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Hutchins">Robert M. Hutchins</a>)</span> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> For the Little Rascals actor, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bobby_Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bobby Hutchins">Bobby Hutchins</a>. </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> <p><b>Robert Maynard Hutchins</b> (January 17, 1899 – May 14, 1977) was an American educational philosopher. He was president (1929–1945) and chancellor (1945–1951) of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Chicago?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, and earlier dean of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yale_Law_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a> (1927–1929).<sup id="cite_ref-bwdaset_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bwdaset-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first wife was the novelist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maude_Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maude Hutchins">Maude Hutchins</a>. Although his father and grandfather were both <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presbyterian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minister_of_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of religion">ministers</a>, Hutchins became one of the most influential members of the school of secular <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Educational_perennialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Educational perennialism">perennialism</a>.</p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <table class="infobox vcard"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"> <div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;"> Robert Maynard Hutchins </div></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Robert_Maynard_Hutchins_1921_Yale_2145977.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Robert_Maynard_Hutchins_1921_Yale_2145977.jpg/220px-Robert_Maynard_Hutchins_1921_Yale_2145977.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Robert_Maynard_Hutchins_1921_Yale_2145977.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="330"></a></span> <div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;"> Hutchins at Yale in 1921 </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">5th President of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Chicago?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br> 1929–1945</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Max_Mason?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Max Mason">Max Mason</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lawrence_A._Kimpton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lawrence A. Kimpton">Lawrence A. Kimpton</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">4th <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dean_of_Yale_Law_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dean of Yale Law School">Dean of Yale Law School</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br> 1927–1929</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Walter_Swan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Walter Swan">Thomas Walter Swan</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Edward_Clark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Edward Clark">Charles Edward Clark</a></td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th> <td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1899-01-17</span>)</span>January 17, 1899<br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn, New York">Brooklyn, New York</a>, U.S.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th> <td class="infobox-data">May 14, 1977<span style="display:none">(1977-05-14)</span> (aged 78)<br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara, California</a>, U.S.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maude_Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maude Hutchins">Maude Hutchins</a> <br> Vesta Orlick Hutchins</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yale_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bachelor's degree">BA</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bachelor_of_laws?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of laws">LLB</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th> <td class="infobox-data">Educator</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"> <div></div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>A graduate of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yale_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yale College">Yale College</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yale_Law_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yale Law School">law school</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yale_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, Hutchins joined the law faculty and soon was named dean. While dean, he gained notice for Yale's development of the philosophy of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legal_realism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legal realism">legal realism</a>. Hutchins was thirty years old when he became Chicago's president in 1929, and implemented wide-ranging and sometimes controversial reforms of the university, including the elimination of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chicago_Maroons_football?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chicago Maroons football">varsity football</a>. He supported interdisciplinary programs, including during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War II">World War II</a>, establishing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metallurgical_Laboratory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metallurgical Laboratory">Metallurgical Laboratory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan201611_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan201611-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His most far-reaching academic reforms involved the undergraduate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/College_of_the_University_of_Chicago?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="College of the University of Chicago">College of the University of Chicago</a>, which was retooled into a novel pedagogical system built on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Books">Great Books</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Socratic_dialogue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Socratic dialogue">Socratic dialogue</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comprehensive_examination?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comprehensive examination">comprehensive examinations</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/College_early_entrance_program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="College early entrance program">early entrance to college</a>. Although parts of the Hutchins Plan were abandoned by the University shortly after Hutchins left in 1951, an adapted version of the program survived at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shimer_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimer College">Shimer College</a>.</p> <p>Hutchins left Chicago for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ford_Foundation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a>, where he channeled resources into studying education. In 1954 he became president of a Ford Foundation spinoff devoted to civil liberties, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fund_for_the_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fund for the Republic">Fund for the Republic</a>. In 1959, he founded the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Center_for_the_Study_of_Democratic_Institutions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions">Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions</a>, a think tank in Santa Barbara, California.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Early_life_and_career"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life and career</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#University_of_Chicago_tenure"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">University of Chicago tenure</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Later_life_and_legacy"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Later life and legacy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Educational_theory"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Educational theory</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Works"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Works</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Robert_Maynard_Hutchins&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Early life and career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Robert Maynard Hutchins was born in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brooklyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> in 1899, the second of three sons of William James Hutchins, a Presbyterian minister and future <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berea_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berea College">Berea College</a> president.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eight years later, the family moved to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oberlin,_Ohio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oberlin, Ohio">Oberlin, Ohio</a>, site of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oberlin_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin College</a>, where William Hutchins became an instructor.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oberlin was a small community dedicated to evangelical ideals of righteousness and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Work_ethic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Work ethic">hard work</a>, which had a lifelong influence on Hutchins.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hutchins studied at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oberlin_High_School_(Ohio)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oberlin High School (Ohio)">Oberlin Academy</a> and subsequently <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oberlin_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin College</a> from 1915 to 1917.</p> <p>At age 18 in 1917, shortly after the United States entered <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Hutchins joined the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Army_Medical_Department_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Army Medical Department (United States)">ambulance service</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan201610_6-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan201610-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together with his brother William. The Hutchins brothers served in an all-Oberlin unit, Section 587, which for much of the war was stationed at the Allentown Fair Grounds, where they were tasked with creating a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barracks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barracks">barracks</a>. Upon subsequent deployment to Italy, Hutchins was awarded the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Croce_al_Merito_di_Guerra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Croce al Merito di Guerra">Croce al Merito di Guerra</a>.</p> <p>Returning from the war in 1919, Hutchins went to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yale_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a> 1921).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Yale he encountered a very different society from what he had known before at Oberlin; the tone was set by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University-preparatory_school?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="University-preparatory school">preparatory school</a> graduates who defied <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prohibition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prohibition">Prohibition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Hutchins did not enjoy the same level of financial support, and in his junior and senior years, he worked menial jobs for up to six hours per day to cover living expenses.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his senior year, he was tapped for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wolf%27s_Head_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wolf's Head Society">Wolf's Head Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having already fulfilled his graduation requirements, he also enrolled in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yale_Law_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>. Fascinated by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Case_method?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Case method">case method</a>, Hutchins subsequently regarded this as the beginning of his true education.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after his graduation in 1921, Hutchins married Maude Phelps McVeigh. They had three daughters together, the first born in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They divorced in 1948, and in 1949 he married Vesta Orlick, who had formerly been his secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>After spending a year teaching high school <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History">History</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_studies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English studies">English</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Placid,_New_York?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lake Placid, New York">Lake Placid, New York</a>, he was hired to become the Secretary of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yale_Corporation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yale Corporation">Yale Corporation</a>. In this position he was the principal assistant to the president of Yale, with responsibility for alumni relations and fundraising. Returning to New Haven, he also resumed his studies at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yale_Law_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LL.B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="LL.B">LL.B</a> 1925). Upon completing his LL.B., graduating at the top of his class, he was invited to join the Yale Law faculty, teaching courses on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evidence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evidence">evidence</a> and utility law. He became acting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dean_(education)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dean (education)">Dean</a> of Yale Law School in 1927, and full Dean in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was at this point, when he was the Dean of Yale Law while still in his 20s, that Hutchins became a national figure.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>At the time, Yale Law School was dominated by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legal_realism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legal realism">Legal Realists</a> and Hutchins sought to promote Legal Realism during his time as dean. Skeptical of the received rules of evidence that he had taught as a professor, he worked to integrate the findings of psychology, sociology and logic with the law.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His supporters in this enterprise included <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_O._Douglas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a>, who left <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Columbia_School_of_Law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia School of Law">Columbia School of Law</a> to work under Hutchins at Yale.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hutchins played a key role in convincing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a> to fund an Institute of Human Relations at Yale, to foster partnerships between the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_sciences?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a> and law and medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="University_of_Chicago_tenure">University of Chicago tenure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Robert_Maynard_Hutchins&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: University of Chicago tenure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>In 1929, he moved to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chicago?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, Illinois, to become President of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Chicago?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> at the age of 30, the youngest university president in the country. Over the next several years, Hutchins came to question Legal Realism, which he had previously championed, and grew skeptical of the ability of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empirical_research?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empirical research">empirical research</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_sciences?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a> to solve social problems, especially in the face of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Depression?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. Particularly through contact with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mortimer_Adler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortimer Adler">Mortimer Adler</a>, he became convinced that the solution to the philosophical problems facing the university lay in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aristotelianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomism">Thomism</a>. In the late 1930s, Hutchins attempted to reform the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Curriculum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Curriculum">curriculum</a> of the University of Chicago along Aristotelian-Thomist lines, only to have the faculty reject his proposed reforms three times.</p> <p>Hutchins served as President of the University of Chicago until 1945, and as the University's Chancellor until 1951. During his Chancellorship, he recruited a commission to inquire into the proper function of the media. By 1947, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hutchins_Commission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hutchins Commission">Hutchins Commission</a> issued their report on the "social responsibility" of the press.</p> <p>Hutchins was notable as a defender of academic freedom. When the University was accused of fostering communism in 1935 (by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Rudolph_Walgreen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Rudolph Walgreen">Charles Rudolph Walgreen</a>, who claimed his niece had been indoctrinated with communist ideas whilst studying there) and again in 1949, Hutchins defended the right of the University's faculty to teach as they wished, arguing that the best way to defeat communism was through open debate and scrutiny, rather than suppression. "Hutchins stood behind his faculty and their right to teach and believe as they wished, insisting that communism could not withstand the scrutiny of public analysis and debate."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Hutchins was able to implement his ideas regarding a two-year, generalist bachelors during his tenure at Chicago, and subsequently had designated those studying in depth in a field as masters students. He moreover pulled Chicago out of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Big Ten Conference">Big Ten Conference</a> and eliminated the school's increasingly struggling <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chicago_Maroons_football?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chicago Maroons football">football program</a>, which he saw as a campus distraction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan201610_6-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan201610-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hutchins heaped scorn upon schools which received more press coverage for their sports teams than for their educational programs, and the trustees provided the support he needed to drop football in December <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1939_Chicago_Maroons_football_team?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1939 Chicago Maroons football team">1939</a>.</p> <p>The decision was met with mixed reactions, with many students and alumni opposing the abolition of what had been seen as a major element of the University's culture.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a year, however, an overwhelming majority of students, alumni, and professors had aligned behind Hutchins's vision for a University that emphasized education above athletics. Hutchins today serves as a model for those who argue that commercialized college sports are incompatible with the academic and intellectual aims of institutions of higher learning.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>He also worked to eliminate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fraternities?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraternities">fraternities</a> and religious organizations for the same reason. While he exhibited great fervor for his curricular project and numerous notable alumni were produced during the period, nevertheless, the business community as well as donors became highly skeptical of the value of the program, and eventually were able to have the four-year, traditional A.B. and S.B. reinstated (and in time, football). The College's financial clout, which had been considerable prior to his tenure, underwent a serious downgrading with decreased collegiate enrollment and a drying up of donations from the school's principal Chicago area benefactors. As such, his critics view him as a dangerous idealist who pushed the school out of the national limelight and temporarily thwarted its possible expansion, while his supporters argue that it was his changes that kept Chicago intellectually unique and from taking on the vocational inclinations that he denigrated in his writings.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Later_life_and_legacy">Later life and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Robert_Maynard_Hutchins&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Later life and legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>After leaving his position at the University, Hutchins became an officer of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ford_Foundation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a>. Due to the rapid growth of the US automotive industry in the early 1950s, the Ford Foundation was running such large surpluses that it attracted unwanted attention from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a>. Hutchins was thus able to steer substantial funds into his areas of interest, establishing the Fund for the Advancement of Education and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fund_for_Adult_Education?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fund for Adult Education">Fund for Adult Education</a>. The Fund for the Advancement of Education sponsored projects including nationwide <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teacher_training?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Teacher training">teacher training</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/College_early_entrance_program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="College early entrance program">college early entrance programs</a> at 12 colleges. The programs at three of these colleges, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goucher_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goucher College">Goucher College</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Utah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shimer_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimer College">Shimer College</a>, continue in operation today. The Fund for Adult Education sponsored experimental educational programs for adults, chiefly in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liberal_arts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">liberal arts</a>; these included the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Educational_Television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Educational Television">National Educational Television</a> network which later became <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PBS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PBS">PBS</a>. In 1954 Hutchins became president of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fund_for_the_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fund for the Republic">Fund for the Republic</a>, which promoted civil liberties with $15 million from the Ford Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>After leaving the Fund for the Republic, Hutchins founded the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Center_for_the_Study_of_Democratic_Institutions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions">Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions</a><sup id="cite_ref-Powers_23-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Powers-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1959, which was his attempt to bring together a community of scholars to analyze this broad area. Hutchins described the Center's goal as examining democratic institutions "by taking a multidisciplinary look at the state of the democratic world – and the undemocratic world as well, because one has to contrast the two and see how they are going to develop." He further stated, "After discovering what is going on, or trying to discover what is going on, the Center offers its observations for such public consideration as the public is willing to give them".</p> <p>While modified and reduced in form, the collegiate curriculum at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Chicago?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> to this day reflects the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Books">Great Books</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Socratic_method?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Socratic method">Socratic method</a> championed by Hutchins' Secular <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Educational_perennialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Educational perennialism">Perennialism</a>. In addition, a direct descendant of the program continues in operation at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shimer_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimer College">Shimer College</a> in Chicago, which was affiliated with the University until the mid-1950s. A classroom and scholarship for early entrants at Shimer still bear his name. A somewhat more distantly related program is operated at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St._John%27s_College,_US?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's College, US">St. John's College</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carl_Sagan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> in <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></i> says that he was "lucky enough" to have studied under Hutchins, "where science was presented as an integral part of the gorgeous tapestry of human knowledge."<sup id="cite_ref-Washington_Post_1994_24-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Washington_Post_1994-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The Hutchins School of Liberal Studies at Sonoma is named in honor of Hutchins.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond2010_25-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hammond2010-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Along with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albert_Einstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, Hutchins was one of the sponsors of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peoples%27_World_Convention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples' World Convention">Peoples' World Convention</a> (PWC), also known as Peoples' World Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place in 1950-51 at Palais Electoral, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geneva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Educational_theory">Educational theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Robert_Maynard_Hutchins&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Educational theory" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This article <b>is written like a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DRobert_Maynard_Hutchins%26action%3Dedit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Throughout his career, Hutchins was a fierce proponent of using those select books that have gained a reputation of being <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Great books">great books</a> as an educational tool. In his interview in 1970 titled, "Don't Just Do Something", Hutchins explained, "...the Great Books [are] the most promising avenue to liberal education if only because they are teacher-proof." Illustrating his dedication to the Great Books, Hutchins served as Editor In Chief of <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Books_of_the_Western_World?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Books of the Western World">Great Books of the Western World</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gateway_to_the_Great_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gateway to the Great Books">Gateway to the Great Books</a></i>. Additionally, he served as coeditor of <i>The Great Ideas Today</i>, Chairman of the Board of Editors of <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> from 1943 to 1974, and also published extensively under his own name.</p> <p>According to Hutchins in <i>The University of Utopia</i>, "The object of the educational system, taken as a whole, is not to produce hands for industry or to teach the young how to make a living. It is to produce responsible citizens". In <i>The University of Utopia</i>, Hutchins describes a country that has evolved to become the perfect society, Utopia, as well as their educational system, which has the well-defined purpose of "promot[ing] the intellectual development of the people". Hutchins also explores some of the improper directions educational institutions have taken in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States">United States</a>. He argues that education is becoming nothing more than a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trade_school?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade school">trade school</a>, and a poor trade school at that. Hutchins discusses the relationship between a foundry and the local college in a particular town in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="California">California</a>. This college offers courses on doing foundry work, which instruct students to become workers at the foundry. In this way, the college is satisfying the need of the community for foundry workers rather than the intellectual needs of the individual. Further, Hutchins asserts that the foundry students actually receive poor training since educators do not have the practical experience of working in the foundry. Hutchins believes the students would receive a much more efficient and thorough education on working in a foundry by actually working in that foundry. He claims Universities should instead teach intellectual content, specifically the intellectual content related to the occupation, but that the occupation itself should take responsibility for training its employees. Hutchins also warns that education has shifted its focus from being educational to custodial. He charges that many schools have become no more than baby-sitting services for adolescents, protecting them from the tumultuous world of youth. He cites courses in home economics and driver's education as focusing on meeting a societal need rather than an educational goal. Hutchins also berates education for the path it has taken regarding specialization. According to Hutchins in his essay, "The Idea of a College," the specialization of American education has robbed students of the ability to communicate with other students outside of their field. He argues that a student of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biology">biology</a> cannot converse meaningfully with a student of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mathematics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> because they share no common educational experience.</p> <p>In <i>The University of Utopia</i>, Hutchins outlines the educational experience of young Utopians, where the first ten years of instruction prepare students for the learning experiences to come. Communication is the primary skill developed. Students learn to read, write, and discuss issues in preparation for their future lifetime of learning. Students study science and mathematics, which form part of the groundwork for future learning. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History">History</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geography">geography</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Literature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Literature">literature</a> are also studied to add to the framework for even deeper learning later in life. Finally, art and music are studied because these are considered the elements that make society great.</p> <p>Throughout these fields of study in Utopia, the Great Books, those books that shaped Western thought, are used as study material and are discussed by classes using the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Socratic_method?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Socratic method">Socratic method</a>. The Socratic method, named for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Socrates?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> and his method of teaching, involves the teacher's keeping the discussion on topic and guiding it away from errors of logic. In a discussion conducted in accordance with Socratic principles, unexamined opinions are fair game, and only reason itself is the final arbiter. Thus, any conclusions reached in such a discussion are the individual's own, not necessarily those of a class consensus, and certainly not necessarily the teacher's. The Great Books are a natural choice, since they are considered to be works of genius, timeless, and ever relevant to society. Why settle for lesser materials when you can have the best? Despite his other foci, Hutchins does not entirely shun the laboratory world; he believes, however, that some such things are best learned through discovery once a student has been graduated to the outside world.</p> <p>In Utopia, initial schooling is followed by college, which continues the study of a highly prescribed curriculum. Here, however, the focus shifts from learning the techniques of communication to exploring some of man's principal concepts of the world and the leading ideas that have propelled mankind. After college, students sit for an extensive exam created by an outside board, which reflects what an education appropriate to a free person should be. This rigorous exam is similar to those taken throughout a student's education but is more comprehensive. When the student passes this exam, he or she is awarded a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts Degree</a>. The degree is conferred based on the mastery of this information, not on the number of classes taken, credits earned, or hours spent in class.</p> <p>After proving that they have the necessary education to become a part of the republic of learning and of the political republic, the student may enter the work world or continue his or her formal education at the University. Once departing from formal education, a lifetime of learning follows for the citizens of Utopia. They visit centers of learning to explore and discuss ideas and analyze great works. These centers of learning are residential institutions where citizens go during what Americans would traditionally think of as vacation time. If they choose to matriculate to University, students begin to specialize, but they do not study collection of data, technical training, or solutions to immediate practical problems, but rather they explore the intellectual ideas specific to their chosen field. Here, students study in much less formal situations but with no less vigor. During their initial schooling and college, students had to prove that they could learn independently; if they then chose to attend a University, they were expected to make effective use of those skills.</p> <p>In addition to Hutchins's belief that school should pursue intellectual ideas rather than practical, he also believed that schools should not teach a specific set of values. "It is not the object of a college to make its students good, because the college cannot do it; if it tries to do it, it will fail; it will weaken the agencies that should be discharging this responsibility, and it will not discharge its own responsibility." The schools should not be in the business of teaching students what is right and just; it should be in the business of helping students make their own determinations.</p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>When young people are asked, "What are you interested in?" they answer that they are interested in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Justice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Justice">justice</a>: they want justice for the Negro, they want justice for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Third_World?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Third World">Third World</a>. If you say, "Well, what is justice?" they haven't any idea.</p> <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite>Berwick, 1970</cite> </div> </blockquote> <p>Critics will point out that the great books do not have one answer to what justice is or is not. In fact, there are many contradictory answers to this question. But what some see as a weakness, Hutchins sees as a strength. Hutchins asserts that students should be exposed to these conflicting ideas so that they may weigh and balance them in their own minds, boiling down the arguments and synthesizing a view of their own. In this way, and only in this way, can students learn what justice, beauty, and good really are.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Robert_Maynard_Hutchins&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul> <li>1936, <i>No Friendly Voice</i></li> <li>1936, <i>The Higher Learning in America</i></li> <li>1943, <i>Education for Freedom</i></li> <li>1945, <i>The Atomic Bomb versus Civilization</i><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1947, <i>The Education We Need</i></li> <li>1947, <i>The Works of the Mind: The Administrator</i><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1949, <i>St. Thomas and the World State</i></li> <li>1949, <i>The State of the University, 1929–1949</i></li> <li>1950 <i>Morals, Religion, and Higher Education</i></li> <li>1950, <i>The Idea of a College</i></li> <li>1952, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/greatconversatio00hutc/page/n9/mode/2up?view%3Dtheater">The Great Conversation: The Substance of a Liberal Education</a></i> (includes <i>The Tradition of the West</i>)</li> <li>1953, <i>The University of Utopia</i></li> <li>1953, <i>The Conflict in Education in a Democratic Society</i></li> <li>1954, <i>Great Books: The Foundation of a Liberal Education</i></li> <li>1956, <i>Some Observations on American Education</i></li> <li>1956, <i>Freedom, education and the Fund; essays and addresses, 1946–1956</i><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1963, <i>Gateway to the Great Books</i></li> <li>1968, <i>The Learning Society</i></li> <li>1968, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zuckerkandl!?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zuckerkandl!">Zuckerkandl!</a></i></li> <li>1969, <i>No Friendly Voice</i> (reprint)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1972, <i>Prospects for a Learning Society</i></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Robert_Maynard_Hutchins&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Educational_perennialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Educational perennialism">Educational perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Books">Great Books</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Books_of_the_Western_World?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Books of the Western World">Great Books of the Western World</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liberal_education?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liberal education">Liberal education</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/College_of_the_University_of_Chicago?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="College of the University of Chicago">College of the University of Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shimer_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimer College">Shimer Great Books School</a>, and</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St._John%27s_College_(Annapolis/Santa_Fe)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe)">St. John's College</a> whose Great Books Curricula are derived from the Hutchins Plan</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Robert_Maynard_Hutchins&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bwdaset-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bwdaset_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id%3DJc9SAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DXX8DAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6889%252C3869712">"Boy wonder dies at 78"</a>. <i>Deseret News</i>. (Salt Lake City, Utah). wire services. May 16, 1977. p. A2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=Boy+wonder+dies+at+78&rft.pages=A2&rft.date=1977-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DJc9SAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DXX8DAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6889%252C3869712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Maynard+Hutchins" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan201611-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan201611_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSullivan2016">Sullivan 2016</a>, p. 11.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNeill p. 18, Mayer p. 11, Dzuback p. 7.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNeill p. 18, Mayer p. 11, Dzuback p. 9.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNeill p. 18, Mayer pp. 14–15, Dzuback 19–20.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan201610-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan201610_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan201610_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSullivan2016">Sullivan 2016</a>, p. 10.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNeill, p. 21; Mayer, p. 35; Dzuback, p. 27</span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNeill, p. 22; Dzuback, p. 28.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNeill, p. 22; Mayer, p. 36.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dzuback, p. 30.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNeill, pp. 22–23; Mayer, p. 39.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNeill, p. 24.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bates, pp. 151–152.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNeill, p. 24; Dzuback, p. 43; Mayer, p. 58.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNeill, p. 24; Mayer, pp. 62–63.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNeill, p. 25; Dzuback, p. 44; Mayer, p. 68.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNeill, p. 25; Mayer, p. 68.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McNeill, p. 25; Dzuback, pp 56, 63; Mayer, p. 73.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021232801/https://president.uchicago.edu/about-the-office/history/robert-maynard-hutchins">"Robert Maynard Hutchins"</a>. <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uchicago.edu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Uchicago.edu">Uchicago.edu</a></i>. 11 June 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://president.uchicago.edu/directory/robert-maynard-hutchins">the original</a> on 2021-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Robert+Maynard+Hutchins&rft.date=2012-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpresident.uchicago.edu%2Fdirectory%2Frobert-maynard-hutchins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Maynard+Hutchins" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLester1995" class="citation book cs1">Lester, Robin (1995). <i>Stagg's university: the rise, decline, and fall of big-time football at Chicago</i>. Sport and society. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02128-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02128-2"><bdi>978-0-252-02128-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stagg%27s+university%3A+the+rise%2C+decline%2C+and+fall+of+big-time+football+at+Chicago&rft.place=Urbana&rft.series=Sport+and+society&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-252-02128-2&rft.aulast=Lester&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Maynard+Hutchins" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://thedrakegroup.org/the-2009-robert-maynard-hutchins-award-winner">"Robert Maynard Hutchins Award"</a>. 18 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Maynard+Hutchins+Award&rft.date=2019-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthedrakegroup.org%2Fthe-2009-robert-maynard-hutchins-award-winner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Maynard+Hutchins" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reeves, pp. 48, 75.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Powers-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Powers_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowers2004" class="citation book cs1">Powers, Francis (2004). <i>Operation Overflight: A Memoir of the U-2 Incident</i>. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 214. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781574884227?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781574884227"><bdi>9781574884227</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Overflight%3A+A+Memoir+of+the+U-2+Incident&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781574884227&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Maynard+Hutchins" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Washington_Post_1994-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Washington_Post_1994_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagan1994" class="citation news cs1">Sagan, Carl (1994-11-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203002223/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1994/11/06/in-praise-of-the-great-teachers/9829d3da-efb9-474c-817f-6568c742a48c/">"In praise of the Great Teachers"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1994/11/06/in-praise-of-the-great-teachers/9829d3da-efb9-474c-817f-6568c742a48c/">the original</a> on 2021-12-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=In+praise+of+the+Great+Teachers&rft.date=1994-11-06&rft.aulast=Sagan&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fentertainment%2Fbooks%2F1994%2F11%2F06%2Fin-praise-of-the-great-teachers%2F9829d3da-efb9-474c-817f-6568c742a48c%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Maynard+Hutchins" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hammond2010-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Hammond2010_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Debora_Hammond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Debora Hammond">Hammond, Debora</a> (2010). <i>The Science of Synthesis: Exploring the Social Implications of General Systems Theory</i>. University Press of Colorado. p. xiii. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781607320708?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781607320708"><bdi>9781607320708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Synthesis%3A+Exploring+the+Social+Implications+of+General+Systems+Theory&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Colorado&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781607320708&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Debora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Maynard+Hutchins" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinsteinNathanNorden1968" class="citation book cs1">Einstein, Albert; Nathan, Otto; Norden, Heinz (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://archive.org/details/einsteinonpeace00eins"><i>Einstein on peace</i></a>. Internet Archive. New York, Schocken Books. pp. 539, 670, 676.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein+on+peace&rft.pages=539%2C+670%2C+676&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Schocken+Books&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Nathan%2C+Otto&rft.au=Norden%2C+Heinz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feinsteinonpeace00eins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Maynard+Hutchins" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bibliotecanacionaldigital.gob.cl/bnd/623/w3-article-137193.html">"[Carta] 1950 oct. 12, Genève, [Suiza] [a] Gabriela Mistral, Santiago, Chile [manuscrito] Gerry Kraus"</a>. <i>BND: Archivo del Escritor</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BND%3A+Archivo+del+Escritor&rft.atitle=%5BCarta%5D+1950+oct.+12%2C+Gen%C3%A8ve%2C+%5BSuiza%5D+%5Ba%5D+Gabriela+Mistral%2C+Santiago%2C+Chile+%5Bmanuscrito%5D+Gerry+Kraus.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibliotecanacionaldigital.gob.cl%2Fbnd%2F623%2Fw3-article-137193.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Maynard+Hutchins" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchins1945" class="citation book cs1">Hutchins, Robert Maynard (1945). <i>Atomic Bomb Versus Civilization – Human Events Pamphlet #1 for December 1945</i>. Human Events Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atomic+Bomb+Versus+Civilization+%E2%80%93+Human+Events+Pamphlet+%231+for+December+1945&rft.pub=Human+Events+Inc&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Hutchins&rft.aufirst=Robert+Maynard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Maynard+Hutchins" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchins1947" class="citation book cs1">Hutchins, Robert Maynard (1947). Heywood, Robert B. (ed.). <i>The Works of the Mind: The Administrator</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/752682744">752682744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+the+Mind%3A+The+Administrator&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F752682744&rft.aulast=Hutchins&rft.aufirst=Robert+Maynard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Maynard+Hutchins" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchins1956" class="citation book cs1">Hutchins, Robert Maynard (1956). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/freedomeducation00hutc"><i>Freedom, education and the fund</i></a></span>. Meridian Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom%2C+education+and+the+fund&rft.pub=Meridian+Books&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Hutchins&rft.aufirst=Robert+Maynard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreedomeducation00hutc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Maynard+Hutchins" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchins" class="citation book cs1">Hutchins, Robert Maynard. <i>No Friendly Voice</i>. Hadamard Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Friendly+Voice&rft.pub=Hadamard+Press&rft.aulast=Hutchins&rft.aufirst=Robert+Maynard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Maynard+Hutchins" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Robert_Maynard_Hutchins&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harry_Ashmore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harry Ashmore">Ashmore, Harry Scott</a>. <i>Unseasonable Truths: The Life of Robert Maynard Hutchins</i>. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1989.</li> <li>Bates, Stephen. <i>An Aristocracy of Critics: Luce, Hutchins, Niebuhr, and the Committee That Redefined Freedom of the Press</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2020. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11189-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11189-7">978-0-300-11189-7</a>.</li> <li>Berwick, Keith. (1970). Interview with Robert M. Hutchins (transcript). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/hutchins-robert_dont-just-do-something-1972.html">Don't Just Do Something</a>.</li> <li>Dzuback, Mary Ann. <i>Robert M. Hutchins: Portrait of an Educator</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-17710-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-17710-6">0-226-17710-6</a>.</li> <li><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. (2001). Hutchins, Robert M. Retrieved July 6, 2004, from the University of Pennsylvania, English Department, Al Filreis, The Literature and Culture of the 1950s: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/hutchins-bio.html">http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/hutchins-bio.html</a></li> <li>Hutchins, Robert M. (1950). <i>The Idea of a College</i>. Retrieved 2012-08-15, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ditext.com/hutchins/1950.html">http://www.ditext.com/hutchins/1950.html</a></li> <li>Hutchins, Robert M. (1953) <i>The University of Utopia</i>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-56171-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-56171-2">0-226-56171-2</a>.</li> <li>Kelly, Frank K. <i>Court of Reason – Robert Hutchins and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fund_for_the_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fund for the Republic">Fund for the Republic</a></i>. New York: The Free Press, 1981</li> <li>MacAloon, John J., ed. <i>General Education in the Social Sciences: Centennial Reflections on the College of the University of Chicago</i> (1992)</li> <li>Mayer, Milton (1993). <i>Robert Maynard Hutchins: A Memoir</i>. University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07091-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07091-7">0-520-07091-7</a>.</li> <li>McArthur, Benjamin. “A Gamble on Youth: Robert M. Hutchins, the University of Chicago, and the Politics of Presidential Selection.” <i>History of Education Quarterly</i> 30 (1990): 161– 86.</li> <li>McNeill, William H. (1991). <i>Hutchins' University: A Memoir of the University of Chicago, 1929–1950</i>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Martín, Àngel Pascual. "Liberal education, residential practices and collegial life in the age of Great Universities in the US. Chicago and President Hutchins’ policy." <i>Espacio, Tiempo y Educación</i> 10.1 (2023): 77-94. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.espaciotiempoyeducacion.com/ojs/index.php/ete/article/download/600/285">online</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li>Purcell, Edward A., Jr. (1973), <i>The Crisis of Democratic Theory: Scientific Naturalism and the Problem of Value</i></li> <li>Reeves, Thomas C., <i>Freedom and the Foundation: The Fund for the Republic in the Era of McCarthyism</i> (New York: Knopf, 1969).</li> <li>Shils, Edward. "Robert Maynard Hutchins," <i>American Scholar</i>, 1990, Vol. 59, Issue 2, pp. 211–216.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2016" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Neil J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DMd4nDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Prometheus Bomb: The Manhattan Project and Government in the Dark</i></a>. Lincoln: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-890-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-890-2"><bdi>978-1-61234-890-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prometheus+Bomb%3A+The+Manhattan+Project+and+Government+in+the+Dark&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61234-890-2&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Neil+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMd4nDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Maynard+Hutchins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.folkways.si.edu/albumdetails.aspx?itemid%3D1282"><i>An Interview with Dr. Robert M. Hutchins</i></a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Smithsonian_Folkways?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Smithsonian Folkways">Smithsonian Folkways</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/multimedia/video/2008/wallace/hutchins_robert.html"><b>Dr Hutchins</b> interview</a> with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mike_Wallace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mike Wallace">Mike Wallace</a> on <i>The Mike Wallace Interview</i> July 20, 1958</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://president.uchicago.edu/history/hutchins.shtml">University of Chicago biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028123034/http://president.uchicago.edu/history/hutchins.shtml">Archived</a> 2009-10-28 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Robert_Maynard_Hutchins&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 13px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="13" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Robert_Maynard_Hutchins" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Robert Maynard Hutchins">Robert Maynard Hutchins</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.thegreatideas.org/libeducation.html">Center for the Study of the Great Ideas – Robert Hutchins on "Liberal Education"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728094540/http://www.thegreatideas.org/libeducation.html">Archived</a> 2011-07-28 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid%3DICU.SPCL.HUTCHINSRM">Guide to the Robert Maynard Hutchins Papers 1884–2000</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/scrc/">University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid%3DICU.SPCL.OFCPRESHUTCHINS">Guide to the University of Chicago Office of the President, Hutchins Administration Records 1892–1951</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/scrc/">University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center </a></li> <li><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/robert-m.-hutchins" class="extiw" title="iarchive:robert-m.-hutchins">FBI records on Robert Maynard Hutchins</a></li> </ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices</th> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Walter_Swan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Walter Swan">Thomas Walter Swan</a> </div></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Dean of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yale_Law_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a> </b><br> 1927–1929</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Edward_Clark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Edward Clark">Charles Edward Clark</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Max_Mason?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Max Mason">Max Mason</a> </div></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/President_of_the_University_of_Chicago?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the University of Chicago">President of the University of Chicago</a> </b><br> 1929–1951</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lawrence_A._Kimpton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lawrence A. 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