Effect of Na2SiO3/NaOH Ratios and NaOH Molarities on Compressive Strength of Fly-Ash-Based Geopolymer

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Zarina" /><meta name="citation_title" content="Effect of Na2SiO3/NaOH Ratios and NaOH Molarities on Compressive Strength of Fly-Ash-Based Geopolymer" /><meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2012/09/01" /><meta name="citation_volume" content="109" /><meta name="citation_issue" content="5" /><meta name="citation_firstpage" content="503" /><meta name="citation_lastpage" content="508" /><meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.concrete.org/publications/getarticle.aspx?m=icap&pubid=51684080" /><meta name="citation_issn" content="0889-325x" /><meta name="citation_language" content="English" /><meta name="citation_keywords" content="alkaline activation; compressive strength; geopolymer; Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio; NaOH molarity; scanning electron microscopy; X-ray diffraction." /><meta name="citation_doi" content="10.14359/51684080" /><link 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/> </div><script src="/DependencyHandler.axd/1bf394b7526aa00a00ef15e3fedaa880/12442/js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ Sys.WebForms.PageRequestManager._initialize('ScriptManager', 'Form', ['tdnn$MainHeader$Subscribe_Flyout$upSubscribe','dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_upSubscribe','tdnn$MainHeader$SEARCH1$upSearch','dnn_MainHeader_SEARCH1_upSearch'], ['dnn$MainHeader$Subscribe_Flyout$btnSubmit','dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_btnSubmit','dnn$MainHeader$SEARCH1$cmdSearch','dnn_MainHeader_SEARCH1_cmdSearch'], [], 9999, ''); //]]> </script>    <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/images/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/images/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <header id="header" class="clearfix"> <div class="search-top"> <div class="search clearfix" style="float: right; display: block;">  <input name="dnn$MainHeader$SEARCHMOBILE1$txtSearchMobile" type="text" id="dnn_MainHeader_SEARCHMOBILE1_txtSearchMobile" Class="search-input" AutoComplete="off" maxlength="200" placeholder="Search..." /> <span style="border:1px solid #DDDDDD; padding:0 5px 0 5px; font-size:11px; line-height:24px; height:25px; float:right; color:#FFFFFF; background:#014694"> <i class="icon-search"></i> <a id="dnn_MainHeader_SEARCHMOBILE1_cmdSearchMobile" class="SkinObject" href="javascript:__doPostBack('dnn$MainHeader$SEARCHMOBILE1$cmdSearchMobile','')" style="color:#FFFFFF">Search</a> </span> <span id="dnn_MainHeader_SEARCHMOBILE1_RequiredFieldValidator1" style="visibility:hidden;"></span> </div> </div> <nav id="top" class="clearfix container top-menu"> <ul> <li class="subscribe"> <a href="#" onclick="$('#SubscribeDiv').slideToggle();" class="my-aci-tab-header">Subscribe to Email <span style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(165, 21, 27);"></span><span style="color: rgb(165, 21, 27);">▼</span></a> <div id="SubscribeDiv" class="subscribe-mega clearfix" style="display: none;"> <div id="dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_upSubscribe"> <div id="dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_pnlSubmit" onkeypress="javascript:return WebForm_FireDefaultButton(event, 'dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_btnSubmit')"> <div> <input name="dnn$MainHeader$Subscribe_Flyout$tbFirstName" type="text" id="dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_tbFirstName" placeholder="First Name" autocomplete="off" /> <input name="dnn$MainHeader$Subscribe_Flyout$tbLastName" type="text" id="dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_tbLastName" class="right" placeholder="Last Name" autocomplete="off" /> <div style="position:relative; top:-20px; border:solid 0px red;"> <span id="dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_rfvFirstName" style="color:Red;visibility:hidden;">First Name is required</span> </div> <div style="position:relative; top:-40px; border:solid 0px green;"> <span id="dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_cvFirstName" style="color:Red;visibility:hidden;">invalid characters</span> </div> <div style="position:relative; top:-61px; left:190px; border:solid 0px blue;"> <span id="dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_rfvLastName" style="color:Red;visibility:hidden;">Last Name is required</span> </div> <div style="position:relative; top:-81px; left:190px; border:solid 0px yellow;"> <span id="dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_cvLastName" style="color:Red;visibility:hidden;">invalid characters</span> </div> </div> <div style="margin-top:-85px;"> <input name="dnn$MainHeader$Subscribe_Flyout$tbEmailAddress" type="text" id="dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_tbEmailAddress" class="fw" placeholder="Your Email Address" autocomplete="off" /> <p style="float:left;line-height:20px;margin:-20px 0 0 0;"> <span id="dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_rfvEmailAddress" style="color:Red;display:none;">Email Address is required</span> <span id="dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_cvEmailAddress" class="normal" style="color:Red;display:none;">Invalid Email Address</span> </p> </div> <div> <select name="dnn$MainHeader$Subscribe_Flyout$ddlCountry" id="dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_ddlCountry"> <option value="">Please select a country...</option> <option value="AFG">Afghanistan</option> <option value="ALA">Åland Islands</option> <option value="ALB">Albania</option> <option value="DZA">Algeria</option> <option value="ASM">American Samoa</option> <option value="AND">Andorra</option> <option value="AGO">Angola</option> <option value="AIA">Anguilla</option> <option value="ATA">Antarctica</option> <option value="ATG">Antigua And Barbuda</option> <option value="ARG">Argentina</option> <option value="ARM">Armenia</option> <option value="ABW">Aruba</option> <option value="AUS">Australia</option> <option value="AUT">Austria</option> <option value="AZE">Azerbaijan</option> <option value="BHS">Bahamas</option> <option value="BHR">Bahrain</option> <option value="BGD">Bangladesh</option> <option value="BRB">Barbados</option> <option value="BLR">Belarus</option> <option value="BEL">Belgium</option> <option value="BLZ">Belize</option> <option value="BEN">Benin</option> <option value="BMU">Bermuda</option> <option value="BTN">Bhutan</option> <option value="BOL">Bolivia</option> <option value="BES">Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba</option> <option value="BIH">Bosnia and Herzegovina</option> <option value="BWA">Botswana</option> <option value="BVT">Bouvet Island</option> <option value="BRA">Brazil</option> <option value="ATB">British Antarctic Territory</option> <option value="IOT">British Indian Ocean Territory</option> <option value="BOT">British Overseas Territory</option> <option value="BRN">Brunei Darussalam</option> <option value="BGR">Bulgaria</option> <option value="BFA">Burkina Faso</option> <option value="BDI">Burundi</option> <option value="CPV">Cabo Verde</option> <option value="KHM">Cambodia</option> <option value="CMR">Cameroon</option> <option value="CAN">Canada</option> <option value="CYM">Cayman Islands</option> <option value="CAF">Central African Republic</option> <option value="TCD">Chad</option> <option value="CHL">Chile</option> <option value="CHN">China</option> <option value="CXR">Christmas Island</option> <option value="CCK">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</option> <option value="COL">Colombia</option> <option value="COM">Comoros</option> <option value="COG">Congo</option> <option value="COD">Congo, Democratic Republic of the</option> <option value="COK">Cook Islands</option> <option value="CRI">Costa Rica</option> <option value="CIV">Côte d'Ivoire</option> <option value="HRV">Croatia</option> <option value="CUB">Cuba</option> <option value="CUW">Curaçao</option> <option value="CYP">Cyprus</option> <option value="CZE">Czech Republic</option> <option value="DNK">Denmark</option> <option value="DJI">Djibouti</option> <option value="DMA">Dominica</option> <option value="DOM">Dominican Republic</option> <option value="ECU">Ecuador</option> <option value="EGY">Egypt</option> <option value="SLV">El Salvador</option> <option value="GNQ">Equatorial Guinea</option> <option value="ERI">Eritrea</option> <option value="EST">Estonia</option> <option value="ETH">Ethiopia</option> <option value="FLK">Falkland Islands</option> <option value="FRO">Faroe Islands</option> <option value="FJI">Fiji</option> <option value="FIN">Finland</option> <option value="FRA">France</option> <option value="GUF">French Guiana</option> <option value="PYF">French Polynesia</option> <option value="ATF">French Southern Territories</option> <option value="GAB">Gabon</option> <option value="GMB">Gambia</option> <option value="GEO">Georgia</option> <option value="DEU">Germany</option> <option value="GHA">Ghana</option> <option value="GIB">Gibraltar</option> <option value="GRC">Greece</option> <option value="GRL">Greenland</option> <option value="GRD">Grenada</option> <option value="GLP">Guadeloupe</option> <option value="GUM">Guam</option> <option value="GTM">Guatemala</option> <option value="GGY">Guernsey</option> <option value="GIN">Guinea</option> <option value="GNB">Guinea-Bissau</option> <option value="GUY">Guyana</option> <option value="HTI">Haiti</option> <option value="HMD">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</option> <option value="VAT">Holy See (Vatican City)</option> <option value="HND">Honduras</option> <option value="HKG">Hong Kong</option> <option value="HUN">Hungary</option> <option value="ISL">Iceland</option> <option value="IND">India</option> <option value="IDN">Indonesia</option> <option value="IRN">Iran, Islamic Republic of</option> <option value="IRQ">Iraq</option> <option value="IRL">Ireland</option> <option value="IMN">Isle of Man</option> <option value="ISR">Israel</option> <option value="ITA">Italy</option> <option value="JAM">Jamaica</option> <option value="JPN">Japan</option> <option value="JEY">Jersey</option> <option value="JOR">Jordan</option> <option 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.PagerClass span { background-color: #f8f3b7; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; } .PagerClass td { padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; color: #0000ff; font-weight: normal; font-size: 18px; font-family: Arial; } .MyValidators { font: 14px arial,helvetica,sans-serif; position: relative; } </style> <script type="text/javascript"> function GetPLUS_RL_STATUS() { return document.getElementById("dnn_ctr33211_View_hPLUS_RL_STATUS").value; } </script> <input type="hidden" name="dnn$ctr33211$View$hPLUS_RL_STATUS" id="dnn_ctr33211_View_hPLUS_RL_STATUS" value="ADD TO CART" /> <input type="hidden" name="dnn$ctr33211$View$hCitationHeader" id="dnn_ctr33211_View_hCitationHeader" value="attachment;filename=51684080.ris" /> <input type="hidden" name="dnn$ctr33211$View$hCitation" id="dnn_ctr33211_View_hCitation" value="TY - JOUR T1 - Effect of Na2SiO3/NaOH Ratios and NaOH Molarities on Compressive Strength of Fly-Ash-Based Geopolymer JO - ACI Materials Journal VL - 109 IS - 5 KW - alkaline activation; compressive strength; geopolymer; Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio; NaOH molarity; scanning electron microscopy; X-ray diffraction. DA - 9/1/2012 AU - A. M. Mustafa Al Bakri, H. Kamarudin, M. Bnhussain, A. R. Rafiza, and Y. Zarina AB - Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the production of 1 ton (2204.62 lb) of cement vary between 0.05 and 0.13 tons (110.23 and 286.60 lb). It is important to reduce CO2 emissions by the greater use of substitutes for portland cement (PC), such as fly ash (FA), clay, and other geo-based materials. This paper studies the processing of geopolymers using FA and alkaline activators. The factors that influence the early-age compressive strength, such as the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) molarity and Na2SiO3/NaOH ratios, were studied. Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions were used as alkaline activators. The geopolymer paste samples were cured at 70°C (158°F) for 1 day and kept at room temperature until testing (the seventh day). The compressive strength was measured after 7 days. The results show that the geopolymer paste with a combination of an Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio of 2.5 and a 12 M NaOH concentration produces the highest compressive strength. The density obtained for geopolymer for PC is in the range of 1760 to 1855 kg/m3 (0.064 to 0.067 lb/in.3). The porosity of the geopolymer was in the range of 12.16 to 26.19%, and the water absorption was in the range of 5.03 to 8.13%. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that the samples with a denser matrix and less unreacted FA contributed to the maximum compressive strength. In the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, the intensity of quartz content at 12 M was highly detected compared to the 6 and 10 M solutions. DO - 10.14359/51684080 ER -" /> <input type="hidden" name="dnn$ctr33211$View$hfTotalRowCount" id="dnn_ctr33211_View_hfTotalRowCount" /> <input name="dnn$ctr33211$View$txtSecurityAnswer" type="text" id="dnn_ctr33211_View_txtSecurityAnswer" class="clear forgotAnswer columns four" /> <p> <input type="button" value="Back to Results »" class="button primary" onclick="showProgress(); window.history.back();" />   <input type="submit" name="dnn$ctr33211$View$btnNewSearchDetails" value="New Search »" onclick="showProgress();" id="dnn_ctr33211_View_btnNewSearchDetails" class="button primary" /> </p> <span id="dnn_ctr33211_View_lblDetailStatus"></span> <br /> <div class="clearfix"> <p> <strong>Title: </strong> <span id="dnn_ctr33211_View_lblDetailsTitle">Effect of Na2SiO3/NaOH Ratios and NaOH Molarities on Compressive Strength of Fly-Ash-Based Geopolymer</span> </p> <p> <strong>Author(s): </strong> <span id="dnn_ctr33211_View_lblDetailsAuthor">A. M. Mustafa Al Bakri, H. Kamarudin, M. Bnhussain, A. R. Rafiza, and Y. Zarina</span> </p> <p> <strong>Publication: </strong> <span id="dnn_ctr33211_View_lblDetailsPublication">Materials Journal</span> </p> <p> <strong>Volume: </strong> <span id="dnn_ctr33211_View_lblDetailsVolume">109</span> </p> <p> <strong>Issue: </strong> <span id="dnn_ctr33211_View_lblDetailsIssue">5</span> </p> <p> <strong>Appears on pages(s): </strong> <span id="dnn_ctr33211_View_lblDetailsPages">503-508</span> </p> <p> <strong>Keywords: </strong> <span id="dnn_ctr33211_View_lblDetailsKeywords">alkaline activation; compressive strength; geopolymer; Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio; NaOH molarity; scanning electron microscopy; X-ray diffraction.</span> </p> <p> <strong>DOI: </strong> <span id="dnn_ctr33211_View_lblDetailsDOI">10.14359/51684080</span> </p> <p> <strong>Date: </strong> <span id="dnn_ctr33211_View_lblDetailsDate">9/1/2012</span> </p> <p> <strong>Abstract:</strong><br> <span id="dnn_ctr33211_View_lblDetailsAbstract">Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the production of 1 ton (2204.62 lb) of cement vary between 0.05 and 0.13 tons (110.23 and 286.60 lb). It is important to reduce CO2 emissions by the greater use of substitutes for portland cement (PC), such as fly ash (FA), clay, and other geo-based materials. This paper studies the processing of geopolymers using FA and alkaline activators. The factors that influence the early-age compressive strength, such as the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) molarity and Na2SiO3/NaOH ratios, were studied. Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions were used as alkaline activators. The geopolymer paste samples were cured at 70°C (158°F) for 1 day and kept at room temperature until testing (the seventh day). The compressive strength was measured after 7 days. The results show that the geopolymer paste with a combination of an Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio of 2.5 and a 12 M NaOH concentration produces the highest compressive strength. The density obtained for geopolymer for PC is in the range of 1760 to 1855 kg/m3 (0.064 to 0.067 lb/in.3). The porosity of the geopolymer was in the range of 12.16 to 26.19%, and the water absorption was in the range of 5.03 to 8.13%. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that the samples with a denser matrix and less unreacted FA contributed to the maximum compressive strength. In the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, the intensity of quartz content at 12 M was highly detected compared to the 6 and 10 M solutions.</span> </p> </div> <br /> <style type="text/css" > .alsoAvailableIn { display: inline-block; left:-10px; max-width: 350px; background-color: #31742c; color: black; padding: 13.33333px; } .alsoAvailableIn h3 { color:white; } .alsoAvailableIn p { padding-top:10px; } </style> <div class="alsoAvailableIn" > <h3 >ALSO AVAILABLE IN:</h3> <p > <a id="dnn_ctr33211_View_ucAlsoAvailableIn_rptAlsoAvailableInLinks_hlAlsoAvailableIn_0" href="/store/productdetail.aspx?itemid=EMJ" style="color: white;">Electronic Materials Journal</a> </p> </div>    <div class="columns twelve alpha"> <p> <span id="dnn_ctr33211_View_lblAlreadyOwnMessage"></span> </p> <p> <input type="submit" name="dnn$ctr33211$View$btnAddToCart" value="View in ACI Store »" id="dnn_ctr33211_View_btnAddToCart" class="button secondary" style="width:175px;" /> </p> </div>   <div class="columns twelve alpha "> <br /> <p> <input type="submit" name="dnn$ctr33211$View$btnExportCitation" value="Export Citation »" id="dnn_ctr33211_View_btnExportCitation" class="button secondary" style="margin-right: 20px;" /> </p> </div> <div class="columns twelve alpha"> <br /> <p> <input type="button" value="Back to Results »" class="button primary" onclick="showProgress(); 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dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_rfvCountry.errormessage = "Country/Territory is required"; dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_rfvCountry.validationGroup = "vgEmailAlertsFlyout"; dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_rfvCountry.evaluationfunction = "RequiredFieldValidatorEvaluateIsValid"; dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_rfvCountry.initialvalue = ""; var dnn_MainHeader_SEARCH1_rfvSearchText = document.all ? document.all["dnn_MainHeader_SEARCH1_rfvSearchText"] : document.getElementById("dnn_MainHeader_SEARCH1_rfvSearchText"); dnn_MainHeader_SEARCH1_rfvSearchText.controltovalidate = "dnn_MainHeader_SEARCH1_txtSearch"; dnn_MainHeader_SEARCH1_rfvSearchText.errormessage = "Please enter search criteria and search again"; dnn_MainHeader_SEARCH1_rfvSearchText.display = "Dynamic"; dnn_MainHeader_SEARCH1_rfvSearchText.validationGroup = "HeaderSearch"; dnn_MainHeader_SEARCH1_rfvSearchText.evaluationfunction = "RequiredFieldValidatorEvaluateIsValid"; dnn_MainHeader_SEARCH1_rfvSearchText.initialvalue = ""; var dnn_MainHeader_SEARCH1_cvSearch = document.all ? document.all["dnn_MainHeader_SEARCH1_cvSearch"] : document.getElementById("dnn_MainHeader_SEARCH1_cvSearch"); dnn_MainHeader_SEARCH1_cvSearch.controltovalidate = "dnn_MainHeader_SEARCH1_txtSearch"; dnn_MainHeader_SEARCH1_cvSearch.errormessage = "Please enter search criteria and search again"; dnn_MainHeader_SEARCH1_cvSearch.display = "Dynamic"; dnn_MainHeader_SEARCH1_cvSearch.validationGroup = "HeaderSearch"; dnn_MainHeader_SEARCH1_cvSearch.evaluationfunction = "CustomValidatorEvaluateIsValid"; //]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ var Page_ValidationActive = false; if (typeof(ValidatorOnLoad) == "function") { ValidatorOnLoad(); } function ValidatorOnSubmit() { if (Page_ValidationActive) { return ValidatorCommonOnSubmit(); } else { return true; } } document.getElementById('dnn_MainHeader_SEARCHMOBILE1_RequiredFieldValidator1').dispose = function() { Array.remove(Page_Validators, document.getElementById('dnn_MainHeader_SEARCHMOBILE1_RequiredFieldValidator1')); } document.getElementById('dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_rfvFirstName').dispose = function() { Array.remove(Page_Validators, document.getElementById('dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_rfvFirstName')); } document.getElementById('dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_cvFirstName').dispose = function() { Array.remove(Page_Validators, document.getElementById('dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_cvFirstName')); } document.getElementById('dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_rfvLastName').dispose = function() { Array.remove(Page_Validators, document.getElementById('dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_rfvLastName')); } document.getElementById('dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_cvLastName').dispose = function() { Array.remove(Page_Validators, document.getElementById('dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_cvLastName')); } document.getElementById('dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_rfvEmailAddress').dispose = function() { Array.remove(Page_Validators, document.getElementById('dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_rfvEmailAddress')); } document.getElementById('dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_cvEmailAddress').dispose = function() { Array.remove(Page_Validators, document.getElementById('dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_cvEmailAddress')); } document.getElementById('dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_rfvCountry').dispose = function() { Array.remove(Page_Validators, document.getElementById('dnn_MainHeader_Subscribe_Flyout_rfvCountry')); } document.getElementById('dnn_MainHeader_SEARCH1_rfvSearchText').dispose = function() { Array.remove(Page_Validators, document.getElementById('dnn_MainHeader_SEARCH1_rfvSearchText')); } document.getElementById('dnn_MainHeader_SEARCH1_cvSearch').dispose = function() { Array.remove(Page_Validators, document.getElementById('dnn_MainHeader_SEARCH1_cvSearch')); } //]]> </script> </form>  </body> </html>

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Effect of Na2SiO3/NaOH Ratios and NaOH Molarities on Compressive Strength of Fly-Ash-Based Geopolymer