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accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geometrische_optica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geometrische_optica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geometrische optica</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geometrische_optica-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Geometrische optica-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geometrische_optica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gradiëntoptica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gradiëntoptica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Gradiëntoptica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gradiëntoptica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fysische_optica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fysische_optica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fysische optica</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fysische_optica-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Fysische optica-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fysische_optica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Niet-lineaire_optica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niet-lineaire_optica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Niet-lineaire optica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niet-lineaire_optica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kwantumoptica_en_fotonica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kwantumoptica_en_fotonica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kwantumoptica en fotonica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kwantumoptica_en_fotonica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Optica</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 110 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بصريات – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بصريات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ptica" title="Óptica – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Óptica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="اوپتیکا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوپتیکا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – Beiers" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Beiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opt%C4%97ka" title="Optėka – Samogitisch" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Optėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптыка – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Оптыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Оптыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="আলোকবিজ্ঞান – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলোকবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B" title="འོད་རིག་པ་ – Tibetaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འོད་རིག་པ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92ptica" title="Òptica – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Òptica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ئۆپتیک – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆپتیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opteg" title="Opteg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Opteg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Οπτική – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οπτική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics" title="Optics – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Optics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiko" title="Optiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Optiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ptica" title="Óptica – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Óptica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93tica" title="Ótica – Extremeens" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ótica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="نورشناسی – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نورشناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiikka" title="Optiikka – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Optiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgus%C3%B5oppus" title="Valgusõoppus – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Valgusõoppus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optique" title="Optique – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Optique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otiche" title="Otiche – Friulisch" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Otiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optaic" title="Optaic – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Optaic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92ptik" title="Òptik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Òptik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ptica" title="Óptica – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Óptica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אופטיקה – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אופטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="प्रकाशिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रकाशिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Օպտիկա – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օպտիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optica" title="Optica – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Optica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiko" title="Optiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Optiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj%C3%B3sfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Ljósfræði – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ljósfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottica" title="Ottica – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ottica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="光学 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="光学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ოპტიკა – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოპტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ದೃಗ್ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದೃಗ್ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%ED%95%99" title="광학 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="광학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opt%C3%AEk" title="Optîk – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Optîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optica" title="Optica – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Optica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രകാശശാസ്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രകാശശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Оптик – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Оптик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93tica" title="Ótica – Mirandees" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ótica" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="अप्तिक्स – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अप्तिक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optikk" title="Optikk – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Optikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optikk" title="Optikk – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Optikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optica" title="Optica – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Optica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optyka" title="Optyka – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Optyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92tica" title="Òtica – Piëmontees" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Òtica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piëmontees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="د نور فزیک – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د نور فزیک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ptica" title="Óptica – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Óptica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic%C4%83" title="Optică – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Optică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптіка – Roetheens" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Оптіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Roetheens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92ttica" title="Òttica – Siciliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Òttica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Siciliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بصريات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بصريات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasni%E1%BA%93%E1%B9%9Bi" title="Tasniẓṛi – Tashelhiyt" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasniẓṛi" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tashelhiyt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ප්‍රකාශ විද්‍යාව – Singalees" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රකාශ විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics" title="Optics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Optics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika_(odbor)" title="Optika (odbor) – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Optika (odbor)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araga" title="Araga – Somalisch" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Araga" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – Saterfries" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterfries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒளியியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="కాంతి శాస్త్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాంతి శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ทัศนศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทัศนศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بصریات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بصریات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – Wepsisch" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Optik" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><div id="sjabloon_zie_artikel" class="hatnote" style="padding:0.5em; margin-bottom:0.5em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Dit artikel gaat over de lichtoptica. Voor elektronen- en ionenoptica, zie het artikel <a href="/wiki/Elektronenoptica" title="Elektronenoptica">Elektronenoptica</a>.</i> </div> <p><b>Optica</b> is het deelgebied van de <a href="/wiki/Natuurkunde" title="Natuurkunde">natuurkunde</a> dat zich bezighoudt met de beschrijving en verklaring van het gedrag van <a href="/wiki/Licht" title="Licht">licht</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dit is <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetische_straling" title="Elektromagnetische straling">elektromagnetische straling</a> in en rond het deel van het elektromagnetische spectrum dat zichtbaar is voor het menselijk oog, dat is met golflengten tussen circa 380 nm en 700 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Er bestaan 3 modellen voor de beschrijving van licht: <a href="/wiki/Lichtstraal" title="Lichtstraal">stralen</a> (geometrische optica), continue <a href="/wiki/Golf_(natuurkunde)" title="Golf (natuurkunde)">golven</a> (klassieke fysische optica) en discrete <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">fotonen</a> (kwantumoptica). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geometrische_optica">Geometrische optica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optica&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geometrische optica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optica&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geometrische optica"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Geometrische_optica" title="Geometrische optica">Geometrische optica</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>Dit is het oudste onderdeel van de optica en is gebaseerd op het begrip <a href="/wiki/Lichtstraal" title="Lichtstraal">lichtstraal</a>, dat alleen zinvol is als de <a href="/wiki/Golflengte" title="Golflengte">golflengte</a> van het licht erg klein is ten opzichte van de ruimte en de obstakels waarin en waarlangs de elektromagnetische straling zich voortplant. De geometrische optica is een vereenvoudigd model voor het optische golflengtegebied van de 'strenge' beschrijving van golfvoortplanting. Allerlei verschijnselen, zoals <a href="/wiki/Chromatische_aberratie" title="Chromatische aberratie">chromatische aberratie</a>, breking, reflectie en de intensiteitsverhouding tussen de gereflecteerde en de gebroken straal zijn wel van belang voor de geometrische optica, maar kunnen alleen verklaard worden door licht als golfverschijnsel te beschrijven. In inhomogene media, met een geleidelijk verloop van de <a href="/wiki/Brekingsindex" title="Brekingsindex">brekingsindex</a>, zijn lichtstralen krom, in homogene media zijn ze recht. Een plotselinge verandering van richting (<a href="/wiki/Lichtbreking" title="Lichtbreking">lichtbreking</a> en <a href="/wiki/Reflectie_(straling)" title="Reflectie (straling)">reflectie</a>) vindt plaats op de grensvlakken tussen twee media met meetbaar verschillende brekingsindices. De richtingverandering van de gebroken straal ten opzichte van de invallende straal wordt bepaald door de <a href="/wiki/Wet_van_Snellius" title="Wet van Snellius">Wet van Snellius</a>. Puur straal-gebaseerde optische instrumenten bestaan uit (combinaties van) <a href="/wiki/Lens_(optica)" title="Lens (optica)">lenzen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spiegel_(optica)" title="Spiegel (optica)">spiegels</a> en/of <a href="/wiki/Prisma_(optica)" title="Prisma (optica)">prisma's</a> om de gewenste optische eigenschappen te verkrijgen. Het doel van geometrisch optische instrumenten is meestal <i>afbeelding</i>, waarbij verschillende stralen vanuit een punt in het voorwerp elkaar idealiter allemaal snijden op een punt in het beeld. Bovendien moet de afstand tussen punten in het beeld meestal evenredig zijn met overeenkomende punten van het voorwerp om vervorming te vermijden. Een <a href="/wiki/Lachspiegel" title="Lachspiegel">lachspiegel</a> is het bekendste voorbeeld van een instrument waarbij vervorming juist wel de bedoeling is. De eigenschappen van <a href="/wiki/Lens_(optica)" title="Lens (optica)">lenzen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Spiegel_(optica)" title="Spiegel (optica)">spiegels</a>, zoals <a href="/wiki/Brandpuntsafstand" title="Brandpuntsafstand">brandpuntsafstand</a> en <a href="/wiki/Apertuur" title="Apertuur">apertuur</a>, worden bepaald door de vormen van grensvlakken tussen optische media, en door de verhoudingen van hun <a href="/wiki/Brekingsindex" title="Brekingsindex">brekingsindices</a>. Door speciale combinaties van lenzen kunnen <a href="/wiki/Aberratie_(optica)" title="Aberratie (optica)">aberraties</a> geminimaliseerd worden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gradiëntoptica"><span id="Gradi.C3.ABntoptica"></span>Gradiëntoptica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optica&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Gradiëntoptica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optica&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Gradiëntoptica"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Gradi%C3%ABntoptica" title="Gradiëntoptica">Gradiëntoptica</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>Gradiëntoptica is het deelgebied van de geometrische optica waarin gebruikgemaakt wordt van optische media met een plaatsafhankelijke brekingsindex, dus waarin de brekingsindex een <a href="/wiki/Gradi%C3%ABnt_(wiskunde)" title="Gradiënt (wiskunde)">gradiënt</a> heeft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fysische_optica">Fysische optica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optica&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Fysische optica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optica&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Fysische optica"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Fysische_optica" title="Fysische optica">Fysische optica</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>Het onderdeel van de optica dat licht expliciet beschrijft als een golfverschijnsel, wordt <i>fysische optica</i> of <i>golfoptica</i> genoemd. Nadat begin <a href="/wiki/19e_eeuw" title="19e eeuw">19e eeuw</a> door <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(wetenschapper)" title="Thomas Young (wetenschapper)">Thomas Young</a> en <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Jean_Fresnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustin Jean Fresnel">Augustin Jean Fresnel</a> was aangetoond dat licht een golfverschijnsel is – in tegenstelling tot wat <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> had beweerd – werden instrumenten ontwikkeld die gebruikmaken van buiging (<a href="/wiki/Diffractie" title="Diffractie">diffractie</a>) en van <a href="/wiki/Interferentie_(natuurkunde)" title="Interferentie (natuurkunde)">interferentie</a>; met name het <a href="/wiki/Tralie_(natuurkunde)" title="Tralie (natuurkunde)">tralie</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Interferometer" title="Interferometer">interferometer</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometer</a> zijn belangrijk. <a href="/wiki/Holografie" title="Holografie">Holografie</a> mag in dit verband ook genoemd worden als een late toepassing van het golfkarakter van licht, die pas mogelijk werd na de uitvinding van een coherente lichtbron, de <a href="/wiki/Laser_(licht)" title="Laser (licht)">laser</a>. De <a href="/wiki/Optische_vezel" title="Optische vezel">optische vezel</a>, tegenwoordig van groot belang in de <a href="/wiki/Informatietechnologie" title="Informatietechnologie">ICT</a>, is ook een belangrijke toepassing van fysische optica. De toepassing van het reeds lang bekende <a href="/wiki/Prisma_(optica)" title="Prisma (optica)">prisma</a> kan ook tot de fysische optica gerekend worden, omdat de hiermee geproduceerde kleurschifting alleen met het golfmodel van licht verklaard kan worden. Kleurschifting kan ook met een <a href="/wiki/Tralie_(natuurkunde)" title="Tralie (natuurkunde)">tralie</a> bereikt worden, omdat diffractie een golflengte-afhankelijk verschijnsel is. De beschreven kant van een cd en een dvd vertonen hetzelfde gedrag als een reflectie-tralie, omdat de bitpatronen zo dicht op elkaar geëtst zijn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Niet-lineaire_optica">Niet-lineaire optica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optica&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Niet-lineaire optica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optica&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Niet-lineaire optica"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Niet-lineaire_optica" title="Niet-lineaire optica">Niet-lineaire optica</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>De niet-lineaire optica houdt zich bezig met verschijnselen die optreden bij zodanig hoge lichtintensiteiten dat het voortplantingsmedium zich niet meer lineair gedraagt; het is te vergelijken met luidsprekers die een vervormd geluid geven als de versterker te hard wordt aangezet. Het <a href="/wiki/Superpositie_(natuurkunde)" title="Superpositie (natuurkunde)">superpositiebeginsel</a> voor lineaire systemen gaat dan niet meer op. Hierom moet het voorplantingsmedium worden opgevat als een <a href="/wiki/Niet-lineair_systeem" title="Niet-lineair systeem">niet-lineair systeem</a>. Het meest kenmerkende verschijnsel is dat er in het voorplantingsmedium frequenties (<a href="/wiki/Harmonische" title="Harmonische">harmonischen</a>) ontstaan die niet voorkomen in het invallende licht. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kwantumoptica_en_fotonica">Kwantumoptica en fotonica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optica&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Kwantumoptica en fotonica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optica&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Kwantumoptica en fotonica"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Na de ontwikkeling van de <a href="/wiki/Kwantummechanica" title="Kwantummechanica">kwantummechanica</a> kwam het inzicht dat licht ook beschouwd kan worden als een bundel deeltjes (<a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">fotonen</a>). Er worden sindsdien instrumenten ontwikkeld die gebaseerd zijn op de interactie van afzonderlijke fotonen met materie en met elektronen in het bijzonder. De <a href="/wiki/Kwantumoptica" title="Kwantumoptica">kwantumoptica</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Fotonica" title="Fotonica">fotonica</a> zijn de relevante en nauw verwante deelgebieden van de optica. De werking van de <a href="/wiki/Laser_(licht)" title="Laser (licht)">laser</a> is geheel op kwantummechanische verschijnselen gebaseerd. Optische <a href="/wiki/Ge%C3%AFntegreerde_schakeling" title="Geïntegreerde schakeling">geïntegreerde schakelingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a>-<a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zonnecel" title="Zonnecel">zonnecellen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Fotomultiplicator" title="Fotomultiplicator">fotomultiplicatoren</a> zijn andere belangrijke toepassingen. De <a href="/wiki/Digitale_camera" title="Digitale camera">digitale camera</a> zou ondenkbaar zijn zonder kwantumoptica. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optica&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optica&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r68175564">.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst ul,.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst li,.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst dd{margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}html.vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-0 .mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst li,html.vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-0 .mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst dd{line-height:1.5714285em}html.vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 .mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst li,html.vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 .mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst dd{line-height:1.6em}html.vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-2 .mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst li,html.vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-2 .mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst dd{line-height:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .kolommen-lijst{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst figure{break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .kolommen-lijst{clear:both}}</style><div class="kolommen-lijst" style="column-width:20em; column-count:3; max-width:62em;"> <dl><dt>Lichtbronnen</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamp" title="Lamp">Lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_(licht)" title="Laser (licht)">Laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuur" title="Vuur">Vuur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zon" title="Zon">Zon</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Optische basiselementen</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lens_(optica)" title="Lens (optica)">Lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisma_(optica)" title="Prisma (optica)">Prisma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiegel_(optica)" title="Spiegel (optica)">Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tralie_(natuurkunde)" title="Tralie (natuurkunde)">Tralie</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Samengestelde instrumenten</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interferometer" title="Interferometer">Interferometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loep" title="Loep">Loep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microscoop" title="Microscoop">Microscoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectief_(optica)" title="Objectief (optica)">Objectief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculair" title="Oculair">Oculair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroheliograaf" title="Spectroheliograaf">Spectroheliograaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscoop" title="Spectroscoop">Spectroscoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescoop_(optica)" title="Telescoop (optica)">Telescoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrekijker" title="Verrekijker">Verrekijker</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Waarneming</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bril" title="Bril">Bril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oog_(anatomie)" title="Oog (anatomie)">Oog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ooggevoeligheid" title="Ooggevoeligheid">Ooggevoeligheidskromme</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Fysische begrippen</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandpunt_(optica)" title="Brandpunt (optica)">Brandpunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brekingsindex" title="Brekingsindex">Brekingsindex</a>, zie ook <a href="/wiki/Wet_van_Snellius" title="Wet van Snellius">Wet van Snellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewsterhoek" title="Brewsterhoek">Brewsterhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffractie" title="Diffractie">Diffractie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersie_(natuurkunde)" title="Dispersie (natuurkunde)">Dispersie</a> (kleurschifting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresnelvergelijkingen" title="Fresnelvergelijkingen">Fresnelvergelijkingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holografie" title="Holografie">Holografie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferentie_(natuurkunde)" title="Interferentie (natuurkunde)">Interferentie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenzenformule" title="Lenzenformule">Lenzenformule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichtsterkte_(fotometrie)" title="Lichtsterkte (fotometrie)">Lichtsterkte</a>, eenheid: <a href="/wiki/Candela_(eenheid)" title="Candela (eenheid)">candela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezichtsbedrog" title="Gezichtsbedrog">Optisch bedrog</a> (gezichtsbedrog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_(optica)" title="Lens (optica)">Optisch middelpunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optische_as_(optica)" title="Optische as (optica)">Optische as</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_(optica)" title="Filter (optica)">Optische filters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optische_weglengte" title="Optische weglengte">Optische weglengte</a> (lichtstraal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">Parallax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarisatie_(elektromagnetisme)" title="Polarisatie (elektromagnetisme)">Polarisatie</a>, zie ook de <a href="/wiki/Brewsterhoek" title="Brewsterhoek">Brewsterhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflectie_(straling)" title="Reflectie (straling)">Reflectie (straling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">Spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_van_Snellius" title="Wet van Snellius">Wet van Snellius</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2023"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/optics">Optics | History, Applications, & Facts | Britannica</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2023-06-05">5 juni 2023</span>). Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2023-07-16">16 juli 2023</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/ems/09_visiblelight">Visible Light | Science Mission Directorate</a>. <i>science.nasa.gov</i>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2023-07-16">16 juli 2023</span>. </span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <div class="interProject wikibooks mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://nl.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fysica/Optica" class="extiw" title="b:Fysica/Optica">Wikibooks</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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