heath">Rowton Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sherburn_in_Elmet" title="Battle of Sherburn in Elmet">Sherburn in Elmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Basing_House" title="Siege of Basing House">3rd Basing House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annan_Moor" title="Battle of Annan Moor">Annan Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Denbigh_Green" title="Battle of Denbigh Green">Denbigh Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_Shelford_House" title="Storming of Shelford House">Shelford House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Newark" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Newark">Newark</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/First_English_Civil_War,_1646" title="First English Civil War, 1646">1646</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bovey_Heath" title="Battle of Bovey Heath">Bovey Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Torrington" title="Battle of Torrington">Torrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stow-on-the-Wold" title="Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold">Stow-on-the-Wold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oxford" title="Siege of Oxford">3rd Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aberdeen_(1646)" title="Battle of Aberdeen (1646)">2nd Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lagganmore" title="Battle of Lagganmore">Lagganmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Worcester" title="Siege of Worcester">2nd Worcester</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Second_English_Civil_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Second_English_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Second English Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Second_English_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Second English Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Second_English_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Second English Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Second_English_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Second_English_Civil_War" title="Second English Civil War">Second English Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St_Fagans" title="Battle of St Fagans">St. Fagans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pembroke" title="Siege of Pembroke">Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maidstone" title="Battle of Maidstone">Maidstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St_Neots_(1648)" title="Battle of St Neots (1648)">St Neots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Y_Dalar_Hir" title="Battle of Y Dalar Hir">Y Dalar Hir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colchester" title="Siege of Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preston_(1648)" title="Battle of Preston (1648)">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Winwick" title="Battle of Winwick">Winwick</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglo-Scottish_war_(1650–1652)" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-Scottish_war_(1650%E2%80%931652)" title="Template:Campaignbox Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Anglo-Scottish_war_(1650%E2%80%931652)" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-Scottish_war_(1650%E2%80%931652)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-Scottish_war_(1650–1652)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_war_(1650%E2%80%931652)" title="Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652)">Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Scotland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunbar_(1650)" title="Battle of Dunbar (1650)">Dunbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hieton" title="Battle of Hieton">Hieton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inverkeithing" title="Battle of Inverkeithing">Inverkeithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dundee" title="Siege of Dundee">Dundee</a></li></ul> England <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warrington_Bridge_(1651)" title="Battle of Warrington Bridge (1651)">Warrington Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wigan_Lane" title="Battle of Wigan Lane">Wigan Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Upton" title="Battle of Upton">Upton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Worcester" title="Battle of Worcester">Worcester</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The English Civil War was a series of <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil wars</a> and political machinations between <a href="/wiki/Cavaliers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavaliers">Royalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a> from 1642 to 1651. Part of the wider 1639 to 1653 <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a>, the struggle consisted of the <a href="/wiki/First_English_Civil_War" title="First English Civil War">First English Civil War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_English_Civil_War" title="Second English Civil War">Second English Civil War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_war_(1650%E2%80%931652)" title="Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652)">Anglo-Scottish War</a> of 1650 to 1652 is sometimes referred to as the Third English Civil War. While the conflicts in the three kingdoms of England, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> had similarities, each had their own specific issues and objectives. The First English Civil War was fought primarily over the correct balance of power between <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>. It ended in June 1646 with Royalist defeat and the king in custody. However, victory exposed Parliamentarian divisions over the nature of the political settlement. The vast majority went to war in 1642 to assert Parliament's right to participate in government, not abolish the monarchy, which meant Charles' refusal to make concessions led to a stalemate. Concern over the political influence of radicals within the <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a> like <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> led to an alliance between moderate Parliamentarians and Royalists, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Covenanters" title="Covenanters">Covenanter Scots</a>. Royalist defeat in the 1648 Second English Civil War resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I" title="Execution of Charles I">execution of Charles I</a> in January 1649, and establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a>. In 1650, <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> was crowned King of Scotland, in return for agreeing to create a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> church in both England and Scotland. The subsequent Anglo-Scottish War ended with Parliamentarian victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Worcester" title="Battle of Worcester">Worcester</a> on 3 September 1651. Both Ireland and Scotland were incorporated into the Commonwealth, and Britain became a unitary state until the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Stuart Restoration</a> in 1660. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> The term English Civil War appears most often in the singular, but historians often divide the conflict into two or three separate wars. These were not restricted to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> alone, as <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (having been <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">annexed</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>) was affected by the same political instabilities. The conflicts also involved wars with <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and civil wars within them. Some historians have favoured the term The British Civil Wars. From the Restoration to the 19th century, the common phrase for the civil wars was "the rebellion" or "the great rebellion".<a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a> The wars spanning all four countries are known as the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a>. In the early 19th century, Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a> referred to it as "The Great Civil War".<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> called the series of conflicts the "Great Rebellion".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-6">[4]</a> Some historians, notably <a href="/wiki/Marxists" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxists">Marxists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hill_(historian)" title="Christopher Hill (historian)">Christopher Hill</a> (1912–2003), favoured the term "<a href="/wiki/English_Revolution" title="English Revolution">English Revolution</a>".<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> Each side had a geographical stronghold, such that minority elements were silenced or fled. The Royalist areas included the countryside, the shires, the cathedral city of Oxford, and the less economically developed areas of northern and western England. Parliament's strengths spanned the industrial centres, ports, and economically advanced regions of southern and eastern England, including the remaining cathedral cities (except York, Chester, Worcester). Lacey Baldwin Smith says, "the words populous, rich, and rebellious seemed to go hand in hand".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1983251-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes1985236–263-9">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strategy_and_tactics">Strategy and tactics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Strategy and tactics">edit</a>]</div> Many officers and veteran soldiers had fought in European wars, notably the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> between the Spanish and the Dutch, which began in 1568, as well as earlier phases of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> which began in 1618 and concluded in 1648.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1986-10">[8]</a> The war was of unprecedented scale for the English. During the campaign seasons, 120,000 to 150,000 soldiers would be in the field, a higher proportion of the population than were fighting in Germany in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> The main battle tactic came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">pike and shot</a> infantry. The two sides would line up opposite one another, with infantry brigades of <a href="/wiki/Musketeer" title="Musketeer">musketeers</a> in the centre. These carried matchlock muskets, an inaccurate weapon which nevertheless could be lethal at a range of up to 300 yards. Musketeers would assemble three rows deep, the first kneeling, second crouching, and third standing. At times, troops divided into two groups, allowing one to reload while the other fired.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurneYoung1998-12">[10]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Among the musketeers were pike men, carrying <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pikes</a> of 12 feet (4 m) to 18 feet (5.5 m) long, whose main purpose was to protect the musketeers from cavalry charges. Positioned on each side of the infantry were cavalry, with a right wing led by the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">lieutenant-general</a> and left by the <a href="/wiki/Commissary_general" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissary general">commissary general</a>. Its main aim was to rout the opponents' cavalry, then turn and overpower their infantry.<a href="#cite_note-Simkin-13">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The Royalist cavaliers' skill and speed on horseback led to many early victories. <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert_of_the_Rhine" title="Prince Rupert of the Rhine">Prince Rupert</a>, commanding the king's cavalry, used a tactic learned while fighting in the Dutch army, where cavalry would charge at full speed into the opponent's infantry, firing their pistols just before impact.<a href="#cite_note-Simkin-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] However, with Oliver Cromwell and the introduction of the more disciplined <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a>, a group of disciplined pike men would stand its ground, which could have a devastating effect. The Royalist cavalry had a tendency to chase down individual targets after the initial charge, leaving their forces scattered and tired, whereas <a href="/wiki/Ironside_(cavalry)" title="Ironside (cavalry)">Cromwell's cavalry</a> was slower but better disciplined.<a href="#cite_note-Simkin-13">[11]</a> Trained to operate as a single unit, it went on to win many decisive victories.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_King's_rule">The King's rule</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The King's rule">edit</a>]</div> The English Civil War broke out in 1642, less than 40 years after the death of Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a>. Elizabeth had been succeeded by her <a href="/wiki/Cousin_chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Cousin chart">first cousin twice-removed</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI of Scotland</a>, as James I of England, creating the first <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">personal union of the Scottish and English kingdoms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[c]</a> As King of Scots, James had become accustomed to Scotland's weak parliamentary tradition since assuming control of the Scottish government in 1583, so that upon assuming power south of the border, the new King of England was affronted by the constraints the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">English Parliament</a> attempted to place on him in exchange for money. Consequently, James's personal extravagance, which resulted in him being perennially short of money, meant that he had to resort to extra-parliamentary sources of income. Moreover, increasing inflation during this period meant that even though Parliament was granting the King the same nominal value of subsidy, the income was actually worth less.<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> This extravagance was tempered by James's peaceful disposition, so that by the succession of his son Charles I in 1625 the two kingdoms had both experienced relative peace, internally and in their relations with each other. Charles followed his father's dream in hoping to unite the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland into a single kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> Many English Parliamentarians were suspicious of such a move, fearing that such a new kingdom might destroy old English traditions that had bound the English monarchy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Because James had described kings as "little gods on Earth", chosen by God to rule in accordance with the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Right_of_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Right of Kings">Divine Right of Kings</a>, and Charles shared his father's position, the suspicions of the Parliamentarians had some justification.<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Charles_I_after_original_by_van_Dyck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/King_Charles_I_after_original_by_van_Dyck.jpg/240px-King_Charles_I_after_original_by_van_Dyck.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/King_Charles_I_after_original_by_van_Dyck.jpg/360px-King_Charles_I_after_original_by_van_Dyck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/King_Charles_I_after_original_by_van_Dyck.jpg/480px-King_Charles_I_after_original_by_van_Dyck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2317" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> believed in the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a>; painting by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck" title="Anthony van Dyck">Van Dyck</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliament_in_an_English_constitutional_framework">Parliament in an English constitutional framework</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Parliament in an English constitutional framework">edit</a>]</div> At the time, the Parliament of England did not have a large permanent role in the English system of government. Instead, it functioned as a temporary advisory committee and was summoned only if and when the monarch saw fit. Once summoned, a Parliament's continued existence was at the King's pleasure since it was subject to dissolution by him at any time. Yet in spite of this limited role, Parliament had acquired over the centuries de facto powers of enough significance that monarchs could not simply ignore them indefinitely. For a monarch, Parliament's most indispensable power was its ability to raise tax revenues far in excess of all other sources of revenue at the Crown's disposal. By the 17th century, Parliament's tax-raising powers had come to be derived from the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a> was the only stratum of society with the ability and authority to collect and remit the most meaningful forms of taxation then available at the local level. So, if the king wanted to ensure smooth revenue collection, he needed the gentry's cooperation. For all of the Crown's legal authority, its resources were limited by any modern standard to the extent that if the gentry refused to collect the king's taxes on a national scale, the Crown lacked a practical means of compelling them. From the thirteenth century, monarchs ordered the election of representatives to sit in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a>, with most voters being the owners of property, although in some <a href="/wiki/Potwalloper" title="Potwalloper">potwalloper</a> boroughs every male householder could vote. When assembled along with the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, these elected representatives formed a Parliament. So the concept of Parliaments allowed representatives of the property-owning class to meet, primarily, at least from the point of view of the monarch, to sanction whatever taxes the monarch wished to collect. In the process, the representatives could debate and enact <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statutes</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Act_of_parliament" title="Act of parliament">acts</a>. However, Parliament lacked the power to force its will upon the monarch; its only leverage was the threat of withholding the financial means required to implement his plans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston190183–86-21">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliamentary_concerns_and_the_Petition_of_Right">Parliamentary concerns and the Petition of Right</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Parliamentary concerns and the Petition of Right">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Peter_Lely_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sir_Peter_Lely_001.jpg/170px-Sir_Peter_Lely_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sir_Peter_Lely_001.jpg/255px-Sir_Peter_Lely_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sir_Peter_Lely_001.jpg/340px-Sir_Peter_Lely_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Maria_of_France" title="Henrietta Maria of France">Henrietta Maria</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lely" title="Peter Lely">Peter Lely</a>, 1660</figcaption></figure> Many concerns were raised over Charles's marriage in 1625 to a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> French princess, <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Maria_of_France" title="Henrietta Maria of France">Henrietta Maria</a>. Parliament refused to assign him the traditional right to collect customs duties for his entire reign, deciding instead to grant it only on a provisional basis and negotiate with him.<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> Charles, meanwhile, decided to send an expeditionary force to relieve the French <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>, whom French royal troops held <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_La_Rochelle" title="Siege of La Rochelle">besieged in La Rochelle</a>. Such military support for Protestants on the Continent potentially alleviated concerns about the King's marriage to a Catholic. However, Charles's insistence on giving command of the English force to his unpopular royal favourite <a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham">George Villiers, the Duke of Buckingham</a>, undermined that support. Unfortunately for Charles and Buckingham, the relief expedition proved a fiasco (1627),<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> and Parliament, already hostile to Buckingham for his monopoly on <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">royal patronage</a>, opened <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Impeachment in the United Kingdom">impeachment</a> proceedings against him.<a href="#cite_note-Gregg-175-24">[21]</a> Charles responded by dissolving Parliament. This saved Buckingham but confirmed the impression that Charles wanted to avoid Parliamentary scrutiny of his ministers.<a href="#cite_note-Gregg-175-24">[21]</a> Having dissolved Parliament and unable to raise money without it, the king assembled a new one in 1628. (The elected members included <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hampden" title="John Hampden">John Hampden</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Adair_1976-25">[22]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Coke" title="Edward Coke">Edward Coke</a>.) The new Parliament drew up a <a href="/wiki/Petition_of_Right" title="Petition of Right">Petition of Right</a>, which Charles accepted as a concession to obtain his subsidy.<a href="#cite_note-Purkiss_2007_93-26">[23]</a> The Petition made reference to <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> but did not grant him the right of <a href="/wiki/Tonnage_and_poundage" title="Tonnage and poundage">tonnage and poundage</a>, which Charles had been collecting without Parliamentary authorisation since 1625.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESommerville199265,_71,_80-28">[25]</a> Several more active members of the opposition were imprisoned, which caused outrage;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESommerville199265,_71,_80-28">[25]</a> one, <a href="/wiki/John_Eliot_(statesman)" title="John Eliot (statesman)">John Eliot</a>, subsequently died in prison and came to be seen as a martyr for the rights of Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1998417-29">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_rule">Personal rule</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal rule">edit</a>]</div> Charles avoided calling a Parliament for the next decade, a period known as the "<a href="/wiki/Personal_rule_of_Charles_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal rule of Charles I">personal rule of Charles I</a>", or by its critics as the "Eleven Years' Tyranny".<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> During this period, Charles's policies were determined by his lack of money. First and foremost, to avoid Parliament, the King needed to avoid war. Charles made peace with France and Spain, effectively ending England's involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>. However, that in itself was far from enough to balance the Crown's finances. Unable to raise revenue without Parliament and unwilling to convene it, Charles resorted to other means. One was to revive conventions, often outdated. For example, a failure to attend and receive <a href="/wiki/Knighthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Knighthood">knighthood</a> at Charles's coronation became a finable offence with the fine paid to the Crown. The King also tried to raise revenue through <a href="/wiki/Ship_money" title="Ship money">ship money</a>, demanding in 1634–1636 that the inland English counties pay a tax for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> to counter the threat of privateers and pirates in the English Channel.<a href="#cite_note-Adair_1976-25">[22]</a> Established law supported the policy of coastal counties and inland ports such as London paying ship money in times of need, but it had not been applied to inland counties before.<a href="#cite_note-Adair_1976-25">[22]</a> Authorities had ignored it for centuries, and many saw it as yet another extra-Parliamentary, illegal tax,<a href="#cite_note-Pipes-143-31">[28]</a> which prompted some prominent men to refuse to pay it. Charles issued a writ against John Hampden for his failure to pay, and although five judges including Sir George Croke supported Hampden, seven judges found in favour of the King in 1638.<a href="#cite_note-Adair_1976-25">[22]</a> The fines imposed on people who refused to pay ship money and standing out against its illegality aroused widespread indignation.<a href="#cite_note-Pipes-143-31">[28]</a> During his "Personal Rule", Charles aroused most antagonism through his religious measures. He believed in <a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High Anglicanism</a>, a sacramental version of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, theologically based upon <a href="/wiki/Arminianism_in_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminianism in the Church of England">Arminianism</a>, a creed shared with his main political adviser, Archbishop <a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">William Laud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> In 1633, Charles appointed Laud <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> and started making the Church more ceremonial, replacing the wooden <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)#Communion_rite" title="Mass (liturgy)">communion</a> tables with stone altars.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> accused Laud of reintroducing Catholicism, and when they complained he had them arrested. In 1637, <a href="/wiki/John_Bastwick" title="John Bastwick">John Bastwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Burton_(Puritan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Burton (Puritan)">Henry Burton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Prynne" title="William Prynne">William Prynne</a> had their ears cut off for writing pamphlets attacking Laud's views – a rare penalty for <a href="/wiki/Gentleman" title="Gentleman">gentlemen</a>, and one that aroused anger.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> Moreover, the Church authorities revived statutes from the time of Elizabeth I about church attendance and fined Puritans for not attending Anglican services.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebellion_in_Scotland">Rebellion in Scotland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rebellion in Scotland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Wars" title="Bishops' Wars">Bishops' Wars</a></div> The end of Charles's independent governance came when he attempted to apply the same religious policies in Scotland. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>, reluctantly <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">episcopal</a> in structure, had independent traditions.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> Charles wanted one uniform Church throughout Britain<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> and introduced a new, High Anglican version of the English <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a> to Scotland in the middle of 1637. This was violently resisted. A riot broke out in Edinburgh,<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> which may have been started in <a href="/wiki/St_Giles%27_Cathedral" title="St Giles' Cathedral">St Giles' Cathedral</a>, according to legend, by <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Geddes" title="Jenny Geddes">Jenny Geddes</a>. In February 1638, the Scots formulated their objections to royal policy in the <a href="/wiki/National_Covenant" title="National Covenant">National Covenant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> This document took the form of a "loyal protest", rejecting all innovations not first tested by free Parliaments and General Assemblies of the Church. In the spring of 1639, King Charles I accompanied his forces to the Scottish border to end the rebellion known as the <a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishops' War">Bishops' War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Purkiss-96-40">[37]</a> but after an inconclusive campaign, he accepted the offered Scottish truce: the <a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Berwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacification of Berwick">Pacification of Berwick</a>. This truce proved temporary, and a second war followed in mid-1640. A Scots army defeated Charles's forces in the north, then captured <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> Charles eventually agreed not to interfere in Scotland's religion. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recall_of_the_English_Parliament">Recall of the English Parliament</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Recall of the English Parliament">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Short_Parliament" title="Short Parliament">Short Parliament</a></div> Charles needed to suppress the rebellion in Scotland but had insufficient funds to do so. He needed to seek money from a newly elected <a href="/wiki/Short_Parliament" title="Short Parliament">English Parliament</a> in 1640.<a href="#cite_note-Coward-180-42">[39]</a> Its majority faction, led by <a href="/wiki/John_Pym" title="John Pym">John Pym</a>, used this appeal for money as a chance to discuss grievances against the Crown and oppose the idea of an English invasion of Scotland. Charles took exception to this <a href="/wiki/Lese_majesty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lese majesty">lèse-majesté</a> (offense against the ruler) and, after negotiations went nowhere, dissolved the Parliament after only a few weeks; hence its name, "the <a href="/wiki/Short_Parliament" title="Short Parliament">Short Parliament</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Coward-180-42">[39]</a> Without Parliament's support, Charles attacked Scotland again, breaking the truce at Berwick, and suffered comprehensive defeat. The Scots went on to invade England, occupying <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">Durham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Coward-180-42">[39]</a> Meanwhile, another of Charles's chief advisers, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wentworth,_1st_Earl_of_Strafford" title="Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford">Thomas Wentworth, 1st Viscount Wentworth</a>, had risen to the role of Lord Deputy of Ireland in 1632,<a href="#cite_note-Purkiss-89-43">[40]</a> and brought in much-needed revenue for Charles by persuading the Irish Catholic gentry to pay new taxes in return for promised religious concessions.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> In 1639, Charles had recalled Wentworth to England and in 1640 made him Earl of Strafford, attempting to have him achieve similar results in Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-Purkiss-89-43">[40]</a> This time he proved less successful and the English forces fled the field at their second encounter with the Scots in 1640.<a href="#cite_note-Purkiss-89-43">[40]</a> Almost the whole of Northern England was occupied and Charles forced to pay £850 per day to keep the Scots from advancing. Had he not done so they would have pillaged and burnt the cities and towns of Northern England.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> All this put Charles in a desperate financial state. As King of Scots, he had to find money to pay the Scottish army in England; as King of England, he had to find money to pay and equip an English army to defend England. His means of raising English revenue without an English Parliament fell critically short of achieving this.<a href="#cite_note-Purkiss_2007_93-26">[23]</a> Against this backdrop, and according to advice from the <a href="/wiki/Magnum_Concilium" title="Magnum Concilium">Magnum Concilium</a> (the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, but without the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">Commons</a>, so not a Parliament), Charles finally bowed to pressure and summoned another English Parliament in November 1640.<a href="#cite_note-Purkiss-96-40">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Long_Parliament">The Long Parliament</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Long Parliament">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Long_Parliament" title="Long Parliament">Long Parliament</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Platform_of_the_Lower_House_of_this_Present_Parliament_(of_England)_Assembled_at_Westminster_1640.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Platform_of_the_Lower_House_of_this_Present_Parliament_%28of_England%29_Assembled_at_Westminster_1640.jpg/300px-Platform_of_the_Lower_House_of_this_Present_Parliament_%28of_England%29_Assembled_at_Westminster_1640.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Platform_of_the_Lower_House_of_this_Present_Parliament_%28of_England%29_Assembled_at_Westminster_1640.jpg/450px-Platform_of_the_Lower_House_of_this_Present_Parliament_%28of_England%29_Assembled_at_Westminster_1640.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Platform_of_the_Lower_House_of_this_Present_Parliament_%28of_England%29_Assembled_at_Westminster_1640.jpg/600px-Platform_of_the_Lower_House_of_this_Present_Parliament_%28of_England%29_Assembled_at_Westminster_1640.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7519" data-file-height="4137" /></a><figcaption>A sitting of the <a href="/wiki/Long_Parliament" title="Long Parliament">Long Parliament</a>, 1640</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attempted_Arrest_of_the_Five_members_by_Charles_West_Cope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Attempted_Arrest_of_the_Five_members_by_Charles_West_Cope.jpg/300px-Attempted_Arrest_of_the_Five_members_by_Charles_West_Cope.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Attempted_Arrest_of_the_Five_members_by_Charles_West_Cope.jpg/450px-Attempted_Arrest_of_the_Five_members_by_Charles_West_Cope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Attempted_Arrest_of_the_Five_members_by_Charles_West_Cope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>The king's attempt to arrest the <a href="/wiki/Five_Members" title="Five Members">Five Members</a>, depicted in a 19th-century painting.</figcaption></figure> The new Parliament proved even more hostile to Charles than its predecessor. It immediately began to discuss grievances against him and his government, with Pym and <a href="/wiki/John_Hampden" title="John Hampden">Hampden</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Ship_money" title="Ship money">ship money</a> fame) in the lead. They took the opportunity presented by the King's troubles to force various reforming measures – including many with strong "anti-<a href="/wiki/Popery" title="Popery">Papist</a>" themes – upon him.<a href="#cite_note-Purkiss_2007_pages=104–105-46">[43]</a> The members passed a law stating that a new Parliament would convene at least once every three years – without the King's summons if need be. Other laws passed making it illegal for the king to impose taxes without Parliamentary consent and later gave Parliament control over the King's ministers.<a href="#cite_note-Purkiss_2007_pages=104–105-46">[43]</a> Finally, the Parliament passed a law forbidding the King to dissolve it without its consent, even if the three years were up. These laws equated to a tremendous increase in Parliamentary power. Ever since, this Parliament has been known as the <a href="/wiki/Long_Parliament" title="Long Parliament">Long Parliament</a>. However, Parliament did attempt to avert conflict by requiring all adults to sign <a href="/wiki/Protestation_of_1641" title="Protestation of 1641">The Protestation</a>, an oath of allegiance to Charles.<a href="#cite_note-47">[d]</a> Early in the Long Parliament, the house overwhelmingly accused <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wentworth,_1st_Earl_of_Strafford" title="Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford">Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford</a>, of high treason and other crimes and misdemeanors. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger" title="Henry Vane the Younger">Henry Vane the Younger</a> supplied evidence of Strafford's claimed improper use of the army in Ireland, alleging that he had encouraged the King to use his Ireland-raised forces to threaten England into compliance. This evidence was obtained from Vane's father, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Elder" title="Henry Vane the Elder">Henry Vane the Elder</a>, a member of the King's Privy Council, who refused to confirm it in Parliament out of loyalty to Charles. On 10 April 1641, Pym's case collapsed, but Pym made a direct appeal to the Younger Vane to produce a copy of the notes from the King's Privy Council, discovered by the Younger Vane and secretly turned over to Pym, to the great anguish of the Elder Vane.<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> These notes contained evidence that Strafford had told the King, "Sir, you have done your duty, and your subjects have failed in theirs; and therefore you are absolved from the rules of government, and may supply yourself by extraordinary ways; you have an army in Ireland, with which you may reduce the kingdom."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpham1836187-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbert1968154-50">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlton1995224-51">[47]</a> Pym immediately launched a <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_attainder" title="Bill of attainder">Bill of Attainder</a> stating Strafford's guilt and demanding that he be put to death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlton1995224-51">[47]</a> Unlike a guilty verdict in a court case, attainder did not require a <a href="/wiki/Legal_burden_of_proof" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal burden of proof">legal burden of proof</a> to be met, but it did require the king's approval. Charles, however, guaranteed Strafford that he would not sign the attainder, without which the bill could not be passed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlton1995225-52">[48]</a> Furthermore, the Lords opposed the severity of a death sentence on Strafford. Yet increased tensions and <a href="/wiki/First_Army_Plot" class="mw-redirect" title="First Army Plot">a plot</a> in the army to support Strafford began to sway the issue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlton1995225-52">[48]</a> On 21 April, the Commons passed the Bill (204 in favour, 59 opposed, and 250 abstained),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1999123-53">[49]</a> and the Lords acquiesced. Charles, still incensed over the Commons' handling of Buckingham, refused his assent. Strafford himself, hoping to head off the war he saw looming, wrote to the king and asked him to reconsider.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott2020-54">[50]</a> Charles, fearing for the safety of his family, signed on 10 May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1999123-53">[49]</a> Strafford was beheaded two days later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoward1994191-55">[51]</a> In the meantime, both Parliament and the King agreed to an independent investigation into the king's involvement in Strafford's plot. The Long Parliament then passed the <a href="/wiki/Triennial_Act_1640" class="mw-redirect" title="Triennial Act 1640">Triennial Act 1640</a>, also known as the Dissolution Act, in May 1641, to which <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> was readily granted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlton1995222-56">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenyon1978127-57">[53]</a> The Triennial Act required Parliament to be summoned at least once in three years. When the king failed to issue a proper summons, the members could assemble on their own. This act also forbade ship money without Parliament's consent, fines in distraint of knighthood, and forced loans. Monopolies were cut back sharply, the courts of the <a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber">Star Chamber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Court_of_High_Commission" title="Court of High Commission">High Commission</a> abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_1640" title="Habeas Corpus Act 1640">Habeas Corpus Act 1640</a>, and the Triennial Act respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregg1981335-58">[54]</a> All remaining forms of taxation were legalised and regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Tonnage_and_Poundage_Act_1640" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonnage and Poundage Act 1640">Tonnage and Poundage Act 1640</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenyon1978129-59">[55]</a> On 3 May, Parliament decreed <a href="/wiki/Protestation_of_1641" title="Protestation of 1641">The Protestation</a>, attacking the 'wicked counsels' of Charles's government, whereby those who signed the petition undertook to defend 'the true reformed religion', Parliament, and the king's person, honour and estate. Throughout May, the House of Commons launched several bills attacking bishops and Episcopalianism in general, each time defeated in the Lords.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenyon1978130-60">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott2020-54">[50]</a> Charles and his Parliament hoped that the execution of Strafford and the Protestation would end the drift towards war, but in fact, they encouraged it. Charles and his supporters continued to resent Parliament's demands, and Parliamentarians continued to suspect Charles of wanting to impose <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">episcopalianism</a> and unfettered royal rule by military force. Within months, the Irish Catholics, fearing a resurgence of Protestant power, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">struck first</a>, and all Ireland soon descended into chaos.<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> Rumours circulated that the King supported the Irish, and Puritan members of the Commons soon started murmuring that this exemplified the fate that Charles had in store for them all.<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> On 4 January 1642, Charles, followed by 400 soldiers, entered the House of Commons and attempted to arrest <a href="/wiki/Five_members" class="mw-redirect" title="Five members">five members</a> on a charge of treason.<a href="#cite_note-Sherwood-1997-41-63">[59]</a> The members had learned that he was coming and escaped. Charles not only failed to arrest them but turned more people against him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbert199332-64">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_grievances">Local grievances</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Local grievances">edit</a>]</div> In the summer of 1642, these national troubles helped to polarise opinion, ending indecision about which side to support or what action to take. Opposition to Charles also arose from many local grievances. For example, imposed drainage schemes in <a href="/wiki/The_Fens" title="The Fens">The Fens</a> disrupted the livelihood of thousands after the King awarded a number of drainage contracts.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> Many saw the King as indifferent to public welfare, and this played a role in bringing much of eastern England into the Parliamentarian camp. This sentiment brought with it such people as the <a href="/wiki/Edward_Montagu,_2nd_Earl_of_Manchester" title="Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester">Earl of Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>, each a notable wartime adversary of the King. Conversely, one of the leading drainage contractors, the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bertie,_1st_Earl_of_Lindsey" title="Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey">Earl of Lindsey</a>, was to die fighting for the King at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edgehill" title="Battle of Edgehill">Battle of Edgehill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_English_Civil_War_(1642–1646)">First English Civil War (1642–1646)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: First English Civil War (1642–1646)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_English_Civil_War" title="First English Civil War">First English Civil War</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_civil_war_map_1642_to_1645.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/English_civil_war_map_1642_to_1645.JPG/250px-English_civil_war_map_1642_to_1645.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/English_civil_war_map_1642_to_1645.JPG/375px-English_civil_war_map_1642_to_1645.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/English_civil_war_map_1642_to_1645.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>Maps of territory held by Royalists (red) and Parliamentarians (yellow-green), 1642–1645</figcaption></figure> In early January 1642, a few days after failing to capture five members of the House of Commons, Charles feared for the safety of his family and retinue and left the London area for the north country.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> Further frequent negotiations by letter between the King and the Long Parliament, through to early summer, proved fruitless. On 1 June 1642<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">English Lords</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">Commons</a> approved a list of proposals known as the <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Propositions" title="Nineteen Propositions">Nineteen Propositions</a>. In these demands, the Parliament sought a larger share of power in the governance of the kingdom. Before the end of the month the King rejected the Propositions. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavalier_Troops_Mustering_outside_the_Guildhall,_Exeter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cavalier_Troops_Mustering_outside_the_Guildhall%2C_Exeter.jpg/290px-Cavalier_Troops_Mustering_outside_the_Guildhall%2C_Exeter.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cavalier_Troops_Mustering_outside_the_Guildhall%2C_Exeter.jpg/435px-Cavalier_Troops_Mustering_outside_the_Guildhall%2C_Exeter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cavalier_Troops_Mustering_outside_the_Guildhall%2C_Exeter.jpg/580px-Cavalier_Troops_Mustering_outside_the_Guildhall%2C_Exeter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2883" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>'Cavalier Troops Mustering outside the Guildhall, Exeter' by John Joseph Barker, 1886. This oil on canvas depicts Cavalier troops in what is quite a dark image outside the <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Guildhall" title="Exeter Guildhall">Exeter Guildhall</a>. From the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Memorial_Museum" title="Royal Albert Memorial Museum">Royal Albert Memorial Museum</a>'s collection (93/1978x)</figcaption></figure> As the summer progressed, cities and towns declared their sympathies for one faction or the other: for example, the garrison of <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> commanded by Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Goring,_Lord_Goring" title="George Goring, Lord Goring">George Goring</a> declared for the King,<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> but when Charles tried to acquire arms from <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a>, the weaponry depository used in the previous Scottish campaigns, <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Hotham,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Hotham, 1st Baronet">Sir John Hotham</a>, the military governor appointed by Parliament in January, refused to let Charles enter the town,<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> and when Charles returned with more men later, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hull_(1642)" title="Siege of Hull (1642)">Hotham drove them off</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wedgwood_1970_page=100-71">[67]</a> Charles issued a warrant for Hotham's arrest as a traitor but was powerless to enforce it. Throughout the summer, tensions rose and there was brawling in several places, the first death from the conflict taking place in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wedgwood_1970_page=100-71">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliver_Cromwell_by_Samuel_Cooper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Oliver_Cromwell_by_Samuel_Cooper.jpg/240px-Oliver_Cromwell_by_Samuel_Cooper.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Oliver_Cromwell_by_Samuel_Cooper.jpg/360px-Oliver_Cromwell_by_Samuel_Cooper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Oliver_Cromwell_by_Samuel_Cooper.jpg/480px-Oliver_Cromwell_by_Samuel_Cooper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2916" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> rose to become <a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a> in 1653</figcaption></figure> At the outset of the conflict, much of the country remained neutral, though the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and most English cities favoured Parliament, while the King found marked support in rural communities. The war quickly spread and eventually involved every level of society. Many areas attempted to remain neutral. Some formed bands of <a href="/wiki/Clubmen" title="Clubmen">Clubmen</a> to protect their localities from the worst excesses of the armies of both sides,<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> but most found it impossible to withstand both King and Parliament. On one side, the King and his supporters fought for what they saw as traditional government in church and state. On the other, most Parliamentarians initially took up arms to defend what they viewed as a traditional balance of government in church and state, and which they felt had been undermined by bad advice the King received from his advisers — such as <a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham">George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham</a> — and during his <a href="/wiki/Personal_Rule" title="Personal Rule">Personal Rule</a> (the "Eleven Years' Tyranny"). The views of the members of Parliament ranged from unquestioning support of the King – at one point during the First Civil War, more members of the Commons and Lords gathered in the King's <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Parliament_(1644)" title="Oxford Parliament (1644)">Oxford Parliament</a> than at <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Westminster</a> — through to radicals who sought major reforms in <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">religious independence</a> and redistribution of power at a national level. After the debacle at Hull, Charles moved on to <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>, raising the royal standard there on 22 August 1642.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> At the time, Charles had with him about 2,000 cavalry and a small number of Yorkshire infantrymen, and using the archaic system of a <a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Array" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission of Array">Commission of Array</a>,<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> his supporters started to build a larger army around the standard. Charles moved in a westerly direction, first to <a href="/wiki/Stafford" title="Stafford">Stafford</a>, then on to <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a>, as support for his cause seemed particularly strong in the <a href="/wiki/River_Severn" title="River Severn">Severn</a> valley area and in North Wales.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> While passing through <a href="/wiki/Wellington,_Shropshire" title="Wellington, Shropshire">Wellington</a>, he declared in what became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Wellington_Declaration" title="Wellington Declaration">Wellington Declaration</a>" that he would uphold the "Protestant religion, the laws of England, and the liberty of Parliament".<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> The Parliamentarians who opposed the King did not remain passive in this pre-war period. As in Hull, they took measures to secure strategic towns and cities by appointing to office men sympathetic to their cause. On 9 June they voted to raise an army of 10,000 volunteers and appointed <a href="/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_3rd_Earl_of_Essex" title="Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex">Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex</a> its commander three days later.<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a> He received orders "to rescue His Majesty's person, and the persons of the Prince [of Wales] and the Duke of York [James II] out of the hands of those desperate persons who were about them."<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lieutenant">Lords Lieutenant</a> whom Parliament appointed used the <a href="/wiki/Militia_Ordinance" title="Militia Ordinance">Militia Ordinance</a> to order the militia to join Essex's army.<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rupert_of_the_Rhine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Rupert_of_the_Rhine.jpg/220px-Rupert_of_the_Rhine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Rupert_of_the_Rhine.jpg/330px-Rupert_of_the_Rhine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Rupert_of_the_Rhine.jpg/440px-Rupert_of_the_Rhine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert_of_the_Rhine" title="Prince Rupert of the Rhine">Prince Rupert of the Rhine</a></figcaption></figure> Two weeks after the King had raised his standard at Nottingham, Essex led his army north towards <a href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> picking up support along the way (including a detachment of <a href="/wiki/Huntingdonshire" title="Huntingdonshire">Huntingdonshire</a> cavalry raised and commanded by Oliver Cromwell).<a href="#cite_note-83">[e]</a> By mid-September Essex's forces had grown to 21,000 infantry and 4,200 cavalry and <a href="/wiki/Dragoon" title="Dragoon">dragoons</a>. On 14 September he moved his army to <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a> and then to the north of the <a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">Cotswolds</a>,<a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a> a strategy that placed it between the Royalists and London. With the size of both armies now in the tens of thousands and only <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a> between them, it was inevitable that cavalry reconnaissance units would meet sooner or later. This happened in the first major skirmish of the Civil War, when a troop of about 1,000 Royalist cavalry under <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Rupert">Prince Rupert</a>, a German nephew of the King and one of the outstanding cavalry commanders of the war,<a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a> defeated a Parliamentary cavalry detachment under Colonel John Brown at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Powick_Bridge" title="Battle of Powick Bridge">Battle of Powick Bridge</a>, which crossed the <a href="/wiki/River_Teme" title="River Teme">River Teme</a> close to <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a> Rupert withdrew to Shrewsbury, where a council-of-war discussed two courses of action: whether to advance towards Essex's new position near Worcester, or march down the now open road towards London. The Council decided on the London route, but not to avoid a battle, for the Royalist generals wanted to fight Essex before he grew too strong, and the temper of both sides made it impossible to postpone the decision. In the <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">Earl of Clarendon's</a> words, "it was considered more counsellable to march towards London, it being morally sure that the earl of Essex would put himself in their way."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911404-87">[82]</a> Hence, the army left Shrewsbury on 12 October, gaining two days' start on the enemy, and moved south-east. This had the desired effect of forcing Essex to move to intercept them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911404-87">[82]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Pitched_battle" title="Pitched battle">pitched battle</a> of the war, at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edgehill" title="Battle of Edgehill">Edgehill</a> on 23 October 1642, proved inconclusive, both Royalists and Parliamentarians claiming victory.<a href="#cite_note-88">[83]</a> The second field action, the stand-off at <a href="/wiki/Turnham_Green_(Battle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turnham Green (Battle)">Turnham Green</a>, saw Charles forced to withdraw to <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>,<a href="#cite_note-89">[84]</a> which would serve as his base for the rest of the war.<a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a> In 1643, Royalist forces won at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adwalton_Moor" title="Battle of Adwalton Moor">Adwalton Moor</a>, gaining control of most of <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a> In the Midlands, a Parliamentary force under <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Gell,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Gell, 1st Baronet">Sir John Gell</a> besieged and captured the cathedral city of <a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a>, after the death of the original commander, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Greville,_2nd_Baron_Brooke" title="Robert Greville, 2nd Baron Brooke">Lord Brooke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wanklyn-74-92">[87]</a> This group then joined forces with <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Brereton,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Brereton, 1st Baronet">Sir William Brereton</a> at the inconclusive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hopton_Heath" title="Battle of Hopton Heath">Battle of Hopton Heath</a> (19 March 1643), where the Royalist commander, the <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_2nd_Earl_of_Northampton" title="Spencer Compton, 2nd Earl of Northampton">Earl of Northampton</a>, was killed.<a href="#cite_note-Wanklyn-74-92">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Hampden" title="John Hampden">John Hampden</a> died after being wounded in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chalgrove_Field" title="Battle of Chalgrove Field">Battle of Chalgrove Field</a> (18 June 1643).<a href="#cite_note-Adair_1976-25">[22]</a> Subsequent battles in the west of England at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lansdowne" title="Battle of Lansdowne">Lansdowne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roundway_Down" title="Battle of Roundway Down">Roundway Down</a> also went to the Royalists.<a href="#cite_note-93">[88]</a> Prince Rupert could then take <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>. In the same year, however, Cromwell formed his troop of "<a href="/wiki/Ironside_(cavalry)" title="Ironside (cavalry)">Ironsides</a>", a disciplined unit that demonstrated his military leadership ability. With their assistance he won a victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gainsborough" title="Battle of Gainsborough">Battle of Gainsborough</a> in July.<a href="#cite_note-94">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexleslie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Alexleslie.jpg/220px-Alexleslie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Alexleslie.jpg/330px-Alexleslie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Alexleslie.jpg/440px-Alexleslie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Leslie,_1st_Earl_of_Leven" title="Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven">Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven</a>, Lord General of the Covenanter Army and one of the victors of Marston Moor</figcaption></figure> At this stage, from 7 to 9 August 1643, there were some popular demonstrations in London – both for and against war. They were protesting at Westminster. A peace demonstration by London women, which turned violent, was suppressed; the women were beaten and fired upon with live ammunition, leaving several dead. Many were arrested and incarcerated in <a href="/wiki/Bridewell" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridewell">Bridewell</a> and other prisons.<a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a> After these August events, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> ambassador in England reported to the <a href="/wiki/Doge_of_Venice" title="Doge of Venice">doge</a> that the London government took considerable measures to stifle dissent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton2011p.~93-96">[91]</a> In general, the early part of the war went well for the Royalists. The turning point came in the late summer and early autumn of 1643, when the Earl of Essex's army forced the king to raise the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gloucester" title="Siege of Gloucester">Siege of Gloucester</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a> and then brushed the Royalists aside at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Newbury" title="First Battle of Newbury">First Battle of Newbury</a> (20 September 1643),<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> to return triumphantly to London. Parliamentarian forces led by the Earl of Manchester besieged the port of <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">King's Lynn</a>, Norfolk, which under Sir <a href="/wiki/Hamon_L%27Estrange" title="Hamon L'Estrange">Hamon L'Estrange</a> held out until September.<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a> Other forces won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Winceby" title="Battle of Winceby">Battle of Winceby</a>,<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a> giving them control of <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a>. Political manoeuvring to gain an advantage in numbers led Charles to negotiate a ceasefire in Ireland, freeing up English troops to fight on the Royalist side in England,<a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a> while Parliament offered concessions to the Scots in return for aid and assistance. Helped by the Scots, Parliament won at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marston_Moor" title="Battle of Marston Moor">Marston Moor</a> (2 July 1644),<a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a> gaining <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> and the north of England.<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> Cromwell's conduct in the battle proved decisive,<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a> and showed his potential as a political and as an important military leader. The defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lostwithiel" title="Battle of Lostwithiel">Battle of Lostwithiel</a> in Cornwall, however, marked a serious reverse for Parliament in the south-west of England.<a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a> Subsequent fighting around <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Newbury" title="Second Battle of Newbury">Newbury</a> (27 October 1644), though tactically indecisive, strategically gave another check to Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Marston_Moor_1644_by_John_Barker.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Battle_of_Marston_Moor_1644_by_John_Barker.png/350px-Battle_of_Marston_Moor_1644_by_John_Barker.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Battle_of_Marston_Moor_1644_by_John_Barker.png/525px-Battle_of_Marston_Moor_1644_by_John_Barker.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Battle_of_Marston_Moor_1644_by_John_Barker.png/700px-Battle_of_Marston_Moor_1644_by_John_Barker.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marston_Moor" title="Battle of Marston Moor">Battle of Marston Moor</a> in July 1644 was won by the <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarians</a></figcaption></figure> In 1645, Parliament reaffirmed its determination to fight the war to a finish. It passed the <a href="/wiki/Self-denying_Ordinance" title="Self-denying Ordinance">Self-denying Ordinance</a>, by which all members of either House of Parliament laid down their commands and re-organised its main forces into the <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a>, under the command of Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fairfax" title="Thomas Fairfax">Thomas Fairfax</a>, with Cromwell as his second-in-command and <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">Lieutenant-General</a> of Horse.<a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> In two decisive engagements – the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naseby" title="Battle of Naseby">Battle of Naseby</a> on 14 June and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Langport" title="Battle of Langport">Battle of Langport</a> on 10 July – the Parliamentarians effectively destroyed Charles's armies.<a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a> In the remains of his English realm, Charles tried to recover a stable base of support by consolidating the Midlands. He began to form an axis between Oxford and <a href="/wiki/Newark-on-Trent" title="Newark-on-Trent">Newark-on-Trent</a> in Nottinghamshire. These towns had become fortresses and showed more reliable loyalty to him than others. He took <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>, which lies between them, but found his resources exhausted. Having little opportunity to replenish them, in May 1646 <a href="/wiki/Charles_I%27s_journey_from_Oxford_to_the_Scottish_army_camp_near_Newark" title="Charles I's journey from Oxford to the Scottish army camp near Newark">he sought shelter</a> with a Presbyterian Scottish army at <a href="/wiki/Southwell,_Nottinghamshire" title="Southwell, Nottinghamshire">Southwell</a> in Nottinghamshire.<a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a> Charles was eventually handed over to the English Parliament by the Scots and imprisoned.<a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a> This marked the end of the First English Civil War. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interbellum">Interbellum</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Interbellum">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Putney_Debates" title="Putney Debates">Putney Debates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levellers" title="Levellers">Levellers</a></div> The end of the <a href="/wiki/First_English_Civil_War" title="First English Civil War">First Civil War</a>, in 1646, left a partial power vacuum in which any combination of the three English factions, Royalists, <a href="/wiki/Independents_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independents (religion)">Independents</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a> ("the Army"), and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterians</a> of the English Parliament, as well as the Scottish Parliament allied with the Scottish Presbyterians (the "<a href="/wiki/Kirk" title="Kirk">Kirk</a>"), could prove strong enough to dominate the rest. Armed political <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Royalism</a> was at an end, but despite being a prisoner, Charles I was considered by himself and his opponents (almost to the last) as necessary to ensure the success of whichever group could come to terms with him. Thus, he passed successively into the hands of the Scots, the Parliament and the Army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson191145._Second_Civil_War_(1648–52)-111">[106]</a> The King attempted to reverse the verdict of arms by "<a href="/wiki/Flirting" title="Flirting">coquetting</a>" with each in turn. On 3 June 1647, Cornet <a href="/wiki/George_Joyce" title="George Joyce">George Joyce</a> of Sir Thomas Fairfax's cavalry seized the King for the New Model Army; following the seizure, the English Presbyterians and the Scots began to prepare for a fresh civil war, less than two years after the conclusion of the first, this time against "Independency" as embodied in the Army. After making use of the Army, its opponents attempted to disband it, send it onward to foreign service, and to cut off its arrears of pay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson191145._Second_Civil_War_(1648–52)-111">[106]</a> The result was that the Army leadership was exasperated beyond control, and, remembering not merely its grievances but also the principle for which the Army had fought, it soon became the most powerful political force in the realm. From 1646 to 1648 the breach between Army and Parliament widened day by day, until finally the Presbyterian party, combined with the Scots and the remaining Royalists, felt itself strong enough to begin a Second Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson191145._Second_Civil_War_(1648–52)-111">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_English_Civil_War_(1648–1649)">Second English Civil War (1648–1649)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Second English Civil War (1648–1649)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_English_Civil_War" title="Second English Civil War">Second English Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Frederick_Yeames_-_And_when_did_you_last_see_your_father%3F_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/William_Frederick_Yeames_-_And_when_did_you_last_see_your_father%3F_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/350px-William_Frederick_Yeames_-_And_when_did_you_last_see_your_father%3F_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/William_Frederick_Yeames_-_And_when_did_you_last_see_your_father%3F_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/525px-William_Frederick_Yeames_-_And_when_did_you_last_see_your_father%3F_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/William_Frederick_Yeames_-_And_when_did_you_last_see_your_father%3F_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/700px-William_Frederick_Yeames_-_And_when_did_you_last_see_your_father%3F_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3913" data-file-height="2015" /></a><figcaption>"And when did you last see your father?" by <a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Yeames" title="William Frederick Yeames">William Frederick Yeames</a>. The oil-on-canvas picture, painted in 1878, depicts a scene in an imaginary Royalist household during the English Civil War. The Parliamentarians have taken over the house and question the son about his Royalist father. The man lounging on a chair in the centre of the scene is identifiable as a <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Roundhead</a> officer by his military attire and his orange sash.</figcaption></figure> Charles I took advantage of the deflection of attention away from himself to negotiate on 28 December 1647 a secret treaty with the Scots, again promising church reform.<a href="#cite_note-Seel-64-112">[107]</a> Under the agreement, called the "<a href="/wiki/Engagers" title="Engagers">Engagement</a>", the Scots undertook to invade England on Charles's behalf and restore him to the throne.<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> A series of Royalist uprisings throughout England and a Scottish invasion occurred in the summer of 1648. Forces loyal to Parliament<a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a> put down most of those in England after little more than a skirmish, but uprisings in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumberland" title="Cumberland">Cumberland</a>, the rebellion in Wales, and the Scottish invasion involved pitched battles and prolonged sieges.<a href="#cite_note-Seel-64-112">[107]</a> In the spring of 1649, unpaid Parliamentarian troops in Wales changed sides. Colonel <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Horton_(soldier)" title="Thomas Horton (soldier)">Thomas Horton</a> defeated the Royalist rebels at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St_Fagans" title="Battle of St Fagans">Battle of St Fagans</a> (8 May)<a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a> and the rebel leaders surrendered to Cromwell on 11 July after a protracted two-month <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pembroke" title="Siege of Pembroke">siege of Pembroke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a> Sir Thomas Fairfax defeated a Royalist uprising in Kent at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maidstone" title="Battle of Maidstone">Battle of Maidstone</a> on 1 June. Fairfax, after his success at <a href="/wiki/Maidstone" title="Maidstone">Maidstone</a> and the pacification of Kent, turned north to reduce Essex, where, under an ardent, experienced and popular leader, Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lucas" title="Charles Lucas">Charles Lucas</a>, the Royalists had taken up arms in great numbers. Fairfax soon drove the enemy into <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>, but his first attack on the town met with a repulse and he had to settle down to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colchester" title="Siege of Colchester">a long siege</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a> In the North of England, Major-General <a href="/wiki/John_Lambert_(General)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lambert (General)">John Lambert</a> fought a successful campaign against several Royalist uprisings, the largest being that of Sir <a href="/wiki/Marmaduke_Langdale,_1st_Baron_Langdale_of_Holme" title="Marmaduke Langdale, 1st Baron Langdale of Holme">Marmaduke Langdale</a> in Cumberland.<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> Thanks to Lambert's successes, the Scottish commander, the <a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton,_3rd_Marquess_and_1st_Duke_of_Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="James Hamilton, 3rd Marquess and 1st Duke of Hamilton">Duke of Hamilton</a>, had to take a western route through <a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle, Cumbria">Carlisle</a> in his pro-Royalist Scottish invasion of England.<a href="#cite_note-Newman-89-119">[114]</a> The Parliamentarians under Cromwell engaged the Scots at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preston_(1648)" title="Battle of Preston (1648)">Battle of Preston</a> (17–19 August). The battle took place largely at <a href="/wiki/Walton-le-Dale" title="Walton-le-Dale">Walton-le-Dale</a> near <a href="/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston, Lancashire</a>, and resulted in a victory for Cromwell's troops over the Royalists and Scots commanded by Hamilton.<a href="#cite_note-Newman-89-119">[114]</a> This victory marked the end of the Second English Civil War. Nearly all the Royalists who had fought in the First Civil War had given their word not to bear arms against Parliament, and many, like <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Astley,_1st_Baron_Astley_of_Reading" title="Jacob Astley, 1st Baron Astley of Reading">Lord Astley</a>, were therefore bound by oath not to take any part in the second conflict. So, the victors in the Second Civil War showed little mercy to those who had brought war into the land again. On the evening of the surrender of Colchester, Parliamentarians had Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lucas" title="Charles Lucas">Charles Lucas</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Lisle_(Royalist)" title="George Lisle (Royalist)">Sir George Lisle</a> shot.<a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a> Parliamentary authorities sentenced the leaders of the Welsh rebels, Major-General <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Laugharne" title="Rowland Laugharne">Rowland Laugharne</a>, Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_Poyer" title="John Poyer">John Poyer</a> and Colonel Rice Powel to death, but executed only Poyer (25 April 1649), having selected him by lot.<a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> Of five prominent Royalist peers who had fallen into Parliamentary hands, three – the Duke of Hamilton, the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rich,_1st_Earl_of_Holland" title="Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland">Earl of Holland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Capell,_1st_Baron_Capell_of_Hadham" title="Arthur Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Hadham">Lord Capel</a>, one of the Colchester prisoners and a man of high character – were beheaded at Westminster on 9 March.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trial_of_Charles_I_for_treason">Trial of Charles I for treason</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Trial of Charles I for treason">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice_for_the_trial_of_Charles_I" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I">High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I" title="Execution of Charles I">Execution of Charles I</a></div> Charles's secret pacts and encouragement of supporters to break their parole caused Parliament to debate whether to return the King to power at all. Those who still supported Charles's place on the throne, such as the army leader and moderate Fairfax, tried again to negotiate with him.<a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a> The Army, furious that Parliament continued to countenance Charles as a ruler, then marched on Parliament and conducted "<a href="/wiki/Pride%27s_Purge" title="Pride's Purge">Pride's Purge</a>", named after the commanding officer of the operation, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pride" title="Thomas Pride">Thomas Pride</a>, in December 1648.<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> Troops arrested 45 members and kept 146 out of the chamber. They allowed only 75 members in, and then only at the Army's bidding. This <a href="/wiki/Rump_Parliament" title="Rump Parliament">Rump Parliament</a> received orders to set up, in the name of the people of England, a <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice_for_the_trial_of_Charles_I" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I">High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I</a> for treason.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAylmer198025-125">[120]</a> Fairfax, a constitutional monarchist, declined to have anything to do with the trial. He resigned as head of the army, so clearing Cromwell's road to power. At the end of the trial the <a href="/wiki/List_of_regicides_of_Charles_I" title="List of regicides of Charles I">59 Commissioners</a> (judges) found Charles I guilty of <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a> as a "tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy".<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Beheading" class="mw-redirect" title="Beheading">beheading</a> took place on a scaffold in front of the <a href="/wiki/Banqueting_House" title="Banqueting House">Banqueting House</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall" title="Palace of Whitehall">Palace of Whitehall</a> on 30 January 1649.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoyle2011"Overview:_Civil_War_and_Revolution,_1603–1714"-128">[123]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Restoration</a> in 1660, nine of the surviving <a href="/wiki/List_of_regicides_of_Charles_I" title="List of regicides of Charles I">regicides</a> not living in exile were executed and most others sentenced to life imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> After the regicide, <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles, Prince of Wales</a> as the eldest son was publicly proclaimed King Charles II in the Royal Square of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helier" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Helier">St. Helier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>, on 17 February 1649 (after a first such proclamation in Edinburgh on 5 February 1649). It took longer for the news to reach the trans-Atlantic colonies, with the Somers Isles (also known as <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>) becoming the first to proclaim Charles II King on 5 July 1649.<a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_English_Civil_War_(1649–1651)">Third English Civil War (1649–1651)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Third English Civil War (1649–1651)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ireland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_war_(1650%E2%80%931652)" title="Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652)">Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massacre_at_Drogheda.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Massacre_at_Drogheda.jpeg/260px-Massacre_at_Drogheda.jpeg" decoding="async" width="260" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Massacre_at_Drogheda.jpeg/390px-Massacre_at_Drogheda.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Massacre_at_Drogheda.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century representation of the Massacre at <a href="/wiki/Drogheda" title="Drogheda">Drogheda</a> in Ireland in 1649</figcaption></figure> Ireland had undergone continual war since the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">rebellion of 1641</a>, with most of the island controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Ireland" title="Confederate Ireland">Irish Confederates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a> Increasingly threatened by the armies of the English Parliament after Charles I's arrest in 1648, the Confederates signed a treaty of alliance with the English Royalists.<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> The joint Royalist and Confederate forces under <a href="/wiki/James_Butler,_1st_Duke_of_Ormonde" class="mw-redirect" title="James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde">the Duke of Ormonde</a> tried to eliminate the Parliamentary army holding <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> by <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dublin_(1649)" title="Siege of Dublin (1649)">laying siege in 1649</a>, but their opponents routed them at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rathmines" title="Battle of Rathmines">Battle of Rathmines</a> (2 August 1649).<a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Robert_Blake" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Robert Blake">Admiral Robert Blake</a>, a former Member of Parliament, had blockaded Prince Rupert's fleet in <a href="/wiki/Kinsale" title="Kinsale">Kinsale</a>, enabling Oliver Cromwell to land at <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> on 15 August 1649 with an army to quell the Royalist alliance.<a href="#cite_note-Leniham-128-134">[129]</a> Cromwell's suppression of the Royalists in Ireland in 1649 is still remembered by many Irish people. After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Drogheda" title="Siege of Drogheda">Siege of Drogheda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Leniham-128-134">[129]</a> the massacre of nearly 3,500 people – around 2,700 Royalist soldiers and 700 others, including civilians, prisoners, and Catholic priests (all of whom Cromwell claimed had carried arms) – became one of the historical memories that has driven Irish-English and Catholic-Protestant strife during the last three centuries. The Parliamentarian conquest of Ireland ground on for another four years until 1653, when the last <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Ireland" title="Confederate Ireland">Irish Confederate</a> and Royalist troops surrendered.<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a> In the wake of the conquest, the victors confiscated almost all Irish Catholic-owned land and distributed it to Parliament's creditors, to Parliamentary soldiers who served in Ireland, and to English who had settled there before the war.<a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotland">Scotland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Scotland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a></div> The execution of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> altered the dynamics of <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms">the Civil War in Scotland</a>, which had raged between Royalists and <a href="/wiki/Covenanter" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenanter">Covenanters</a> since 1644. By 1649, the struggle had left the Royalists there in disarray and their erstwhile leader, the <a href="/wiki/James_Graham,_1st_Marquess_of_Montrose" title="James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose">Marquess of Montrose</a>, had gone into exile. At first, <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> encouraged Montrose to raise a Highland army to fight on the Royalist side.<a href="#cite_note-Carpenter-145-137">[132]</a> When the Scottish Covenanters, who did not agree with the execution of Charles I and who feared for the future of <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a> under the new <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a>, offered him the crown of Scotland, Charles abandoned Montrose to his enemies. Montrose, who had raised a <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenary</a> force in Norway,<a href="#cite_note-Carpenter-145-137">[132]</a> had already landed and could not abandon the fight. He did not succeed in raising many Highland clans and the Covenanters defeated his army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carbisdale_1650" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Carbisdale 1650">Battle of Carbisdale</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ross-shire" title="Ross-shire">Ross-shire</a> on 27 April 1650. The victors captured Montrose shortly afterwards and took him to Edinburgh. On 20 May the Scottish Parliament sentenced him to death and had him hanged the next day.<a href="#cite_note-Carpenter-146-138">[133]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cromwell_at_Dunbar_Andrew_Carrick_Gow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cromwell_at_Dunbar_Andrew_Carrick_Gow.jpg/220px-Cromwell_at_Dunbar_Andrew_Carrick_Gow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cromwell_at_Dunbar_Andrew_Carrick_Gow.jpg/330px-Cromwell_at_Dunbar_Andrew_Carrick_Gow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cromwell_at_Dunbar_Andrew_Carrick_Gow.jpg/440px-Cromwell_at_Dunbar_Andrew_Carrick_Gow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1244" /></a><figcaption>"Cromwell at Dunbar", by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carrick_Gow" title="Andrew Carrick Gow">Andrew Carrick Gow</a></figcaption></figure> Charles II landed in Scotland at <a href="/wiki/Garmouth" title="Garmouth">Garmouth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morayshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Morayshire">Morayshire</a> on 23 June 1650<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a> and signed the 1638 <a href="/wiki/National_Covenant" title="National Covenant">National Covenant</a> and the 1643 <a href="/wiki/Solemn_League_and_Covenant" title="Solemn League and Covenant">Solemn League and Covenant</a> shortly after coming ashore.<a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a> With his original Scottish Royalist followers and his new Covenanter allies, Charles II became the greatest threat facing the new English republic. In response to the threat, Cromwell left some of his lieutenants in Ireland to continue the suppression of the Irish Royalists and returned to England.<a href="#cite_note-Carpenter-146-138">[133]</a> He arrived in Scotland on 22 July 1650<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> and proceeded to lay siege to Edinburgh. By the end of August, disease and a shortage of supplies had reduced his army, and he had to order a retreat towards his base at <a href="/wiki/Dunbar" title="Dunbar">Dunbar</a>. A Scottish army under the command of <a href="/wiki/David_Leslie_(Scottish_general)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Leslie (Scottish general)">David Leslie</a> tried to block the retreat, but Cromwell defeated them at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunbar_(1650)" title="Battle of Dunbar (1650)">Battle of Dunbar</a> on 3 September. Cromwell's army then took Edinburgh, and by the end of the year his army had occupied much of southern Scotland. In July 1651, Cromwell's forces crossed the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a> into <a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a> and defeated the Scots at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inverkeithing" title="Battle of Inverkeithing">Battle of Inverkeithing</a> (20 July 1651).<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> The New Model Army advanced towards <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a>, which allowed Charles, at the head of the Scottish army, to move south into England. Cromwell followed Charles into England, leaving <a href="/wiki/George_Monck" class="mw-redirect" title="George Monck">George Monck</a> to finish the campaign in Scotland. Monck took <a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a> on 14 August and <a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a> on 1 September.<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> The next year, 1652, saw a mopping up of the remnants of Royalist resistance, and under the terms of the "<a href="/wiki/Tender_of_Union" title="Tender of Union">Tender of Union</a>", the Scots received 30 seats in a united Parliament in London, with General Monck as the military governor of Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England">England</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: England">edit</a>]</div> Although Cromwell's New Model Army had defeated a Scottish army at Dunbar, Cromwell could not prevent Charles II from marching from Scotland deep into England at the head of another Royalist army.<a href="#cite_note-Weiser-01-145">[140]</a> They marched to the west of England where English Royalist sympathies were strongest, but although some English Royalists joined the army, they were far fewer in number than Charles and his Scottish supporters had hoped. Cromwell finally engaged and defeated the new Scottish king at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Worcester" title="Battle of Worcester">Worcester</a> on 3 September 1651.<a href="#cite_note-Carpenter-145-137">[132]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2016)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2016]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2016)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-146">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wales">Wales</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Wales">edit</a>]</div> For several reasons most of <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> was not as engaged in the English Civil Wars to the same degree as other parts of the British Isles. Wales was isolated from England, both physically and linguistically, so the Welsh were not as much engaged as England in the issues between the king and Parliament. <a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a> The English considered Wales a remote land, with Welsh, not English, as the primary language. Since England had formally assimilated Wales into the kingdom, starting in 1536 formal agreements had been put in place under Henry VIII and continued under Charles I that allowed for Welsh local administrative authority and economic control, which allowed the Welsh to function to some degree independently.<a href="#cite_note-Stoyle-148">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-149">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a>  Another factor was the Puritan religion, which played a major role in the English Civil Wars but was not widely practised throughout Wales.  Welsh Puritan religious dominance was found in northeast Wales near <a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denbighshire" title="Denbighshire">Denbighshire</a>, and an indirect Puritan influence found along the southwestern coast near <a href="/wiki/Haverfordwest" title="Haverfordwest">Haverfordwest</a>, Pembroke, and <a href="/wiki/Tenby" title="Tenby">Tenby</a> due to a combination of a strong influence by the third earl of Essex and their strong trade relations with Bristol, England, a fervent Puritan stronghold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins19876-151">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a> In addition, Wales comparatively more rural in character than England at this time, and thereby lacking the large number of urban settlements home to mercantile, trade, and manufacturing interests who were a bulwark of support for both Puritanism and eventually the Parliamentarian cause. Many of the key Welsh Civil Wars leaders were from the gentry class holding Royalist sympathies,<a href="#cite_note-auto-149">[144]</a> or from the Church. Those Welsh who did participate in the Civil Wars battles were underequipped, underfed, and not properly trained for warfare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins198725-153">[148]</a>  The majority of Welsh followed the Protestant faith with a religious perspective that differed from the English puritan zeal.<a href="#cite_note-Stoyle-148">[143]</a> They were also leery of the Irish Catholics invading Wales.  The Welsh also did not want to lose what they had, for the gentry were aware of the destruction the Thirty Years' War caused in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a> Most of those English Civil War battles where Wales was impacted occurred near the border with England and in south Wales.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins198728–29-155">[150]</a> Some of the more significant engagements were: <ul><li>  In Gloucester, England (not far from Wales) Lord Herbert of Raglan (Wales) had Welsh troops assisting the royalists trying to take Gloucester in March, August, and September 1643, but without success;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins198710-156">[151]</a></li> <li>    In November 1643 <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Myddelton,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Myddelton, 1st Baronet">Sir Thomas Myddelton</a> had secured the north Wales Royalist stronghold of Flintshire and the area east of Denbighshire, depriving Royalists based in Chester, England of their supplies.  In response to this attack Archbishop John Williams, on behalf of the Royalists, responded to this attack by taking Wrexham from the Parliamentarians;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins198710–12-157">[152]</a>  </li> <li>      Initially in the summer of 1643, Royalist forces under <a href="/wiki/Richard_Vaughan,_2nd_Earl_of_Carbery" title="Richard Vaughan, 2nd Earl of Carbery">Richard Vaughan of Golden Grove, 2nd Earl of Carbery</a>, who had been appointed lieutenant-general by the King, was successful in securing three of the southwestern Welsh counties; but in early 1644 Parliamentarians conducted a successful sea and land assault campaign on Pembroke, Haverfordwest, Milford Pil; and continuing on to Swansea and Cardiff. As a result of these Royalist failures the King replaced Carbery with Colonel <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gerard,_1st_Earl_of_Macclesfield" title="Charles Gerard, 1st Earl of Macclesfield">Charles Gerard, 1st Earl of Macclesfield</a> who was able to regain many of these lost territories in Cardiganshire and Carmarthenshire;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins198712–13-158">[153]</a></li> <li>    On 18 September 1644 the first pitched battle on Welsh soil at Montgomery was a successful win for Myddelton;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins198714–15-159">[154]</a></li> <li>   On 1 August 1645 the Royalist forces were once again defeated at Colby Moor;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins198715–16-160">[155]</a></li> <li>      During the Second Civil War the Royalists were decisively defeated at the battle of St. <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St_Fagans" title="Battle of St Fagans">Fagans</a> near Cardiff, which was one of the last more significant battles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins198721-161">[156]</a></li></ul> In addition to the Civil Wars' impact on the monarchy and the changes in national leadership, unexpected outcomes of the English Civil Wars to Wales included a significant degradation of the country's road system, a deterioration of government administrative functions to the general population, destruction of castles with only the remnants of them remaining, and the desecration of churches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins198728–29-155">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immediate_aftermath">Immediate aftermath</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Immediate aftermath">edit</a>]</div> After the Royalist defeat at Worcester, <a href="/wiki/Escape_of_Charles_II" title="Escape of Charles II">Charles II escaped</a> to France via safe houses and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Oak_(tree)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Oak (tree)">an oak tree</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Weiser-01-145">[140]</a> Parliament was left in de facto control of England. Resistance continued for a time in Ireland and Scotland, but with the pacification of England, resistance elsewhere did not threaten the military supremacy of the New Model Army and its Parliamentary paymasters. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_control">Political control</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Political control">edit</a>]</div> During the Wars, the Parliamentarians established a number of successive committees to oversee the war effort. The first, the <a href="/wiki/English_Committee_of_Safety" class="mw-redirect" title="English Committee of Safety">Committee of Safety</a> set up in July 1642, comprised 15 members of Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a> After the Anglo-Scottish alliance against the Royalists, the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Both_Kingdoms" title="Committee of Both Kingdoms">Committee of Both Kingdoms</a> replaced the Committee of Safety between 1644 and 1648.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-96-163">[158]</a> Parliament dissolved the Committee of Both Kingdoms when the alliance ended, but its English members continued to meet as the <a href="/wiki/Derby_House_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Derby House Committee">Derby House Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-96-163">[158]</a> A second Committee of Safety then replaced it. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Episcopacy">Episcopacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Episcopacy">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/English_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/English Civil War">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Laud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/William_Laud.jpg/220px-William_Laud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/William_Laud.jpg/330px-William_Laud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/William_Laud.jpg/440px-William_Laud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">William Laud</a>, Charles I's Archbishop of Canterbury.</figcaption></figure> During the English Civil War, the role of bishops as wielders of political power and upholders of the <a href="/wiki/Established_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Established church">established church</a> became a matter of heated political controversy. <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> of Geneva had formulated a doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a>, which held that the offices of presbyter and episkopos in the New Testament were identical; he rejected the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a>. Calvin's follower <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a> brought Presbyterianism to Scotland when the Scottish church was reformed in 1560. In practice, Presbyterianism meant that committees of lay elders had a substantial voice in church government, as opposed to merely being subjects to a ruling hierarchy. This vision of at least partial democracy in <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesiology</a> paralleled the struggles between Parliament and the King. A body within the Puritan movement in the Church of England sought to abolish the office of bishop and remake the Church of England along Presbyterian lines. The <a href="/wiki/Martin_Marprelate" title="Martin Marprelate">Martin Marprelate</a> tracts (1588–1589), applying the <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> name of <a href="/wiki/Prelacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Prelacy">prelacy</a> to the church hierarchy, attacked the office of bishop with satire that deeply offended <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a> and her <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Whitgift" title="John Whitgift">John Whitgift</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Vestments_controversy" title="Vestments controversy">vestments controversy</a> also related to this movement, seeking further reductions in church ceremony, and labelling the use of elaborate vestments as "unedifying" and even <a href="/wiki/Idolatry_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Idolatry and Christianity">idolatrous</a>. <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">King James I</a>, reacting against the perceived <a href="/wiki/Contumacy" title="Contumacy">contumacy</a> of his Presbyterian Scottish subjects, adopted "No Bishop, no King" as a slogan. He tied the hierarchical authority of the bishop to the absolute authority he sought as King and viewed attacks on the authority of the bishops as attacks on his authority. Matters came to a head when Charles I appointed <a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">William Laud</a> as <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>. Laud aggressively attacked the Presbyterian movement and sought to impose the full <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a>. The controversy eventually led to Laud's impeachment for <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_attainder" title="Bill of attainder">bill of attainder</a> in 1645 and subsequent execution. Charles also attempted to impose episcopacy on Scotland. The Scots' violent rejection of bishops and liturgical worship sparked the <a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Wars" title="Bishops' Wars">Bishops' Wars</a> in 1639–1640. During the height of Puritan power under <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">the Commonwealth</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">the Protectorate</a>, episcopacy was formally abolished in the Church of England on 9 October 1646.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1968523–537-164">[159]</a> The Church of England remained Presbyterian until the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">Restoration</a> of the monarchy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_overseas_possessions">English overseas possessions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: English overseas possessions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions_in_the_Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="English overseas possessions in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms">English overseas possessions in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a></div> During the English Civil War, the English overseas possessions became highly involved. In the Channel Islands, the island of Jersey and <a href="/wiki/Castle_Cornet" title="Castle Cornet">Castle Cornet</a> in Guernsey supported the King until a surrender with honour in December 1651. Although the newer, Puritan settlements in North America, notably <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, were dominated by Parliamentarians, the older colonies sided with the Crown. Friction between Royalists and Puritans in Maryland came to a head in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Severn" title="Battle of the Severn">Battle of the Severn</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Company_of_London" title="Virginia Company of London">Virginia Company's</a> settlements, <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, were conspicuous in their loyalty to the Crown. Bermuda's Independent Puritans were expelled, settling the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a> under <a href="/wiki/William_Sayle" title="William Sayle">William Sayle</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Eleutheran_Adventurers" title="Eleutheran Adventurers">Eleutheran Adventurers</a>. Parliament passed <a href="/wiki/An_Act_for_prohibiting_Trade_with_the_Barbadoes,_Virginia,_Bermuda_and_Antego" title="An Act for prohibiting Trade with the Barbadoes, Virginia, Bermuda and Antego">An Act for prohibiting Trade with the Barbadoes, Virginia, Bermuda and Antego</a> in October 1650, which stated that: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">...due punishment [be] inflicted upon the said Delinquents, do Declare all and every the said persons in Barbada's, Antego, Bermuda's and Virginia, that have contrived, abetted, aided or assisted those horrid Rebellions, or have since willingly joyned with them, to be notorious Robbers and Traitors, and such as by the Law of Nations are not to be permitted any manner of Commerce or Traffic with any people whatsoever; and do forbid to all manner of persons, Foreigners, and others, all manner of Commerce, Traffic and Correspondence whatsoever, to be used or held with the said Rebels in the Barbados, Bermuda's, Virginia and Antego, or either of them.</blockquote> The Act also authorised Parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> to act against English vessels trading with the rebellious colonies: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">All Ships that Trade with the Rebels may be surprized. Goods and tackle of such ships not to be embezeled, till judgement in the Admiralty.; Two or three of the Officers of every ship to be examined upon oath.</blockquote> Far to the North, Bermuda's regiment of Militia and its coastal batteries prepared to resist an invasion that never came.<a href="#cite_note-165">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a> Built-up inside the natural defence of a nearly impassable barrier reef, to fend off the might of Spain, these defences would have been a formidable obstacle for the Parliamentary fleet sent in 1651 under the command of Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Ayscue" title="George Ayscue">George Ayscue</a> to subdue the trans-Atlantic colonies, but after the fall of Barbados, the Bermudians made a separate peace that respected the internal status quo. The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bermuda" title="Parliament of Bermuda">Parliament of Bermuda</a> avoided the Parliament of England's fate during <a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a>, becoming one of the oldest continuous legislatures in the world.<a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a> Virginia's population swelled with Cavaliers during and after the English Civil War. Even so, Virginia Puritan <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bennett_(Governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Bennett (Governor)">Richard Bennett</a> was made Governor answering to Cromwell in 1652, followed by two more nominal "Commonwealth Governors". The loyalty of Virginia's <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_(historical)" title="Virginia Cavaliers (historical)">Cavaliers</a> to the Crown was rewarded after the 1660 Restoration of the Monarchy when Charles II dubbed it the Old Dominion. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> Figures for casualties during this period are unreliable. Some attempt has been made to provide rough estimates.<a href="#cite_note-Carlton-211-214-170">[165]</a> In England, a conservative estimate is that roughly 100,000 people died from war-related disease during the three civil wars. Historical records count 84,830 combat dead from the wars themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Clod-1">[1]</a> Counting in accidents and the two Bishops' wars, an estimate of 190,000 dead is achieved,<a href="#cite_note-Carlton-211-171">[166]</a> out of a total population of about five million.<a href="#cite_note-James-187-172">[167]</a> It is estimated that from 1638 to 1651, 15%–20% of all adult males in England and Wales served in the military. Around 4% of the total population died from war-related causes, compared to 2.23% in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a> As was typical for the era, most combat deaths occurred in minor skirmishes rather than large, pitched battles. There were a total of 645 engagements throughout the wars: 588 of these involved fewer than 250 casualties in total, with these 588 accounting for 39,838 fatalities (average count of less than 68) or nearly half of the conflict's combat deaths. There were only 9 major pitched battles (at least 1,000 fatalities) which in total accounted for 15% of casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlton1995206-174">[169]</a> An anecdotal example of how high casualties in England may have been perceived is to be found in the posthumously published writing (generally titled The History of Myddle), by a <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a> man, Richard Gough (lived 1635–1723) of <a href="/wiki/Myddle" title="Myddle">Myddle</a> near <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a>, who, writing in about 1701, commented of men from his rural home parish who joined the Royalist forces: "And out of these three townes [sic - ie <a href="/wiki/Township_(England)" title="Township (England)">townships</a>], Myddle, Marton and Newton, there went noe less than twenty men, of which number thirteen were kill'd in the warrs".<a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a> After listing those he recalled did not return home, four of whose exact fates were unknown, he concluded: "And if soe many dyed out of these 3 townes [townships] wee may reasonably guess that many thousands dyed in England in that warre."<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> Figures for Scotland are less reliable and should be treated with caution. Casualties include the deaths of prisoners-of-war in conditions that accelerated their deaths, with estimates of 10,000 prisoners not surviving or not returning home (8,000 captured during and immediately after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Worcester" title="Battle of Worcester">Battle of Worcester</a> were deported to <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> to work for landowners as <a href="/wiki/Indentured_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured labour">indentured labourers</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a>). There are no figures to calculate how many died from war-related diseases, but if the same ratio of disease to battle deaths from English figures is applied to the Scottish figures, a not unreasonable estimate of 60,000 people is achieved,<a href="#cite_note-Carlton-212-178">[173]</a> from a population of about one million.<a href="#cite_note-James-187-172">[167]</a> Figures for Ireland are described as "miracles of conjecture". Certainly, the devastation inflicted on Ireland was massive, with the best estimate provided by Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Petty" title="William Petty">William Petty</a>, the father of English demography. Petty estimated that 112,000 Protestants and 504,000 Catholics were killed through <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">plague</a>, war and <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>, giving an estimated total of 616,000 dead,<a href="#cite_note-Carlton-213-179">[174]</a> out of a pre-war population of about one and a half million.<a href="#cite_note-James-187-172">[167]</a> Although Petty's figures are the best available, they are still acknowledged as tentative; they do not include an estimated 40,000 driven into exile, some of whom served as soldiers in European continental armies, while others were sold as indentured servants to New England and the West Indies. Many of those sold to landowners in New England eventually prospered, but many sold to landowners in the West Indies were worked to death. These estimates indicate that England suffered a 4 per cent loss of population, Scotland a loss of 6 per cent, while Ireland suffered a loss of 41 per cent of its population. Putting these numbers into the context of other catastrophes helps to understand the devastation of Ireland in particular. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a> of 1845–1852 resulted in a loss of 16 per cent of the population, while during the Soviet famine and <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a> of 1932–33 the population of the Soviet Ukraine fell by 14 per cent.<a href="#cite_note-Conquest-180">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_gains">Popular gains</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Popular gains">edit</a>]</div> Ordinary people took advantage of the dislocation of civil society in the 1640s to gain personal advantages. The contemporary guild democracy movement won its greatest successes among London's transport workers. Rural communities seized timber and other resources on the sequestrated estates of Royalists and Catholics, and on the estates of the royal family and church hierarchy. Some communities improved their conditions of tenure on such estates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1993184–200-181">[176]</a> The old status quo began a retrenchment after the end of the First Civil War in 1646, and more especially after the Restoration in 1660, but some gains were long-term. The democratic element introduced into the watermen's company in 1642, for example, survived with vicissitudes until 1827.<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> The wars left England, Scotland, and Ireland among the few countries in Europe without a monarch. In the wake of victory, many of the ideals (and many idealists) became sidelined. The republican government of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a> ruled England (and later all of Scotland and Ireland) from 1649 to 1653 and from 1659 to 1660. Between the two periods, and due to in-fighting among various factions in Parliament, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> ruled over <a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">the Protectorate</a> as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a> (effectively a military dictator) until his death in 1658.<a href="#cite_note-183">[f]</a> On Oliver Cromwell's death, his son <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard</a> became Lord Protector, but the Army had little confidence in him.<a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a> After seven months the Army removed Richard. In May 1659 it re-installed the Rump.<a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a> Military force shortly afterward dissolved this as well.<a href="#cite_note-186">[180]</a> After the second dissolution of the Rump, in October 1659, the prospect of a total descent into anarchy loomed, as the Army's pretense of unity dissolved into factions.<a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musket_volley_by_Sealed_Knot.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Musket_volley_by_Sealed_Knot.JPG/300px-Musket_volley_by_Sealed_Knot.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Musket_volley_by_Sealed_Knot.JPG/450px-Musket_volley_by_Sealed_Knot.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Musket_volley_by_Sealed_Knot.JPG/600px-Musket_volley_by_Sealed_Knot.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2894" data-file-height="2029" /></a><figcaption>Muskets being fired at a civil war re-enactment</figcaption></figure> Into this atmosphere General <a href="/wiki/George_Monck,_1st_Duke_of_Albemarle" title="George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle">George Monck</a>, Governor of Scotland under the Cromwells, marched south with his army from Scotland. On 4 April 1660, in the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Breda" title="Declaration of Breda">Declaration of Breda</a>, Charles II made known the conditions of his acceptance of the Crown of England.<a href="#cite_note-188">[182]</a> Monck organised the <a href="/wiki/Convention_Parliament_(1660)" title="Convention Parliament (1660)">Convention Parliament</a>,<a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a> which met for the first time on 25 April 1660. On 8 May 1660, it declared that Charles II had reigned as the lawful monarch since the execution of Charles I in January 1649. Charles returned from exile on 23 May 1660. On 29 May 1660, the populace in London acclaimed him as king.<a href="#cite_note-190">[184]</a> His coronation took place at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> on 23 April 1661. These events became known as the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">Restoration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[185]</a> Although the monarchy was restored, it was still with the consent of Parliament. So the civil wars effectively set England and Scotland on course towards a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary monarchy">parliamentary monarchy</a> form of government.<a href="#cite_note-192">[186]</a> The outcome of this system was that the future <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>, formed in 1707 under the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1707" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1707">Acts of Union</a>, managed to forestall the kind of revolution typical of European republican movements which generally resulted in total abolition of their monarchies. Thus, the United Kingdom was spared the wave of revolutions that occurred in Europe in the 1840s. Specifically, future monarchs became wary of pushing Parliament too hard, and Parliament effectively chose the line of royal succession in 1688 with the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_interpretations">Historical interpretations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Historical interpretations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Puritans" title="Category:Puritans">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Puritan_by_Augustus_Saint-Gaudens_-_Springfield,_Massachusetts_-_DSC02513.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Puritan_by_Augustus_Saint-Gaudens_-_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts_-_DSC02513.JPG/180px-The_Puritan_by_Augustus_Saint-Gaudens_-_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts_-_DSC02513.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Puritan_by_Augustus_Saint-Gaudens_-_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts_-_DSC02513.JPG/270px-The_Puritan_by_Augustus_Saint-Gaudens_-_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts_-_DSC02513.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Puritan_by_Augustus_Saint-Gaudens_-_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts_-_DSC02513.JPG/360px-The_Puritan_by_Augustus_Saint-Gaudens_-_Springfield%2C_Massachusetts_-_DSC02513.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2847" data-file-height="4169" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/The_Puritan_(statue)" title="The Puritan (statue)">The Puritan</a>, an 1887 statue by <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield, Massachusetts</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism_in_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminianism in the Church of England">Arminianism in the Church of England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">English Dissenters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_(religion)" title="Independent (religion)">Independents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_Presbyterianism" title="English Presbyterianism">English Presbyterianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_separatism" title="Ecclesiastical separatism">Ecclesiastical separatism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/17th-century_denominations_in_England" title="17th-century denominations in England">17th-century denominations in England</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Crucial themes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_Puritanism" title="Definitions of Puritanism">Definitions of Puritanism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Impropriation" title="Impropriation">Impropriation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Puritan_Sabbatarianism" title="Puritan Sabbatarianism">Puritan Sabbatarianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Puritan_choir" title="Puritan choir">Puritan choir</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Puritan_work_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan work ethic">Puritan work ethic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Merton thesis</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_under_Queen_Elizabeth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Puritans under Queen Elizabeth I">History under Queen Elizabeth I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_under_King_James_I" title="History of the Puritans under King James I">History under King James I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_under_King_Charles_I" title="History of the Puritans under King Charles I">History under King Charles I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_from_1649" title="History of the Puritans from 1649">Cromwellian era and after</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans_in_North_America" title="History of the Puritans in North America">History in North America</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Confessions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_Declaration" title="Savoy Declaration">Savoy Declaration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platform" title="Cambridge Platform">Cambridge Platform</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">England</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrooby_Congregation" title="Scrooby Congregation">Scrooby Congregation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Archbishop_Laud" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial of Archbishop Laud">Trial of Archbishop Laud</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_exiles" title="Marian exiles">Marian exiles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vestments_controversy" title="Vestments controversy">Vestments controversy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Marprelate" title="Martin Marprelate">Martin Marprelate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Millenary_Petition" title="Millenary Petition">Millenary Petition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Remonstrance" title="Grand Remonstrance">Grand Remonstrance</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">English Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">English Restoration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1662" title="Act of Uniformity 1662">Act of Uniformity 1662</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ejection" title="Great Ejection">Great Ejection</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan Religious Settlement</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">America</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_Company" title="Providence Island Company">Providence Island Company</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem witch trials</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Puritan_migration_to_New_England_(1620%E2%80%931640)" title="Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640)">Immigration to New England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Puritan_culture_and_recreation" title="New England Puritan culture and recreation">Culture in New England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Puritan_New_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas in Puritan New England">Christmas prohibition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Praying_town" title="Praying town">Praying town</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Half-Way_Covenant" title="Half-Way Covenant">Half-Way Covenant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism#Puritan_roots_and_Protestant_promise" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Elsewhere</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Troubles_at_Frankfurt" title="Troubles at Frankfurt">Troubles at Frankfurt</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Puritans" title="List of Puritans">Notable individuals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bulkley" title="Peter Bulkley">Peter Bulkley</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Bunyan" title="John Bunyan">John Bunyan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(Plymouth_Colony_governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bradford (Plymouth Colony governor)">William Bradford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bradstreet" title="Anne Bradstreet">Anne Bradstreet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cotton_(minister)" title="John Cotton (minister)">John Cotton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">John Endecott</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Mather" title="Cotton Mather">Cotton Mather</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Increase_Mather" title="Increase Mather">Increase Mather</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/James_Noyes" title="James Noyes">James Noyes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Parker_(minister)" title="Thomas Parker (minister)">Thomas Parker</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">John Winthrop</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodford_(17th-century_diarist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Woodford (17th-century diarist)">Robert Woodford</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Godly_Man%27s_Picture" title="The Godly Man's Picture">The Godly Man's Picture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Pilgrim%27s_Progress" title="The Pilgrim's Progress">The Pilgrim's Progress</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Foxe%27s_Book_of_Martyrs" title="Foxe's Book of Martyrs">Foxe's Book of Martyrs</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Continuing movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational churches</a> (<a href="/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States" title="Congregationalism in the United States">U.S.</a>)</li><li>other <a href="/wiki/Reformed_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed churches">Reformed churches</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Puritans" title="Template:Puritans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Puritans" title="Template talk:Puritans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Puritans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Puritans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hobbes'_Behemoth">Hobbes' Behemoth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Hobbes' Behemoth">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> gave an early historical account of the English Civil War in his <a href="/wiki/Behemoth_(Hobbes_book)" title="Behemoth (Hobbes book)">Behemoth</a>, written in 1668 and published in 1681. He assessed the causes of the war to be the conflicting political doctrines of the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobbes1839220-193">[187]</a> Behemoth offered a uniquely historical and philosophical approach to naming the catalysts for the war. It also attempted to explain why Charles I could not hold his throne and maintain peace in his kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraynak199033-194">[188]</a> Hobbes analysed the following aspects of English thought during the war: the opinions of divinity and politics that spurred rebellion; rhetoric and doctrine used by the rebels against the king; and how opinions about "taxation, the conscription of soldiers, and military strategy" affected the outcomes of battles and shifts of sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraynak199033-194">[188]</a> Hobbes attributed the war to the novel theories of intellectuals and divines spread for their own pride of reputation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith1966x–xiii-195">[189]</a> He held that clerical pretensions had contributed significantly to the troubles — "whether those of puritan fundamentalists, papal supremacists or divine right Episcopalians".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESommerville2012-196">[190]</a> Hobbes wanted to abolish the independence of the clergy and bring it under the control of the civil state. Some scholars suggest that Hobbes's Behemoth has not received its due as an academic work, being comparatively overlooked and under-rated in the shadow of the same author's <a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraynak1990-197">[191]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacgillivray1970179-198">[192]</a> Its scholarly reputation may have suffered because it takes the form of a dialogue, which, while common in philosophy, is rarely adopted by historians. Other factors that hindered its success include Charles II's refusing its publication and Hobbes' lack of empathy with views different from his own.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacgillivray1970179-198">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whig_and_Marxist_views">Whig and Marxist views</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Whig and Marxist views">edit</a>]</div> In the early decades of the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig school</a> was the dominant theoretical view. It explained the Civil War as resulting from centuries of struggle between Parliament (notably the House of Commons) and the Monarchy, with Parliament defending the traditional rights of Englishmen, while the Stuart monarchy continually attempted to expand its right to dictate law arbitrarily. The major Whig historian, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rawson_Gardiner" title="Samuel Rawson Gardiner">S. R. Gardiner</a>, popularised the idea that the English Civil War was a "Puritan Revolution"<a href="#cite_note-199">[193]</a> that challenged the repressive Stuart Church and prepared the way for <a href="/wiki/Religious_toleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious toleration">religious toleration</a>. Thus, Puritanism was seen as the natural ally of a people preserving their traditional rights against arbitrary monarchical power. The Whig view was challenged and largely superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> school, which became popular in the 1940s, and saw the English Civil War as a <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> revolution. According to Marxist historian <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hill_(historian)" title="Christopher Hill (historian)">Christopher Hill</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Civil War was a class war, in which the despotism of Charles I was defended by the reactionary forces of the established Church and conservative landlords, Parliament beat the King because it could appeal to the enthusiastic support of the trading and industrial classes in town and countryside, to the yeomen and progressive gentry, and to wider masses of the population whenever they were able by free discussion to understand what the struggle was really about.<a href="#cite_note-200">[194]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_views">Later views</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Later views">edit</a>]</div> In the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">revisionist historians</a> challenged both the Whig and the Marxist theories,<a href="#cite_note-Burgess-201">[195]</a> notably in the 1973 anthology The Origins of the English Civil War (<a href="/wiki/Conrad_Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Conrad Russell">Conrad Russell</a> ed.).&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2017)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1973[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2017)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-202">[196]</a> These historians focused on the minutiae of the years immediately before the civil war, returning to the contingency-based historiography of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon's</a> History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England.<a href="#cite_note-Gaunt_2000_page=60-203">[197]</a> This, it was claimed, demonstrated that patterns of war allegiance did not fit either Whig or Marxist theories.<a href="#cite_note-Gaunt_2000_page=60-203">[197]</a> Parliament was not inherently progressive, nor the events of 1640 a precursor for the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[198]</a> Many members of the bourgeoisie fought for the King, while many landed aristocrats supported Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-Burgess-201">[195]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] From the 1990s, a number of historians replaced the historical title "English Civil War" with "<a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a>" and "British Civil Wars", positing that the civil war in England cannot be understood apart from events in other parts of Britain and Ireland. King Charles I remains crucial, not just as King of England, but through his relationship with the peoples of his other realms. For example, the wars began when Charles forced an Anglican Prayer Book upon Scotland, and when this was met with resistance from the <a href="/wiki/Covenanter" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenanter">Covenanters</a>, he needed an army to impose his will. However, this need of military funds forced Charles I to call an English Parliament, which was not willing to grant the needed revenue unless he addressed their grievances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhlmeyer2002-205">[199]</a> By the early 1640s, Charles was left in a state of near-permanent crisis management, confounded by the demands of the various factions. For example, Charles finally made terms with the Covenanters in August 1641, but although this might have weakened the position of the English Parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion of 1641</a> broke out in October 1641, largely negating the political advantage he had obtained by relieving himself of the cost of the Scottish invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhlmeyer2002-205">[199]</a> A number of revisionist historians such as <a href="/wiki/William_M._Lamont" title="William M. Lamont">William M. Lamont</a> regarded the conflict as a religious war, with <a href="/wiki/John_Morrill_(historian)" title="John Morrill (historian)">John Morrill</a> (1993) stating: 'The English Civil War was not the first European revolution: it was the last of the Wars of Religion.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess1998175-206">[200]</a> This view has been criticised by various pre-, post- and anti-revisionist historians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess1998175-206">[200]</a> Glen Burgess (1998) examined political propaganda written by the Parliamentarian politicians and clerics at the time, noting that many were or may have been motivated by their Puritan religious beliefs to support the war against the 'Catholic' king Charles I, but tried to express and legitimise their opposition and rebellion in terms of a legal revolt against a monarch who had violated crucial constitutional principles and thus had to be overthrown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess1998196–197-207">[201]</a> They even warned their Parliamentarian allies to not make overt use of religious arguments in making their case for war against the king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess1998196–197-207">[201]</a> However, in some cases it may be argued that they hid their pro-Anglican and anti-Catholic motives behind legal parliance, for example by emphasising that the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> was the legally established religion: 'Seen in this light, the defences of Parliament's war, with their apparent legal-constitutional thrust, are not at all ways of saying that the struggle was not religious. On the contrary, they are ways of saying that it was.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess1998198–200-208">[202]</a> Burgess concluded: '[T]he Civil War left behind it just the sort of evidence that we could reasonably expect a war of religion to leave.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess1998201-209">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Re-enactments">Re-enactments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Re-enactments">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_war_reeanactment.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Civil_war_reeanactment.JPG/300px-Civil_war_reeanactment.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Civil_war_reeanactment.JPG/450px-Civil_war_reeanactment.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Civil_war_reeanactment.JPG/600px-Civil_war_reeanactment.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Pikes deployed at a civil war re-enactment</figcaption></figure> Two large historical societies exist, <a href="/wiki/The_Sealed_Knot_(reenactment)" title="The Sealed Knot (reenactment)">The Sealed Knot</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_English_Civil_War_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The English Civil War Society">The English Civil War Society</a>, which regularly <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War_reenactment" class="mw-redirect" title="English Civil War reenactment">re-enact</a> events and battles of the Civil War in full period costume. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Chronology of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Chronology of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwell%27s_Soldiers%27_Pocket_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromwell's Soldiers' Pocket Bible">Cromwell's Soldiers' Pocket Bible</a>, booklet Cromwell issued to his army in 1643.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diggers" title="Diggers">Diggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">English Dissenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Revolution" title="English Revolution">English Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_English_Civil_War,_1642" title="First English Civil War, 1642">First English Civil War, 1642</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_English_Civil_War,_1643" title="First English Civil War, 1643">First English Civil War, 1643</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_English_Civil_War,_1644" title="First English Civil War, 1644">First English Civil War, 1644</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_English_Civil_War,_1645" title="First English Civil War, 1645">First English Civil War, 1645</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_English_Civil_War,_1646" title="First English Civil War, 1646">First English Civil War, 1646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Levellers" title="Levellers">Levellers</a>, a movement for political reform.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, a defining event in European history during the reign of Charles I</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Civil_War" title="Timeline of the English Civil War">Timeline of the English Civil War</a>, showing events leading up to, culminating in, and resulting from the English Civil Wars.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hiseland" title="William Hiseland">William Hiseland</a>, the last Royalist veteran of the Civil War</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> While it is notoriously difficult to determine the number of casualties in any war, it has been estimated that the conflict in England and Wales claimed about 85,000 lives in combat, with a further 127,000 noncombat deaths (including some 40,000 civilians) (<a href="#CITEREFEB_staff2016b">EB staff 2016b</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Then comprising <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> in addition to modern-day <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Although the early 17th-century Stuart monarchs styled themselves King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, with the exception of the constitutional arrangements during the <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a> (see the <a href="/wiki/Tender_of_Union" title="Tender of Union">Tender of Union</a>), full union of the Scottish and English realms into a new realm of Great Britain did not occur until the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1707" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1707">Act of Union 1707</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> See <a href="#CITEREFWalter1999">Walter 1999</a>, p. 294, for some of the complexities of how the Protestation was interpreted by different political actors. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Cromwell had already secured Cambridge and the supplies of college silver.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> For a longer analysis of the relationship between Cromwell's position, the former monarchy and the military, see <a href="#CITEREFSherwood1997">Sherwood 1997</a>, pp. 7–11. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Clod-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clod_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clod_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clod_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2002" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, Micheal (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures 1500–1999. McFarland & Co. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1204-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1204-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-1204-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Reference+to+Casualty+and+Other+Figures+1500%E2%80%931999&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1204-4&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorden2009" class="citation book cs1">Worden, Blair (2009). The English Civil Wars, 1640- –1660. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2691-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2691-1"><bdi>978-0-7538-2691-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Civil+Wars%2C+1640-+%E2%80%931660&rft.place=London&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7538-2691-1&rft.aulast=Worden&rft.aufirst=Blair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Walter Scott, Waverley; or, 'Tis Sixty Years Since (1814), Chap. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHill1972">Hill 1972</a>, for example </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1983251-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1983251_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1983">Smith 1983</a>, p. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes1985236–263-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes1985236–263_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHughes1985">Hughes 1985</a>, pp. 236–263. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1986-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1986_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaker1986">Baker 1986</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Quentin Outram. "The Demographic Impact of Early Modern Warfare". Social Science History, Summer, 2002, Vol. 26, No. 2 (Summer, 2002), p 256. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurneYoung1998-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurneYoung1998_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurneYoung1998">Burne & Young 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Simkin-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simkin_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simkin_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simkin_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimkin2014" class="citation web cs1">Simkin, John (August 2014) [September 1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spartacus-educational.com/STUcivilwarMT.htm">"The English Civil War – Tactics"</a>. Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 20 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+English+Civil+War+%E2%80%93+Tactics&rft.pub=Spartacus+Educational&rft.date=2014-08&rft.aulast=Simkin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspartacus-educational.com%2FSTUcivilwarMT.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaunt2014" class="citation cs2">Gaunt, Peter (2014), The English Civil War: A Military History, London: I.B. Tauris, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/882915214">882915214</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Civil+War%3A+A+Military+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F882915214&rft.aulast=Gaunt&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1977" class="citation book cs1">Young, Peter (1977) [1973]. The English Civil War Armies. Men-at-arms series. Reading: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/505954051">505954051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Civil+War+Armies&rft.place=Reading&rft.series=Men-at-arms+series&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F505954051&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTincey2012" class="citation book cs1">Tincey, John (2012). Ironsides: English Cavalry 1588–1688. Osprey. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/842879605">842879605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ironsides%3A+English+Cavalry+1588%E2%80%931688&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F842879605&rft.aulast=Tincey&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurston1993" class="citation book cs1">Durston, Christopher (1993). James I. Routledge. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415077798" title="Special:BookSources/9780415077798"><bdi>9780415077798</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+I&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780415077798&rft.aulast=Durston&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCroft2003">Croft 2003</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcClelland1996">McClelland 1996</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston190183–86-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnston190183–86_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnston1901">Johnston 1901</a>, pp. 83–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregg1984">Gregg 1984</a>, pp. 129–130. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregg1984">Gregg 1984</a>, p. 166 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregg-175-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gregg-175_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gregg-175_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregg1984">Gregg 1984</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-Adair_1976-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adair_1976_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adair_1976_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adair_1976_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adair_1976_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adair_1976_25-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdair1976">Adair 1976</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Purkiss_2007_93-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Purkiss_2007_93_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purkiss_2007_93_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurkiss2007">Purkiss 2007</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Petition_of_Right" title="Petition of Right">Petition of Right</a> at III, VII. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESommerville199265,_71,_80-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommerville199265,_71,_80_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommerville199265,_71,_80_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSommerville1992">Sommerville 1992</a>, pp. 65, 71, 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1998417-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1998417_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1998">Russell 1998</a>, p. 417. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRosnerTheibault2000">Rosner & Theibault 2000</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pipes-143-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pipes-143_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pipes-143_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPipes1999">Pipes 1999</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlton1987">Carlton 1987</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlton1987">Carlton 1987</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurkiss2007">Purkiss 2007</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlton1987">Carlton 1987</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurkiss2007">Purkiss 2007</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurkiss2007">Purkiss 2007</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurkiss2007">Purkiss 2007</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurkiss2007">Purkiss 2007</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-Purkiss-96-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Purkiss-96_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purkiss-96_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurkiss2007">Purkiss 2007</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurkiss2007">Purkiss 2007</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-Coward-180-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coward-180_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coward-180_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coward-180_42-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoward2003">Coward 2003</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-Purkiss-89-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Purkiss-89_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purkiss-89_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purkiss-89_43-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurkiss2007">Purkiss 2007</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoward2003">Coward 2003</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharp2000">Sharp 2000</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Purkiss_2007_pages=104–105-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Purkiss_2007_pages=104–105_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purkiss_2007_pages=104–105_46-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurkiss2007">Purkiss 2007</a>, pp. 104–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUpham1836">Upham 1836</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpham1836187-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpham1836187_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUpham1836">Upham 1836</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbert1968154-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHibbert1968154_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHibbert1968">Hibbert 1968</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlton1995224-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlton1995224_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlton1995224_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlton1995">Carlton 1995</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlton1995225-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlton1995225_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlton1995225_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlton1995">Carlton 1995</a>, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1999123-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1999123_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1999123_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1999">Smith 1999</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott2020-54">^ <a 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New York: Oxford University Press. p. 487. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198217336" title="Special:BookSources/9780198217336"><bdi>9780198217336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recovery%2C+Reorientation%2C+And+Reformation%3A+Wales%2C+C.+1415+%E2%80%93+1642&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=487&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780198217336&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Glanmor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stoyle-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stoyle_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoyle_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoyle2000" class="citation journal cs1">Stoyle, Mark (December 2000). "English 'Nationalism', Celtic Particularism, And the English Civil War". The Historical Journal. 43 (4). Cambridge University Press: 1113–1128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00001369">10.1017/S0018246X00001369</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020883">3020883</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159953456">159953456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=English+%27Nationalism%27%2C+Celtic+Particularism%2C+And+the+English+Civil+War.&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1113-1128&rft.date=2000-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159953456%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3020883%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00001369&rft.aulast=Stoyle&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_149-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1987" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Glanmor (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15488908">Recovery, Reorientation, And Reformation : Wales, C. 1415-1642</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press, University of Wales Press. p. 488. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821733-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-821733-1"><bdi>0-19-821733-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15488908">15488908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recovery%2C+Reorientation%2C+And+Reformation+%3A+Wales%2C+C.+1415-1642&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=488&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press%2C+University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15488908&rft.isbn=0-19-821733-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Glanmor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F15488908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1993" class="citation book cs1">Davies, John (1993). A History of Wales (First English ed.). London: The Penguin Press. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-713-99098-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-713-99098-8"><bdi>0-713-99098-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Wales&rft.place=London&rft.pages=278&rft.edition=First+English&rft.pub=The+Penguin+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-713-99098-8&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins19876-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins19876_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkins1987">Jenkins 1987</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1993" class="citation book cs1">Davies, John (1993). A History of Wales. Penguin Books. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0713990988" title="Special:BookSources/0713990988"><bdi>0713990988</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Wales&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0713990988&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins198725-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins198725_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkins1987">Jenkins 1987</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1987" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Glanmor (1987). Recovery, Reorientation, And Reformation: Wales, C. 1415 – 1642. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 489.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recovery%2C+Reorientation%2C+And+Reformation%3A+Wales%2C+C.+1415+%E2%80%93+1642&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=489&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Glanmor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins198728–29-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins198728–29_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins198728–29_155-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkins1987">Jenkins 1987</a>, pp. 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins198710-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins198710_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkins1987">Jenkins 1987</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins198710–12-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins198710–12_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkins1987">Jenkins 1987</a>, pp. 10–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins198712–13-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins198712–13_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkins1987">Jenkins 1987</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins198714–15-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins198714–15_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkins1987">Jenkins 1987</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins198715–16-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins198715–16_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkins1987">Jenkins 1987</a>, pp. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins198721-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins198721_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkins1987">Jenkins 1987</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bcw-project.org/church-and-state/first-civil-war/committee-of-safety">"The Committee of Safety"</a>. BCW Project. Retrieved 14 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BCW+Project&rft.atitle=The+Committee+of+Safety&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbcw-project.org%2Fchurch-and-state%2Ffirst-civil-war%2Fcommittee-of-safety&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy-96-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy-96_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy-96_163-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy2000">Kennedy 2000</a>, p. 96 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1968523–537-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1968523–537_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1968">King 1968</a>, p. 523–537. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanksalvala2021" class="citation web cs1">Tanksalvala, Sarah (26 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanhistorypodcast.net/ecw-27-witch-trials-in-the-devils-isles">"English Civil Wars 27: Witch Trials in the Devil's Isles"</a>. American History Podcast. Retrieved 11 September 2022. <q>If you've been listening, and if you remember, Bermuda was the colony that tore itself apart first when war broke out in England.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+History+Podcast&rft.atitle=English+Civil+Wars+27%3A+Witch+Trials+in+the+Devil%27s+Isles&rft.date=2021-10-26&rft.aulast=Tanksalvala&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanhistorypodcast.net%2Fecw-27-witch-trials-in-the-devils-isles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanksalvala2020" class="citation web cs1">Tanksalvala, Sarah (1 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanhistorypodcast.net/ecw-18-declarations-of-independence">"English Civil Wars 18: Declarations of Independence"</a>. American History Podcast. Retrieved 11 September 2022. <q>in six colonies, the reaction was strong enough to turn into rebellion. These were Bermuda, Virginia, Maryland, Newfoundland, Barbados and Antigua.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+History+Podcast&rft.atitle=English+Civil+Wars+18%3A+Declarations+of+Independence&rft.date=2020-08-01&rft.aulast=Tanksalvala&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanhistorypodcast.net%2Fecw-18-declarations-of-independence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefroy1981" class="citation book cs1">Lefroy, John Henry (1981). Memorials of the Discovery and Early Settlement of the Bermudas or Somers Islands 1515-1685, Volume I. Bermuda: The Bermuda Historical Society and The Bermuda National Trust (the first edition having been published in 1877, with funds provided by the Government of Bermuda), printed in Canada by The University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorials+of+the+Discovery+and+Early+Settlement+of+the+Bermudas+or+Somers+Islands+1515-1685%2C+Volume+I&rft.place=Bermuda&rft.pub=The+Bermuda+Historical+Society+and+The+Bermuda+National+Trust+%28the+first+edition+having+been+published+in+1877%2C+with+funds+provided+by+the+Government+of+Bermuda%29%2C+printed+in+Canada+by+The+University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Lefroy&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollis_Hallett2005" class="citation book cs1">Hollis Hallett, A. C. (2005). Bermuda Under the Somers Isles Company: Civil Records. Volume I. 1612-1669. Bermuda: A joint publication of Juniperhill Press and Bermuda Maritime Museum Press. p. 337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-921992-14-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-921992-14-9"><bdi>0-921992-14-9</bdi></a>. <q>1652 Dec Assizes Civil Actions</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bermuda+Under+the+Somers+Isles+Company%3A+Civil+Records.+Volume+I.+1612-1669&rft.place=Bermuda&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=A+joint+publication+of+Juniperhill+Press+and+Bermuda+Maritime+Museum+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-921992-14-9&rft.aulast=Hollis+Hallett&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanksalvala2021" class="citation web cs1">Tanksalvala, Sarah (22 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220911110025/http://americanhistorypodcast.net/ecw-23-empire/">"English Civil Wars 23: Empire"</a>. American History Podcast. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanhistorypodcast.net/ecw-23-empire">the original</a> on 11 September 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022. <q>in England, Parliament had purged the Somers Islands Company of members who opposed the Commonwealth, so its remaining members pushed Bermuda into submission.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+History+Podcast&rft.atitle=English+Civil+Wars+23%3A+Empire&rft.date=2021-09-22&rft.aulast=Tanksalvala&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanhistorypodcast.net%2Fecw-23-empire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carlton-211-214-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Carlton-211-214_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlton1992">Carlton 1992</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tVugNXnVrVAC&pg=PP10">pp. 211–14</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Carlton-211-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Carlton-211_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlton1992">Carlton 1992</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tVugNXnVrVAC&pg=PP10">p. 211</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-James-187-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-James-187_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-James-187_172-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-James-187_172-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJames2003">James 2003</a>, p. 187, cites: <a href="#CITEREFCarlton1995a">Carlton 1995a</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortlock2017" class="citation journal cs1">Mortlock, Stephen (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebiomedicalscientist.net/science/death-and-disease-english-civil-war">"Death and Disease in the English Civil War"</a>. The Biomedical Scientist.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biomedical+Scientist&rft.atitle=Death+and+Disease+in+the+English+Civil+War&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Mortlock&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebiomedicalscientist.net%2Fscience%2Fdeath-and-disease-english-civil-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlton1995206-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlton1995206_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlton1995">Carlton 1995</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGough1981" class="citation book cs1">Gough, Richard (1981). The History of Myddle. Penguin Books. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-00-5841-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-00-5841-9"><bdi>0-14-00-5841-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Myddle&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-14-00-5841-9&rft.aulast=Gough&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> Edited by David Hey. Originally published in 1831 as History and Antiquities of the Parish of Myddle. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> The History of Myddle, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoyle2006">Royle 2006</a>, p. 602. </li> <li id="cite_note-Carlton-212-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Carlton-212_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlton1992">Carlton 1992</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tVugNXnVrVAC&pg=PP10">p. 212</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Carlton-213-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Carlton-213_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlton1992">Carlton 1992</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tVugNXnVrVAC&pg=PP10">p. 213</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Conquest-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Conquest_180-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest, Robert</a> (1986). The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195051807" title="Special:BookSources/0195051807">0195051807</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1993184–200-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Riordan1993184–200_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Riordan1993">O'Riordan 1993</a>, pp. 184–200. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLindley1997">Lindley 1997</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeeble2002">Keeble 2002</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeeble2002">Keeble 2002</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeeble2002">Keeble 2002</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeeble2002">Keeble 2002</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeeble2002">Keeble 2002</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeeble2002">Keeble 2002</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLodge2007">Lodge 2007</a>, pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLodge2007">Lodge 2007</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLodge2007">Lodge 2007</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobbes1839220-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobbes1839220_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHobbes1839">Hobbes 1839</a>, p. 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraynak199033-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraynak199033_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraynak199033_194-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKraynak1990">Kraynak 1990</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith1966x–xiii-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsmith1966x–xiii_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldsmith1966">Goldsmith 1966</a>, pp. x–xiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESommerville2012-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommerville2012_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSommerville2012">Sommerville 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraynak1990-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraynak1990_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKraynak1990">Kraynak 1990</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacgillivray1970179-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacgillivray1970179_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacgillivray1970179_198-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacgillivray1970">Macgillivray 1970</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1991" class="citation book cs1">Burns, J. H. (1991). Cambridge History of Political Thought 1450-1700. Cambridge University Press. p. 422. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521247160" title="Special:BookSources/0521247160"><bdi>0521247160</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+Political+Thought+1450-1700&rft.pages=422&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0521247160&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaye1995">Kaye 1995</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w6xVLvqihBoC&pg=PA106">p. 106</a>. quoting from the pamphlet The English Revolution 1640. </li> <li id="cite_note-Burgess-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burgess_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burgess_201-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurgess1990">Burgess 1990</a>, pp. 609–627 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1973[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2017)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1973[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2017)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1973">Russell 1973</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaunt_2000_page=60-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gaunt_2000_page=60_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaunt_2000_page=60_203-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGaunt2000">Gaunt 2000</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGaunt2000">Gaunt 2000</a>, pp. 60–61 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhlmeyer2002-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOhlmeyer2002_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOhlmeyer2002_205-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOhlmeyer2002">Ohlmeyer 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess1998175-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess1998175_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess1998175_206-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurgess1998">Burgess 1998</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess1998196–197-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess1998196–197_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess1998196–197_207-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurgess1998">Burgess 1998</a>, p. 196–197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess1998198–200-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess1998198–200_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurgess1998">Burgess 1998</a>, p. 198–200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess1998201-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess1998201_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurgess1998">Burgess 1998</a>, p. 201. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott2020" class="citation web cs1">Abbott, Jacob (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gatewaytotheclassics.com/browse/display.php?author=abbott&book=charles1&story=downfall">"Charles I: Downfall of Strafford and Laud"</a>. Retrieved 18 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+I%3A+Downfall+of+Strafford+and+Laud&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gatewaytotheclassics.com%2Fbrowse%2Fdisplay.php%3Fauthor%3Dabbott%26book%3Dcharles1%26story%3Ddownfall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdair1976" class="citation book cs1">Adair, John (1976). A Life of John Hampden the Patriot 1594–1643. London: Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-354-04014-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-354-04014-3"><bdi>978-0-354-04014-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Life+of+John+Hampden+the+Patriot+1594%E2%80%931643&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macdonald+and+Jane%27s+Publishers+Limited&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-354-04014-3&rft.aulast=Adair&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkin2008" class="citation cs2">Atkin, Malcolm (2008), Worcester 1651, Barnsley: Pen and Sword, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-080-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-080-9"><bdi>978-1-84415-080-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worcester+1651&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-080-9&rft.aulast=Atkin&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAylmer1980" class="citation cs2">Aylmer, G. E. (1980), "The Historical Background", in <a href="/wiki/Constantinos_Patrides" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantinos Patrides">Patrides</a>, C.A.; Waddington, Raymond B. (eds.), The Age of Milton: Backgrounds to Seventeenth-Century Literature, Manchester University Press, pp. 1–33, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780389200529" title="Special:BookSources/9780389200529"><bdi>9780389200529</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Background&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Milton%3A+Backgrounds+to+Seventeenth-Century+Literature&rft.pages=1-33&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780389200529&rft.aulast=Aylmer&rft.aufirst=G.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1986" class="citation cs2">Baker, Anthony (1986), A Battlefield Atlas of the English Civil War, Ian Allan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780711016545" title="Special:BookSources/9780711016545"><bdi>9780711016545</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Battlefield+Atlas+of+the+English+Civil+War&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780711016545&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Glorious-Revolution">"Glorious Revolution"</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica, 5 September 2016a</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glorious+Revolution&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2016-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FGlorious-Revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEB_staff2016b" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/187936/English-Civil-Wars/261392/Second-and-third-English-Civil-Wars-1648-51">"Second and third English Civil Wars"</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica, 2 December 2016b</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Second+and+third+English+Civil+Wars&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2016-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F187936%2FEnglish-Civil-Wars%2F261392%2FSecond-and-third-English-Civil-Wars-1648-51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett2008" class="citation book cs1">Brett, A. C. A. (2008). Charles II and His Court. Read Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-140-20445-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-140-20445-9"><bdi>978-1-140-20445-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+II+and+His+Court&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-140-20445-9&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=A.+C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess1990" class="citation journal cs1">Burgess, Glenn (1990). "Historiographical reviews on revisionism: an analysis of early Stuart historiography in the 1970s and 1980s". The Historical Journal. 33 (3): 609–627. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0018246x90000013">10.1017/s0018246x90000013</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145005781">145005781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Historiographical+reviews+on+revisionism%3A+an+analysis+of+early+Stuart+historiography+in+the+1970s+and+1980s&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=609-627&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0018246x90000013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145005781%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess1998" class="citation journal cs1">Burgess, Glenn (1998). "Was the English Civil War a War of Religion? The Evidence of Political Propaganda". Huntington Library Quarterly. 61 (2). 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Archbishop William Laud. Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710204639" title="Special:BookSources/9780710204639"><bdi>9780710204639</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archbishop+William+Laud&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780710204639&rft.aulast=Carlton&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlton1992" class="citation book cs1">Carlton, Charles (1992). The Experience of the British Civil Wars. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10391-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10391-6"><bdi>978-0-415-10391-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Experience+of+the+British+Civil+Wars&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10391-6&rft.aulast=Carlton&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlton1995" class="citation book cs1">Carlton, Charles (1995). Charles I: The Personal Monarch. Great Britain: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12141-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12141-5"><bdi>978-0-415-12141-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+I%3A+The+Personal+Monarch&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-415-12141-5&rft.aulast=Carlton&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlton1995a" class="citation book cs1">Carlton, Charles (1995a). Going to the wars: The experience of the British civil wars, 1638–1651. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10391-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10391-6"><bdi>978-0-415-10391-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Going+to+the+wars%3A+The+experience+of+the+British+civil+wars%2C+1638%E2%80%931651&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10391-6&rft.aulast=Carlton&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2005" class="citation book cs1">Carpenter, Stanley D. M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I0W6wuSgKFQC">Military Leadership in the British Civil Wars, 1642-1651: "The Genius of this Age"</a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5544-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5544-4"><bdi>978-0-7146-5544-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Leadership+in+the+British+Civil+Wars%2C+1642-1651%3A+%22The+Genius+of+this+Age%22&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5544-4&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Stanley+D.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI0W6wuSgKFQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 65, 71, 80. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/175996">175996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parliament%2C+Privilege%2C+and+the+Liberties+of+the+Subject&rft.btitle=Parliament+and+Liberty+from+the+Reign+of+Elizabeth+to+the+English+Civil+War&rft.pages=65%2C+71%2C+80&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F175996%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sommerville&rft.aufirst=Johann+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_British_Studies" title="Journal of British Studies">Journal of British Studies</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommerville2012" class="citation cs2">Sommerville, J.P. (13 November 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704115017/https://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/367/367-091.htm">"Thomas Hobbes"</a>, University of Wisconsin-Madison, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/367/367-091.htm">the original</a> on 4 July 2017, retrieved 27 March 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Wisconsin-Madison&rft.atitle=Thomas+Hobbes&rft.date=2012-11-13&rft.aulast=Sommerville&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.history.wisc.edu%2Fsommerville%2F367%2F367-091.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoyle2011" class="citation cs2">Stoyle, Mark (17 February 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/overview_civil_war_revolution_01.shtml">History – British History in depth: Overview: Civil War and Revolution, 1603–1714</a>, BBC</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+%E2%80%93+British+History+in+depth%3A+Overview%3A+Civil+War+and+Revolution%2C+1603%E2%80%931714&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.aulast=Stoyle&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fcivil_war_revolution%2Foverview_civil_war_revolution_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevelyan2002" class="citation cs2">Trevelyan, George Macaulay (2002), England Under the Stuarts, London: Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England+Under+the+Stuarts&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Trevelyan&rft.aufirst=George+Macaulay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpham1836" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wentworth_Upham" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Wentworth Upham">Upham, Charles Wentworth</a> (1836), <a href="/wiki/Jared_Sparks" title="Jared Sparks">Jared Sparks</a> (ed.), Life of Sir Henry Vane, Fourth Governor of Massachusetts in The Library of American Biography, New York: Harper & Brothers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-115-28802-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-115-28802-6"><bdi>978-1-115-28802-6</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23473550M">23473550M</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Sir+Henry+Vane%2C+Fourth+Governor+of+Massachusetts+in+The+Library+of+American+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1836&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23473550M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-115-28802-6&rft.aulast=Upham&rft.aufirst=Charles+Wentworth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter1999" class="citation cs2">Walter, John (1999), Understanding Popular Violence in the English Revolution: The Colchester Plunderers, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521022705" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521022705"><bdi>978-0521022705</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Popular+Violence+in+the+English+Revolution%3A+The+Colchester+Plunderers&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0521022705&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWanklynJones2005" class="citation cs2">Wanklyn, Malcolm; Jones, Frank (2005), A Military History of the English Civil War, 1642–1646: Strategy and Tactics (1st ed.), Harlow: Pearson Education, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315835617">10.4324/9781315835617</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315835617" title="Special:BookSources/9781315835617"><bdi>9781315835617</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+the+English+Civil+War%2C+1642%E2%80%931646%3A+Strategy+and+Tactics&rft.place=Harlow&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315835617&rft.isbn=9781315835617&rft.aulast=Wanklyn&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft.au=Jones%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWedgwood1970" class="citation cs2">Wedgwood, C. V. (1970), The King's War: 1641–1647, London: Fontana</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King%27s+War%3A+1641%E2%80%931647&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Fontana&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Wedgwood&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiser2003" class="citation cs2">Weiser, Brian (2003), "Charles II and the Politics of Access", The English Historical Review, 119 (483), Woodbridge: Boydell: 1058–1059, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2F119.483.1058-a">10.1093/ehr/119.483.1058-a</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Charles+II+and+the+Politics+of+Access&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=483&rft.pages=1058-1059&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2F119.483.1058-a&rft.aulast=Weiser&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungHolmes1974" class="citation cs2">Young, Peter; Holmes, Richard (1974), The English Civil War: a military history of the three civil wars 1642–1651, Eyre Methuen</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Civil+War%3A+a+military+history+of+the+three+civil+wars+1642%E2%80%931651&rft.pub=Eyre+Methuen&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Holmes%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Attribution: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2">Atkinson, Charles Francis (1911), "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Great_Rebellion" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Great Rebellion">Great Rebellion</a>", in <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.), <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, vol. 12 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 417</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Great+Rebellion&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=417&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Charles+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Ashley, Maurice (1990), The English Civil War, Sutton</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Civil+War&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAskew2016" class="citation journal cs1">Askew, Rachel (2016). "Political iconoclasm: the destruction of Eccleshall Castle during the English Civil Wars". Post-Medieval Archaeology. 50 (2): 279–288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00794236.2016.1203547">10.1080/00794236.2016.1203547</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157307448">157307448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Post-Medieval+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Political+iconoclasm%3A+the+destruction+of+Eccleshall+Castle+during+the+English+Civil+Wars&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=279-288&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00794236.2016.1203547&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157307448%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Askew&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Bennett, Martyn (1999), Historical Dictionary of the British and Irish Civil Wars 1637–1660, Scarecrow Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+British+and+Irish+Civil+Wars+1637%E2%80%931660&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer1966" class="citation cs2">Boyer, Richard E., ed. (1966), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/olivercromwellpu00boye">Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan revolt; failure of a man or a faith?</a>, Boston, Heath</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oliver+Cromwell+and+the+Puritan+revolt%3B+failure+of+a+man+or+a+faith%3F&rft.pub=Boston%2C+Heath&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Folivercromwellpu00boye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> – excerpts from primary and secondary sources.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraddick2009" class="citation cs2">Braddick, Michael (2009), God's Fury, England's Fire: A New History of the English Civil Wars, London: Penguin, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141008974" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141008974"><bdi>978-0141008974</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Fury%2C+England%27s+Fire%3A+A+New+History+of+the+English+Civil+Wars&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0141008974&rft.aulast=Braddick&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarendon1717" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a> (1717), History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England: Begun in the Year 1641</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Rebellion+and+Civil+Wars+in+England%3A+Begun+in+the+Year+1641&rft.date=1717&rft.au=Clarendon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyrebellio05clargoog">Volume I, Part 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyrebellio09clargoog">Volume I, Part 2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyrebellio02clargoog">Volume II, Part 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyrebellio07clargoog">Volume II, Part 2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyrebellio00clargoog">Volume III, Part 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyrebellio03clargoog">Volume III, Part 2</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarendon1827" class="citation cs2">Clarendon (1827), The Life of Edward, Earl of Clarendon, in which is included a Continuation of his History of the Grand Rebellion, Clarendon Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Edward%2C+Earl+of+Clarendon%2C+in+which+is+included+a+Continuation+of+his+History+of+the+Grand+Rebellion&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1827&rft.au=Clarendon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofedwardearl01clariala">Volume I</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofedwardearl02clariala">Volume II</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofedwardearl03clariala">Volume III</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCustHughes1997" class="citation cs2">Cust, Richard; Hughes, Ann, eds. (1997), The English Civil War, Arnold</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Civil+War&rft.pub=Arnold&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> – emphasis on historiography. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0340661994" title="Special:BookSources/978-0340661994">978-0340661994</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardiner1886–1901" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rawson_Gardiner" title="Samuel Rawson Gardiner">Gardiner, Samuel Rawson</a> (1886–1901), History of the Great Civil War, 1642–1649</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Great+Civil+War%2C+1642%E2%80%931649&rft.date=1886%2F1901&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Rawson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historygreatciv07gardgoog">Volume I (1642–1644)</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historygreatciv04gardgoog">Volume II (1644–1647)</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historygreatciv00gardgoog">Volume III (1645–1647)</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historygreatciv06gardgoog">Volume IV (1647–1649)</a>, The basic narrative history used by all other scholars.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudlow1894" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Ludlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmond Ludlow">Ludlow, Edmund</a> (1894), <a href="/wiki/C.H._Firth" class="mw-redirect" title="C.H. Firth">C.H. Firth</a> (ed.), The Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow Lieutenant-General of the Horse in the Army of the Commonwealth of England 1625–1672, Oxford: Clarendon Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Memoirs+of+Edmund+Ludlow+Lieutenant-General+of+the+Horse+in+the+Army+of+the+Commonwealth+of+England+1625%E2%80%931672&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Ludlow&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrill2014" class="citation cs2">Morrill, John (2014), The nature of the English Revolution, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+nature+of+the+English+Revolution&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Morrill&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> – 20 essays by Morrill. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlant2002" class="citation cs2">Plant, David (5 June 2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120829033755/http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/glossary/episcopacy.htm">British Civil Wars, Commonwealth and Protectorate 1638–60: Episcopy</a>, British Civil Wars, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/glossary/episcopacy.htm">the original</a> on 29 August 2012, retrieved 12 August 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Civil+Wars%2C+Commonwealth+and+Protectorate+1638%E2%80%9360%3A+Episcopy&rft.pub=British+Civil+Wars&rft.date=2002-06-05&rft.aulast=Plant&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-civil-wars.co.uk%2Fglossary%2Fepiscopacy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlant2009" class="citation cs2">Plant, David (3 August 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081222055910/http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/glossary/committee-safety.htm">The Committee of Safety</a>, British Civil Wars, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/glossary/committee-safety.htm">the original</a> on 22 December 2008, retrieved 25 November 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Committee+of+Safety&rft.pub=British+Civil+Wars&rft.date=2009-08-03&rft.aulast=Plant&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-civil-wars.co.uk%2Fglossary%2Fcommittee-safety.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriorBurgess2013" class="citation cs2">Prior, Charles W. A.; Burgess, Glenn, eds. (2013), England's wars of religion, revisited, Ashgate</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England%27s+wars+of+religion%2C+revisited&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> – 14 scholars discuss the argument of John Morrill that the English Civil War was the last war of religion, rather than the first modern revolution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv-hAgAAQBAJ">excerpt</a>; historiography pp. 1–25.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRakoczy2007" class="citation thesis cs1">Rakoczy, Lila (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/11092/">Archaeology of Destruction: A Reinterpretation of Castle Slightings in the English Civil War</a> (Ph.D. thesis thesis). University of York. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/931130655">931130655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Archaeology+of+Destruction%3A+A+Reinterpretation+of+Castle+Slightings+in+the+English+Civil+War&rft.degree=Ph.D.+thesis&rft.inst=University+of+York&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F931130655&rft.aulast=Rakoczy&rft.aufirst=Lila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.whiterose.ac.uk%2F11092%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2000" class="citation cs2">Scott, Jonathan (2000), England's Troubles: Seventeenth-century English political instability in European context, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42334-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42334-2"><bdi>978-0-521-42334-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England%27s+Troubles%3A+Seventeenth-century+English+political+instability+in+European+context&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-42334-2&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2001" class="citation cs2">Morgan, Hiram (March 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/187">"Jonathan Scott's major reinterpretation of the seventeenth century ... England's crisis is viewed in European perspective"</a>, Reviews in History (book review), <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14296%2FRiH%2Fissn.1749.8155">10.14296/RiH/issn.1749.8155</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11603%2F19192">11603/19192</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+History&rft.atitle=Jonathan+Scott%27s+major+reinterpretation+of+the+seventeenth+century+...+England%27s+crisis+is+viewed+in+European+perspective&rft.date=2001-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11603%2F19192&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14296%2FRiH%2Fissn.1749.8155&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Hiram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.ac.uk%2Freviews%2Freview%2F187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaipale2021" class="citation book cs1">Taipale, Antti (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-51-7307-2">Religion and the Battlefield in the First English Civil War (1642–1646): Instructing Soldiers and Dehumanising Enemies</a> (Ph.D. thesis). University of Helsinki. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-51-7306-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-51-7306-5"><bdi>978-951-51-7306-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Battlefield+in+the+First+English+Civil+War+%281642%E2%80%931646%29%3A+Instructing+Soldiers+and+Dehumanising+Enemies&rft.pub=University+of+Helsinki&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-951-51-7306-5&rft.aulast=Taipale&rft.aufirst=Antti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.fi%2FURN%3AISBN%3A978-951-51-7307-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2012" class="citation cs2">White, Matthew (January 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#EnglCW">Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th century: British Isles, 1641–52</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Death+Tolls+for+Wars%2C+Massacres+and+Atrocities+Before+the+20th+century%3A+British+Isles%2C+1641%E2%80%9352&rft.date=2012-01&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnecrometrics.com%2Fpre1700a.htm%23EnglCW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Wiemann, Dirk, ed. (2016), Perspectives on English Revolutionary Republicanism, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+English+Revolutionary+Republicanism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolrych2002" class="citation cs2">Woolrych, Austin (2002), Britain in revolution: 1625–1660, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+in+revolution%3A+1625%E2%80%931660&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Woolrych&rft.aufirst=Austin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Civil_War&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> English Civil War at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/English_Civil_War" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/English Civil War">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:English_Civil_War" class="extiw" title="c:Category:English Civil War">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/English_Civil_War" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/English Civil War">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/English_Civil_War" class="extiw" title="q:English Civil War">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/English_Civil_War" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/English Civil War">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/English_Civil_War" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/English Civil War">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/English_Civil_War" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/English Civil War">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.englishcivilwar.org">Englishcivilwar.org</a> News, comment and discussion about the English Civil War</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625044604/http://english-civil-war-society.org.uk/www/cms/">Official website of the English Civil War Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2894">The Revolution Over the Revolution</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060921002357/http://gainesjunction.tamu.edu/issues/vol2num1/bduke.pdf">"Jack Goldstone's Model and the English Civil War"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gainesjunction.tamu.edu/issues/vol2num1/bduke.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jack+Goldstone%27s+Model+and+the+English+Civil+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgainesjunction.tamu.edu%2Fissues%2Fvol2num1%2Fbduke.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Civil+War" class="Z3988"> (103 <a href="/wiki/Kibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibyte">KiB</a>) by Brandon W Duke</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927061920/http://boar.org.uk/ariwxe1CivilWar(home.htm">This page has links to some transcriptions of contemporary documents concerning eastern England</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070714115529/http://www.theteacher99.btinternet.co.uk/ecivil/index.htm">A national Civil War chronology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927061942/http://boar.org.uk/oriwxs5CivilWarLincs(chron.htm">Civil War chronology for Lincolnshire and its environs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406064709/http://www.connectedhistories.org/Search_results.aspx?dtf=1500-01-01&dtt=1899-12-31&kw=%22civil+war%22">Connected Histories</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Template:Wars of the Three Kingdoms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Template talk:Wars of the Three Kingdoms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wars of the Three Kingdoms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Wars" title="Bishops' Wars">Scottish Bishops' War</a> (1639–1640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Catholic Rebellion</a> (1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Irish Confederate Wars</a> (1642–1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_English_Civil_War" title="First English Civil War">First English Civil War</a> (1642–1646)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Scottish Civil War</a> (1644–1645)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_English_Civil_War" title="Second English Civil War">Second English Civil War</a> (1648–1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Irish Cromwellian War</a> (1649–1653)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_war_(1650%E2%80%931652)" title="Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652)">Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_in_the_English_Civil_War" title="Bristol in the English Civil War">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall_in_the_English_Civil_War" title="Cornwall in the English Civil War">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_in_the_English_Civil_War" title="Dorset in the English Civil War">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shropshire_in_the_English_Civil_War" title="Shropshire in the English Civil War">Shropshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarvin_in_the_English_Civil_War" title="Tarvin in the English Civil War">Tarvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcestershire_in_the_English_Civil_War" title="Worcestershire in the English Civil War">Worcestershire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Wars_of_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="European Wars of Religion">European Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1625%E2%80%9330)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1625–30)">Anglo-Spanish War, 1625–1630</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War, 1635–1659</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kingdom_of_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kingdom_of_England" title="Template:Kingdom of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kingdom_of_England" title="Template talk:Kingdom of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kingdom_of_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heptarchy" title="Heptarchy">Heptarchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Norman England">Anglo-Normans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchy" title="The Anarchy">The Anarchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="England in the late Middle Ages">England in the late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of England in the Middle Ages">Economy in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean era</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">The Restoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popish_Plot" title="Popish Plot">Popish Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Crisis" title="Exclusion Crisis">Exclusion Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Union with Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">Overseas possessions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_colony" title="Proprietary colony">Proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_England" title="Maritime history of England">Maritime history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Royal Houses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kn%C3%BDtlinga" title="House of Knýtlinga">Knýtlinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Normandy" title="House of Normandy">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_kings_of_England" title="Angevin kings of England">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">Orange-Nassau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witan" title="Witan">Witan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_regis" title="Curia regis">Curia regis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_Concilium" title="Magnum Concilium">Magnum Concilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Lords of England">House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Secretary" title="King's Secretary">King's Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_monarchy" title="History of the English monarchy">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Council_of_State" title="English Council of State">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">Peerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_ministries" title="List of English ministries">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance_of_England" title="Governance of England">Governance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Government in Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_medieval_England" title="Government in medieval England">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_government" title="Elizabethan government">Elizabethan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber">Star Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tories</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Acts of Parliament:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1225%E2%80%931267" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1225–1267">1225–1267</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1275%E2%80%931307" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1275–1307">1275–1307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1308%E2%80%931325" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1308–1325">1308–1325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_uncertain_date" title="Statutes of uncertain date">Temp. incert.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1327%E2%80%931376" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1327–1376">1327–1376</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1377%E2%80%931397" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1377–1397">1377–1397</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1399%E2%80%931411" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1399–1411">1399–1411</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1413%E2%80%931421" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1413–1421">1413–1421</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1422%E2%80%931460" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1422–1460">1422–1460</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1461" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1461">1461</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1463" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1463">1463</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1464" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1464">1464</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1467" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1467">1467</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1468" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1468">1468</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1472" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1472">1472</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1474" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1474">1474</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1477" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1477">1477</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1482" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1482">1482</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1483" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1483">1483</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1485" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1485">1485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1487" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1487">1487</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1488" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1488">1488</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1491" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1491">1491</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1495" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1495">1495</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1496" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1496">1496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1503" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1503">1503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1509" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1509">1509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1511" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1511">1511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1512" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1512">1512</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1513" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1513">1513</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1514" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1514">1514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1515" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1515">1515</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1523" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1523">1523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1529" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1529">1529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1530" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1530">1530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1531" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1531">1531</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1532" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1532">1532</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1533" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1533">1533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1534" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1534">1534</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1535" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1535">1535</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1536" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1536">1536</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1539" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1539">1539</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1540" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1540">1540</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1541" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1541">1541</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1542" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1542">1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1543" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1543">1543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1545" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1545">1545</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1546" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1546">1546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1547" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1547">1547</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1548" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1548">1548</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1549" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1549">1549</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1551" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1551">1551</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1553" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1553">1553</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1554" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1554">1554</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1555" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1555">1555</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1557" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1557">1557</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1558" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1558">1558</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1562" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1562">1562</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1566" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1566">1566</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1571" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1571">1571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1572" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1572">1572</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1575" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1575">1575</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1580" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1580">1580</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1584" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1584">1584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1586" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1586">1586</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1588" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1588">1588</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1592" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1592">1592</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1597" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1597">1597</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1601" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1601">1601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1603" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1603">1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1605" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1605">1605</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1606" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1606">1606</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1609" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1609">1609</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1620" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1620">1620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1623" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1623">1623</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1625" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1625">1625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1627" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1627">1627</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1640" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1640">1640</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ordinances_and_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1642%E2%80%931660" title="List of ordinances and acts of the Parliament of England, 1642–1660">1642–1660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1660" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1660">1660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1661" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1661">1661</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1662" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1662">1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1663" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1663">1663</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1664" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1664">1664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1665" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1665">1665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1666" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1666">1666</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1667" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1667">1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1670" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1670">1670</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1672" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1672">1672</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1675" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1675">1675</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1677" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1677">1677</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1678" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1678">1678</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1679" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1679">1679</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1680" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1680">1680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1685" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1685">1685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1688" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1688">1688</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1689" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1689">1689</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1690" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1690">1690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1691" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1691">1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1692" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1692">1692</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1693" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1693">1693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1694" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1694">1694</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1695" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1695">1695</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1696" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1696">1696</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1697" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1697">1697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1698" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1698">1698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1700" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1700">1700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1701" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1701">1701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1702" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1702">1702</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1703" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1703">1703</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1704" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1704">1704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1705" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1705">1705</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1706" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1706">1706</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of England">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_military_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon military organization">Anglo-Saxon military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Army" title="English Army">English Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ship_names_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="List of ship names of the Royal Navy">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Navy_(before_1707)" title="History of the Royal Navy (before 1707)">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_England" title="List of places in England">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_England" title="List of towns in England">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_England" title="List of castles in England">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces#England" title="List of palaces">Palaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_England" title="Demographics of England">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_people" title="List of English people">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folklore" title="English folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_dance" title="Morris dance">Morris dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_dance" title="Country dance">Country dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_England" title="Architecture of England">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_architecture" title="Anglo-Saxon architecture">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture">English Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_architecture" title="Tudor architecture">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_architecture" title="Elizabethan architecture">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_architecture" title="Jacobean architecture">Jacobean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture" title="Queen Anne style architecture">Queen Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">National flag</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_English_flags" title="List of English flags">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_heraldry" title="English heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_England" title="Coat of arms of England">Coat of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Arms" title="College of Arms">College of Arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_badges_of_England" title="Royal badges of England">Royal badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_supporters_of_England" title="Royal supporters of England">Royal supporters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_England" title="Royal standards of England">Royal standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom">Crown Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">St George</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day_in_England" title="Saint George's Day in England">St George's Day</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a 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