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Torrance</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Torrance – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thomas F. Torrance" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_F._Torrance" title="Thomas F. Torrance – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thomas F. Torrance" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4_F._%ED%86%A0%EB%A0%8C%EC%8A%A4" title="토머스 F. 토렌스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토머스 F. 토렌스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_F._Torrance" title="Thomas F. Torrance – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thomas F. Torrance" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%81._%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="توماس اف. تورانس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توماس اف. تورانس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="トーマス・トーランス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トーマス・トーランス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_F._Torrance" title="Thomas F. Torrance – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thomas F. Torrance" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Торранс, Томас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Торранс, Томас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Torrance" title="Thomas Torrance – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thomas Torrance" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scottish Protestant theologian (1913–2007)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Very_Reverend" title="The Very Reverend">The Very Reverend</a></div><div class="fn">Thomas F. Torrance</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">MBE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh">FRSE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_F._Torrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1e/Thomas_F._Torrance.jpg/220px-Thomas_F._Torrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1e/Thomas_F._Torrance.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Thomas Forsyth Torrance</div><br />30 August 1913<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">2 December 2007<span style="display:none">(2007-12-02)</span> (aged 94)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Margaret Spear</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="2 October 1946">1946</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Torrance" title="Thomas Torrance">Thomas Torrance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Torrance" title="J. B. Torrance">J. B. Torrance</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_W._Torrance" title="David W. Torrance">David W. Torrance</a> (brother)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Iain_Torrance" title="Iain Torrance">Iain Torrance</a> (son)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Basel" title="University of Basel">University of Basel</a></li></ul></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influenced</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Purves" title="Andrew Purves">Andrew Purves</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Thomas Forsyth Torrance</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">MBE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh">FRSE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span></span> (30 August 1913 – 2 December 2007), commonly referred to as <b>T. F. Torrance</b>, was a Scottish <a href="/wiki/Protestant_theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant theologian">Protestant theologian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian minister">Presbyterian minister</a>. He was a member of the famed <a href="/wiki/Torrance_family" title="Torrance family">Torrance family</a> of theologians. Torrance served for 27 years as professor of Christian dogmatics at <a href="/wiki/New_College,_Edinburgh" title="New College, Edinburgh">New College</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>. He is best known for his pioneering work in the study of science and theology, but he is equally respected for his work in <a href="/wiki/Systematic_theology" title="Systematic theology">systematic theology</a>. </p><p>In addition to writing many of his own books and articles, he also edited the translation of several hundred theological writings into English, including the thirteen-volume, six-million-word <i><a href="/wiki/Church_Dogmatics" title="Church Dogmatics">Church Dogmatics</a></i> of Swiss theologian <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>'s New Testament <i>Commentaries</i>. </p><p>Torrance has been acknowledged as one of the most significant English-speaking theologians of the 20th century. In 1978, he received the <a href="/wiki/Templeton_Foundation_Prize_for_Progress_in_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Templeton Foundation Prize for Progress in Religion">Templeton Foundation Prize for Progress in Religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Torrance remained a dedicated churchman throughout his life, serving as an ordained minister in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>. He was instrumental in the development of the historic agreement between the <a href="/wiki/World_Alliance_of_Reformed_Churches" title="World Alliance of Reformed Churches">World Alliance of Reformed Churches</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> churches on the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, who released a joint statement of agreement on 13 March 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After retiring from the University of Edinburgh in 1979, he continued to lecture and to publish extensively, including several influential books on the Trinity: <i>The Trinitarian Faith: The Evangelical Theology of the Ancient Catholic Church</i> (1988); <i>Trinitarian Perspectives: Toward Doctrinal Agreement</i> (1994); and <i>The Christian Doctrine of God, One Being Three Persons</i> (1996). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_F._Torrance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_academic_career">Education and academic career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_F._Torrance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education and academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thomas Forsyth Torrance was the son of the Revd <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Torrance" title="Thomas Torrance">Thomas Torrance</a> (1871–1959) and Annie Elizabeth Torrance (1883–1981), both <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> missionaries of <a href="/wiki/China_Inland_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="China Inland Mission">China Inland Mission</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">West China</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he spent the first 13 years of his life. He was named after his great-grandfather, also Thomas Forsyth Torrance.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He began studying in Edinburgh in 1931, focusing on classics and philosophy. At that time his own <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">realist</a> views of philosophy, theology and morality started to take shape. He moved to the study of theology at the Faculty of Divinity (<a href="/wiki/New_College,_Edinburgh" title="New College, Edinburgh">New College</a>) in 1934, and began to question the theological methodology of <a href="/wiki/Schleiermacher" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a> for its lack of realist scientific objectivity. </p><p>For Torrance, such objectivity meant that theological concepts must be shaped by the unique nature of the object of reflection.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this regard, theology differed from science only in the object being reflected; while science reflects the world, theology reflects the Creator of the world — who was no distant God, but became incarnate within time and space to reconcile the world to himself. Therefore Torrance opposed every form of <a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">dualism</a>, because it kept God from interacting with people throughout history. He also opposed <a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">subjectivism</a> because he held that it was impossible for people to know God objectively by reflecting upon themselves. Torrance was strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Ross_Mackintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Ross Mackintosh">Hugh Ross Mackintosh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who stressed the centrality of Christ and the connection between theology and mission; and by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Lamont" title="Daniel Lamont">Daniel Lamont</a>, who stressed the relationship between Christianity and scientific culture.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Torrance was awarded the Blackie Fellowship in 1936 to study in the Middle East. In <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, he was accused of being a spy and sentenced to death. However, he was able to convince the authorities that he was a theological student and was allowed to proceed to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He eventually returned to Scotland and graduated <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa cum laude">summa cum laude</a></i>, specialising in systematic theology. </p><p>He taught at <a href="/wiki/Auburn_Theological_Seminary" title="Auburn Theological Seminary">Auburn Theological Seminary</a> from 1938 to 1939. He was offered a position in religion at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, which he rejected in order to return home to Scotland before the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1939 to 1940, Torrance studied at <a href="/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford" title="Oriel College, Oxford">Oriel College, Oxford</a>, and he was ordained as a minister on 20 March 1940. During the war, he provided pastoral and practical support to Scottish soldiers in North Africa and northern Italy. On more than one occasion, he escaped with his life after coming under fire.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, he returned to his parish in <a href="/wiki/Alyth" title="Alyth">Alyth</a> and later became minister at Beechgrove Church in <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, following in the footsteps of his Hugh Ross Mackintosh, his former professor. </p><p>He married Margaret Edith Spear on 2 October 1946 at Combe Down Parish Church near <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>. His children include Thomas Spear Torrance (3 July 1947, now an economist and philosopher of science at <a href="/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University" title="Heriot-Watt University">Heroit-Watt</a>), <a href="/wiki/Iain_Torrance" title="Iain Torrance">Iain Richard Torrance</a> (13 January 1949) and Alison Meta Elizabeth Torrance (15 April 1951, now a <a href="/wiki/General_practitioner" title="General practitioner">general practitioner</a> in Edinburgh). </p><p>Also in 1946, he completed his doctorate with Karl Barth in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> and graduated <i>magna cum laude</i>. His dissertation was titled "The Doctrine of Grace in the Apostolic Fathers". In 1948, he was the founding editor of the peer-reviewed journal the <i><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Journal_of_Theology" title="Scottish Journal of Theology">Scottish Journal of Theology</a></i>, which his son Iain continues to edit along with Bryan Spinks of <a href="/wiki/Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale">Yale</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_F._Torrance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ecumenism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> churchman and theologian, Torrance worked throughout his career for <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenical harmony</a> with <a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherans">Lutherans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a>. </p><p>He represented the Church of Scotland in conversations with the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> from 1949 to 1951, and fought tirelessly for the visible union of the Church;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1954 to 1962, he was the Convener of the <i>Church of Scotland Commission on Baptism</i> (with John Heron, the father of Alasdair Heron, acting as secretary), and in 1954 he was present at the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a> meeting in <a href="/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois" title="Evanston, Illinois">Evanston, Illinois</a>. </p><p>Torrance' ecumenical work with the Eastern Orthodox Church was recognised in 1973 when the Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Axum</a> made him an honorary <a href="/wiki/Protopresbyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Protopresbyter">protopresbyter</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Alexandria">Patriarchate of Alexandria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served on the <i>Reformed–Roman Catholic Study Commission on the Eucharist</i> which met at Woudschoten in the Netherlands in 1974. At that time, he formed a personal relationship with the Roman Catholic cardinal and renowned ecumenist <a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a>. </p><p>Torrance believed that <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a>'s work on the Trinity offered an opportunity for genuine ecumenical convergence between <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">West</a>, and between Catholics and <a href="/wiki/Evangelicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelicals">Evangelicals</a>. He led a <a href="/wiki/Colloquy_(religious)" title="Colloquy (religious)">colloquy</a> in Switzerland to discuss Rahner's work in March 1975. He also made significant contributions to Reformed and Roman Catholic discussions of Justification by Faith and by Grace, and there is also much in Torrance's writing that could form the basis for fraternal dialogue between Christians and Jews.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Opinion" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view/FAQ#Assert_facts,_not_opinions" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ"><span title="This statement may be opinion presented as fact. (August 2023)">opinion</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From 1976 to 1977, Torrance served as <a href="/wiki/Moderator_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland</a> (as did his son Iain from 2003 to 2004). He received an honorary doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University" title="Heriot-Watt University">Heriot-Watt University</a> in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_F._Torrance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_F._Torrance&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dogmatic_theology">Dogmatic theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_F._Torrance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dogmatic theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the reasons that Torrance's theology is now becoming the focus for many doctoral students is that his was a profoundly <a href="/wiki/Christocentrism" title="Christocentrism">Christ-centred</a> theology that was in no way Christomonist (one that reduced all theology to Christology), but instead integrated all Christian doctrine in such a way as to offer sensible and compelling explanations of the Christian faith. This integration of doctrine began for Torrance with the Nicene homoousion (the idea that the eternal Son was and is one in being with the Father and Spirit in eternity and with us by virtue of the incarnation), and included the doctrines of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">Incarnation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">Atonement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pneumatology_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatology (Christianity)">Pneumatology</a>, the church and the sacraments as well as a theology of ordained ministry. </p><p>Interpreting each of these doctrines from within the perspective of an ecumenically open doctrine of the Trinity, with which most Roman Catholic and Orthodox theologians would substantially agree, Torrance forged an understanding of Justification by Grace that demonstrated exactly how and why Christ, in his uniqueness as God become man acting from within the human situation marked by sin and evil, overcame sin, suffering, evil and death once and for all both from the divine and the human side. This enabled Torrance to offer a theology that was at once full of depth and meaning and yet joyful and hopeful because he knew that Jesus was no mere moral example of the good life, but God himself who suffered the God-forsakenness associated with human enmity against God on the cross out of unconditional love for humanity, and did so effectively precisely because he was the Word of God incarnate. </p><p>He once said that if Jesus was just a man dying on a cross, then Christianity would be immoral, offering a picture of a vindictive God along with the image of a pagan human attempt to appease God through human sacrifice—a form of self-justification. But put God on the cross and the whole picture changes because then the depth of God's costly love could be seen to include the fact that God was not aloof from human suffering but willing himself to experience this suffering in his own Son in order to overcome all that threatens true human existence in fellowship with God. All of this was accomplished and demonstrated in Christ's resurrection and continues to be lived as part of the new creation in the Church, as the community is united through faith and hope with the ascended and advent Lord by the Holy Spirit, through partaking of the Sacraments and through preaching and teaching the Gospel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theology_and_science">Theology and science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_F._Torrance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Theology and science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Torrance was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Templeton_Foundation_Prize_for_Progress_in_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Templeton Foundation Prize for Progress in Religion">Templeton Foundation Prize for Progress in Religion</a> in 1978. His contributions to the dialogue between science and theology led <a href="/wiki/Alister_McGrath" title="Alister McGrath">Alister McGrath</a> to observe that many of those theologians he studied were unfazed by their lack of experience with the method and norms of natural science, but wrote about science nonetheless. In contrast, "Torrance’s writings were, quite simply, of landmark significance."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> P. Mark Achtemeier describes Torrance's work in this area as "magisterial and highly original."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_B._Kaiser" title="Christopher B. Kaiser">Christopher Kaiser</a> noted that if Einstein was the person of the century from the perspective of the secular media, then Torrance would qualify as the theologian of the century from the perspective of people who are science-minded.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his groundbreaking book <i>Theological Science</i>, Torrance argued that theology and natural science hold in common the same need to understand reality by pointing beyond the subjectivity that distorts objective reality. Theology and science should then be seen as "allies in a common front where each faces the same insidious enemy, namely, man himself assuming the role of Creator ..." (Torrance, <i>Theological Science</i>, xiii). He contended that, so long as the dialogue is conceived to be between science and religion, "we shall not escape from romantic naturalism." Instead, he insisted that the focus should be on the dialogue between science and theology, and thus between the "philosophy of natural science" and the "philosophy of theological science", because these two methods have in common the "struggle for scientific method on their proper ground and their own distinctive fields" (Torrance, <i>Theological Science</i>, xiii). </p><p>Torrance did a great deal to foster this discussion in his books <i>Space, Time and Incarnation</i> and <i>Space, Time and Resurrection</i> where he showed the connections between the two sciences by allowing theology to understand what it means to think of God acting in new and distinctive ways within created time and space, while respecting the distinctive nature of creation itself in its fallen and reconciled condition. </p><p>Torrance famously argued for a non-dualist and non-monist view of theology and science in the school of the renowned physicist and theologian <a href="/wiki/John_Philoponus" title="John Philoponus">John Philoponos</a> (490-570) whose thinking stood in stark contrast to Aristotelian and Neoplatonic thinking which Torrance believed was harmful both to science and to theology. Such thinking led to ideas of God as an unmoved mover, and thus one who was not a living God capable of acting within creation without being conditioned by creation or limited by it. </p><p>Torrance approved of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">Maxwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi">Polanyi</a> in their attempts to hold together thought and reality, experience and ideas, instead of tearing them apart and believed that theologians could learn from this. Such unitary thinking in science, Torrance believed, could help theologians overcome Kantian and Cartesian dualism. His theology demonstrates exactly how he thought this should be done, especially as this relates to interpreting Scripture. When form and being are separated, as they are when our ideas are separated from objective reality, then it becomes impossible to know Jesus as he is in himself; we only know Jesus as he appeared to be to his followers and this leaves the door open to the idea that Jesus could be created and re-created according to people's faith. This was especially problematic with respect to the risen Lord. When the cord is cut between idea and reality, then it is thought that the resurrection is only a mythological way of reflecting on the death of Jesus instead of as a description of a unique occurrence in his life history that enabled a true understanding of his person and work as recorded in the scriptures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implications_of_thought">Implications of thought</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_F._Torrance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Implications of thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Torrance's scientific theology could be especially helpful today in the debate over whether election constitutes God's triunity or whether the triune God eternally elects us without exhausting his being in his actions for us as Creator, Reconciler and Redeemer. Torrance's thinking, following Barth, clearly comes down against any idea that God's eternal being is constituted by his relations with us in history. And that is precisely one of the factors that makes his thinking so compelling to so many today. </p><p>More than any theologian of the twentieth century, Torrance had a lively sense of Christ's continued high-priestly mediation of humanity to the Father through the Holy Spirit. It is just this emphasis that enabled Torrance to take seriously the fact that there could be no created substitute for the man Jesus in his continued existence as the risen, ascended and advent Lord who, in his true humanity and true divinity, continues even now and until his second coming, to unite people humanly to himself as his body on earth (the Church) through faith and by grace. His is a biblically informed and patristically grounded theology that will serve the ecumenical church for many years to come just as the theology of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a>, his mentor, continues to do. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_F._Torrance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The fact that there is a scholarly society, formed in 2004, the Thomas F. Torrance Theological Fellowship, with a mission to promote serious reflection on the Christian faith following Torrance's own approach to theology, is certainly testimony to the growing importance of his work and extraordinary contributions to the Christian Church and its theology.</li></ul> <ul><li>Torrance's thinking has influenced a number of prominent twentieth-century theologians such as <a href="/wiki/Colin_Gunton" title="Colin Gunton">Colin E. Gunton</a> (1941-2003), a leading theologian of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> in Great Britain.</li></ul> <ul><li>Torrance's thinking about the theology of nature has influenced <a href="/wiki/Alister_McGrath" title="Alister McGrath">Alister McGrath</a>'s approach to the subject of natural theology.</li></ul> <ul><li>Torrance influenced the thinking of some of today's leading Systematic Theologians in Great Britain and on the Continent such as Ivor Davidson of the University of St. Andrews, David A. S. Fergusson of the University of Edinburgh, Alasdair I. C. Heron of the University of Erlangen, Germany, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Torrance" title="Alan Torrance">Alan J. Torrance</a> of the University of St. Andrews, Robert T. Walker of the University of Edinburgh and <a href="/wiki/John_Webster_(theologian)" title="John Webster (theologian)">John B. Webster</a> of the University of Aberdeen.</li></ul> <ul><li>In the United States, Torrance influenced the theology of Ray S. Anderson (1925-2009), one of his former students, who taught in the area of Theology and Ministry for many years at <a href="/wiki/Fuller_Theological_Seminary" title="Fuller Theological Seminary">Fuller Theological Seminary</a> and learned from Torrance to understand theology as a practical science.</li></ul> <ul><li>Torrance has influenced many other American and Canadian theologians too numerous to mention here. One indication of this influence is the fact that so many North Americans are engaged in research and doctoral study of Torrance's theology. Also, Torrance's influence can be seen in the thinking of Matthew Baker of Fordham University; Elmer Colyer of the University of Dubuque Theological Seminary, one of the founding Directors of the T. F. Torrance Theological Fellowship and author of a number of works on Torrance; Gary Deddo, Senior Editor at InterVarsity Press and founding President of the T. F. Torrance Theological Fellowship and author of a number of works on Torrance; George Dion Dragas, Professor of Patrology and Patristics, Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology, Brookline, Massachusetts; Eric Flett of Eastern University, St. David's, Pennsylvania and author of a book on the Theology of Culture as understood through the thinking of Torrance; Michael Gibson of Vanderbilt University; Myk Habets of Carey Baptist College, Auckland, New Zealand, author of a number of works on Torrance, including a book on Torrance and Theosis; George Hunsinger, Hazel Thompson McCord Professor of Systematic Theology at Princeton Theological Seminary and author of a number of works on Torrance as well as an important book on the Eucharist, influenced by Torrance; Christian Kettler of Friends University, Kansas, the current President of the Thomas F. Torrance Theological Fellowship and author of a number of books that demonstrate Torrance's influence; Paul D. Molnar, professor of Systematic Theology at St. John's University in Queens, New York, past President of the Thomas F. Torrance Theological Fellowship and author of a number of works on Torrance including a book on Torrance's trinitarian theology; Andrew Purves, chair in reformed theology at Pittsburgh Theological Seminary; and Joel Scandrett, director of the Robert E. Webber Center at Trinity School for Ministry in Ambridge, Pennsylvania.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_F._Torrance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Achtner" title="Wolfgang Achtner">Wolfgang Achtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Church_Dogmatics" title="Church Dogmatics">Church Dogmatics</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogmatic_theology" title="Dogmatic theology">Dogmatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Fergusson_(theologian)" title="David Fergusson (theologian)">David A.S. Fergusson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Florovsky" title="Georges Florovsky">Georges Florovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Gunton" title="Colin Gunton">Colin Gunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Lamont" title="Daniel Lamont">Daniel Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alister_McGrath" title="Alister McGrath">Alister McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-orthodoxy" title="Paleo-orthodoxy">Paleo-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Paul" title="Iain Paul">Iain Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philoponus" title="John Philoponus">John Philoponus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi">Michael Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Journal_of_Theology" title="Scottish Journal of Theology">Scottish Journal of Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templeton_Foundation_Prize_for_Progress_in_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Templeton Foundation Prize for Progress in Religion">Templeton Foundation Prize for Progress in Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Torrance" title="Alan Torrance">Alan Torrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Torrance" title="Iain Torrance">Iain Richard Torrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Alliance_of_Reformed_Churches" title="World Alliance of Reformed Churches">World Alliance of Reformed Churches</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_works">Major works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_F._Torrance&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Major works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Doctrine of Grace in the Apostolic Fathers</i>. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1948</li> <li><i>Calvin’s Doctrine of Man</i>. London: Lutterworth Press, 1949.</li> <li><i>Kingdom and Church: A Study in the Theology of the Reformation</i>, Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1956.</li> <li>Coedited with G.W. Bromiley: Karl Barth, <i>Church Dogmatics</i> I/2 <i>The Doctrine of the Word of God. Prolegomena</i>, Part 2, translated by G.T. Thomson and H. Knight. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1956.</li> <li>Coedited with G.W. Bromiley: Karl Barth, <i>Church Dogmatics</i> IV/1 <i>The Doctrine of Reconciliation</i>, Part I, translated by G.W. Bromiley. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1956.</li> <li><i>When Christ Comes and Comes Again</i>. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1957.</li> <li>Coedited with G.W. Bromiley: Karl Barth, <i>Church Dogmatics</i> II/1, <i>The Doctrine of God</i>, translated by T.H.L. Parker, W.B. Johnston, H. Knight and J.L.M. Haire. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1957.</li> <li>Coedited with G.W. Bromiley: Karl Barth, <i>Church Dogmatics</i> II/2, <i>The Doctrine of God</i>, translated by G.W. Bromiley, J.C. Campbell, I. Wilson, J. Strathern McNab, H. Knight and R.A. Stewart. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1957.</li> <li>Coedited with G.W. Bromiley: Karl Barth, <i>Church Dogmatics</i> III/1, <i>The Doctrine of Creation</i>, Part 1, translated by J.W. Edwards, O. Bussey and H. Knight. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1958.</li> <li>Coedited with G.W. Bromiley: Karl Barth, <i>Church Dogmatics</i> IV/2, Part 2, <i>The Doctrine of Reconciliation</i>, translated by G.W. Bromiley. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1958.</li> <li>Editor, "The Mystery of the Lord's Supper: Sermons by Robert Bruce", Edinburgh: Rutherford House, 1958.</li> <li><i>The Apocalypse Today</i>. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1959.</li> <li><i>Conflict and Agreement in the Church, I: Order and Disorder</i>. London: Lutterworth Press, 1959.</li> <li>Coedited with G.W. Bromiley: Karl Barth, <i>Church Dogmatics</i> III/2. <i>The Doctrine of Creation</i>, Part 2, Translated by H. Knight, J.K.S. Reid, G.W. Bromiley and R.H. Fuller. Edinburgh, T&T Clark, 1960.</li> <li>Coedited with G.W. Bromiley: Karl Barth, <i>Church Dogmatics</i> III/3. <i>The Doctrine of Creation</i>, Part 3, Translated by G.W. Bromiley and R. Ehrlich. Edinburgh, T&T Clark, 1960.</li> <li>"Justification: Its Radical Nature and Place in Reformed Doctrine and Life," SJT 13 (1960) 240.</li> <li><i>Conflict and Agreement in the Church, II: The Ministry and Sacraments of the Gospel</i>. London: Lutterworth Press, 1960.</li> <li><i>Karl Barth: an Introduction to his Early Theology, 1910-1931</i>. London: SCM Press; New York: Harper & Row, 1962.</li> <li>"Scientific Hermeneutics according to St. Thomas Aquinas." The Journal of Theological Studies XIII.2 (October, 1962): 259–89.</li> <li>Coedited with D.W. Torrance, <i>Calvin's Commentaries, The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians</i>, translated by T.A. Smail. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1964.</li> <li><i>Theology in Reconstruction</i>. London: SCM Press Ltd, 1965.</li> <li>Coedited with D.W. Torrance, <i>Calvin's Commentaries, The Epistles of Paul the Apostle to the Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians and Colossians</i>, translated by T.H.L Parker. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1965.</li> <li>Coedited with D.W. Torrance, <i>Calvin's Commentaries, The Acts of the Apostles 14-26</i>, translated by J.W. Fraser. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1966.</li> <li>Coedited with D.W. Torrance, <i>Calvin's Commentaries, A Harmony of the Gospels: Matthew, Mark and Luke</i>, 3 vols. Vols 1 and 3 translated by A.W. Morrison and vol. 2 translated by T.H.L. Parker. Edinburgh: Saint Andrew Press, 1972; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1968.</li> <li><i>Space, Time and Incarnation</i>. London: Oxford University Press, 1969</li> <li><i>Theological Science</i>. London: Oxford University Press, 1969.</li> <li>"The Problem of Natural Theology in the Thought of Karl Barth." <i><a href="/wiki/Religious_Studies_(journal)" title="Religious Studies (journal)">Religious Studies</a></i> 6 (1970): 121–35.</li> <li><i>God and Rationality</i>. London: Oxford University Press, 1971.</li> <li>"The Relation of the Incarnation to Space in Nicene Theology," <i>The Ecumenical World of Orthodox Civilization: Russia and Orthodoxy</i>. vol. 3. (<i>Essays in Honor of Georges Florovsky</i>) ed. Andrew Blane. Paris: Mouton, 1974.</li> <li><i>Theology in Reconciliation: Essays towards Evangelical and Catholic Unity in East and West</i>. London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1975.</li> <li>"Toward Ecumenical Consensus on the Trinity," <i>Theologische Zeitschrift</i> 31 (1975) 337–50.</li> <li><i>Space, Time and Resurrection</i>. Edinburgh: Handsel Press, 1976</li> <li><i>The Ground and Grammar of Theology</i>. Charlottesville: The University Press of Virginia, 1980.</li> <li><i>Christian Theology and Scientific Culture,</i> vol. 1 of series, <i>Theology and Scientific Culture,</i> edited with general foreword by Torrance. New Edition. Belfast: Christian Journals; New York: Oxford University Press, 1981</li> <li><i>Divine and Contingent Order</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1981.</li> <li><i>The Incarnation: Ecumenical Studies in the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed</i>. Edinburgh: The Handsel Press, 1981.</li> <li><i>Reality and Evangelical Theology</i>. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1982.</li> <li><i>A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field</i>, <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>, edited by Torrance, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Academic_Press" title="Scottish Academic Press">Scottish Academic Press</a>, February 1983, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7073-0324-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7073-0324-9">0-7073-0324-9</a></li> <li>"The Deposit of Faith." The Scottish Journal of Theology 36.1 (1983): 1-28.</li> <li><i>Transformation & Convergence in the Frame of Knowledge: Explorations in the Interrelations of Scientific and Theological Enterprise</i>. Belfast: Christian Journals; Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1984.</li> <li><i>The Christian Frame of Mind</i>. Edinburgh: Handsel Press, 1985</li> <li><i>Reality and Scientific Theology</i>. The Margaret Harris Lectures, Dundee, 1970 (<i>Theology and Science at the Frontiers of Knowledge, vol 1</i>). Edinburgh: Scottish University Press, 1985</li> <li>"My Interaction with Karl Barth." In <i>How Karl Barth Changed My Mind</i>, edited by Donald K. McKim, 52–64. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans, 1986.</li> <li>"Karl Barth and Patristic Theology," in <i>Theology Beyond Christendom: Essays on the Centenary of the Birth of Karl Barth May 10, 1986</i>. ed. John Thompson. Allison Park, PA: Pickwich, 1986, 215–39.</li> <li>"Theological Realism." In <i>The Philosophical Frontiers of Christian Theology: Essays Presented to D. M. MacKinnon</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982, 169–96.</li> <li><i>The Hermeneutics of John Calvin</i>. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1988.</li> <li><i>The Trinitarian Faith: The Evangelical Theology of the Ancient Catholic Church</i>. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1988.</li> <li><i>Karl Barth, Biblical and Evangelical Theologian</i>. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1990.</li> <li><i>The Mediation of Christ</i>. Colorado Springs: Helmers & Howard, 1992.</li> <li><i>Royal Priesthood: A Theology of Ordained Ministry</i>. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1993.</li> <li>Ed. Theological Dialogue Between Orthodox and Reformed Churches, 2 Vols. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1985–1993.</li> <li><i>Trinitarian Perspectives: Toward Doctrinal Agreement</i>. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1994.</li> <li><i>Preaching Christ Today: The Gospel and Scientific Thinking</i>. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1994.</li> <li><i>Divine Meaning: Studies in Patristic Hermeneutics</i>. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1995.</li> <li>"The Uniqueness of Divine Revelation and the Authority of the Scriptures: The Creed Associations's Statement." <i><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Bulletin_of_Evangelical_Theology" title="Scottish Bulletin of Evangelical Theology">Scottish Bulletin of Evangelical Theology</a></i> 13 (Aut. 1995): 97-101.</li> <li><i>The Christian Doctrine of God, One Being Three Persons</i>. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1996.</li> <li><i>Kingdom and Church: A Study in the Theology of the Reformation</i>. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock, 1996.</li> <li><i>Scottish Theology: From John Knox to John McLeod Campbell</i>. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1996.</li> <li><i>Theological and Natural Science</i>. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock, 2002.</li> <li><i>The Doctrine of Jesus Christ</i>. Eugene Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2002.</li> <li><i>Incarnation: The Person and Life of Christ</i>. Edited by Robert T. Walker. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 2008.</li> <li><i>Atonement: The Person and Work of Christ</i>. Edited by Robert T. Walker. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 2009.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_F._Torrance&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_F._Torrance&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.templetonprize.org/previouswinner.html#torrance">"The Templeton Prize – Previous Winners"</a>. Templetonprize.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Templeton+Prize+%E2%80%93+Previous+Winners&rft.pub=Templetonprize.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.templetonprize.org%2Fpreviouswinner.html%23torrance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+F.+Torrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I. John Hesselink, "A Pilgrimage in the School of Christ: An Interview with Thomas F. Torrance", <i>Reformed Review</i> 38, no. 1 (Autumn 1984): p. 50. Torrance also served on the Reformed-Roman Catholic Study Commission on the Eucharist in Woudschoten, Holland (1974). Also see, Thomas F. Torrance, ed., <i>Theological Dialogue Between Orthodox and Reformed Churches</i>, p. 199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alister E. McGrath, <i>T. F. Torrance: An Intellectual Biography</i>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley,_Brian2013" class="citation book cs1">Stanley, Brian (25 April 2013). <i>The global diffusion of evangelicalism : the age of Billy Graham and John Stott</i>. Vol. 5. Downers Grove, Illinois. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830825851" title="Special:BookSources/9780830825851"><bdi>9780830825851</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/828037561">828037561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+global+diffusion+of+evangelicalism+%3A+the+age+of+Billy+Graham+and+John+Stott&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+Illinois&rft.date=2013-04-25&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F828037561&rft.isbn=9780830825851&rft.au=Stanley%2C+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+F.+Torrance" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McGrath, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas F. Torrance, <i>Karl Barth, Biblical and Evangelical Theologian</i>, p. 121; see also Thomas F. Torrance, "My Interaction with Karl Barth" in <i>How Karl Barth Changed My Mind</i>, pp. 52–64, 52, and Hesselink, "Pilgrimage," p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David W. Torrance, "Thomas Forsyth Torrance: Minister of the Gospel, Pastor, and Evangelical Theologian" in <i>The Promise of Trinitarian Theology</i>, pp. 1–30, 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David. F. Wright and Gary D. Badcock (eds), <i>Disruption to Diversity: Edinburgh Divinity 1846–1996</i>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul D. Molnar, <i>Thomas F. Torrance: Theologian of the Trinity</i>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Molnar, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David W. Torrance, <i>The Promise of Trinitarian Theology</i>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas F. Torrance, <i>Conflict and Agreement in the Church, Vol. I, Order and Disorder</i>, Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock, 1996, p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McGrath, p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418163907/http://www1.hw.ac.uk/graduation/honorary-graduates.htm">"Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh: Honorary Graduates"</a>. <i>www1.hw.ac.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.hw.ac.uk/graduation/honorary-graduates.htm">the original</a> on 18 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www1.hw.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Heriot-Watt+University+Edinburgh%3A+Honorary+Graduates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.hw.ac.uk%2Fgraduation%2Fhonorary-graduates.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+F.+Torrance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McGrath, p. xii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Mark Achtemeier "Natural Science and Christian Faith in the Thought of T. F. Torrance" in <i>The Promise of Trinitarian Theology</i>, 269–302, 269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher B. Kaiser, "Humanity in an Intelligible Cosmos: Non-Duality in Albert Einstein and Thomas Torrance" in <i>The Promise of Trinitarian Theology</i>, 239-267, 240</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_F._Torrance&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Elmer M. Colyer, ed. (2002). <i>The Promise of Trinitarian Theology: Theologians in Dialogue with T. F. Torrance</i>. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.</li> <li>I. John Hesselink (1984). "A Pilgrimage in the School of Christ: An Interview with T.F. Torrance," Reformed Review 38, No. 1, Autumn 1984.</li> <li>Alister E. McGrath (1999). <i>T. F. Torrance: An Intellectual Biography</i>. Edinburgh: T&T Clark.</li> <li>Donald K. McKim, ed. (1986). <i>How Karl Barth Changed My Mind</i>. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.</li> <li>Paul D. Molnar (2009). <i>Thomas F. Torrance: Theologian of the Trinity</i>. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor_Shepherd2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Shepherd" title="Victor Shepherd">Victor Shepherd</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205171059/http://www.victorshepherd.on.ca/Heritage/heritage.htm">"Chapter 48: Thomas Torrance (1913 -)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorshepherd.on.ca/Heritage/heritage.htm"><i>Witnesses to the Word</i></a>. Toronto: Clements Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-894667-00-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-894667-00-X"><bdi>1-894667-00-X</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorshepherd.on.ca/Heritage/Torrance.htm">the original</a> on 5 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+48%3A+Thomas+Torrance+%281913+-%29&rft.btitle=Witnesses+to+the+Word&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Clements+Pub&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-894667-00-X&rft.au=Victor+Shepherd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorshepherd.on.ca%2FHeritage%2FTorrance.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+F.+Torrance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Thomas F. Torrance (1962). <i>Theological Science</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Thomas F. Torrance, ed. (1985). <i>Theological Dialogue Between Orthodox and Reformed Churches</i>, 2 vols. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press.</li> <li>Thomas F. Torrance (1990). <i>Karl Barth, Biblical and Evangelical Theologian</i>. Edinburgh: T&T Clark.</li> <li>Thomas F. Torrance (1996). <i>Conflict and Agreement in the Church, Vol. I, Order and Disorder</i>, Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock.</li> <li>David. F. Wright and Gary D. Badcock, eds. (1996). <i>Disruption to Diversity: Edinburgh Divinity 1846–1996</i>, Edinburgh: T&T Clark.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_F._Torrance&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Daniel J. Cameron. <i>Flesh and Blood: A Dogmatic Sketch Concerning the Fallen Nature View of Christ's Human Nature</i>. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock, 2016.</li> <li>Daniel J. Cameron "Thomas Forsyth Torrance: Ecumenical Theologian." <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/2017/december/thomas-forsyth-tf-torrance.html">http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/2017/december/thomas-forsyth-tf-torrance.html</a></li> <li>Elmer M. Colyer. <i>How to Read T. F. Torrance: Understanding His Trinitarian & Scientific Theology</i>. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 2001.</li> <li>Elmer M. Colyer, ed. <i>The Promise of Trinitarian Theology: Theologians in Dialogue with T. F. Torrance</i>. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002.</li> <li>David Fergusson. "Torrance, Thomas Forsyth (1913-2007)", <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>, Oxford University Press, Jan 2011.</li> <li>Myk Habets. <i>Theosis in the Theology of Thomas F. Torrance</i> (Ashgate New Critical Thinking in Religion, Theology, and Biblical Studies). Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2009.</li> <li>Kye Won Lee. <i>Living in Union With Christ: The Practical Theology of Thomas F. Torrance</i>. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2003.</li> <li>Tapio Luoma. 'Thomas F. Torrance' in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blackwell_Companion_to_Science_and_Christianity" title="The Blackwell Companion to Science and Christianity">The Blackwell Companion to Science and Christianity</a></i> J.B. Stump and Alan G. Padgett (eds.). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alister_E._McGrath" class="mw-redirect" title="Alister E. McGrath">Alister E. McGrath</a>. <i>Thomas F. Torrance: An Intellectual Biography</i>. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1999.</li> <li>Paul D. Molnar. <i>Thomas F. Torrance: Theologian of the Trinity</i>. Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2009.</li> <li>Richardson, Kurt. <i>Trinitarian Reality. The Interrelation Between Uncreated and Created Being in the Thought of Thomas Forsyth Torrance</i>. Dissertation, University of Basel, 1993.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_F._Torrance&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110917171416/http://digital.library.ptsem.edu/ead/collection/223">The Thomas F. Torrance Manuscript Collection at Princeton Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080829200611/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article3030568.ece">Obituary in <i>The Times</i>, 11 December 2007</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.bu.edu/wwildman/WeirdWildWeb/courses/mwt/dictionary/mwt_themes_785_torrance.htm">The Boston Collaborative Encyclopedia of Modern Western Theology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tftorrance.org">TF Torrance Theological Fellowship</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115055513/http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/student-funding/postgraduate/international/humanities/divinity/torrance">T F Torrance Scholarship (University of Edinburgh)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gci.org/av/tftaudio">TF Torrance Audio Lectures (mp3)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415043859/http://warc.jalb.de/warcajsp/news_file/15.pdf">Eastern Orthodox-Reformed dialogue, Kappel-am-Albis, Switzerland, March 1992 <i>Agreed Statement on the Holy Trinity</i> (pdf)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="New_College,_Edinburgh" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:New College, Edinburgh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_College,_Edinburgh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_College,_Edinburgh" title="New College, Edinburgh">New College, Edinburgh</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chalmers" title="Thomas Chalmers">Thomas Chalmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cunningham_(theologian)" title="William Cunningham (theologian)">William Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_Candlish" title="Robert Smith Candlish">Robert Smith Candlish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rainy" title="Robert Rainy">Robert Rainy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Dods_(theologian_born_1834)" title="Marcus Dods (theologian born 1834)">Marcus Dods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Whyte" title="Alexander Whyte">Alexander Whyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Martin_(Scottish_minister)" title="Alexander Martin (Scottish minister)">Alexander Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Watt" title="Hugh Watt">Hugh Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baillie_(theologian)" title="John Baillie (theologian)">John Baillie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._H._S._Burleigh" title="J. H. S. Burleigh">J. H. S. Burleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Porteous" title="Norman Porteous">Norman Porteous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McIntyre_(theologian)" title="John McIntyre (theologian)">John McIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ross_(minister)" title="Andrew Ross (minister)">Andrew Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_Cheyne" title="Alexander Campbell Cheyne">Alexander Campbell Cheyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_B._Forrester" title="Duncan B. Forrester">Duncan B. Forrester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Page_(theologian)" title="Ruth Page (theologian)">Ruth Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Graeme_Auld" title="A. Graeme Auld">A. Graeme Auld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Fergusson_(theologian)" title="David Fergusson (theologian)">David Fergusson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_Hardman_Moore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susan Hardman Moore (page does not exist)">Susan Hardman Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alison_Jack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alison Jack (page does not exist)">Alison Jack</a> (current)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Faculty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chalmers" title="Thomas Chalmers">Thomas Chalmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cunningham_(theologian)" title="William Cunningham (theologian)">William Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Duncan_(theologian)" title="John Duncan (theologian)">John Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Welsh" title="David Welsh">David Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcella_Althaus-Reid" title="Marcella Althaus-Reid">Marcella Althaus-Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bannerman_(theologian)" title="James Bannerman (theologian)"> James Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Garden_Blaikie" title="William Garden Blaikie">William Garden Blaikie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_(minister)" title="James Buchanan (minister)">James Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barr_(biblical_scholar)" title="James Barr (biblical scholar)">James Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_M._Barstad" title="Hans M. Barstad">Hans M. Barstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_B._Davidson" title="Andrew B. Davidson">Andrew B. Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Duff_(missionary)" title="Alexander Duff (missionary)">Alexander Duff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Duns_(minister)" title="John Duns (minister)">John Duns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fleming_(naturalist)" title="John Fleming (naturalist)">John Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Fergusson_(theologian)" title="David Fergusson (theologian)">David Fergusson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_B._Forrester" title="Duncan B. Forrester">Duncan B. Forrester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_Fraser" title="Alexander Campbell Fraser">Alexander Campbell Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_G._K._Hewat" title="Elizabeth G. K. Hewat">Elizabeth G. K. Hewat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Hurtado" title="Larry Hurtado">Larry Hurtado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kerr_(religion_scholar)" title="David Kerr (religion scholar)">David Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Lamont" title="Daniel Lamont">Daniel Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_MacGregor_(minister)" title="James MacGregor (minister)">James MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mackey_(theologian)" title="James Mackey (theologian)"> James P. Mackey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Ross_Mackintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Ross Mackintosh">Hugh Ross Mackintosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Manson" title="William Manson">William Manson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_McCormack" title="Bruce McCormack">Bruce McCormack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nimmo" title="Paul Nimmo">Paul Nimmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Northcott" title="Michael Northcott">Michael Northcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Young_Simpson" title="James Young Simpson">James Young Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Smeaton_(theologian)" title="George Smeaton (theologian)">George Smeaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Smith_(missionary)" title="Thomas Smith (missionary)">Thomas Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="James S. Stewart">James S. Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Storrar" title="William Storrar">William Storrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Templeton" title="Elizabeth Templeton">Elizabeth Templeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Jack_Thompson" title="T. Jack Thompson">T. Jack Thompson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas F. Torrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Vanhoozer" title="Kevin Vanhoozer">Kevin Vanhoozer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Walls" title="Andrew Walls">Andrew Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Cleghorn_Welch" title="Adam Cleghorn Welch">Adam Cleghorn Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_F._Wright" title="David F. Wright">David F. Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Bond" title="Helen Bond">Helen Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chow" title="Alexander Chow">Alexander Chow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Siddiqui" title="Mona Siddiqui">Mona Siddiqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Stanley_(historian)" title="Brian Stanley (historian)">Brian Stanley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honorary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._Graeme_Auld" title="A. Graeme Auld">A. Graeme Auld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Elliot" title="Alison Elliot">Alison Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Jasper" title="David Jasper">David Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Newlands" title="George Newlands">George Newlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_O%27Donovan" title="Oliver O'Donovan">Oliver O'Donovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Torrance" title="Iain Torrance">Iain Torrance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Expository_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Expository Times">Expository Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Studies_in_World_Christianity" title="Studies in World Christianity">Studies in World Christianity</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_World_Christianity" title="Centre for the Study of World Christianity">Centre for the Study of World Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Theology_and_Public_Issues" title="Centre for Theology and Public Issues">Centre for Theology and Public Issues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale-Edinburgh_Group" title="Yale-Edinburgh Group">Yale-Edinburgh Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Templeton_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Templeton_Prize_Laureates" title="Template:Templeton Prize Laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Templeton_Prize_Laureates" title="Template talk:Templeton Prize Laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Templeton_Prize_Laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Templeton Prize Laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Templeton_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Templeton_Prize#Laureates" title="Templeton Prize">Templeton Prize laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brother_Roger" title="Brother Roger">Brother Roger</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Joseph_Suenens" title="Leo Joseph Suenens">Leo Josef Suenens</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiara_Lubich" title="Chiara Lubich">Chiara Lubich</a> (1977)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas F. Torrance</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikky%C5%8D_Niwano" title="Nikkyō Niwano">Nikkyō Niwano</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Wendell_Burhoe" title="Ralph Wendell Burhoe">Ralph Wendell Burhoe</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicely_Saunders" title="Cicely Saunders">Cicely Saunders</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keston_Institute" title="Keston Institute">Michael Bourdeaux</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alister_Hardy" title="Alister Hardy">Alister Hardy</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I._McCord" title="James I. McCord">James I. McCord</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jaki" title="Stanley Jaki">Stanley Jaki</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inamullah_Khan" title="Inamullah Khan">Inamullah Khan</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker">Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker</a> & <a href="/wiki/George_MacLeod" title="George MacLeod">George MacLeod</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Birch" title="Charles Birch">Charles Birch</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Jakobovits,_Baron_Jakobovits" title="Immanuel Jakobovits, Baron Jakobovits">Immanuel Jakobovits</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyung-Chik_Han" title="Kyung-Chik Han">Kyung-Chik Han</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Charles Colson</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Novak" title="Michael Novak">Michael Novak</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Davies" title="Paul Davies">Paul Davies</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Bright" title="Bill Bright">Bill Bright</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Shastri_Athavale" title="Pandurang Shastri Athavale">Pandurang Shastri Athavale</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Sternberg" title="Sigmund Sternberg">Sigmund Sternberg</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Barbour" title="Ian Barbour">Ian Barbour</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Peacocke" title="Arthur Peacocke">Arthur Peacocke</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Polkinghorne" title="John Polkinghorne">John Polkinghorne</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmes_Rolston_III" title="Holmes Rolston III">Holmes Rolston III</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._R._Ellis" title="George F. R. Ellis">George F. R. Ellis</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles H. Townes</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Barrow" title="John D. Barrow">John D. Barrow</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Charles Taylor</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_d%27Espagnat" title="Bernard d'Espagnat">Bernard d'Espagnat</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_J._Ayala" title="Francisco J. Ayala">Francisco J. Ayala</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sacks,_Baron_Sacks" title="Jonathan Sacks, Baron Sacks">Jonathan Sacks</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">Abdullah II of Jordan</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Gleiser" title="Marcelo Gleiser">Marcelo Gleiser</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis Collins</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Frank Wilczek</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edna_Adan_Ismail" title="Edna Adan Ismail">Edna Adan Ismail</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Moderators_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moderators_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="Template:Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moderators_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="Template talk:Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moderators_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Moderators_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_moderators_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="List of moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Since reunification with the <a href="/wiki/United_Free_Church_of_Scotland" title="United Free Church of Scotland">United Free Church of Scotland</a> in 1929</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1929–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_White_(minister)" title="John White (minister)">John White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Nisbet_Bogle" title="Andrew Nisbet Bogle">Andrew Bogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson_Graham" title="John Anderson Graham">John Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mackintosh" title="Hugh Mackintosh">Hugh Mackintosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauchlan_Watt" title="Lauchlan Watt">Lauchlan Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Donald_Thomson" title="Peter Donald Thomson">Peter Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Lang_(son)" title="Marshall Lang (son)">Marshall Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Lamont" title="Daniel Lamont">Daniel Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_MacFarlane_(moderator)" title="Dugald MacFarlane (moderator)">Dugald MacFarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Black_(Moderator)" title="James Black (Moderator)">James Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Main" title="Archibald Main">Archibald Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rae_Forgan" title="James Rae Forgan">James Forgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cockburn_(minister)" title="James Cockburn (minister)">James Cockburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Gray_Taylor" title="Charles William Gray Taylor">Charles Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baillie_(theologian)" title="John Baillie (theologian)">John Baillie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_James_Hagan" title="Edward James Hagan">Edward Hagan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Campbell_(minister)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Campbell (minister) (page does not exist)">Andrew Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_McKenzie_(minister)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John McKenzie (minister) (page does not exist)">John McKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Stewart_(moderator)" title="Matthew Stewart (moderator)">Matthew Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macdonald_(Presbyterian_minister)" title="Alexander Macdonald (Presbyterian minister)">Alexander Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Duncan_(biblical_scholar)" title="George Duncan (biblical scholar)">George Duncan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Watt_(moderator)" title="Hugh Watt (moderator)">Hugh Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_White_Anderson" title="William White Anderson">William White Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Johnstone_Jeffrey" title="George Johnstone Jeffrey">George Johnstone Jeffrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pitt-Watson" title="James Pitt-Watson">James Pitt-Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_David_Jarvis" title="Ernest David Jarvis">Ernest David Jarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._Henderson" title="G. D. Henderson">George Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(moderator)" title="Robert Scott (moderator)">Robert Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_MacLeod" title="George MacLeod">George MacLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fraser_(minister)" title="John Fraser (minister)">John Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._H._W._Shepherd" title="R. H. W. Shepherd">Robert Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._H._S._Burleigh" title="J. H. S. Burleigh">John Burleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell_Craig" title="Archibald Campbell Craig">Archibald Campbell Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevile_Davidson" title="Nevile Davidson">Nevile Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stuart_Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="James Stuart Stewart">James Stuart Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Fraser" title="Duncan Fraser">Duncan Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archibald_Watt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archibald Watt (page does not exist)">Archibald Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Small" title="Leonard Small">Leonard Small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Roy_Sanderson" title="William Roy Sanderson">William Roy Sanderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longmuir" title="James Longmuir">James Longmuir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Murchison" title="Thomas Murchison">Thomas Murchison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Douglas_(minister)" title="Hugh Douglas (minister)">Hugh Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Herron" title="Andrew Herron">Andrew Herron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Selby_Wright" title="Ronnie Selby Wright">Ronnie Selby Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_T._H._Reid" title="George T. H. Reid">George T. H. Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Steel_(minister)" title="David Steel (minister)">David Steel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1975–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Gunn_Matheson" title="James Gunn Matheson">James Gunn Matheson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas F. Torrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Gray_(minister)" title="John R. Gray (minister)">John Rodger Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brodie_(minister)" title="Peter Brodie (minister)">Peter Brodie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Barbour" title="Robin Barbour">Robert Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Johnston_(minister)" title="William Johnston (minister)">William Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Beveridge_Doig" title="Andrew Beveridge Doig">Andrew Beveridge Doig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McIntyre_(theologian)" title="John McIntyre (theologian)">John McIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_McLuskey" title="Fraser McLuskey">Fraser McLuskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._K._Paterson" title="John M. K. Paterson">John M. K. Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Smith_(minister)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Smith (minister) (page does not exist)">David Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Craig_(theologian)" title="Robert Craig (theologian)">Robert Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Shaw_(minister,_born_1925)" title="Duncan Shaw (minister, born 1925)">Duncan Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Whyte" title="James A. Whyte">Jim Whyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_McDonald_(minister)" title="Bill McDonald (minister)">Bill McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Davidson_(theologian)" title="Robert Davidson (theologian)">Robert Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Macmillan_(minister)" title="William Macmillan (minister)">William Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Wyllie" title="Hugh Wyllie">Hugh Wyllie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weatherhead" title="James Weatherhead">James Weatherhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Simpson_(minister)" title="James Simpson (minister)">James Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harkness_(minister)" title="James Harkness (minister)">James Harkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McIndoe_(minister)" title="John McIndoe (minister)">John McIndoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_McDonald" title="Sandy McDonald">Sandy McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Main_(minister)" title="Alan Main (minister)">Alan Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cairns_(born_1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cairns (born 1942)">John Cairns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Since 2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_McLellan" title="Andrew McLellan">Andrew McLellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Miller_(minister)" title="John Miller (minister)">John Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finlay_Macdonald_(minister)" title="Finlay Macdonald (minister)"> Finlay Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Torrance" title="Iain Torrance">Iain Torrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Elliot" title="Alison Elliot">Alison Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lacy" title="David Lacy">David Lacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_McDonald_(minister)" title="Alan McDonald (minister)"> Alan McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheilagh_Kesting" title="Sheilagh Kesting">Sheilagh Kesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lunan" title="David Lunan">David Lunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hewitt_(minister)" title="William Hewitt (minister)">William Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christie_(minister)" title="John Christie (minister)">John Christie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Arnott_(minister)" title="David Arnott (minister)">David Arnott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bogle" title="Albert Bogle">Albert Bogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Hood" title="Lorna Hood">Lorna Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chalmers_(moderator)" title="John Chalmers (moderator)">John Chalmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_Morrison_(minister)" title="Angus Morrison (minister)">Angus Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Barr" title="Russell Barr">Russell Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Browning" title="Derek Browning">Derek Browning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Brown_(minister)" title="Susan Brown (minister)">Susan Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Sinclair_(minister)" title="Colin Sinclair (minister)">Colin Sinclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Fair" title="Martin Fair">Martin Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wallace,_Baron_Wallace_of_Tankerness" title="Jim Wallace, Baron Wallace of Tankerness">Jim Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Greenshields" title="Iain Greenshields">Iain Greenshields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Foster-Fulton" title="Sally Foster-Fulton">Sally Foster-Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaw_Paterson" title="Shaw Paterson">Shaw Paterson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Frew" title="Rosemary Frew">Rosemary Frew</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2567521#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2567521#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2567521#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000117645671">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/56649839">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1450401/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjRTRmvH6yGRDWc3fpwYP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119026155">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81126162">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121642142">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121642142">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00458955">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Torrance, Thomas Forsyth"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV134251">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0001394&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1456593">Spain</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1138558">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068577931">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199627711">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/rp36bj294b5zwnw">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811493012705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007270902505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14732285">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00441673?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1234794">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119026155">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/050250167">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jq1gp5">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_F._Torrance&oldid=1250278780">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_F._Torrance&oldid=1250278780</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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