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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_humans,_other_mammals_and_LSD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Effects on humans, other mammals and LSD </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_humans,_other_mammals_and_LSD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Saint_Anthony's_fire_and_the_Antonites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saint_Anthony's_fire_and_the_Antonites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Saint Anthony's fire and the Antonites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saint_Anthony's_fire_and_the_Antonites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_in_gynaecology_and_obstetrics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_in_gynaecology_and_obstetrics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Usage in gynaecology and obstetrics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_in_gynaecology_and_obstetrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speculated_cause_of_hysterics_and_hallucinations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speculated_cause_of_hysterics_and_hallucinations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Speculated cause of hysterics and hallucinations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speculated_cause_of_hysterics_and_hallucinations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claviceps_purpurea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claviceps_purpurea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Claviceps purpurea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claviceps_purpurea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claviceps_africana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claviceps_africana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Claviceps africana </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Claviceps_africana-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Claviceps africana subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Claviceps_africana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claviceps_paspali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claviceps_paspali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Claviceps paspali </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claviceps_paspali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" > 33 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8" title="عاكوب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عاكوب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%BEena_glavica" title="Ražena glavica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ražena glavica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claviceps" title="Claviceps – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Claviceps" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claviceps" title="Claviceps – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Claviceps" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutterkornpilze" title="Mutterkornpilze – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mutterkornpilze" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungaltera_(perekond)" title="Tungaltera (perekond) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tungaltera (perekond)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claviceps" title="Claviceps – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Claviceps" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claviceps" title="Claviceps – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Claviceps" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aino" title="Aino – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aino" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%86%DA%A9_%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ناخنک غلات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ناخنک غلات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claviceps" title="Claviceps – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Claviceps" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earg%C3%B3t" title="Eargót – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eargót" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%BEena_glavica" title="Ražena glavica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ražena glavica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergot" title="Ergot – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ergot" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಎರ್ಗಟ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎರ್ಗಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergot" title="Ergot – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ergot" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claviceps" title="Claviceps – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Claviceps" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E8%A7%92%E8%8F%8C" title="麦角菌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="麦角菌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergot" title="Ergot – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ergot" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporysz" title="Sporysz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sporysz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claviceps" title="Claviceps – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Claviceps" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claviceps" title="Claviceps – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Claviceps" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Спорынья – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спорынья" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergot" title="Ergot – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ergot" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergot" title="Ergot – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ergot" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torajyv%C3%A4" title="Torajyvä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Torajyvä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claviceps" title="Claviceps – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Claviceps" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="எர்காட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எர்காட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergot" title="Ergot – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ergot" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_(%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0)" title="Маткові ріжки (хвороба) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маткові ріжки (хвороба)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claviceps" title="Claviceps – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Claviceps" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claviceps" title="Claviceps – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Claviceps" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E8%A7%92" title="麦角 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="麦角" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the fungi. For the part of a horse's hoof, see <a href="/wiki/Ergot_(horse_anatomy)" title="Ergot (horse anatomy)">Ergot (horse anatomy)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)">Ergot </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Claviceps_purpurea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-185.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Claviceps_purpurea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-185.jpg/220px-Claviceps_purpurea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-185.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Claviceps_purpurea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-185.jpg/330px-Claviceps_purpurea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-185.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Claviceps_purpurea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-185.jpg/440px-Claviceps_purpurea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-185.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="593" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Claviceps purpurea </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Claviceps" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Division: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sordariomycetes" title="Sordariomycetes">Sordariomycetes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hypocreales" title="Hypocreales">Hypocreales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clavicipitaceae" title="Clavicipitaceae">Clavicipitaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Claviceps" class="mw-redirect" title="Claviceps">Claviceps</a> <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Tulasne" title="Edmond Tulasne">Tul.</a>, 1853 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)">Species </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> About 50, including: <a href="/wiki/Claviceps_africana" class="mw-redirect" title="Claviceps africana">Claviceps africana</a> <a href="/wiki/Claviceps_fusiformis" title="Claviceps fusiformis">Claviceps fusiformis</a> Claviceps paspali <a href="/wiki/Claviceps_purpurea" title="Claviceps purpurea">Claviceps purpurea</a> <a href="/wiki/Claviceps_sorghi" title="Claviceps sorghi">Claviceps sorghi</a> <a href="/wiki/Claviceps_zizaniae" title="Claviceps zizaniae">Claviceps zizaniae</a> Claviceps lutea </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">List</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li>Balansiella Henn. (1904)</li> <li>Ergotaetia E.J. Quekett (1841)</li> <li>Kentrosporium Wallr. (1844) [1842-44]</li> <li>Mothesia Oddo & Tonolo (1967)</li> <li>Spermoedia Fr. (1822)</li> <li>Sphacelia Lév. (1827)</li> <li>Ustilaginula Clem. (1909)</li> <li>Ustilagopsis Speg. (1880)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> Ergot (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɜːrɡət/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">UR-gət</a>) or ergot fungi refers to a group of <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a> of the genus Claviceps.<a href="#cite_note-Schardl2006-1">[1]</a> The most prominent member of this group is <a href="/wiki/Claviceps_purpurea" title="Claviceps purpurea">Claviceps purpurea</a> ("rye ergot fungus"). This fungus grows on <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a> and related plants, and produces <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a> that can cause <a href="/wiki/Ergotism" title="Ergotism">ergotism</a> in humans and other mammals who consume grains contaminated with its fruiting structure (called ergot <a href="/wiki/Sclerotium" title="Sclerotium">sclerotium</a>).<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Claviceps includes about 50 known species, mostly in the tropical regions. Economically significant species include C. purpurea (parasitic on <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grasses</a> and cereals), C. fusiformis (on <a href="/wiki/Pearl_millet" title="Pearl millet">pearl millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buffel_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffel grass">buffel grass</a>), C. paspali (on <a href="/wiki/Dallis_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallis grass">dallis grass</a>), C. africana<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> (on <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>) and C. lutea (on <a href="/wiki/Paspalum" title="Paspalum">paspalum</a>).<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> C. purpurea most commonly affects <a href="/wiki/Open_pollination" title="Open pollination">outcrossing</a> species such as rye (its most common host), as well as <a href="/wiki/Triticale" title="Triticale">triticale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>. It affects <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a> only rarely. C. purpurea has at least three races or varieties, which differ in their host specificity:<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <ul><li>G1 – land grasses of open meadows and fields;</li> <li>G2 – grasses from moist, forest and mountain habitats;</li> <li>G3 (C. purpurea var. spartinae) – salt marsh grasses (Spartina, Distichlis).</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ergot&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life cycle">edit</a>]</div> An ergot kernel, called a sclerotium, develops when a <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spore</a> of fungal species of the genus Claviceps infects a <a href="/wiki/Floret" class="mw-redirect" title="Floret">floret</a> of flowering grass or cereal. The infection process mimics a <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> grain growing into an <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">ovary</a> during <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a>. Infection requires that the fungal spore have access to the <a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">stigma</a>; consequently, plants infected by Claviceps are mainly <a href="/wiki/Outcrossing" title="Outcrossing">outcrossing</a> species with <a href="/wiki/Anemophily" title="Anemophily">open flowers</a>, such as rye (<a href="/wiki/Secale" title="Secale">Secale cereale</a>) and ryegrasses (genus <a href="/wiki/Lolium" title="Lolium">Lolium</a>). The proliferating fungal <a href="/wiki/Mycelium" title="Mycelium">mycelium</a> then destroys the plant ovary and connects with the <a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">vascular bundle</a> originally intended for <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seed</a> nutrition. The first stage of ergot infection manifests itself as a white soft tissue (known as <a href="/wiki/Sphacelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphacelia">sphacelia</a>) producing sugary <a href="/wiki/Honeydew_(secretion)" title="Honeydew (secretion)">honeydew</a>, which often drops out of the infected grass florets. This honeydew contains millions of <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexual</a> spores (<a href="/wiki/Conidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Conidia">conidia</a>), which <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> disperse to other florets. Later, the sphacelia convert into a hard dry sclerotium inside the husk of the floret. At this stage, <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a> accumulate in the sclerotium. Claviceps species from tropic and subtropic regions produce macro- and <a href="/wiki/Microconidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microconidia">microconidia</a> in their honeydew. <a href="/wiki/Macroconidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroconidia">Macroconidia</a> differ in shape and size between the species, whereas microconidia are rather uniform, oval to globose (5×3 μm). Macroconidia are able to produce secondary conidia. A <a href="/wiki/Germ_tube" title="Germ tube">germ tube</a> emerges from a macroconidium through the surface of a honeydew drop and a secondary conidium of an oval to pearlike shape is formed, to which the contents of the original macroconidium migrates. Secondary conidia form a white, frost-like surface on honeydew drops and spread via the wind. No such process occurs in Claviceps purpurea, Claviceps grohii, Claviceps nigricans and Claviceps zizaniae, all from northern temperate regions. When a mature sclerotium drops to the ground, the fungus remains dormant until proper conditions (such as the onset of spring or a rain period) trigger its fruiting phase. It germinates, forming one or several <a href="/wiki/Fruiting_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruiting bodies">fruiting bodies</a> with heads and <a href="/wiki/Stipe_(mycology)" title="Stipe (mycology)">stipes</a>, variously coloured (resembling a tiny <a href="/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">mushroom</a>). In the head, threadlike <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual</a> spores form, which are ejected simultaneously when suitable grass hosts are flowering. Ergot infection causes a reduction in the yield and quality of grain and hay, and if livestock eat infected grain or hay it may cause a disease called <a href="/wiki/Ergotism" title="Ergotism">ergotism</a>. Black and protruding sclerotia of C. purpurea are well known. However, many tropical ergots have brown or greyish sclerotia, mimicking the shape of the host seed. For this reason, the infection is often overlooked. Insects, including flies and moths, carry conidia of Claviceps species, but it is unknown whether insects play a role in spreading the fungus from infected to healthy plants.<a href="#cite_note-Butler_et_al.-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ergot&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Evolution">edit</a>]</div> Regarding the evolution of plant parasitism in the <a href="/wiki/Clavicipitaceae" title="Clavicipitaceae">Clavicipitaceae</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Amber#Paleontological_significance" title="Amber">amber fossil</a> discovered in 2020 preserves a <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grass spikelet</a> and an ergot-like parasitic fungus. The fossil shows that the original hosts of the Clavicipitaceae could have been grasses. The discovery also establishes a minimum time for the conceivable presence of <a href="/wiki/Psychotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychotropic">psychotropic</a> compounds in fungi.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Several evolutionary processes have acted to diversify the array of ergot alkaloids produced by fungi; these differences in enzyme activities are evident at the levels of substrate specificity (LpsA), product specification (EasA, CloA) or both (EasG and possibly CloA).<a href="#cite_note-Schardl-10">[10]</a> The "old yellow enzyme", EasA, presents an outstanding example. This enzyme catalyzes reduction of the C8=C9 double-bond in chanoclavine I, but EasA isoforms differ in whether they subsequently catalyze reoxidation of C8–C9 after rotation.<a href="#cite_note-Schardl-10">[10]</a> This difference distinguishes most Clavicipitaceae from Trichocomaceae, but in Clavicipitaceae it is also the key difference dividing the branch of classical ergot alkaloids from dihydroergot alkaloids, the latter often being preferred for pharmaceuticals due to their relatively few side effects.<a href="#cite_note-Schardl-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_humans,_other_mammals_and_LSD">Effects on humans, other mammals and LSD</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ergot&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Effects on humans, other mammals and LSD">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moederkoornpreparaat_Methergin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Moederkoornpreparaat_Methergin.jpg/220px-Moederkoornpreparaat_Methergin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Moederkoornpreparaat_Methergin.jpg/330px-Moederkoornpreparaat_Methergin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Moederkoornpreparaat_Methergin.jpg/440px-Moederkoornpreparaat_Methergin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1434" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Ergot-derived drug to stop postpartum bleeding</figcaption></figure> The ergot sclerotium contains high concentrations (up to 2% of dry mass) of the <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloid</a> <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a>, a complex molecule consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Tripeptide" title="Tripeptide">tripeptide</a>-derived <a href="/wiki/Cyclol" title="Cyclol">cyclol</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lactam" title="Lactam">lactam</a> ring connected via <a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">amide</a> linkage to a <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid" title="Lysergic acid">lysergic acid</a> (ergoline) <a href="/wiki/Moiety_(chemistry)" title="Moiety (chemistry)">moiety</a>, and other alkaloids of the <a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">ergoline</a> group that are <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">biosynthesized</a> by the fungus.<a href="#cite_note-Tudzynski-11">[11]</a> Ergot alkaloids have a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Biological_activity" title="Biological activity">biological activities</a> including effects on <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmission" title="Neurotransmission">neurotransmission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eadie-12">[12]</a> Ergot alkaloids are classified as: <ol><li>derivatives of 6,8-dimethylergoline and</li> <li>lysergic acid derivatives.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li></ol> <a href="/wiki/Ergotism" title="Ergotism">Ergotism</a> is the name for sometimes severe pathological syndromes affecting humans or other animals that have ingested plant material containing ergot alkaloid, such as ergot-contaminated grains. The <a href="/wiki/Hospital_Brothers_of_St._Anthony" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospital Brothers of St. Anthony">Hospital Brothers of St. Anthony</a>, an order of monks established in 1095, specialized in treating ergotism victims<a href="#cite_note-mia-14">[14]</a> with balms containing tranquilizing and circulation-stimulating plant extracts. The common name for ergotism is "St. Anthony's fire",<a href="#cite_note-mia-14">[14]</a> in reference to this order of monks and the severe burning sensations in the limbs which was one of the symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> There are two types of ergotism. The first is characterized by muscle spasms, fever and <a href="/wiki/Hallucinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallucinations">hallucinations</a> and the victims may appear dazed, be unable to speak, become <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">manic</a>, or have other forms of paralysis or tremors, and suffer from hallucinations and other distorted perceptions.<a href="#cite_note-Miedaner_and_Hartwing-16">[16]</a> This is caused by <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonergic</a> stimulation of the central nervous system by some of the alkaloids.<a href="#cite_note-Miedaner_and_Hartwing-16">[16]</a> The second type of ergotism is marked by violent burning, absent peripheral pulses and shooting pain of the poorly <a href="/wiki/Vascularized" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascularized">vascularized</a> distal organs, such as the fingers and toes,<a href="#cite_note-Miedaner_and_Hartwing-16">[16]</a> and are caused by effects of ergot alkaloids on the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">vascular system</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">vasoconstriction</a>, sometimes leading to <a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">gangrene</a> and loss of limbs due to severely restricted blood circulation. The <a href="/wiki/Neurotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotropic">neurotropic</a> activities of the ergot alkaloids may also cause hallucinations and attendant irrational behaviour, convulsions, and even death.<a href="#cite_note-Tudzynski-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eadie-12">[12]</a> Other symptoms include strong <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterine</a> contractions, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a>, high fever, vomiting, loss of muscle strength and unconsciousness. Since the Middle Ages, controlled doses of ergot were used to induce <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortions</a> and to stop maternal bleeding after childbirth.<a href="#cite_note-lfn-17">[17]</a> Klotz offers a detailed overview of the toxicities in mammalian livestock, stating that the activities are attributable to antagonism or <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitters</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a>. He also states that the <a href="/wiki/Adrenergic" title="Adrenergic">adrenergic</a> blockage by <a href="/wiki/Ergopeptine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergopeptine">ergopeptines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ergovaline" title="Ergovaline">ergovaline</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a>) leads to potent and long-term <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">vasoconstriction</a>, and can result in reduced blood flow resulting in intense burning pain (St. Anthony's fire), <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">cyanosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dry_gangrene" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry gangrene">dry gangrene</a> and even loss of hooves in cattle or limbs in humans. Reduced <a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">prolactin</a> due to ergot alkaloid activity on dopamine receptors in the pituitary is also common in livestock. Reduced serum prolactin is associated with various reproductive problems in cattle, and especially in horses, including <a href="/wiki/Agalactia" class="mw-redirect" title="Agalactia">agalactia</a> and poor conception, and late-term losses of foals and sometimes mares due to <a href="/wiki/Dystocia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dystocia">dystocia</a> and thickened placentas.<a href="#cite_note-Schardl-10">[10]</a> Although both gangrenous and convulsive symptoms are seen in naturally occurring ergotism resulting from the ingestion of fungus infected rye, only gangrenous ergotism has been reported following the excessive ingestion of ergotamine tartrate.<a href="#cite_note-Merhoff_and_Porter-18">[18]</a> Ergot extract has been used in <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceutical</a> preparations, including ergot alkaloids in products such as <a href="/wiki/Cafergot" class="mw-redirect" title="Cafergot">Cafergot</a> (containing <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a><a href="#cite_note-lfn-17">[17]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">ergoline</a>) to treat migraine headaches, and <a href="/wiki/Ergometrine" title="Ergometrine">ergometrine</a>, used to induce uterine contractions and to control bleeding after childbirth.<a href="#cite_note-the_encyclopedia_of_seeds-19">[19]</a> Clinical ergotism as seen today results almost exclusively from the excessive intake of ergotamine tartrate in the treatment of migraine headache.<a href="#cite_note-Merhoff_and_Porter-18">[18]</a> In addition to ergot alkaloids, Claviceps paspali also produces tremorgens (paspalitrem) causing "paspalum staggers" in cattle.<a href="#cite_note-Paspalum-20">[20]</a> The fungi of the genera <a href="/wiki/Penicillium" title="Penicillium">Penicillium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aspergillus" title="Aspergillus">Aspergillus</a> also produce ergot alkaloids, notably some isolates of the human pathogen <a href="/wiki/Aspergillus_fumigatus" title="Aspergillus fumigatus">Aspergillus fumigatus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rao-21">[21]</a> and have been isolated from plants in the family <a href="/wiki/Convolvulaceae" title="Convolvulaceae">Convolvulaceae</a>, of which <a href="/wiki/Morning_glory" title="Morning glory">morning glory</a> is best known. The causative agents of most ergot poisonings are the ergot alkaloid class of fungal metabolites, though some ergot fungi produce distantly related indole-diterpene alkaloids that are tremorgenic.<a href="#cite_note-Schardl-10">[10]</a> Ergot does not contain <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">lysergic acid diethylamide</a> (LSD) but instead contains <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid" title="Lysergic acid">lysergic acid</a> as well as its precursor,<a href="#cite_note-Correia_et_al.-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a>. Lysergic acid is a precursor for the synthesis of LSD. Their realized and hypothesized medicinal uses have encouraged intensive research since the 1950s culminating on the one hand in development of drugs both legal (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a>) and illegal (e.g., LSD), and on the other hand in extensive knowledge of the enzymes, genetics and diversity of ergot alkaloid biosynthetic pathways.<a href="#cite_note-Schardl-10">[10]</a> The January 4, 2007 issue of the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Journal_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="New England Journal of Medicine">New England Journal of Medicine</a> includes a paper that documents a British study of more than 11,000 <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> patients. The study found that two ergot-derived drugs, <a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">pergolide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">cabergoline</a>, commonly used to treat Parkinson's Disease may increase the risk of leaky heart valves by up to 700%.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ergot&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ergot01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ergot01.jpg/220px-Ergot01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ergot01.jpg/330px-Ergot01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ergot01.jpg/440px-Ergot01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Ergot on wheat heads</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ergotism" title="Ergotism">Ergotism</a> is the earliest recorded example of mycotoxicosis, or poisoning caused by toxic molds.<a href="#cite_note-Bennett_Bentley_1999_Story_Ergot-24">[24]</a> Early references to ergotism date back as far as 600 BC, an <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> tablet referred to it as a "noxious pustule in the ear of grain."<a href="#cite_note-Ergot:from_witchcraft_to_biotechnology-25">[25]</a> In 350 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsees</a> described "noxious grasses that cause pregnant women to drop the womb and die in childbed."<a href="#cite_note-Ergot:from_witchcraft_to_biotechnology-25">[25]</a> In <a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">ancient Syria</a>, ergot was called "Daughter of Blood."<a href="#cite_note-Wellcome-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rodulfus_Glaber" title="Rodulfus Glaber">Radulf Glaber</a> described an ailment he called "hidden fire," or ignus ocultus, in which a burning of the limb is followed by its separation from the body, often consuming the victim in one night.<a href="#cite_note-Wellcome-26">[26]</a> In 1588, Johannes Thallius wrote that it is called "Mother of Rye," or rockenmutter, and is used to halt bleeding.<a href="#cite_note-Wellcome-26">[26]</a> Human poisoning due to the consumption of rye bread made from ergot-infected grain was common in Europe in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. The first mention of a plague of gangrenous ergotism in Europe comes from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> in 857; following this, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> experienced similar outbreaks;<a href="#cite_note-De_Costa-27">[27]</a> England is noticeably absent from the historical regions affected by ergotism as its main source of food was wheat, which is resistant to ergot fungi.<a href="#cite_note-Wellcome-26">[26]</a> In 994, a massive outbreak potentially attributed to ergotism caused 40,000 deaths in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limousin" title="Limousin">Limousin</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rigord" title="Périgord">Périgord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angoumois" title="Angoumois">Angoumois</a> in France.<a href="#cite_note-Bennett_Bentley_1999_Story_Ergot-24">[24]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Darmstadt" title="Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt">Hesse</a>, in 1596, Wendelin Thelius was one of the first to attribute ergotism poisoning to grain.<a href="#cite_note-De_Costa-27">[27]</a> In 1778, S. Tessier, observing a huge epidemic in <a href="/wiki/Sologne" title="Sologne">Sologne</a>, France, in which more than 8,000 people died, recommended drainage of fields, compulsory cleaning of grain, and the substitution of potatoes for affected grain.<a href="#cite_note-De_Costa-27">[27]</a> In 1722, the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> was thwarted in his campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> as his army, traveling down the <a href="/wiki/Terek_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Terek River">Terek</a> steppe, was struck by ergotism and was forced to retreat in order to find edible grains. A diary entry from the time notes that as soon as people ate the poisoned bread, they became dizzy, with such strong nerve contractions that those who did not die on the first day found their hands and feet falling off, akin to <a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">frostbite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bennett_Bentley_1999_Story_Ergot-24">[24]</a> The outbreak was known as Saint Anthony's fire,<a href="#cite_note-mia-14">[14]</a> or ignis sacer. Some historical events, such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fear" title="Great Fear">Great Fear</a> in France at the outset of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, have been linked to ergot poisoning.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saint_Anthony's_fire_and_the_Antonites">Saint Anthony's fire and the Antonites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ergot&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Saint Anthony's fire and the Antonites">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Saint Anthony</a> was a 3rd Century Egyptian ascetic who lived by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and was known for long fasting in which he confronted terrible visions and temptations sent from the <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-De_Costa-27">[27]</a> He was credited by two noblemen for assisting them in recovery from the disease; they subsequently founded the <a href="/wiki/Hospital_Brothers_of_St._Anthony" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospital Brothers of St. Anthony">Order of St. Anthony</a> in his honor.<a href="#cite_note-Wellcome-26">[26]</a> Anthony was a popular subject for art in the Middle Ages, and his symbol is a large blue "<a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">T</a>" sewn onto the shoulder of the order's monks, symbolizing the crutch used by the ill and injured.<a href="#cite_note-Nemes-29">[29]</a> The Order of St. Anthony, whose members were known as Antonites, grew quickly, and hospitals spread through France, Germany and Scandinavia and gained wealth and power as grateful patrons bestowed money and charitable goods on the hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-Wellcome-26">[26]</a> By the end of the Middle Ages, there were 396 settlements and 372 hospitals owned by the order,<a href="#cite_note-Nemes-29">[29]</a> and pilgrimages to such hospitals became popular, as well as the donation of limbs lost to ergotism, which were displayed near shrines to the saint.<a href="#cite_note-Wellcome-26">[26]</a> These <a href="/wiki/Hagiotherapy" title="Hagiotherapy">hagiotherapeutic</a> centers were the first specialized European medical welfare systems, and the friars of the order were knowledgeable about treatment of ergotism and the horrifying effects of the poison.<a href="#cite_note-Nemes-29">[29]</a> The sufferers would receive ergot-free meals, wines containing <a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">vasodilating</a> and analgesic herbs, and applications of Antonites-balsam, which was the first <a href="/wiki/Transdermal_therapeutic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Transdermal therapeutic system">transdermal therapeutic system</a> (TTS) in medical history.<a href="#cite_note-Ergot:from_witchcraft_to_biotechnology-25">[25]</a> These medical recipes have been lost to time, though some recorded treatments still remain.<a href="#cite_note-Nemes-29">[29]</a> After 1130, the monks were no longer permitted to perform operations, and so barber surgeons were employed to remove gangrenous limbs and treat open sores.<a href="#cite_note-Nemes-29">[29]</a> Three barbers founded a hospital in <a href="/wiki/Memmingen" title="Memmingen">Memmingen</a> in 1214 and accepted those who were afflicted with the gangrenous form of ergotism. Patients were fed and housed, with the more able-bodied individuals acting as orderlies and assistants. Patients with the convulsive form of ergotism, or ergotismus convulsivus, were welcomed for only nine days before they were asked to leave, as convulsive ergotism was seen as less detrimental. Though the sufferers often experienced irreversible effects, they most often returned to their families and resumed their livelihoods.<a href="#cite_note-Nemes-29">[29]</a> An important aspect to the Order of St. Anthony's treatment practices was the exclusion of rye bread and other ergot-containing edibles, which halted the progression of ergotism.<a href="#cite_note-Wellcome-26">[26]</a> There was no known cure for ergotism itself; however, there was treatment of the symptoms, which often included blood constriction, nervous disorders and/or hallucinations; if the sufferer survived the initial poisoning, his limbs would often fall off, and he or she would continue to improve in health if he or she halted consumption of ergot.<a href="#cite_note-De_Costa-27">[27]</a> The trunk of the body remained relatively untouched by the disease until its final stages, and the victims, not understanding the cause of their ailment, would continue to imbibe ergot-laden food for weeks until the condition reached their digestive system.<a href="#cite_note-Nemes-29">[29]</a> It is believed that the peasantry and children were most susceptible to ergotism, though the wealthy were afflicted as well, as, at times, entire villages relied on tainted crops for sustenance, and during times of famine, ergotism reached into every house.<a href="#cite_note-Ergot:from_witchcraft_to_biotechnology-25">[25]</a> Ergot fungus is impervious to heat and water, and thus it was most often baked into bread through rye flour; though other grasses can be infected, it was uncommon in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a> to consume grasses other than rye.<a href="#cite_note-Wellcome-26">[26]</a> The physiological effects of ergot depended on the concentration and combinations of the ingested ergot metabolites, as well as the age and nutritional status of the afflicted individual.<a href="#cite_note-Bennett_Bentley_1999_Story_Ergot-24">[24]</a> The Antonites began to decline after physicians discovered the genesis of ergotism and recommended methods for removing the <a href="/wiki/Sclerotium" title="Sclerotium">sclerotium</a> from the rye crops. In 1776, the cloisters of the Antonites were incorporated into the Maltese <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a>, losing much of their medical histories in the process and losing the ergotism cures and recipes due to lack of use and lack of preservation.<a href="#cite_note-Nemes-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage_in_gynaecology_and_obstetrics">Usage in gynaecology and obstetrics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ergot&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Usage in gynaecology and obstetrics">edit</a>]</div> Midwives and very few doctors in Europe have used extracts from ergot for centuries: <ol><li>In a <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nürnberg">Nürnberg</a> manuscript of 1474, powdered ergot was prescribed together with <a href="/wiki/Laurus_nobilis#Alternative_medicine" title="Laurus nobilis">Laurel-fruits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Polygonatum_multiflorum" title="Polygonatum multiflorum">Solomon's seals</a> to cure permutter or heffmutter, which refers to pain in the lower abdomen caused by 'uprising of the womb'<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li>In a printed book of 1582, the German physician <a href="/wiki/Adam_Lonicer" title="Adam Lonicer">Adam Lonicer</a> wrote, that three sclerotia of ergot, used several times a day, were used by midwives as a good remedy in case of the "uprising and pain of the womb" (auffſteigen vnd wehethumb der mutter)<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Camerarius_the_Younger" title="Joachim Camerarius the Younger">Joachim Camerarius the Younger</a> wrote in 1586, that sclerotia of ergot held under the tongue, would stop bleeding<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li></ol> To prove that ergot is a harmless sort of grain, in 1774, the French pharmacist <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Parmentier" title="Antoine-Augustin Parmentier">Antoine-Augustin Parmentier</a> edited a letter he had received from Madame Dupile, a midwife of <a href="/wiki/Chaumont-en-Vexin" title="Chaumont-en-Vexin">Chaumont-en-Vexin</a>. She had told him that if uterine contractions were too weak in the <a href="/wiki/Childbirth#Second_stage:_fetal_expulsion" title="Childbirth">expulsion stage of childbirth</a>, she and her mother gave peeled ergot in an <a href="/wiki/Thimble" title="Thimble">amount of the filling of a thimble</a> dispersed in water, wine or broth. The administration of ergot was followed by a mild childbirth within 15 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The French physician Jean-Baptiste Desgranges (1751–1831) published in 1818, that in 1777 he had met midwives in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, who successfully treated feeble uterine contractions by administering the powder of ergot. Desgranges added this remedy to his therapeutic arsenal. From 1777 to 1804, he was successful in alleviating childbirth for more than twenty women by the administration of the powder of ergot. He never saw any side-effect of this treatment.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, in 1807 Dr. <a href="/wiki/John_Stearns,_1770" class="mw-redirect" title="John Stearns, 1770">John Stearns</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_County,_New_York" title="Saratoga County, New York">Saratoga County, New York</a> wrote to a friend that he had used, over several years, a pulvis parturiens with complete success in patients with "lingering <a href="/wiki/Uterine_contraction#Childbirth" title="Uterine contraction">parturitation</a>". This pulvis parturiens consisted of ergot, that he called a "spurious groth of rye". He boiled <a href="/wiki/Apothecaries%27_system#Metrication_in_countries_using_the_troy_and_avoirdupois_systems" title="Apothecaries' system">"half a drachm"</a> (ca. 2g) of that powder in half a pint of water and gave one third every twenty minutes, till the pains commenced.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In 1813, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Prescott#Son" title="Oliver Prescott">Oliver Prescott</a> (1762–1827) of <a href="/wiki/Newburyport,_Massachusetts" title="Newburyport, Massachusetts">Newburyport, Massachusetts</a> published a dissertation "on the natural history and medical effects of the secale cornutum", in which he described and analysed the experience he had gathered over five years while using ergot in cases of poor uterine action in the second stage of labour in childbirth.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The 1836 Dispensatory of the United States recommended "to a woman in labour fifteen or twenty grains [ca. 1 to 1.3g] of ergot in powder to be repeated every twenty minutes, till its peculiar effects are experienced, or till the amount of a drachm [ca. 3.9g] has been taken".<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In 1837, the French Codex Pharmacopee Francaise required ergot to be kept in all pharmacies.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Low to very low evidence from clinical trials suggests that prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids, administered by intravenous (IV) or intramuscular (IM) in the third stage of labor, may reduce blood loss and may reduce the risk of moderate to severe hemorrhage following delivery, however this medication may also be associated with higher blood pressure and higher pain.<a href="#cite_note-:0-39">[39]</a> It is not clear if oral ergot alkaloids are beneficial or harmful as they have not been well studied.<a href="#cite_note-:0-39">[39]</a> A 2018 Cochrane Systematic Review concluded that other medications such as oxytocin, syntometrine and prostaglandins, may be preferred over ergot alkaloids.<a href="#cite_note-:0-39">[39]</a> Though ergot was known to cause abortions in <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> and humans, this was not a recognized use for it as abortion was illegal in most countries, thus evidence for its use in abortion is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Bennett_Bentley_1999_Story_Ergot-24">[24]</a> Most often, ergot was used to speed the process of parturition or delivery, and was not used for the purpose of halting postpartum bleeding, which is a concern of childbirth.<a href="#cite_note-De_Costa-27">[27]</a> However, until <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anesthesia</a> became available, there was no antidote or way of controlling the effects of ergot. So if the fetus did not move as expected, the drug could cause the uterus to mold itself around the child, rupturing the uterus and killing the child. <a href="/wiki/David_Hosack" title="David Hosack">David Hosack</a>, an American physician, noted the large number of stillbirths resulting from ergot use and stated that rather than pulvis ad partum, it should be called pulvis ad mortem.<a href="#cite_note-De_Costa-27">[27]</a> He began advocating for its use to halt postpartum bleeding. Eventually, doctors determined that the use of ergot in childbirth without an antidote was too dangerous. They ultimately restricted its use to expelling the <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a> or stopping hemorrhage. Not only did it constrict the uterus, ergot had the ability to increase or decrease blood pressure, induce hypothermia and emesis, and influence pituitary hormone secretions.<a href="#cite_note-Bennett_Bentley_1999_Story_Ergot-24">[24]</a> In 1926, Swiss psychiatrist Hans Maier suggested to use ergotamine for the treatment of vascular headaches of the migraine type.<a href="#cite_note-Miedaner_and_Hartwing-16">[16]</a> In the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Abortifacient" title="Abortifacient">abortifacient</a> drugs were marketed to women by various companies under various names such as Molex pills and Cote pills. Since birth control devices and abortifacients were illegal to market and sell at the time, they were offered to women who were "delayed". The recommended dosage was seven grains of ergotin a day. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> (FTC)<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> these pills contained ergotin, aloes, <a href="/wiki/Helleborus_niger" title="Helleborus niger">Black Hellebore</a> and other substances. The efficacy and safety of these pills are unknown. The FTC deemed them unsafe and ineffective and demanded that they <a href="/wiki/Cease_and_desist" title="Cease and desist">cease and desist</a> selling the product. Currently, over a thousand compounds have been derived from ergot ingredients.<a href="#cite_note-Miedaner_and_Hartwing-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speculated_cause_of_hysterics_and_hallucinations">Speculated cause of hysterics and hallucinations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ergot&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Speculated cause of hysterics and hallucinations">edit</a>]</div> It has been posited that <a href="/wiki/Kykeon" title="Kykeon">Kykeon</a>, the beverage consumed by participants in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a> cult, might have been based on <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">hallucinogens</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a>, a precursor to the potent hallucinogen LSD, and <a href="/wiki/Ergonovine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergonovine">ergonovine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miedaner_and_Hartwing-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> An article appearing in the July 23, 1881 edition of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a> entitled "A New Exhilarating Substance" denotes cases of euphoria upon consuming <a href="/wiki/Tincture" title="Tincture">tincture</a> of ergot of rye, particularly when mixed with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_phosphates" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium phosphates">phosphate of soda</a> and sweetened water. In rainy years, it was thought rye bread exceeded 5% ergot.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> British author John Grigsby contends that the presence of ergot in the stomachs of some of the so-called 'bog-bodies' (<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> human remains from peat <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bogs</a> of northeast Europe, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tollund_Man" title="Tollund Man">Tollund Man</a>) is indicative of use of <a href="/wiki/Claviceps_purpurea" title="Claviceps purpurea">Claviceps purpurea</a> in ritual drinks in a prehistoric fertility cult akin to the Greek Eleusinian Mysteries. In his 2005 book Beowulf and Grendel, he argues that the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> poem <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a> is based on a memory of the quelling of this fertility cult by followers of <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>. He writes that Beowulf, which he translates as barley-wolf, suggests a connection to ergot which in German was known as the 'tooth of the wolf'.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Linnda_R._Caporael" title="Linnda R. Caporael">Linnda R. Caporael</a> posited in 1976 that the <a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials#Medical_theories_about_the_reported_afflictions" title="Salem witch trials">hysterical symptoms of young women</a> that had spurred the <a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem witch trials</a> had been the result of consuming ergot-tainted rye.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> However, Nicholas P. Spanos and Jack Gottlieb, after a review of the historical and medical evidence, later disputed her conclusions.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Other authors have likewise cast doubt on ergotism as the cause of the Salem witch trials.<a href="#cite_note-Woolf-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Claviceps_purpurea">Claviceps purpurea</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ergot&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Claviceps purpurea">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Claviceps_purpurea" title="Claviceps purpurea">Claviceps purpurea</a></div> Mankind has known about Claviceps purpurea for a long time, and its appearance has been linked to extremely cold winters that were followed by rainy summers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The sclerotial stage of C. purpurea conspicuous on the heads of ryes and other such grains is known as ergot. Favorable temperatures for growth are in the range of 18–30 °C. Temperatures above 37 °C cause rapid germination of <a href="/wiki/Conidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Conidia">conidia</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Sunlight has a chromogenic effect on the <a href="/wiki/Mycelium" title="Mycelium">mycelium</a>, with intense coloration.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Cereal mashes and sprouted rye are suitable substrates for growth of the fungus in the laboratory.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Claviceps_africana">Claviceps africana</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ergot&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Claviceps africana">edit</a>]</div> Claviceps africana infects <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>. In sorghum and pearl millet, ergot became a problem when growers adopted hybrid technology, which increased host susceptibility.<a href="#cite_note-Miedaner_and_Hartwing-16">[16]</a> It only infects unfertilized ovaries, so self-pollination and <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a> can decrease the presence of the disease, but male-sterile lines are extremely vulnerable to infection.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Symptoms of infection by C. africana include the secretion of <a href="/wiki/Honeydew_(secretion)" title="Honeydew (secretion)">honeydew</a> (a fluid with high concentrates of sugar and conidia), which attracts insects like flies, beetles and wasps that feed on it. This helps spread the fungus to uninfected plants. In Sorghum, this honeydew can be spotted coming out of head flowers. A whitish sticky substance can also be observed on leaves and on the ground.<a href="#cite_note-:1-48">[48]</a> C. africana caused ergot disease that caused a famine in 1903–1906 in northern <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, West Africa, and also occurs in eastern and southern Africa, especially <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. Male sterile sorghums (also referred to as A-lines) are especially susceptible to infection, as first recognized in the 1960s, and massive losses in seed yield have been noted. Infection is associated with cold night temperatures that are below 12 °C occurring two to three weeks before flowering.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Sorghum ergot caused by Claviceps africana Frederickson, Mantle and De Milliano is widespread in all sorghum-growing areas, whereas the species was formerly restricted to Africa and Asia where it was first recorded more than 90 years ago, it has been spreading rapidly and by the mid-1990s it reached <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, South Africa and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. By 1997, the disease had spread to most South American countries and the Caribbean including <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, and by 1997 had reached <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miedaner_and_Hartwing-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management">Management</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ergot&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Management">edit</a>]</div> Partners of the <a href="/wiki/CAB_International" title="CAB International">CABI</a>-led programme, <a href="/wiki/Plantwise" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantwise">Plantwise</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(Zambia)" title="Ministry of Agriculture (Zambia)">Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock</a> in Zambia) have several recommendations for managing the spread of ergot, these include; planting tolerant varieties, disk fields after harvest to prevent sorghum ratoon and volunteer plants from developing, remove any infected plants, and carrying out three-year crop rotations with legumes.<a href="#cite_note-:1-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Claviceps_paspali">Claviceps paspali</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ergot&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Claviceps paspali">edit</a>]</div> Claviceps paspali infects wild grasses and could be found on the common grass Paspalum. Like the C. africana, C. paspali also secretes honeydew which is consumed by bees. The bees then create a honey called fic'e (Paraguayan Makai Indian language), which is infused with secretions from the plants and has a pungent aroma. If consumed in high amounts, the honey can cause drunkenness, dizziness and even death.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ergot&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_uses_of_fungi" title="Medicinal uses of fungi">Medicinal uses of fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassel_History_Center_%26_Ergot_Museum" title="Dassel History Center & Ergot Museum">Dassel History Center & Ergot Museum</a>: a major producer of ergot</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ergot&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/terms-and-conditions/">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantwise.org/KnowledgeBank/pmdg/20167800135">PMDG: Ergot sugary disease in sorghum</a>, CABI. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ergot&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Schardl2006-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Schardl2006_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchardlPanaccioneTudzynski2006" class="citation book cs1">Schardl, Christopher L.; Panaccione, Daniel G.; Tudzynski, Paul (2006). Ergot Alkaloids – Biology and Molecular Biology. The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology. Vol. 63. pp. 45–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1099-4831%2806%2963002-2">10.1016/S1099-4831(06)63002-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-469563-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-469563-4"><bdi>978-0-12-469563-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17133714">17133714</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ergot+Alkaloids+%E2%80%93+Biology+and+Molecular+Biology&rft.series=The+Alkaloids%3A+Chemistry+and+Biology&rft.pages=45-86&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17133714&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1099-4831%2806%2963002-2&rft.isbn=978-0-12-469563-4&rft.aulast=Schardl&rft.aufirst=Christopher+L.&rft.au=Panaccione%2C+Daniel+G.&rft.au=Tudzynski%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErgot" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?ergot">ergot</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201034/http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?ergot">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, online medical dictionary </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/three/000036589.htm">ergot</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090910032206/http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=%2Fppdocs%2Fus%2Fcommon%2Fdorlands%2Fdorland%2Fthree%2F000036589.htm">Archived</a> September 10, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Dorland's Medical Dictionary </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandyopadhyayFredericksonMcLarenOdvody1998" class="citation journal cs1">Bandyopadhyay, Ranajit; Frederickson, Debra E.; McLaren, Neal W.; Odvody, Gary N.; Ryley, Malcolm J. (April 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1094%2FPDIS.1998.82.4.356">"Ergot: A New Disease Threat to Sorghum in the Americas and Australia"</a>. Plant Disease. 82 (4): 356–367. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1094%2FPDIS.1998.82.4.356">10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.4.356</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30856881">30856881</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Disease&rft.atitle=Ergot%3A+A+New+Disease+Threat+to+Sorghum+in+the+Americas+and+Australia&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=356-367&rft.date=1998-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1094%2FPDIS.1998.82.4.356&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30856881&rft.aulast=Bandyopadhyay&rft.aufirst=Ranajit&rft.au=Frederickson%2C+Debra+E.&rft.au=McLaren%2C+Neal+W.&rft.au=Odvody%2C+Gary+N.&rft.au=Ryley%2C+Malcolm+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1094%252FPDIS.1998.82.4.356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErgot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoll1932" class="citation journal cs1">Stoll, A. (October 1932). "Ergot and ergotism". The Science of Nature. 20 (41): 752–757. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932NW.....20..752S">1932NW.....20..752S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01493390">10.1007/BF01493390</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29050640">29050640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Science+of+Nature&rft.atitle=Ergot+and+ergotism&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=752-757&rft.date=1932-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29050640%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01493390&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932NW.....20..752S&rft.aulast=Stoll&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErgot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPazoutova" class="citation web cs1">Pazoutova, Sylvie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060310052745/http://www2.biomed.cas.cz/~pazouto/purpurea.htm">"Intraspecific variability of C. purpurea"</a>. 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Molecular Plant Pathology. 10 (4): 563–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2FJ.1364-3703.2009.00548.X">10.1111/J.1364-3703.2009.00548.X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6640538">6640538</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19523108">19523108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Plant+Pathology&rft.atitle=Ergot%3Afrom+witchcraft+to+biotechnology&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=563-77&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6640538%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19523108&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2FJ.1364-3703.2009.00548.X&rft.aulast=Haarmann&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Rolke%2C+Yvonne&rft.au=Giesbert%2C+Sabine&rft.au=Tudzynski%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6640538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErgot" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wellcome-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wellcome_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wellcome_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wellcome_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wellcome_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wellcome_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wellcome_26-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wellcome_26-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wellcome_26-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wellcome_26-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellcomeSolomon1908" class="citation book cs1">Wellcome, Henry S.; Solomon, Henry (June 19, 1908). 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New Haven: Yale, 1989 (reedited in 1991) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05121-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-05121-2">0-300-05121-2</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Nemes-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nemes_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nemes_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nemes_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nemes_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nemes_29-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nemes_29-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nemes_29-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nemes_29-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemes2018" class="citation journal cs1">Nemes, C.N. (1 December 2018). 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Retrieved 2020-05-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=doctorlib.info&rft.atitle=Claviceps+-+The+Genera+and+Species+from+A+to+Z+-+The+Encyclopedia+of+Psychoactive+Plants%3A+Ethnopharmacology+and+Its+Applications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoctorlib.info%2Fherbal%2Fencyclopedia-psychoactive-plants-ethnopharmacology%2F123.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErgot" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ergot&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Claviceps_purpurea" class="extiw" title="commons:Claviceps purpurea">Ergot</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=37&z=5">Claviceps purpurea - Ergot Alkaloid</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100907065004/http://www.entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=37&z=5">Archived</a> 2010-09-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ext.nodak.edu/extpubs/plantsci/crops/pp551w.htm">Ergot article from North Dakota State University, 2002</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006123223/http://www.ext.nodak.edu/extpubs/plantsci/crops/pp551w.htm">Archived</a> 2008-10-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanaccioneCoyle2005" class="citation journal cs1">Panaccione DG, Coyle CM (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1151833">"Abundant respirable ergot alkaloids from the common airborne fungus Aspergillus fumigatus"</a>. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 71 (6): 3106–11. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApEnM..71.3106P">2005ApEnM..71.3106P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.71.6.3106-3111.2005">10.1128/AEM.71.6.3106-3111.2005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1151833">1151833</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15933008">15933008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+and+Environmental+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Abundant+respirable+ergot+alkaloids+from+the+common+airborne+fungus+Aspergillus+fumigatus&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=3106-11&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1151833%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15933008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FAEM.71.6.3106-3111.2005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005ApEnM..71.3106P&rft.aulast=Panaccione&rft.aufirst=DG&rft.au=Coyle%2C+CM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1151833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErgot" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/witches-curse/1498/">PBS Secrets of the Dead: "The Witches Curse" (concerning the Salem trials and ergot)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070106040511/http://www.healthday.com/Article.asp?AID=600564">Parkinson's Drugs Can Damage Heart Valves</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=HealthDay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HealthDay (page does not exist)">HealthDay</a>. 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ergolines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ergolines" title="Template:Ergolines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ergolines" title="Template talk:Ergolines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ergolines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ergolines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ergolines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid" title="Lysergic acid">Lysergic acid</a> derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Bromo-LSD" title="2-Bromo-LSD">2-Bromo-LSD (BOL-148)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesergide" title="Amesergide">Amesergide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromerguride" title="Bromerguride">Bromerguride (2-bromolisuride)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">Bromocriptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">Cabergoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroergocornine" title="Dihydroergocornine">Dihydroergocornine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroergocristine" title="Dihydroergocristine">Dihydroergocristine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroergocryptine" title="Dihydroergocryptine">Dihydroergocryptine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydroergometrine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydroergometrine (page does not exist)">Dihydroergometrine</a> (Dihydroergonovine, Dihydroergobasine)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydroergosine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydroergosine (page does not exist)">Dihydroergosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">Dihydroergotamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicriptine" title="Epicriptine">Epicriptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergine" title="Ergine">Ergine</a> (LSA; LA-111; Lysergamide)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergocornine" title="Ergocornine">Ergocornine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergocristine" title="Ergocristine">Ergocristine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergocryptine" title="Ergocryptine">Ergocryptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergoloid" title="Ergoloid">Ergoloid</a> (Dihydroergotoxine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergometrine" title="Ergometrine">Ergometrine</a> (Ergonovine, Ergobasine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergometrinine" title="Ergometrinine">Ergometrinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergostine" title="Ergostine">Ergostine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">Ergotamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergotoxine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergotoxine">Ergotoxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergovaline" title="Ergovaline">Ergovaline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fludihydroergotamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fludihydroergotamine (page does not exist)">Fludihydroergotamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">Lisuride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-215,840" title="LY-215,840">LY-215,840</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_hydroxyethylamide" title="Lysergic acid hydroxyethylamide">LSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid" title="Lysergic acid">Lysergic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_methyl_ester" title="Lysergic acid methyl ester">Lysergic acid methyl ester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysergine" title="Lysergine">Lysergine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysergol" title="Lysergol">Lysergol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mergocriptine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mergocriptine (page does not exist)">Mergocriptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesulergine" title="Mesulergine">Mesulergine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metergoline" title="Metergoline">Metergoline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metergotamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metergotamine (page does not exist)">Metergotamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylisopropyllysergamide" title="Methylisopropyllysergamide">MIPLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methysergide" title="Methysergide">Methysergide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propisergide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propisergide (page does not exist)">Propisergide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergolexole" title="Sergolexole">Sergolexole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelic</a> <a href="/wiki/Lysergamides" title="Lysergamides">lysergamides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1B-LSD" title="1B-LSD">1B-LSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1cP-LSD" title="1cP-LSD">1cP-LSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1P-ETH-LAD" title="1P-ETH-LAD">1P-ETH-LAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1P-LSD" title="1P-LSD">1P-LSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AL-LAD" title="AL-LAD">AL-LAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALD-52" title="ALD-52">ALD-52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BU-LAD" title="BU-LAD">BU-LAD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CYP-LAD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CYP-LAD (page does not exist)">CYP-LAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diallyllysergamide" title="Diallyllysergamide">Diallyllysergamide</a> (DAL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyllysergamide" title="Dimethyllysergamide">Dimethyllysergamide</a> (DAM-57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECPLA" title="ECPLA">ECPLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonovine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergonovine">Ergonovine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETFELA" title="ETFELA">ETFELA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETH-LAD" title="ETH-LAD">ETH-LAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP-LAD" class="mw-redirect" title="IP-LAD">IP-LAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAMPA" title="LAMPA">LAMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAE-32" title="LAE-32">LAE-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD (lysergide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPD-824" title="LPD-824">LPD-824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSM-775" title="LSM-775">LSM-775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Lysergic_acid_N-(%CE%B1-hydroxyethyl)amide" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Lysergic acid N-(α-hydroxyethyl)amide">LSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD-Pip" title="LSD-Pip">LSD-Pip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_2-butyl_amide" title="Lysergic acid 2-butyl amide">Lysergic Acid 2-Butylamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_2,4-dimethylazetidide" title="Lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide">Lysergic Acid 2,4-Dimethylazetidide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_3-pentyl_amide" title="Lysergic acid 3-pentyl amide">Lysergic Acid 3-Pentylamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lysergic_acid_cyclobutylamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lysergic acid cyclobutylamide (page does not exist)">Lysergic acid cyclobutylamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lysergic_acid_cyclopentylamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lysergic acid cyclopentylamide (page does not exist)">Lysergic acid cyclopentylamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylergometrine" title="Methylergometrine">Methylergometrine</a> (Methylergonovine, Methylergobasine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylisopropyllysergamide" title="Methylisopropyllysergamide">MIPLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLD-41" class="mw-redirect" title="MLD-41">MLD-41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PARGY-LAD" title="PARGY-LAD">PARGY-LAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRO-LAD" title="PRO-LAD">PRO-LAD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clavines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9-Deacetoxyfumigaclavine_C" title="9-Deacetoxyfumigaclavine C">9-Deacetoxyfumigaclavine C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroclavine" title="Agroclavine">Agroclavine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanoclavine" title="Chanoclavine">Chanoclavine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanoclavine_II" title="Chanoclavine II">Chanoclavine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costaclavin" title="Costaclavin">Costaclavin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloclavine" title="Cycloclavine">Cycloclavine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymoclavine" title="Elymoclavine">Elymoclavine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyagroclavine" title="Epoxyagroclavine">Epoxyagroclavine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festuclavine" title="Festuclavine">Festuclavine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumigaclavine_A" title="Fumigaclavine A">Fumigaclavine A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumigaclavine_B" title="Fumigaclavine B">Fumigaclavine B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumigaclavine_C" title="Fumigaclavine C">Fumigaclavine C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paliclavine" title="Paliclavine">Paliclavine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penniclavine" title="Penniclavine">Penniclavine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setoclavine" title="Setoclavine">Setoclavine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other ergolines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetergamine" title="Acetergamine">Acetergamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazergoline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brazergoline (page does not exist)">Brazergoline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cianergoline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cianergoline (page does not exist)">Cianergoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CY-208,243" title="CY-208,243">CY-208,243</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delergotrile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delergotrile (page does not exist)">Delergotrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disulergine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disulergine (page does not exist)">Disulergine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dosergoside&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dosergoside (page does not exist)">Dosergoside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergoline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etisulergine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etisulergine (page does not exist)">Etisulergine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lergotrile" title="Lergotrile">Lergotrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicergoline" title="Nicergoline">Nicergoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">Pergolide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proterguride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proterguride (page does not exist)">Proterguride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romergoline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romergoline (page does not exist)">Romergoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terguride" title="Terguride">Terguride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiomergine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiomergine (page does not exist)">Tiomergine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voxergolide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voxergolide (page does not exist)">Voxergolide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrogolide" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrogolide">Adrogolide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naxagolide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naxagolide (page does not exist)">Naxagolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinagolide" title="Quinagolide">Quinagolide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achnatherum_robustum" title="Achnatherum robustum">Achnatherum robustum</a> (Sleepy Grass)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claviceps" class="mw-redirect" title="Claviceps">Claviceps spp.</a> (Ergot) </li></ul> Morning glory: <a href="/wiki/Argyreia_nervosa" title="Argyreia nervosa">Argyreia nervosa</a> (Hawaiian Baby Woodrose), <a href="/wiki/Ipomoea" title="Ipomoea">Ipomoea spp.</a>(Morning Glory, Tlitliltzin, Badoh Negro), <a href="/wiki/Turbina_corymbosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbina corymbosa">Rivea corymbosa</a> (Coaxihuitl, Ololiúqui) </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Claviceps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6445454" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q6445454">Q6445454</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Claviceps" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Claviceps">Claviceps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_online_fauna_%26_flora_databases" title="Australian online fauna & flora databases">AusFungi</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/fungi/60014653">60014653</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3QNY">3QNY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/21879">21879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1CLAVG">1CLAVG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2562525">2562525</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/123250">123250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_Fungorum" title="Index Fungorum">IndexFungorum</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=1092">1092</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1011371">1011371</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MycoBank" title="MycoBank">MycoBank</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mycobank.org/MB/1092">1092</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0001477859">NHMSYS0001477859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=5110">5110</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/05c9ffb8-7bc1-488b-b8d1-9214352aa518">05c9ffb8-7bc1-488b-b8d1-9214352aa518</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=607950">607950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_Fungorum" title="Index Fungorum">SpeciesFungorum</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=1092">1092</a></li> <li>uBio: 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