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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحاضرية الفلسفية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحاضرية الفلسفية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentisme" title="Presentisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Presentisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4sentismus_(Philosophie)" title="Präsentismus (Philosophie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Präsentismus (Philosophie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentism" title="Presentism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Presentism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentismo" title="Presentismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Presentismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_(%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87)" title="حال‌گرایی (فلسفه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حال‌گرایی (فلسفه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sentisme" title="Présentisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Présentisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%ED%98%84%EC%9E%AC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="철학적 현재주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="철학적 현재주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAt%C3%AD%C3%B0arhyggja" title="Nútíðarhyggja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nútíðarhyggja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentismo" title="Presentismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Presentismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezentizmus_(id%C5%91filoz%C3%B3fia)" title="Prezentizmus (időfilozófia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Prezentizmus (időfilozófia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezentyzm_(filozofia_czasu)" title="Prezentyzm (filozofia czasu) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prezentyzm (filozofia czasu)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentismo" title="Presentismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Presentismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezentismul_filosofic" title="Prezentismul filosofic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Prezentismul filosofic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8)" title="Презентизм (философия времени) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Презентизм (философия времени)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentism_(tidsfilosofi)" title="Presentism (tidsfilosofi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Presentism (tidsfilosofi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E5%9C%A8%E8%AB%96" title="現在論 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="現在論" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1264656#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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time)">Presentism (philosophy of time)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">View that neither the future nor the past exist, only the present</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Presentism_(historical_analysis)" title="Presentism (historical analysis)">Presentism (historical analysis)</a>.</div> <p><b>Presentism</b> (sometimes 'philosophical presentism') is the view of time which states that only present entities exist (or, equivalently, that everything is present) and what is present (i.e., what exists) changes as time passes.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to presentism, there are no past or future entities at all, though some entities have existed and other entities will exist. In a sense, the past and the future do not exist for presentists—past events have happened (have existed, or have been present) and future events will happen (will exist, or will be present), but neither exist at all since they do not exist now. Presentism is a view about temporal ontology, i.e., a view about what exists in time, that contrasts with <a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">eternalism</a>—the view that past, present and future entities exist (that is, the ontological thesis of the 'block universe')—and with <a href="/wiki/Growing_block_universe" title="Growing block universe">no-futurism</a>—the view that only past and present entities exist (that is, the ontological thesis of the '<a href="/wiki/Growing_block_universe" title="Growing block universe">growing block universe</a>').<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_antecedents">Historical antecedents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_presentism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical antecedents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> proposed that the present is analogous to a knife edge placed exactly between the perceived past and the imaginary future and does not include the concept of time. Proponents claim this should be self-<a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">evident</a> because, if the present is extended, it must have separate parts—but these must be <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/simultaneous" class="extiw" title="wikt:simultaneous">simultaneous</a> if they are truly a part of the present. According to early philosophers, time cannot be simultaneously past and present and hence not extended. Contrary to Saint Augustine, some philosophers propose that conscious experience is extended in time. For instance, <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> said that time is "the short duration of which we are immediately and incessantly sensible".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early presentist philosophers include the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Buddhism">Indian Buddhist</a> tradition. <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Shcherbatskoy" title="Fyodor Shcherbatskoy">Fyodor Shcherbatskoy</a>, a leading scholar of the modern era on <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a>, has written extensively on Buddhist presentism: "Everything past is unreal, everything future is unreal, everything imagined, absent, mental... is unreal. Ultimately, real is only the present moment of physical <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/efficiency" class="extiw" title="wikt:efficiency">efficiency</a> [i.e., <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causation</a>]."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/J._M._E._McTaggart" title="J. M. E. McTaggart">J. M. E. McTaggart</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a>", there are two ways of referring to events: the <a href="/wiki/A_series_and_B_series#Relation_to_other_ideas_in_the_philosophy_of_time" title="A series and B series">'A Series'</a> (or 'tensed time': <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yesterday" class="extiw" title="wikt:yesterday">yesterday</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/today" class="extiw" title="wikt:today">today</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tomorrow" class="extiw" title="wikt:tomorrow">tomorrow</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/B-Theory_of_time" class="mw-redirect" title="B-Theory of time">'B Series'</a> (or 'untensed time': Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday). Presentism posits that the A Series is fundamental and that the B Series alone is not sufficient. Presentists maintain that temporal discourse requires the use of tenses, whereas the "Old B-Theorists" argued that tensed language could be reduced to tenseless facts (Dyke, 2004). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arthur_N._Prior" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur N. Prior">Arthur N. Prior</a> has argued against un-tensed theories with the following ideas: the meaning of statements such as "Thank goodness that's over" is much easier to see in a tensed theory with a distinguished, present <i>now</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar arguments can be made to support the theory of <a href="/wiki/Egocentric_presentism" title="Egocentric presentism">egocentric presentism</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Perspectival_realism" title="Perspectival realism">perspectival realism</a>), which holds that there is a distinguished, present <i>self</i>. </p><p>Some of the difficulties and paradoxes of presentism can be resolved by changing the normal view of time as a container or thing unto itself and seeing time as a measure of changing spatial relationships among objects. Thus, observers need not be extended in time to exist and to be aware, but they rather exist and the changes in internal relationships within the observer can be measured by stable countable events.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relativity">Relativity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_presentism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relativity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many philosophers have argued that relativity implies <a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">eternalism</a>, the idea that the past and future exist in a real sense, not only as changes that occurred or will occur to the present.<sup id="cite_ref-Crisp_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crisp-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philosopher of science <a href="/wiki/Dean_Rickles" title="Dean Rickles">Dean Rickles</a> disagrees with some qualifications, but notes that "the consensus among philosophers seems to be that special and general relativity are incompatible with presentism".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some philosophers view time as a dimension equal to spatial dimensions, that future events are "already there" in the same sense different places exist, and that there is no objective flow of time; however, this view is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since relativity has been confirmed by experiment, and it posits that time is a coordinate or "dimension" between two points in spacetime, it gave rise to a philosophical viewpoint known as <a href="/wiki/Four_dimensionalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Four dimensionalism">four dimensionalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetkov2005_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetkov2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BarAndRing.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BarAndRing.svg/220px-BarAndRing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BarAndRing.svg/330px-BarAndRing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BarAndRing.svg/440px-BarAndRing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ladder_paradox#Bar_and_ring_paradox" title="Ladder paradox">bar and ring paradox</a> is an example of the <a href="/wiki/Relativity_of_simultaneity" title="Relativity of simultaneity">relativity of simultaneity</a>. Both ends of the bar pass through the ring simultaneously in the rest frame of the ring (left), but the ends of the bar pass one after the other in the rest frame of the bar (right).</figcaption></figure> <p>Observers in motion with respect to each other are said to be in different <a href="/wiki/Frame_of_reference" title="Frame of reference">frames of reference</a>. These observers may disagree on whether two events at different locations occurred simultaneously, which is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Relativity_of_simultaneity" title="Relativity of simultaneity">relativity of simultaneity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Savitt_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savitt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Presentism in classical spacetime deems that only the present exists; this is not reconcilable with the relativity of simultaneity in special relativity, shown in the following example: Alice and Bob are simultaneous observers of event<span class="nowrap"> </span><i>O</i>. For Alice, some event<span class="nowrap"> </span><i>E</i> is simultaneous with<span class="nowrap"> </span><i>O</i>, but for Bob, event<span class="nowrap"> </span><i>E</i> is in the past or future. Therefore, Alice and Bob disagree about what exists in the present, which contradicts classical presentism. "Here-now presentism" attempts to reconcile this by only acknowledging the time and space of a single point; this is unsatisfactory because objects coming and going from the "here-now" alternate between real and unreal, in addition to the lack of a <a href="/wiki/Preferred_frame" title="Preferred frame">privileged "here-now"</a> that would be the "real" present. "Relativized presentism" acknowledges that there are infinite frames of reference, each of them having a different set of simultaneous events, which makes it impossible to distinguish a single "real" present, and hence either all events in time are real—blurring the difference between presentism and eternalism—or each frame of reference exists in its own reality. Options for presentism in special relativity appear to be exhausted, but Gödel and others suspect presentism may be valid for some forms of general relativity.<sup id="cite_ref-Savitt_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savitt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, the idea of <a href="/wiki/Absolute_time_and_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute time and space">absolute time and space</a> is considered incompatible with general relativity; there is no universal truth about the absolute position of events which occur at different times, and thus no way to determine which point in space at one time is at the universal "same position" at another time,<sup id="cite_ref-Geroch_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geroch-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and all coordinate systems are on equal footing as given by the principle of <a href="/wiki/General_covariance" title="General covariance">diffeomorphism invariance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_objections">Philosophical objections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_presentism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Philosophical objections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One main objection to presentism comes from the idea that what is true substantively depends upon what exists (or, that truth depends or '<a href="/wiki/Supervenience" title="Supervenience">supervenes</a>' upon being). In particular, presentism is said to be in conflict with <a href="/wiki/Truthmaker_theory" title="Truthmaker theory">truth-maker theory</a> according to this critique,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one theory which looks to capture the dependence of truth upon being with the idea that truths (e.g., true propositions) are true <i>in virtue of</i> the existence of some entity or entities ('truth-makers').<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict arises because most presentists accept that there are evidence-transcendent and objective truths about the past (and some accept that there are truths about the future, <i>pace</i> concerns about <a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">fatalism</a>), but presentists deny the existence of the past and the future. For instance, most presentists accept that it is true that <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> discovered <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a>, but they deny that the event of her discovery exists (because it is a wholly past event). Since the mid-1990s, Truth-Maker theorists are trying to accuse Presentists with violating their principle (that truths require truth-makers) and ontologically 'cheating'.<sup id="cite_ref-Asay_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asay-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presentists can respond to this objection either by denying that truths about the past require truth-makers (that is, they can accept the truth-maker principle for some truths, but deny that it applies in full generality, or else reject the truth-maker principle wholesale), or by locating presently existing entities to play the role of truth-makers for truths about the past. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_presentism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-series_and_B-series" class="mw-redirect" title="A-series and B-series">A-series and B-series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_novelty" title="Appeal to novelty">Appeal to novelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_of_time" title="Arrow of time">Arrow of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centered_world" title="Centered world">Centered worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">Endurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growing_block_universe" title="Growing block universe">Growing block universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_future_contingents" title="Problem of future contingents">Problem of future contingents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specious_present" title="Specious present">Specious present</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_presentism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 64em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIngramTallant2022" class="citation cs2">Ingram, David; Tallant, Jonathan (2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/presentism/">"Presentism"</a>, in Zalta, Edward N. 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New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 631. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780790599731" title="Special:BookSources/9780790599731"><bdi>9780790599731</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Psychology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=631&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=1890&rft.isbn=9780790599731&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fprinciplesofpsyc001jame%23page%2F631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophical+presentism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Buddhist Logic</i>, vol. 1, New York: Dover, 1962, pp. <span class="nowrap">70–</span>71</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Logic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophical+presentism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrior1959" class="citation journal cs1">Prior, Arthur (January 1959). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Einstein+Online+Vol.+01&rft.atitle=Einstein+Online%3A+Actors+on+a+changing+stage&rft.date=2005-09-12&rft.au=Lee+Smolin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.einstein-online.info%2Fen%2Fspotlights%2Fbackground_independence%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophical+presentism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSider2001" class="citation book cs1">Sider, Theodore (2001). <i>Four-Dimensionalism</i>. 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(ed.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Fall 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-06</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Truthmakers&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Fall+2021&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=MacBride&rft.aufirst=Fraser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Ffall2021%2Fentriesruthmakers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophical+presentism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asay-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Asay_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsay" class="citation web cs1">Asay, Jamin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/truth-ma/">"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"</a>. <i>Truthmaker Theory</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Truthmaker+Theory&rft.atitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Asay&rft.aufirst=Jamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Ftruth-ma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophical+presentism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_presentism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalashovJanssen2002" class="citation cs2">Balashov, Y; Janssen, M (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/525/1/presentism_and_relativity.pdf">"Presentism and Relativity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>British Journal for the Philosophy of Science</i> (preprint of article), <b>54</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">327–</span>346, <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.114.5886">10.1.1.114.5886</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbjps%2F54.2.327">10.1093/bjps/54.2.327</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+for+the+Philosophy+of+Science&rft.atitle=Presentism+and+Relativity&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E327-%3C%2Fspan%3E346&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.114.5886%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbjps%2F54.2.327&rft.aulast=Balashov&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Janssen%2C+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilsci-archive.pitt.edu%2F525%2F1%2Fpresentism_and_relativity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophical+presentism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourne2006" class="citation cs2">Bourne, Craig (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120834/http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780199212804"><i>A Future for presentism</i></a>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921280-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921280-4"><bdi>978-0-19-921280-4</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780199212804">the original</a> on 2007-09-29</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Future+for+presentism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-921280-4&rft.aulast=Bourne&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oup.com%2Fuk%2Fcatalogue%2F%3Fci%3D9780199212804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophical+presentism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Dowden, Bradley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/t/time.htm">"Time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngramTallant2018" class="citation book cs1">Ingram, David; Tallant, Jonathan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/presentism/"><i>Presentism</i></a>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presentism&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Ingram&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Tallant%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fpresentism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophical+presentism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinnon2003" class="citation cs2">McKinnon, N (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026220944/http://www.geocities.com/trolleylauncher/AJPPresentismConsciousnessFinalVersion.htm">"Presentism and Consciousness"</a>, <i>Australasian Journal of Philosophy</i>, <b>81</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">305–</span>323, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajp%2Fjag301">10.1093/ajp/jag301</a> (inactive 1 November 2024), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/trolleylauncher/AJPPresentismConsciousnessFinalVersion.htm">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Geocities)</span> on 2009-10-26</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Presentism+and+Consciousness&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E305-%3C%2Fspan%3E323&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fajp%2Fjag301&rft.aulast=McKinnon&rft.aufirst=N&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Ftrolleylauncher%2FAJPPresentismConsciousnessFinalVersion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophical+presentism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetkov2005" class="citation cs2">Petkov, Vesselin (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/archive/00002408/"><i>Is There an Alternative to the Block Universe View?</i></a>, Pitt</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+There+an+Alternative+to+the+Block+Universe+View%3F&rft.pub=Pitt&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Petkov&rft.aufirst=Vesselin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilsci-archive.pitt.edu%2Farchive%2F00002408%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophical+presentism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRea" class="citation cs2">Rea, MC, "Four Dimensionalism", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051125050822/http://www.nd.edu/~mrea/Online%20Papers/Four%20Dimensionalism.pdf"><i>The Oxford Handbook for Metaphysics</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, ND, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nd.edu/~mrea/Online%20Papers/Four%20Dimensionalism.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2005-11-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Four+Dimensionalism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+for+Metaphysics&rft.pub=ND&rft.aulast=Rea&rft.aufirst=MC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nd.edu%2F~mrea%2FOnline%2520Papers%2FFour%2520Dimensionalism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophical+presentism" class="Z3988"></span>. Describes Presentism and how four dimensionalism contradicts it.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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clock">astronomical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">astrarium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum clock">quantum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">hourglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_watch" title="Mechanical watch">mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_clock" title="Cuckoo clock">Cuckoo clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_clock" title="Digital clock">Digital clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clock" title="Grandfather clock">Grandfather clock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_time_measurement_inventions" title="Timeline of time measurement inventions">Timeline</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_series_and_B_series" title="A series and B series">A series and B series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-theory_of_time" title="B-theory of time">B-theory of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronocentrism" title="Chronocentrism">Chronocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">Endurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Temporal finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_parts" title="Temporal parts">Temporal parts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Time_in_religion" title="Category:Time in religion">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_in_religion_and_mythology" title="Template:Time in religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">Dreamtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81la" title="Kāla">Kāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_and_fate_deities" title="Time and fate deities">Time and fate deities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father_Time" title="Father Time">Father Time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_time" title="Wheel of time">Wheel of time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">Human experience</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Time-use_research" title="Time-use research">use of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_time" title="Generation time">Generation time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Mental chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosy_retrospection" title="Rosy retrospection">Rosy retrospection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesterday_(time)" title="Yesterday (time)">Yesterday</a> – <a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Today</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_(time)" title="Tomorrow (time)">Tomorrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Time in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronozone" title="Chronozone">chron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eon_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eon (geology)">eon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era (geology)">era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_of_time" title="Arrow of time">Arrow of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_translation_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Time translation symmetry">Time translation symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">Time reversal symmetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Other fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">Circadian rhythms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_clock" title="Chemical clock">Clock reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time geography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(unit)" title="Moment (unit)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_time" title="System time">System time</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tempus_fugit" title="Tempus fugit">Tempus fugit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_capsule" title="Time capsule">Time capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_immemorial" title="Time immemorial">Time immemorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Time" title="Category:Time">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Time" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Time">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_time" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_time" title="Template:Philosophy of time"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_time" title="Template talk:Philosophy of 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<li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aevum" title="Aevum">Eviternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_time" title="Imaginary time">Imaginary time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_time_dimensions" title="Multiple time dimensions">Multiple time dimensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_parts" title="Temporal parts">Temporal parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporality" title="Temporality">Temporality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories of time</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-theory_of_time" class="mw-redirect" title="A-theory of time">A-theory of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-theory_of_time" title="B-theory of time">B-theory of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">Endurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-dimensionalism" title="Four-dimensionalism">Four-dimensionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growing_block_universe" title="Growing block universe">Growing block universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Presentism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">Etiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc" title="Post hoc ergo propter hoc">Post hoc ergo propter hoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">Teleology</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Singular_Universe_and_the_Reality_of_Time" title="The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time">The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Experiment_with_Time" title="An Experiment with Time">An Experiment with Time</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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