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background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Wilfred Clouston</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilfred_Clouston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Wilfred_Clouston.jpg/220px-Wilfred_Clouston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="384" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Wilfred_Clouston.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="482" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Wilfred Clouston, September 1940</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Wilf</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1916-01-15</span>)</span>15 January 1916<br /><a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, New Zealand</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">24 May 1980<span style="display:none">(1980-05-24)</span> (aged 64)<br /><a href="/wiki/Waipukurau" title="Waipukurau">Waipukurau</a>, New Zealand</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">New Zealand</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1936–1957</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">Acting <a href="/wiki/Group_Captain" class="mw-redirect" title="Group Captain">Group Captain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/No._258_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 258 Squadron RAF">No. 258 Squadron</a><br /><a href="/wiki/No._488_Squadron_RNZAF" title="No. 488 Squadron RNZAF">No. 488 (NZ) Squadron</a><br /><a href="/wiki/RAF_Northolt" title="RAF Northolt">RAF Northolt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_Kingdom)" title="Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)">Distinguished Flying Cross</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Wilfred Greville Clouston</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_Kingdom)" title="Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)">DFC</a></span></span> (15 January 1916 – 24 May 1980) was a New Zealand <a href="/wiki/Flying_ace" title="Flying ace">flying ace</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. He was credited with the destruction of nine enemy aircraft and shared in the destruction of three more. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, New Zealand, Clouston joined the RAF in 1936. He flew <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermarine Spitfires">Supermarine Spitfires</a> with <a href="/wiki/No._19_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 19 Squadron RAF">No. 19 Squadron</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>. He later commanded <a href="/wiki/No._258_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 258 Squadron RAF">No. 258 Squadron</a>. In August 1941 he was sent to <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> to take command of <a href="/wiki/No._488_Squadron_RNZAF" title="No. 488 Squadron RNZAF">No. 488 (NZ) Squadron</a> but became a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a> when the British surrendered Singapore in February 1942. He remained in the RAF after the war, holding a series of administrative posts until his retirement in 1957. He farmed in New Zealand until his death in 1980 at the age of 64. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfred_Clouston&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilfred Greville Clouston, known as Wilf, was born in <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, New Zealand, on 15 January 1916, the son of Allan and Vivienne Clouston. He had a younger brother named John.<sup id="cite_ref-cenotaph_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cenotaph-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson195360_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson195360-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2011147_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2011147-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family later moved to <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, where Clouston was educated except for his final year of schooling, which was at <a href="/wiki/Nelson_College" title="Nelson College">Nelson College</a>. On completing his education, he worked as a clerk. Interested in flying, he took piloting lessons at <a href="/wiki/Rongotai_Aerodrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Rongotai Aerodrome">Rongotai Aerodrome</a> and in 1935 earned his pilot's licence. The following year he travelled to England where he obtained a short service commission in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF).<sup id="cite_ref-nzhistory_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzhistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a period of basic training at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Uxbridge" title="RAF Uxbridge">Uxbridge</a>, Clouston proceeded to the <a href="/wiki/No._7_Flying_Training_School_RAF" title="No. 7 Flying Training School RAF">No. 7 Flying Training School</a> at the RAF's station at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Peterborough" title="RAF Peterborough">Peterborough</a>. After gaining his <a href="/wiki/Aircrew_brevet" title="Aircrew brevet">wings</a>, he was posted to <a href="/wiki/No._19_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 19 Squadron RAF">No. 19 Squadron</a> as an acting <a href="/wiki/Pilot_officer" title="Pilot officer">pilot officer</a> in June 1937. At the time, the squadron was based at <a href="/wiki/Duxford_Aerodrome" title="Duxford Aerodrome">Duxford</a> and operated the <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Gauntlet" title="Gloster Gauntlet">Gloster Gauntlet</a> but in August the following year, it began to re-equip with the <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfire</a>. It was the first squadron in the RAF to do so. While becoming familiar with the aircraft, Clouston had a mid-air collision with another Spitfire; both managed to safely land.<sup id="cite_ref-nzhistory_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzhistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert201191–93_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert201191–93-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfred_Clouston&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Air_Force_Fighter_Command,_1939-1945._CH1322.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Royal_Air_Force_Fighter_Command%2C_1939-1945._CH1322.jpg/220px-Royal_Air_Force_Fighter_Command%2C_1939-1945._CH1322.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Royal_Air_Force_Fighter_Command%2C_1939-1945._CH1322.jpg/330px-Royal_Air_Force_Fighter_Command%2C_1939-1945._CH1322.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Royal_Air_Force_Fighter_Command%2C_1939-1945._CH1322.jpg/440px-Royal_Air_Force_Fighter_Command%2C_1939-1945._CH1322.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Clouston, on the right, stands alongside Squadron Leader <a href="/wiki/Brian_Lane_(RAF_officer)" title="Brian Lane (RAF officer)">Brian Lane</a>, who led No. 19 Squadron during the Battle of Britain</figcaption></figure> <p>After the outbreak of the Second World War, No. 19 Squadron was still stationed at Duxford. Its operational role was to protect shipping in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> by flying covering missions for convoys but generally it saw little offensive action by the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-nzhistory_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzhistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert201191–93_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert201191–93-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early May 1940, Clouston and his <a href="/wiki/Section_(military_unit)" title="Section (military unit)">section</a> pursued a <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88" title="Junkers Ju 88">Junkers Ju 88</a> bomber off the coast of <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a> but failed to down it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2011109_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2011109-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, Clouston was married to Anne <span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Hyde</span>, the ceremony having taken place at <a href="/wiki/Little_Wilbraham" title="Little Wilbraham">Little Wilbraham</a>. His wife was the daughter of an <a href="/wiki/Admiral_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral (Royal Navy)">admiral</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert201191–93_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert201191–93-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">German invasion of the Low Countries</a>, No. 19 Squadron began operations over the French and Belgian coast, flying from airfields in the south of England.<sup id="cite_ref-nzhistory_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzhistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert201194_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert201194-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intensity of operations increased towards the end of the month as the bulk of the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War II)">British Expeditionary Force</a> (BEF) withdrew to the area around <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> and the RAF fighter squadrons provided aerial cover for the trapped troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson195365_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson195365-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clouston, now a <a href="/wiki/Flight_lieutenant" title="Flight lieutenant">flight lieutenant</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert201194_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert201194-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was leading a <a href="/wiki/Flight_(military_unit)" title="Flight (military unit)">flight</a> of his squadron on its first patrol over Dunkirk on 26 May 1940 when it encountered around 20 <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Junkers Ju 87</a> dive bombers along with their fighter escorts. Clouston destroyed two of the Ju 87s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2011109_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2011109-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson195361_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson195361-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, he shot down a <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_17" title="Dornier Do 17">Dornier Do 17</a> and with two other pilots in his flight probably destroyed another. On 1 June, again over Dunkirk, he shared in the destruction of a <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_110" title="Messerschmitt Bf 110">Messerschmitt Bf 110</a> and on his own, shot down a <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Messerschmitt Bf 109</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson195365_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson195365-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2011110_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2011110-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RAF's protective efforts over Dunkirk ceased after the evacuation of the BEF was completed on 4 June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson195366_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson195366-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the month, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_Kingdom)" title="Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)">Distinguished Flying Cross</a> (DFC) for his efforts; the citation published in <i><a href="/wiki/London_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> read: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>During recent operations over France and Belgium, Flight Lieutenant Clouston shot down four enemy aircraft. He has led his flight with determination and vigour, and has shown great personal gallantry.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>London Gazette</i>, No. 34881, 25 June 1940<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Britain">Battle of Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfred_Clouston&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle of Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No. 19 Squadron returned to Duxford but was then shifted to nearby <a href="/wiki/RAF_Fowlmere" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Fowlmere">Fowlmere</a>, as part of <a href="/wiki/No._12_Group_RAF" title="No. 12 Group RAF">No. 12 Group</a> which provided fighter cover for the Midlands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2011143_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2011143-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBungay201562_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBungay201562-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June the squadron took delivery of some Spitfires that were experimentally fitted with <a href="/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_HS.404" title="Hispano-Suiza HS.404">Hispano cannons</a> but these proved problematic and were prone to jamming.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBungay2015253–254_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBungay2015253–254-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Battle of Britain escalated, the squadron was one of those that formed the <a href="/wiki/Big_Wing" title="Big Wing">Duxford Wing</a> and were scrambled on several occasions in August to protect the airfields of <a href="/wiki/No._11_Group_RAF" title="No. 11 Group RAF">No. 11 Group</a>. On 9 August, while flying a cannon-equipped Spitfire, Clouston was credited with half shares in two Bf 109s shot down over the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Estuary" title="Thames Estuary">Thames Estuary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2011144–145_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2011144–145-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaasen2012134_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaasen2012134-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his success with the cannons, the squadron reverted to Spitfires equipped with the standard <a href="/wiki/M2_Browning" title="M2 Browning">Browning machine guns</a> in early September; too many instances of jammed cannons had compromised its efforts in destroying enemy aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBungay2015253–254_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBungay2015253–254-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Supermarine_Spitfire_Mk_1_of_No._19_Squadron_RAF_being_re-armed_between_sorties_at_Fowlmere,_near_Duxford,_September_1940._CH1367.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/A_Supermarine_Spitfire_Mk_1_of_No._19_Squadron_RAF_being_re-armed_between_sorties_at_Fowlmere%2C_near_Duxford%2C_September_1940._CH1367.jpg/220px-A_Supermarine_Spitfire_Mk_1_of_No._19_Squadron_RAF_being_re-armed_between_sorties_at_Fowlmere%2C_near_Duxford%2C_September_1940._CH1367.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/A_Supermarine_Spitfire_Mk_1_of_No._19_Squadron_RAF_being_re-armed_between_sorties_at_Fowlmere%2C_near_Duxford%2C_September_1940._CH1367.jpg/330px-A_Supermarine_Spitfire_Mk_1_of_No._19_Squadron_RAF_being_re-armed_between_sorties_at_Fowlmere%2C_near_Duxford%2C_September_1940._CH1367.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/A_Supermarine_Spitfire_Mk_1_of_No._19_Squadron_RAF_being_re-armed_between_sorties_at_Fowlmere%2C_near_Duxford%2C_September_1940._CH1367.jpg/440px-A_Supermarine_Spitfire_Mk_1_of_No._19_Squadron_RAF_being_re-armed_between_sorties_at_Fowlmere%2C_near_Duxford%2C_September_1940._CH1367.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3438" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>A Spitfire of No. 19 Squadron being re-armed at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Fowlmere" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Fowlmere">Fowlmere</a>, September 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>Clouston destroyed one Bf 109 and claimed another as probable while on patrol with the squadron on 9 September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShoresWilliams1994180–181_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShoresWilliams1994180–181-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain_Day" title="Battle of Britain Day">Battle of Britain Day</a>, 15 September 1940, No. 12 Group was scrambled to support No. 11 Group in its effort to deal with a large bombing raid mounted by the <i><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></i>. With plenty of notice, the Duxford Wing of five squadrons was scrambled and assembled over London as the bombers approached. When the British fighters attacked, the bombers scattered and Clouston, leading a section of his flight, spotted a group of Do 17s and managed to destroy one. Later the same day, during another bombing raid mounted by the Germans, he shot down a second Do 17. A few days later, he destroyed a Ju 88 over the Thames Estuary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShoresWilliams1994180–181_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShoresWilliams1994180–181-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaasen2012162–165_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaasen2012162–165-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1940, Clouston, promoted to <a href="/wiki/Squadron_leader" title="Squadron leader">squadron leader</a>, was appointed commander of <a href="/wiki/No._258_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 258 Squadron RAF">No. 258 Squadron</a>, which was based in <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>. The majority of the flying personnel of this newly formed squadron, which operated <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawker Hurricanes">Hawker Hurricanes</a>, were New Zealanders. It began its operational service flying cover for convoys along the north-east coast but soon shifted to <a href="/wiki/RAF_Jurby" title="RAF Jurby">Jurby</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>. From Jurby it flew patrols to target German bombers attacking the ports along the English north east coast. In May 1941, the squadron was shifted to the south east of England and began to fly missions escorting bombers to targets in France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1953231–232_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1953231–232-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On one of these operations, accompanying <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim" title="Bristol Blenheim">Bristol Blenheims</a> raiding a petroleum plant in <a href="/wiki/Gosnay" title="Gosnay">Gosnay</a>, Clouston was wounded when his Hurricane was attacked by a Bf 109. He was still able to fly back to <a href="/wiki/RAF_Kenley" title="RAF Kenley">Kenley</a>, where the squadron was based at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks201640–41_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks201640–41-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At one stage, Clouston was joined at the squadron by his brother John, who had joined the <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force" title="Royal New Zealand Air Force">Royal New Zealand Air Force</a> (RNZAF) in 1940 and had been sent to England to fly with the RAF. John was killed in July 1944 when, having been shot down over France on <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a> and made a prisoner of war, his prison transport was strafed by American fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2011147_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2011147-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1953242:_footnote_1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1953242:_footnote_1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By August 1941, the British Government had recognised the growing threat that the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Empire">Japanese Empire</a> presented to its territories in Asia and the New Zealand Government was requested to assist in improving <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a>'s air defences. Accordingly, the RNZAF dispatched personnel to form a new fighter squadron in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. As an experienced squadron commander, Clouston was ordered to take command of the squadron, to be designated <a href="/wiki/No._488_Squadron_RNZAF" title="No. 488 Squadron RNZAF">No. 488 (NZ) Squadron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nzhistory_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzhistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1953213–214_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1953213–214-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His wife went to New Zealand to live with his parents in Wellington.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfred_Clouston&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clouston arrived in Singapore on 19 September 1941 as the first member of No. 488 Squadron. His flight commanders were in Singapore ten days later and together they greeted the rest of the squadron when it arrived from New Zealand on board the <a href="/wiki/SS_Tasman_(1921)" title="SS Tasman (1921)">SS <i>Tasman</i></a> on 10 October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton200834–36_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton200834–36-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The squadron was based at <a href="/wiki/Kallang_Airport" title="Kallang Airport">Kallang</a> and began familiarisation with the <a href="/wiki/Brewster_Buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewster Buffalo">Brewster Buffalo</a> aircraft, which it had taken over from <a href="/wiki/No._67_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 67 Squadron RAF">No. 67 Squadron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss195579–80_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss195579–80-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buffalo was a poor aircraft and Clouston had concerns about its suitability as a fighter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton200857–58_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton200857–58-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, he set about bringing the squadron up to operational readiness as soon as possible but his time was largely taken up with administrative matters and his flight commanders did much of the flying training.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss195581_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss195581-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Japanese attacked British Malaya in December 1941, the squadron had yet to reach operational standards and intensified its training. By the end of the year it was flying regular patrols aimed at detecting and destroying Japanese reconnaissance aircraft but the Buffaloes were inadequate for the task, having a low operational ceiling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss195584–86_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss195584–86-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the squadron began encountering Japanese fighters in mid-January 1942, the poor performance of the Buffaloes became even more apparent. Losses to Japanese fighters and bombing raids on Kallang soon reduced the squadron to only a few aircraft by the end of the month.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss195587–91_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss195587–91-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 January 1942, Clouston was posted to <a href="/wiki/Far_East_Air_Force_(Royal_Air_Force)" title="Far East Air Force (Royal Air Force)">RAF headquarters</a> at Singapore, working in the operations room, with <a href="/wiki/John_Noble_MacKenzie" title="John Noble MacKenzie">John MacKenzie</a>, one of the squadron's flight commanders, taking over responsibility for No. 488 Squadron.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss195587–91_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss195587–91-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton2008127_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2008127-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the final days of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Battle of Singapore</a>, with the squadron's pilots having already been evacuated, its ground crew worked to prepare a Hawker Hurricane for Clouston's use in the event he wanted to escape.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton2008161_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2008161-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss195593_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss195593-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, he took to a launch with other staff from RAF Air Operations but this was sunk in the <a href="/wiki/Bangka_Strait" title="Bangka Strait">Bangka Strait</a> during an attack by a Japanese bomber. Rescued by a steamer that was intercepted by the Japanese the following day, he became a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a> (POW).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton2008255_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2008255-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before his capture, he was able to facilitate the evacuation of the remaining ground crew of the squadron from Singapore, obtaining spaces for them aboard the <i><a href="/wiki/MV_Empire_Star_(1935)" title="MV Empire Star (1935)">Empire Star</a></i> when it sailed on 12 February.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss195593_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss195593-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton2008178–179_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2008178–179-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clouston was interned for most of the war at a POW camp at <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> but by the time of the Japanese surrender in September 1945, he was held at <a href="/wiki/Changi_Prison" title="Changi Prison">Changi Prison</a> back on Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2011143_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2011143-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was suffering from malnutrition at the time of his release.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfred_Clouston&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On his return to England, Clouston took a permanent commission in the RAF and was given an appointment as commander of <a href="/wiki/RAF_Turnhouse" title="RAF Turnhouse">RAF Turnhouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nzhistory_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzhistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Promoted to <a href="/wiki/Wing_commander_(rank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing commander (rank)">wing commander</a> in July 1950,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he went onto a variety of positions during his post-war RAF career, including on the air staff at <a href="/wiki/Fighter_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighter Command">Fighter Command</a> and command of <a href="/wiki/RAF_Khormaksar" title="RAF Khormaksar">RAF Khormaksar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>. After attending a course at the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Service_Defence_College" title="Joint Service Defence College">Combined Staff College</a>, his last post was as commander of <a href="/wiki/RAF_Northolt" title="RAF Northolt">RAF Northolt</a>. Having reached the rank of acting <a href="/wiki/Group_captain" title="Group captain">group captain</a>, he retired from the RAF in 1957 and went back to New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShoresWilliams1994180–181_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShoresWilliams1994180–181-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He took up farming in <a href="/wiki/Waipukurau" title="Waipukurau">Waipukurau</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Hawke%27s_Bay_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawke's Bay Region">Hawke's Bay Region</a>. The effects of his internment as a prisoner of war saw his health decline rapidly in his later years and his son took over the running of his farm, named <i>Tangmere</i> after the <a href="/wiki/RAF_Tangmere" title="RAF Tangmere">RAF station</a>, while Clouston moved to town. He was hospitalised after a fall at his home and died on 24 May 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-nzhistory_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzhistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2011149_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2011149-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His uniform and medals, which in addition to the DFC also included the <a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931945_Star" title="1939–1945 Star">1939–1945 Star</a> with Battle of Britain clasp and the <a href="/wiki/War_Medal_1939%E2%80%931945" title="War Medal 1939–1945">War Medal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cenotaph_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cenotaph-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were in the possession of the Waipukurau <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Returned_and_Services%27_Association" title="Royal New Zealand Returned and Services' Association">Returned and Services Association</a> until its closure in December 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clouston is credited with destroying nine enemy aircraft, and shared in the destruction of three more. He also claimed one enemy aircraft as probably destroyed, and a share in another probable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShoresWilliams1994180–181_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShoresWilliams1994180–181-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfred_Clouston&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cenotaph-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cenotaph_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cenotaph_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/war-memorial/online-cenotaph/record/C277">"Cenotaph Record: Wilfred Greville Clouston"</a>. <i>Online Cenotaph</i>. Auckland Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Cenotaph&rft.atitle=Cenotaph+Record%3A+Wilfred+Greville+Clouston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aucklandmuseum.com%2Fwar-memorial%2Fonline-cenotaph%2Frecord%2FC277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfred+Clouston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson195360-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson195360_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1953">Thompson 1953</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2011147-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2011147_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2011147_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2011">Lambert 2011</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nzhistory-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nzhistory_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nzhistory_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nzhistory_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nzhistory_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nzhistory_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nzhistory_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nzhistory_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhipps" class="citation web cs1">Phipps, Gareth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzhistory.govt.nz/people/wilfrid-clouston">"Wilfred Clouston: Biography"</a>. <i>NZ History</i>. New Zealand Ministry of Culture and Heritage<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NZ+History&rft.atitle=Wilfred+Clouston%3A+Biography&rft.aulast=Phipps&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzhistory.govt.nz%2Fpeople%2Fwilfrid-clouston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfred+Clouston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert201191–93-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert201191–93_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert201191–93_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert201191–93_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2011">Lambert 2011</a>, pp. 91–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2011109-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2011109_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2011109_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2011">Lambert 2011</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert201194-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert201194_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert201194_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2011">Lambert 2011</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson195365-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson195365_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson195365_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1953">Thompson 1953</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson195361-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson195361_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1953">Thompson 1953</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2011110-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2011110_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2011">Lambert 2011</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson195366-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson195366_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1953">Thompson 1953</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGazette34881" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBungay201562_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBungay2015">Bungay 2015</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBungay2015253–254-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBungay2015253–254_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBungay2015253–254_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBungay2015">Bungay 2015</a>, pp. 253–254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2011144–145-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2011144–145_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2011">Lambert 2011</a>, pp. 144–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaasen2012134-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaasen2012134_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClaasen2012">Claasen 2012</a>, p. 134.</span> 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class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19411115.2.159.1">"DFC Winner's Wife - Arrival in New Zealand"</a>. <i>New Zealand Herald</i>. No. 24123. 15 November 1941<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=DFC+Winner%27s+Wife+-+Arrival+in+New+Zealand&rft.issue=24123&rft.date=1941-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fnewspapers%2FNZH19411115.2.159.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfred+Clouston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton200834–36-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton200834–36_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClayton2008">Clayton 2008</a>, pp. 34–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss195579–80-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss195579–80_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1955">Ross 1955</a>, pp. 79–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton200857–58-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton200857–58_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClayton2008">Clayton 2008</a>, pp. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss195581-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss195581_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1955">Ross 1955</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss195584–86-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss195584–86_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1955">Ross 1955</a>, pp. 84–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss195587–91-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss195587–91_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss195587–91_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1955">Ross 1955</a>, pp. 87–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2008127-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton2008127_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClayton2008">Clayton 2008</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2008161-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton2008161_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClayton2008">Clayton 2008</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss195593-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss195593_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss195593_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1955">Ross 1955</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2008255-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton2008255_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClayton2008">Clayton 2008</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton2008178–179-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton2008178–179_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClayton2008">Clayton 2008</a>, pp. 178–179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19450910.2.35">"Release of N.Z. Prisoners - Changi Camp at Singapore"</a>. <i>The Press</i>. No. 24667. 10 September 1945<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Press&rft.atitle=Release+of+N.Z.+Prisoners+-+Changi+Camp+at+Singapore&rft.issue=24667&rft.date=1945-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fnewspapers%2FCHP19450910.2.35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfred+Clouston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGazette38955" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38955/supplement/3359">"No. 38955"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 27 June 1950. p. 3359.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+38955&rft.pages=3359&rft.date=1950-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F38955%2Fsupplement%2F3359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfred+Clouston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2011149-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2011149_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2011">Lambert 2011</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharpe2011" class="citation news cs1">Sharpe, Marty (15 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/6141354/RSA-closes-after-decline-in-patronage">"RSA Closes After Decline in Patronage"</a>. <i>Dominion Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dominion+Post&rft.atitle=RSA+Closes+After+Decline+in+Patronage&rft.date=2011-12-15&rft.aulast=Sharpe&rft.aufirst=Marty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fnational%2F6141354%2FRSA-closes-after-decline-in-patronage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfred+Clouston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfred_Clouston&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBungay2015" class="citation book cs1">Bungay, Stephen (2015) [2000]. <i>The Most Dangerous Enemy: A History of the Battle of Britain</i>. London: Aurum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78131-495-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78131-495-1"><bdi>978-1-78131-495-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Most+Dangerous+Enemy%3A+A+History+of+the+Battle+of+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Aurum+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78131-495-1&rft.aulast=Bungay&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfred+Clouston" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClaasen2012" class="citation book cs1">Claasen, Adam (2012). <i>Dogfight: The Battle of Britain</i>. Anzac Battle Series. Auckland: Exisle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921497-28-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921497-28-5"><bdi>978-1-921497-28-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dogfight%3A+The+Battle+of+Britain&rft.place=Auckland&rft.series=Anzac+Battle+Series&rft.pub=Exisle+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-921497-28-5&rft.aulast=Claasen&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfred+Clouston" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClayton2008" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, Graham (2008). <i>Last Stand in Singapore: The Story of 488 Squadron RNZAF</i>. Auckland: Random House New Zealand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86979-033-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86979-033-2"><bdi>978-1-86979-033-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Stand+in+Singapore%3A+The+Story+of+488+Squadron+RNZAF&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pub=Random+House+New+Zealand&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-86979-033-2&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfred+Clouston" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFranks2016" class="citation book cs1">Franks, Norman (2016). <i>Fighter Command's Air War 1941: RAF Circus Operations and Fighter Sweeps Against the Luftwaffe</i>. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Aviation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47384-722-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47384-722-4"><bdi>978-1-47384-722-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighter+Command%27s+Air+War+1941%3A+RAF+Circus+Operations+and+Fighter+Sweeps+Against+the+Luftwaffe&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Aviation&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-47384-722-4&rft.aulast=Franks&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfred+Clouston" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLambert2011" class="citation book cs1">Lambert, Max (2011). <i>Day After Day: New Zealanders in Fighter Command</i>. Auckland: HarperCollins Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86950-844-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86950-844-9"><bdi>978-1-86950-844-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Day+After+Day%3A+New+Zealanders+in+Fighter+Command&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-86950-844-9&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfred+Clouston" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoss1955" class="citation book cs1">Ross, J. M. S. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2AirF.html"><i>Royal New Zealand Air Force</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Official_History_of_New_Zealand_in_the_Second_World_War_1939%E2%80%9345" title="Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45">Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45</a>. Wellington: Historical Publications Branch. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/912824475">912824475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+New+Zealand+Air+Force&rft.place=Wellington&rft.series=Official+History+of+New+Zealand+in+the+Second+World+War+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=Historical+Publications+Branch&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F912824475&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=J.+M.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-WH2AirF.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfred+Clouston" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShoresWilliams1994" class="citation book cs1">Shores, Christopher; Williams, Clive (1994). <i>Aces High: A Tribute to the Most Notable Fighter Pilots of the British and Commonwealth Forces in WWII</i>. London: Grub Street. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898697-00-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898697-00-8"><bdi>978-1-898697-00-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aces+High%3A+A+Tribute+to+the+Most+Notable+Fighter+Pilots+of+the+British+and+Commonwealth+Forces+in+WWII&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Grub+Street&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-898697-00-8&rft.aulast=Shores&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Williams%2C+Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfred+Clouston" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson1953" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, H. L. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-1RAF.html"><i>New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Official_History_of_New_Zealand_in_the_Second_World_War_1939%E2%80%9345" title="Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45">Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45</a>. Vol. I. Wellington: War History Branch. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/270919916">270919916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Zealanders+with+the+Royal+Air+Force&rft.place=Wellington&rft.series=Official+History+of+New+Zealand+in+the+Second+World+War+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=War+History+Branch&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F270919916&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=H.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-WH2-1RAF.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfred+Clouston" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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