CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Jacob van Ruisdael - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"84efb647-5eb8-4233-a700-3729c38a7644","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Jacob_van_Ruisdael","wgTitle":"Jacob van Ruisdael","wgCurRevisionId":1248309929,"wgRevisionId":1248309929,"wgArticleId":840060,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Featured articles","Use dmy dates from November 2015","Articles with hCards","Pages with Dutch IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 interwiki-linked names","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Commons link from Wikidata","Jacob van Ruisdael", "1620s births","1682 deaths","Artists from Haarlem","Dutch landscape painters","Dutch printmakers","Dutch Golden Age painters","Dutch male painters","Landscape artists","Painters from Haarlem"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Jacob_van_Ruisdael","wgRelevantArticleId":840060,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q213612","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready", "ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.phonos.init","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_Windmill_at_Wijk_bij_Duurstede_1670_Ruisdael.jpg/1200px-The_Windmill_at_Wijk_bij_Duurstede_1670_Ruisdael.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="990"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_Windmill_at_Wijk_bij_Duurstede_1670_Ruisdael.jpg/800px-The_Windmill_at_Wijk_bij_Duurstede_1670_Ruisdael.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="660"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_Windmill_at_Wijk_bij_Duurstede_1670_Ruisdael.jpg/640px-The_Windmill_at_Wijk_bij_Duurstede_1670_Ruisdael.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="528"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Jacob van Ruisdael - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_van_Ruisdael&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Jacob_van_Ruisdael rootpage-Jacob_van_Ruisdael skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Jacob+van+Ruisdael" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Jacob+van+Ruisdael" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Jacob+van+Ruisdael" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Jacob+van+Ruisdael" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Work </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Work-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Work subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Middle period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Later years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Attributions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Interpretation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Collections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Context </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jacob van Ruisdael</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" > 42 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%84" title="ياكوب فان روسيدل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ياكوب فان روسيدل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakob_van_R%C3%B6ysdal" title="Yakob van Röysdal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yakob van Röysdal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="ইয়াকব ভ্যান রাইস্‌ডেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইয়াকব ভ্যান রাইস্‌ডেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Якоб ван Ройсдал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Якоб ван Ройсдал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Jacob van Ruisdael – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jacob van Ruisdael" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Jacob van Ruisdael – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jacob van Ruisdael" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Jacob van Ruisdael – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jacob van Ruisdael" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Jacob van Ruisdael – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jacob van Ruisdael" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Jacob van Ruisdael – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jacob van Ruisdael" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Jacob van Ruisdael – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jacob van Ruisdael" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Jacob van Ruisdael – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jacob van Ruisdael" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80_%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%A1%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BB" title="Γιάκομπ φαν Ράουσντελ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιάκομπ φαν Ράουσντελ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Jacob van Ruisdael – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jacob van Ruisdael" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Jacob van Ruisdael – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jacob van Ruisdael" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruysdael" title="Jacob van Ruysdael – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jacob van Ruysdael" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="یاکوب وان روئیزدال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یاکوب وان روئیزدال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Jacob van Ruisdael – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jacob van Ruisdael" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Jacob van Ruisdael – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Jacob van Ruisdael" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%BC%EC%BD%94%ED%94%84_%ED%8C%90_%EB%9D%BC%EC%9C%84%EC%8A%A4%EB%8B%AC" title="야코프 판 라위스달 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="야코프 판 라위스달" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%A2_%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8C%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%BD%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Յակոբ վան Ռյոյսդալ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յակոբ վան Ռյոյսդալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Jacob van Ruisdael – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Jacob van Ruisdael" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruysdael" title="Jacob van Ruysdael – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jacob van Ruysdael" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Jacob van Ruisdael – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jacob van Ruisdael" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9C" title="יאקוב ואן רויסדאל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יאקוב ואן רויסדאל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobs_van_Reisd%C4%81ls" title="Jakobs van Reisdāls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jakobs van Reisdāls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Jacob van Ruisdael – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jacob van Ruisdael" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Jacob van Ruisdael – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jacob van Ruisdael" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%84" title="جاكوب فان روسيدل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جاكوب فان روسيدل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Jacob van Ruisdael – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jacob van Ruisdael" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%97%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ヤーコプ・ファン・ロイスダール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヤーコプ・ファン・ロイスダール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruysdael" title="Jacob van Ruysdael – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jacob van Ruysdael" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Jacob van Ruisdael – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jacob van Ruisdael" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Jacob van Ruisdael – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jacob van Ruisdael" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Jacob van Ruisdael – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jacob van Ruisdael" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%91%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB,_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рёйсдал, Якоб ван – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рёйсдал, Якоб ван" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Jacob van Ruisdael – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jacob van Ruisdael" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Јакоб ван Ројсдал – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јакоб ван Ројсдал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Isaakszoon_van_Ruisdael" title="Jacob Isaakszoon van Ruisdael – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jacob Isaakszoon van Ruisdael" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Jacob van Ruisdael – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jacob van Ruisdael" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Jacob van Ruisdael – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jacob van Ruisdael" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Якоб ван Рейсдал – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Якоб ван Рейсдал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%9D%BE%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%E5%8B%92%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94" title="雅各布·伊萨克松·范勒伊斯达尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雅各布·伊萨克松·范勒伊斯达尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q213612#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Jacob_van_Ruisdael" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_van_Ruisdael&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_van_Ruisdael&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_van_Ruisdael&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_van_Ruisdael&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_van_Ruisdael&oldid=1248309929" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_van_Ruisdael&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Jacob_van_Ruisdael&id=1248309929&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJacob_van_Ruisdael">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJacob_van_Ruisdael">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Jacob_van_Ruisdael&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_van_Ruisdael&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q213612" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dutch landscape painter and engraver ( c. 1629 – 1682)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Dutch_name" title="Dutch name">Dutch name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is van Ruisdael, not Ruisdael.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Jacob van Ruisdael</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Windmill_at_Wijk_bij_Duurstede_1670_Ruisdael.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="painting of a windmill, river and large sky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_Windmill_at_Wijk_bij_Duurstede_1670_Ruisdael.jpg/220px-The_Windmill_at_Wijk_bij_Duurstede_1670_Ruisdael.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_Windmill_at_Wijk_bij_Duurstede_1670_Ruisdael.jpg/330px-The_Windmill_at_Wijk_bij_Duurstede_1670_Ruisdael.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_Windmill_at_Wijk_bij_Duurstede_1670_Ruisdael.jpg/440px-The_Windmill_at_Wijk_bij_Duurstede_1670_Ruisdael.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="2376" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Windmill_at_Wijk_bij_Duurstede" title="Windmill at Wijk bij Duurstede">Windmill at Wijk bij Duurstede</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1670)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Jacob Isaackszoon van Ruisdael</div> 1628 or 1629 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">(1682-03-10)10 March 1682 <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, Dutch Republic</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Cemetery" title="The Jewish Cemetery">The Jewish Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windmill_at_Wijk_bij_Duurstede" title="Windmill at Wijk bij Duurstede">Windmill at Wijk bij Duurstede</a>, <a href="/wiki/View_of_Haarlem_with_Bleaching_Fields" title="View of Haarlem with Bleaching Fields">View of Haarlem with Bleaching Fields</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Ray_of_Light" title="The Ray of Light">The Ray of Light</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Wooded_Marsh" title="A Wooded Marsh">A Wooded Marsh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Patron(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Graeff" title="Cornelis de Graeff">Cornelis de Graeff</a> (1599–1664)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Jacob Isaackszoon van Ruisdael (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Dutch pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈjaːkɔp fɑn ˈrœyzdaːl]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/15\/Jacobvanruisdael.ogg\/Jacobvanruisdael.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Jacobvanruisdael.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/Jacobvanruisdael.ogg/Jacobvanruisdael.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Jacobvanruisdael.ogg" title="File:Jacobvanruisdael.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1629 – 10 March 1682) was a Dutch painter, <a href="/wiki/Drafter" title="Drafter">draughtsman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etcher</a>. He is generally considered the pre-eminent <a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">landscape painter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a>, a period of great wealth and cultural achievement when <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch painting</a> became highly popular. Prolific and versatile, Ruisdael depicted a wide variety of landscape subjects. From 1646 he painted Dutch countryside scenes of remarkable quality for a young man. After a trip to <a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">Germany</a> in 1650, his landscapes took on a more heroic character. In his late work, conducted when he lived and worked in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, he added city panoramas and seascapes to his regular repertoire. In these, the sky often took up two-thirds of the canvas. In total he produced more than 150 <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> views featuring waterfalls. Ruisdael's only registered pupil was <a href="/wiki/Meindert_Hobbema" title="Meindert Hobbema">Meindert Hobbema</a>, one of several artists who painted figures in his landscapes. Hobbema's work has at times been confused with Ruisdael's. Ruisdael always spelt his name thus: Ruisdael, not Ruysdael. Ruisdael's work was in demand in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> during his lifetime. Today it is spread across private and institutional collections around the world; the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a> in London, the <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a> in Amsterdam, and the <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a> in St. Petersburg hold the largest collections. Ruisdael shaped landscape painting traditions worldwide, from the English <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantics</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbizon school">Barbizon school</a> in France, and the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a> in the US, and influenced generations of Dutch landscape artists. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_van_Ruisdael&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Salomon_van_Ruysdael_-_View_of_Egmond_aan_Zee_-_WGA20562.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jacob's uncle's painting of the same town from same angle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Salomon_van_Ruysdael_-_View_of_Egmond_aan_Zee_-_WGA20562.jpg/220px-Salomon_van_Ruysdael_-_View_of_Egmond_aan_Zee_-_WGA20562.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Salomon_van_Ruysdael_-_View_of_Egmond_aan_Zee_-_WGA20562.jpg/330px-Salomon_van_Ruysdael_-_View_of_Egmond_aan_Zee_-_WGA20562.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Salomon_van_Ruysdael_-_View_of_Egmond_aan_Zee_-_WGA20562.jpg/440px-Salomon_van_Ruysdael_-_View_of_Egmond_aan_Zee_-_WGA20562.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="730" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">A View of <a href="/wiki/Egmond_aan_Zee" title="Egmond aan Zee">Egmond aan Zee</a> (1640) by <a href="/wiki/Salomon_van_Ruysdael" title="Salomon van Ruysdael">Salomon van Ruysdael</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_A_View_of_Egmond_aan_Zee_-_Kelvingrove_Art_Gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="painting of a seaside town" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_A_View_of_Egmond_aan_Zee_-_Kelvingrove_Art_Gallery.jpg/220px-Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_A_View_of_Egmond_aan_Zee_-_Kelvingrove_Art_Gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_A_View_of_Egmond_aan_Zee_-_Kelvingrove_Art_Gallery.jpg/330px-Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_A_View_of_Egmond_aan_Zee_-_Kelvingrove_Art_Gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_A_View_of_Egmond_aan_Zee_-_Kelvingrove_Art_Gallery.jpg/440px-Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_A_View_of_Egmond_aan_Zee_-_Kelvingrove_Art_Gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="582" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">A View of Egmond aan Zee (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1650) by Jacob van Ruisdael</div></div></div></div></div> Jacob Isaackszoon van Ruisdael was born in <a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a> in 1628 or 1629<a href="#cite_note-2">[A]</a> into a family of painters, all landscapists. The number of painters in the family, and the multiple spellings of the Van Ruisdael name, have hampered attempts to document his life and attribute his works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198117–21-3">[2]</a> The name Ruisdael is connected to a castle, now lost, in the village of <a href="/wiki/Blaricum" title="Blaricum">Blaricum</a>. The village was the home of Jacob's grandfather, the furniture maker Jacob de Goyer. When De Goyer moved away to <a href="/wiki/Naarden" title="Naarden">Naarden</a>, three of his sons changed their name to Van Ruysdael or Van Ruisdael, probably to indicate their origin.<a href="#cite_note-6">[B]</a> Two of De Goyer's sons became painters: Jacob's father <a href="/wiki/Isaack_van_Ruisdael" title="Isaack van Ruisdael">Isaack van Ruisdael</a> and his well-known uncle <a href="/wiki/Salomon_van_Ruysdael" title="Salomon van Ruysdael">Salomon van Ruysdael</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[C]</a> Jacob himself always spelled his name with an "i",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198117-11">[8]</a> while his cousin, Salomon's son <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Salomonsz_van_Ruysdael" title="Jacob Salomonsz van Ruysdael">Jacob Salomonszoon van Ruysdael</a>, also a landscape artist, spelled his name with a "y".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198121-12">[9]</a> Jacob's earliest biographer, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Houbraken" title="Arnold Houbraken">Arnold Houbraken</a>, called him Jakob Ruisdaal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoubraken171865-13">[10]</a> It is not known whether Ruisdael's mother was Isaack van Ruisdael's first wife, whose name is unknown, or his second wife, Maycken Cornelisdochter. Isaack and Maycken married on 12 November 1628.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2011xi-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198118-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[D]</a> Ruisdael's teacher is also unknown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuznetsov19834-18">[14]</a> It is often assumed Ruisdael studied with his father and uncle, but there is no evidence for this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20052-19">[15]</a> He appears to have been strongly influenced by other contemporary local Haarlem landscapists, most notably <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Vroom" title="Cornelis Vroom">Cornelis Vroom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allart_van_Everdingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Allart van Everdingen">Allart van Everdingen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20053-20">[16]</a> The earliest date that appears on a Ruisdael painting and <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a> is 1646.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20015-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[E]</a> Two years after this date he was admitted to membership of the <a href="/wiki/Haarlem_Guild_of_St._Luke" title="Haarlem Guild of St. Luke">Haarlem Guild of St. Luke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2011xi-14">[11]</a> By this time landscape paintings were as popular as history paintings in Dutch households, though at the time of Ruisdael's birth, history paintings appeared far more frequently. This growth in popularity of landscapes continued throughout Ruisdael's career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJager20159-24">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[F]</a> Around 1657, Ruisdael moved to <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, by then a prosperous city which was likely to have offered a bigger market for his work. His fellow Haarlem painter Allaert van Everdingen had already moved to Amsterdam and found a market there. On 17 June 1657 he was baptized in <a href="/wiki/Ankeveen" title="Ankeveen">Ankeveen</a>, near Naarden.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinrichs201422–25-27">[21]</a> Ruisdael lived and worked in Amsterdam for the rest of his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198122-28">[22]</a> In 1668, his name appears as a witness to the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Meindert_Hobbema" title="Meindert Hobbema">Meindert Hobbema</a>, his only registered pupil, a painter whose works have, by some, been confused with Ruisdael's own.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198122-28">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2011xii-29">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiedtke2007788-30">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001x-31">[25]</a> For a landscape artist, it seems Ruisdael travelled relatively little: to Blaricum, <a href="/wiki/Egmond_aan_Zee" title="Egmond aan Zee">Egmond aan Zee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhenen" title="Rhenen">Rhenen</a> in the 1640s, with <a href="/wiki/Nicolaes_Pieterszoon_Berchem" title="Nicolaes Pieterszoon Berchem">Nicolaes Berchem</a> to <a href="/wiki/County_of_Bentheim_(district)" title="County of Bentheim (district)">Bentheim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steinfurt" title="Steinfurt">Steinfurt</a> just across the border in Germany in 1650,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuznetsov19834-18">[14]</a> and possibly with Hobbema across the German border again in 1661, via <a href="/wiki/Veluwe" title="Veluwe">the Veluwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ootmarsum" title="Ootmarsum">Ootmarsum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RKD-32">[26]</a> Despite Ruisdael's numerous Norwegian landscapes, there is no record of him having travelled to Scandinavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001153-33">[27]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:321px;max-width:321px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:165px;max-width:165px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kasteel_Bentheim_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-347.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="painting of landscape with castle in background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kasteel_Bentheim_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-347.jpeg/163px-Kasteel_Bentheim_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-347.jpeg" decoding="async" width="163" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kasteel_Bentheim_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-347.jpeg/245px-Kasteel_Bentheim_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-347.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kasteel_Bentheim_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-347.jpeg/326px-Kasteel_Bentheim_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-347.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4276" data-file-height="5392" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">A View of <a href="/wiki/Bentheim_Castle" title="Bentheim Castle">Bentheim Castle</a> (1650s) by Jacob van Ruisdael</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolaes_Berchem_-_Landscape_with_Castle_Bentheim.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nicolaes Berchem's painting of same landscape with castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nicolaes_Berchem_-_Landscape_with_Castle_Bentheim.jpeg/150px-Nicolaes_Berchem_-_Landscape_with_Castle_Bentheim.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nicolaes_Berchem_-_Landscape_with_Castle_Bentheim.jpeg/225px-Nicolaes_Berchem_-_Landscape_with_Castle_Bentheim.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nicolaes_Berchem_-_Landscape_with_Castle_Bentheim.jpeg/300px-Nicolaes_Berchem_-_Landscape_with_Castle_Bentheim.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">A View of Burg Bentheim (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1656) <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Berchem" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolaas Berchem">Nicolaas Berchem</a></div></div></div></div></div> There is some speculation that Ruisdael was also a doctor. In 1718, his biographer Houbraken reports that he studied medicine and performed surgery in Amsterdam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoubraken171865-13">[10]</a> Archival records of the 17th century show the name "Jacobus Ruijsdael" on a list of Amsterdam doctors, albeit crossed out, with the added remark that he earned his medical degree on 15 October 1676 in <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>, northern France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198119–20-34">[28]</a> Various art historians have speculated that this was, in all probability, a case of mistaken identity. Pieter Scheltema suggests it was Ruisdael's cousin who appeared on the record.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheltema1872105-35">[29]</a> The Ruisdael expert <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Slive" title="Seymour Slive">Seymour Slive</a> argues that the spelling "uij" is not consistent with Ruisdael's own spelling of his name, that his unusually high production suggests there was little time to study medicine, and that there is no indication in any of his art that he visited northern France. The evidence is inconclusive. Ruisdael was not <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a>. Slive reports that, because of Ruisdael's depiction of a Jewish cemetery and various biblical names in the Ruisdael family, he often heard speculation that Ruisdael must surely be Jewish.<a href="#cite_note-wecker-36">[30]</a> The evidence shows otherwise.<a href="#cite_note-wecker-36">[30]</a> Ruisdael was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Grote_Kerk,_Haarlem" title="Grote Kerk, Haarlem">Saint Bavo's Church, Haarlem</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> church at that time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001i-37">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWüstefeld198911-38">[32]</a> His uncle Salomon van Ruysdael belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Young_Flemish" title="Young Flemish">Young Flemish</a> subgroup of the <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a> congregation, one of several types of <a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a> in Haarlem, and it is probable that Ruisdael's father was also a member there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995397-39">[33]</a> His cousin Jacob was a registered Mennonite in Amsterdam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheltema1872101-40">[34]</a> Ruisdael did not marry. According to Houbraken, whose short biography does contain a few errors,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinrichs2013b60–65-41">[35]</a> this was "to reserve time to serve his old father".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoubraken171866-42">[36]</a> No likeness of Ruisdael is known to exist <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198117-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[G]</a> The art historian Hendrik Frederik Wijnman disproved the myth that Ruisdael died a poor man, supposedly in the old men's almshouse in Haarlem. Wijnman showed that the person who died there was in fact Ruisdael's cousin, Jacob Salomonszoon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWijnman193249–60-47">[40]</a> Although there is no record of Ruisdael owning land or shares, he appears to have lived comfortably, even after the economic downturn of the <a href="/wiki/Rampjaar" title="Rampjaar">disaster year 1672</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198126-48">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[H]</a> His paintings were valued fairly highly. In a large sample of inventories between 1650 and 1679 the average price for a Ruisdael was 40 guilders, compared to an average of 19 guilders for all attributed paintings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontias1996366-50">[42]</a> In a ranking of contemporary Dutch painters based on price-weighted frequency in these inventories, Ruisdael ranks seventh; <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a> ranks first.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontias1996369-51">[43]</a> Ruisdael died in Amsterdam on 10 March 1682. He was buried 14 March 1682 in Saint Bavo's Church, Haarlem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2005xiii-52">[44]</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_van_Ruisdael&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="List of paintings by Jacob van Ruisdael">List of paintings by Jacob van Ruisdael</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_van_Ruisdael&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Dune_Landscape_-_Hermitage_Inventory_number_939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="painting of dune landscape" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Dune_Landscape_-_Hermitage_Inventory_number_939.jpg/220px-Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Dune_Landscape_-_Hermitage_Inventory_number_939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Dune_Landscape_-_Hermitage_Inventory_number_939.jpg/330px-Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Dune_Landscape_-_Hermitage_Inventory_number_939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Dune_Landscape_-_Hermitage_Inventory_number_939.jpg/440px-Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Dune_Landscape_-_Hermitage_Inventory_number_939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1247" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wooded_Dunes" title="Wooded Dunes">Dune Landscape</a> (1646)</figcaption></figure> Ruisdael's work from c. 1646 to the early 1650s, when he was living in Haarlem, is characterised by simple motifs and careful and laborious study of nature: dunes, woods, and atmospheric effects. By applying heavier paint than his predecessors, Ruisdael gave his foliage a rich quality, conveying a sense of sap flowing through branches and leaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20061-53">[45]</a> His accurate rendering of trees was unprecedented at the time: the genera of his trees are the first to be unequivocally recognisable by modern-day botanists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshtonDaviesSlive19825-54">[46]</a> His early sketches introduce motifs that would return in all his work: a sense of spaciousness and luminosity, and an airy atmosphere achieved through <a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">pointillist</a>-like touches of chalk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20062-55">[47]</a> Most of his thirty black chalk sketches that survive date from this period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001491-56">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiltay1980141–208-57">[49]</a> An exemplar of Ruisdael's early style is <a href="/wiki/Wooded_Dunes" title="Wooded Dunes">Dune Landscape</a>, one of the earliest works, dated 1646. It breaks with the classic Dutch tradition of depicting broad views of dunes that include houses and trees flanked by distant vistas. Instead, Ruisdael places tree-covered dunes prominently at centre stage, with a cloudscape concentrating strong light on a sandy path.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20062-55">[47]</a> The resulting heroic effect is enhanced by the large size of the canvas, "so unexpected in the work of an inexperienced painter" according to Irina Sokolova, curator at the <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESokolova198863-58">[50]</a> The art historian <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Hofstede_de_Groot" title="Cornelis Hofstede de Groot">Hofstede de Groot</a> said of Dune Landscape: "It is hardly credible that it should be the work of a boy of seventeen".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofstede_de_Groot1911275-59">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_Isaacksz._van_Ruisdael_-_View_of_Naarden_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="painting of a city in the distance under a big sky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jacob_Isaacksz._van_Ruisdael_-_View_of_Naarden_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/260px-Jacob_Isaacksz._van_Ruisdael_-_View_of_Naarden_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jacob_Isaacksz._van_Ruisdael_-_View_of_Naarden_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/390px-Jacob_Isaacksz._van_Ruisdael_-_View_of_Naarden_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jacob_Isaacksz._van_Ruisdael_-_View_of_Naarden_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/520px-Jacob_Isaacksz._van_Ruisdael_-_View_of_Naarden_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4872" data-file-height="2515" /></a><figcaption>View of Naarden with the Church at Muiderberg in the Distance (1647)</figcaption></figure> Ruisdael's first panoramic landscape, View of Naarden with the Church at Muiderberg in the Distance, dates from 1647. The theme of an overwhelming sky and a distant town, in this case the birthplace of his father, is one he returned to in his later years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20062-55">[47]</a> For unknown reasons, Ruisdael almost entirely stopped dating his work from 1653. Only five works from the 1660s have a, partially obscured, year next to his signature; none from the 1670s and 1680s have a date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20016-60">[52]</a> Dating subsequent work has therefore been largely based on detective work and speculation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198121-12">[9]</a> All thirteen known Ruisdael etchings come from his early period, with the first one dated 1646. It is unknown who taught him the art of etching. No etchings exist signed by his father, his uncle, or his fellow Haarlem landscapist Cornelis Vroom, who influenced his other work. His etchings show little influence from Rembrandt, either in style or technique. Few original impressions exist; five etchings survive in only a single impression. The rarity of prints suggests that Ruisdael considered them trial essays, which did not warrant large editions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001591–593-61">[53]</a> The etching expert <a href="/wiki/Georges_Duplessis" title="Georges Duplessis">Georges Duplessis</a> singled out <a href="/wiki/Grainfield_at_the_Edge_of_a_Wood" title="Grainfield at the Edge of a Wood">Grainfield at the Edge of a Wood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forest_Marsh_with_Travellers_on_a_Bank" title="Forest Marsh with Travellers on a Bank">The Travellers</a> as unrivalled illustrations of Ruisdael's genius.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuplessis1871109-62">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_period">Middle period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_van_Ruisdael&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_Isaackszoon_van_Ruisdael_-_The_Jewish_Cemetery_(1654_or_1655).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="dark painting of ruins and tombs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Jacob_Isaackszoon_van_Ruisdael_-_The_Jewish_Cemetery_%281654_or_1655%29.jpg/220px-Jacob_Isaackszoon_van_Ruisdael_-_The_Jewish_Cemetery_%281654_or_1655%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Jacob_Isaackszoon_van_Ruisdael_-_The_Jewish_Cemetery_%281654_or_1655%29.jpg/330px-Jacob_Isaackszoon_van_Ruisdael_-_The_Jewish_Cemetery_%281654_or_1655%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Jacob_Isaackszoon_van_Ruisdael_-_The_Jewish_Cemetery_%281654_or_1655%29.jpg/440px-Jacob_Isaackszoon_van_Ruisdael_-_The_Jewish_Cemetery_%281654_or_1655%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="2079" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Cemetery" title="The Jewish Cemetery">The Jewish Cemetery</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1654–55)</figcaption></figure> Following Ruisdael's trip to Germany, his landscapes took on a more heroic character, with forms becoming larger and more prominent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20063-63">[55]</a> A view of <a href="/wiki/Bentheim_Castle_(Dublin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bentheim Castle (Dublin)">Bentheim Castle</a>, dated 1653, is just one of a dozen of Ruisdael's depictions of a particular castle in Germany, almost all of which pronounce its position on a hilltop. Significantly, Ruisdael made numerous changes to the castle's setting (it is actually on an unimposing low hill) culminating in a 1653 version which shows it on a wooded mountain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive200125-64">[56]</a> These variations are rightly considered by art historians to be evidence of Ruisdael's compositional skills.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198152-65">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[I]</a> On his trip to Germany, Ruisdael encountered water mills which he turned into a principal subject for painting, the first artist to ever do so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive201154-68">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Two_Water_Mills_with_an_Open_Sluice" title="Two Water Mills with an Open Sluice">Two Water Mills with an Open Sluice</a>, dated 1653, is a prime example.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive201156-69">[60]</a> The ruins of Egmont Castle near Alkmaar were another favourite subject of Ruisdael's<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive200143–48-70">[61]</a> and feature in <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Cemetery" title="The Jewish Cemetery">The Jewish Cemetery</a>, of which he painted two versions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001181-71">[62]</a> With these, Ruisdael pits the natural world against the built environment, which has been overrun by the trees and shrubs surrounding the cemetery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198168-72">[63]</a> Ruisdael's first Scandinavian views contain big firs, rugged mountains, large boulders and rushing torrents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001154-73">[64]</a> Though convincingly realistic, they are based on previous art works, rather than on direct experience. There is no record that Ruisdael made any trip to Scandinavia, although fellow Haarlem painter Allart van Everdingen had travelled there in 1644 and had popularised the subgenre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive198229-74">[65]</a> Ruisdael's work soon outstripped van Everdingen's finest efforts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofstede_de_Groot19112-75">[66]</a> In total Ruisdael produced more than 150 Scandinavian views featuring waterfalls,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001153-33">[27]</a> of which <a href="/wiki/Waterfall_in_a_Mountainous_Landscape_with_a_Ruined_Castle" title="Waterfall in a Mountainous Landscape with a Ruined Castle">Waterfall in a Mountainous Landscape with a Ruined Castle</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1665–1670, is seen as his greatest by Slive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20064-76">[67]</a> In this period Ruisdael started painting coastal scenes and sea-pieces, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Vlieger" title="Simon de Vlieger">Simon de Vlieger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Porcellis" title="Jan Porcellis">Jan Porcellis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiltay1987439-77">[68]</a> Among the most dramatic is <a href="/wiki/Rough_Sea_at_a_Jetty" title="Rough Sea at a Jetty">Rough Sea at a Jetty</a>, with a restricted palette of only black, white, blue and a few brown earth colours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20064-76">[67]</a> However, forest scenes remain a subject of choice, such as the Hermitage's most famous Ruisdael, <a href="/wiki/A_Wooded_Marsh" title="A Wooded Marsh">A Wooded Marsh</a>, dated <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1665, which depicts a primieval scene with broken birches and oaks, and branches reaching for the sky amidst an overgrown pond.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuznetsov19838-78">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years">Later years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_van_Ruisdael&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later years">edit</a>]</div> During Ruisdael's last period he began to depict mountain scenes, such as <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Landscape_with_a_Watermill" title="Mountain Landscape with a Watermill">Mountainous and Wooded Landscape with a River</a>, dateable to the late 1670s. This portrays a rugged range with the highest peak in the clouds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20065-79">[70]</a> Ruisdael's subjects became unusually varied. The art historian <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Stechow" title="Wolfgang Stechow">Wolfgang Stechow</a> identified thirteen themes within the Dutch Golden Age landscape genre, and Ruisdael's work encompasses all but two of them, excelling at most: forests, rivers, dunes and country roads, panoramas, imaginary landscapes, Scandinavian waterfalls, marines, beachscapes, winter scenes, town views, and nocturnes. Only the <a href="/wiki/Italianate" class="mw-redirect" title="Italianate">Italianate</a> and foreign landscapes other than Scandinavian are absent from his oeuvre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive198226-28-80">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStechow1966-81">[72]</a> The imaginary landscapes of gardens that Ruisdael painted in the 1670s actually reflect an ongoing discourse on the <a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a> in circles of gardening aesthetes like <a href="/wiki/Constantijn_Huygens" title="Constantijn Huygens">Constantijn Huygens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Haarlem_with_Bleaching_Grounds_c1665_Ruisdael.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="painting of a town in the distance and fields under a big sky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/View_of_Haarlem_with_Bleaching_Grounds_c1665_Ruisdael.jpg/230px-View_of_Haarlem_with_Bleaching_Grounds_c1665_Ruisdael.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/View_of_Haarlem_with_Bleaching_Grounds_c1665_Ruisdael.jpg/345px-View_of_Haarlem_with_Bleaching_Grounds_c1665_Ruisdael.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/View_of_Haarlem_with_Bleaching_Grounds_c1665_Ruisdael.jpg/460px-View_of_Haarlem_with_Bleaching_Grounds_c1665_Ruisdael.jpg 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/View_of_Haarlem_with_Bleaching_Fields" title="View of Haarlem with Bleaching Fields">View of Haarlem with Bleaching Fields</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1665)</figcaption></figure> Slive finds it appropriate that a windmill is the subject of one of Ruisdael's most famous works. <a href="/wiki/Windmill_at_Wijk_bij_Duurstede" title="Windmill at Wijk bij Duurstede">Windmill at Wijk bij Duurstede</a>, dated 1670, shows <a href="/wiki/Wijk_bij_Duurstede" title="Wijk bij Duurstede">Wijk bij Duurstede</a>, a riverside town about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>, with a dominant cylindrical windmill.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20065-79">[70]</a> In this composition, Ruisdael united typical Dutch elements of low-lying land, water and expansive sky, so that they converge on the equally characteristic Dutch windmill.<a href="#cite_note-Rijksmuseum-83">[74]</a> The painting's enduring popularity is evidenced by card sales in the <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a>, with the Windmill ranking third after Rembrandt's <a href="/wiki/The_Night_Watch" title="The Night Watch">Night Watch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Vermeer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/View_of_Delft" title="View of Delft">View of Delft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198121-12">[9]</a> Windmills featured throughout Ruisdael's entire career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2011vi-84">[75]</a> Various panoramic views of the Haarlem skyline and its bleaching grounds appear during this stage, a specific genre called <a href="/wiki/Haerlempjes" title="Haerlempjes">Haerlempjes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198122-28">[22]</a> with the clouds creating various gradations of alternating bands of light and shadow towards the horizon. The paintings are often dominated by Saint Bavo's Church, in which Ruisdael would one day be buried.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20065-79">[70]</a> While Amsterdam does feature in his work, it does so relatively rarely given that Ruisdael lived there for over 25 years. It does feature in his only known architectural subject, a drawing of the interior of the <a href="/wiki/Oude_Kerk,_Amsterdam" title="Oude Kerk, Amsterdam">Old Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001570-85">[76]</a> as well as in views of the Dam, and the <a href="/wiki/Panoramic_view_of_the_Amstel_looking_toward_Amsterdam" title="Panoramic view of the Amstel looking toward Amsterdam">Panoramic view of the Amstel looking toward Amsterdam</a>, one of Ruisdael's last paintings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive200111–22-86">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink1981157-87">[78]</a> Figures are introduced sparingly into Ruisdael's compositions, and are by this period rarely from his own hand<a href="#cite_note-91">[J]</a> but executed by various artists, including his pupil Meindert Hobbema, Nicolaes Berchem, <a href="/wiki/Adriaen_van_de_Velde" title="Adriaen van de Velde">Adriaen van de Velde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philips_Wouwerman" title="Philips Wouwerman">Philips Wouwerman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Vonck" title="Jan Vonck">Jan Vonck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Keyser" title="Thomas de Keyser">Thomas de Keyser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Battem" title="Gerrit Battem">Gerard van Battum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Lingelbach" title="Johannes Lingelbach">Jan Lingelbach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RKD-32">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198123-92">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attributions">Attributions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_van_Ruisdael&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Attributions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_van_Ruisdael_1660s_signature_on_Landschap_met_waterval.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="signature on a painting reading J v Ruisdael" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Jacob_van_Ruisdael_1660s_signature_on_Landschap_met_waterval.png" decoding="async" width="202" height="118" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="118" /></a><figcaption>Signature on <a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_Waterfall" title="Landscape with Waterfall">Landscape with Waterfall</a> in the 1660s</figcaption></figure> In his 2001 catalogue raisonné, Slive attributes 694 paintings to Ruisdael and lists another 163 paintings with dubious or, he believes, incorrect attribution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001contents-93">[83]</a> There are three main reasons why there is uncertainty over whose hand painted various Ruisdael-style landscapes. Firstly, four members of the Ruysdael family were landscapists with similar signatures, some of which were later fraudulently altered into Jacob's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofstede_de_Groot19114-94">[84]</a> This is further complicated by the fact that Ruisdael used variations of his signature. This typically reads "JvRuisdael" or the <a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">monogram</a> "JVR",<a href="#cite_note-RKD-32">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001131-95">[85]</a> sometimes using a small italic 's' and sometimes a Gothic long 's', such as on <a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_Waterfall" title="Landscape with Waterfall">Landscape with Waterfall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2005261-96">[86]</a> Secondly, many 17th-century landscape paintings are unsigned and could be from pupils or copyists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofstede_de_Groot19116-97">[87]</a> Finally, fraudsters imitated Ruisdaels for financial gain, with the earliest case reported by Houbraken in 1718: a certain Jan Griffier the Elder could imitate Ruisdael's style so well that he often passed them off as genuine Ruisdaels, especially with figurines added in the style of the artist Wouwerman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198123-92">[82]</a> There is no large-scale systematic approach to ascertaining Ruisdael's attributions, unlike the forensic science used to find the correct attributions of Rembrandt's paintings through the <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt_Research_Project" title="Rembrandt Research Project">Rembrandt Research Project</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWetering2014ix-98">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_van_Ruisdael&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_Ruisdael,_Jacob_-_Landscape_with_Windmills_near_Haarlem_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="painting of windmills" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Van_Ruisdael%2C_Jacob_-_Landscape_with_Windmills_near_Haarlem_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-Van_Ruisdael%2C_Jacob_-_Landscape_with_Windmills_near_Haarlem_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Van_Ruisdael%2C_Jacob_-_Landscape_with_Windmills_near_Haarlem_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Van_Ruisdael%2C_Jacob_-_Landscape_with_Windmills_near_Haarlem_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Van_Ruisdael%2C_Jacob_-_Landscape_with_Windmills_near_Haarlem_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/400px-Van_Ruisdael%2C_Jacob_-_Landscape_with_Windmills_near_Haarlem_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4892" data-file-height="4529" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">Landscape with Windmills near Haarlem (1651) by Jacob van Ruisdael</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Constable,_John_-_Landscape_with_Windmills_near_Haarlem,_after_Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="similar painting with windmills" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Constable%2C_John_-_Landscape_with_Windmills_near_Haarlem%2C_after_Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-Constable%2C_John_-_Landscape_with_Windmills_near_Haarlem%2C_after_Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Constable%2C_John_-_Landscape_with_Windmills_near_Haarlem%2C_after_Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Constable%2C_John_-_Landscape_with_Windmills_near_Haarlem%2C_after_Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Constable%2C_John_-_Landscape_with_Windmills_near_Haarlem%2C_after_Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/400px-Constable%2C_John_-_Landscape_with_Windmills_near_Haarlem%2C_after_Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="1395" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left">Landscape with Windmills near Haarlem (1830) by <a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">John Constable</a></div></div></div></div></div> Ruisdael has shaped landscape painting traditions from the English <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantics</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbizon school">Barbizon school</a> in France, and the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a> in the US, as well as generations of Dutch landscape artists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2005i-99">[89]</a> Among the English artists influenced by Ruisdael are <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough" title="Thomas Gainsborough">Thomas Gainsborough</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">John Constable</a>. Gainsborough drew, in black chalk and grey wash, a copy of a Ruisdael in the 1740s—now both paintings are housed in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198113-100">[90]</a> Turner made many copies of Ruisdaels and even painted fantasy views of a nonexistent port he called Port Ruysdael.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachrach198119–30-101">[91]</a> Constable also copied various drawings, etchings and paintings by Ruisdael, and was a great admirer from a young age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001695–696-102">[92]</a> "It haunts my mind and clings to my heart", he wrote after seeing a Ruisdael.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001695-103">[93]</a> However, he thought Jewish Cemetery was a failure, because he considered that it attempted to convey something outside the reach of art.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001181-71">[62]</a> In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a> acknowledged Ruisdael as a major influence, calling him sublime, but at the same time saying it would be a mistake to try to copy him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansenLuijtenBakker2009[httpvangoghlettersorgvgletterslet249letterhtml_Letter_249]-104">[94]</a> Van Gogh had two Ruisdael prints, <a href="/wiki/Dune_Landscape_near_Haarlem" title="Dune Landscape near Haarlem">The Bush</a> and a Haerlempje, on his wall,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansenLuijtenBakker2009[httpvangoghlettersorgvgletterslet037letterhtml_Letter_37]-105">[95]</a> and thought the Ruisdaels in the Louvre were "magnificent, especially The Bush, <a href="/wiki/Storm_Off_a_Sea_Coast" title="Storm Off a Sea Coast">The Breakwater</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Ray_of_Light" title="The Ray of Light">The Ray of Light</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansenLuijtenBakker2009[httpvangoghlettersorgvgletterslet034letterhtml_Letter_34]-106">[96]</a> His experience of the French countryside was informed by his memory of Ruisdael's art.<a href="#cite_note-107">[97]</a> Van Gogh's contemporary <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a> is also said to be indebted to Ruisdael.<a href="#cite_note-www.waldemar.tv-108">[98]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Piet Mondrian</a>'s early abstract compositions the eventually led to the founding of <a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a> have been traced back to Ruisdael's panoramas.<a href="#cite_note-www.waldemar.tv-108">[98]</a> Among art historians and critics, Ruisdael's reputation has had its ups and downs over the centuries. The first account, in 1718, is from Houbraken, who waxed lyrical over the technical mastery which allowed Ruisdael to realistically depict falling water and the sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoubraken171866-42">[36]</a> In 1781, Sir <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Joshua Reynolds</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a>, admired the freshness and force of Ruisdael's landscapes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2005viii-109">[99]</a> A couple of decades later other English critics were less impressed. In 1801, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Henry Fuseli</a>, professor at the Royal Academy, expressed his contempt for the entire Dutch School of Landscape, dismissing it as no more than a "transcript of the spot", a mere "enumeration of hill and dale, clumps of trees".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWornum1848450-110">[100]</a> Of note is that one of Fuseli's students was Constable, whose admiration for Ruisdael remained unchanged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001695–696-102">[92]</a> Around the same time in Germany, the writer, statesman and scientist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> lauded Ruisdael as a thinking artist, even a poet,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetheGage1980210-111">[101]</a> saying "he demonstrates remarkable skill in locating the exact point at which the creative faculty comes into contact with a lucid mind".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuznetsov19830-112">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> however, in 1860, raged against Ruisdael and other Dutch Golden Age landscapists, calling their landscapes places where "we lose not only all faith in religion but all remembrance of it".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchama2011-113">[103]</a> In 1915, the Dutch art historian <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Bredius" title="Abraham Bredius">Abraham Bredius</a> called his compatriot not so much a painter as a poet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBredius191519-114">[104]</a> More recent art historians have rated Ruisdael highly. <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clark" title="Kenneth Clark">Kenneth Clark</a> described him as "the greatest master of the natural vision before Constable".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark197932-115">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Januszczak" title="Waldemar Januszczak">Waldemar Januszczak</a> finds him a marvellous storyteller. Januszczak does not consider Ruisdael the greatest landscape artist of all time, but is especially impressed by his works as a teenager: "a prodigy whom we should rank at number 8 or 9 on the Mozart scale".<a href="#cite_note-www.waldemar.tv-108">[98]</a> Slive states Ruisdael is acknowledged "by general consent, as the pre-eminent landscapist of the Golden Age of Dutch art".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20061-53">[45]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25em; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Ruisdael really doesn't deserve to be underrated. ..[H]e was a prodigy whom we should rank at number 8 or 9 on the Mozart scale." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> art critic <a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Januszczak" title="Waldemar Januszczak">Waldemar Januszczak</a><a href="#cite_note-www.waldemar.tv-108">[98]</a></cite> </div> Ruisdael is now seen as the leading artist of the "classical" phase in Dutch landscape art, which built upon the realism of the previous "tonal" phase. The tonal phase suggested atmosphere through the use of tonality, while the classical phase strived for a more grandiose effect, with paintings built up through a series of vigorous contrasts of solid form against the sky, and of light against shade, with a tree, animal, or windmill often singled out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive1995195-116">[106]</a> Although many of Ruisdael's works were on show in the <a href="/wiki/Art_Treasures_Exhibition,_Manchester_1857" title="Art Treasures Exhibition, Manchester 1857">Art Treasures Exhibition, Manchester 1857</a>, and various other grand exhibitions across the world since, it was not until 1981 that an exhibition was solely dedicated to him. Over fifty paintings and thirty-five drawings and etchings were exhibited, first at the <a href="/wiki/Mauritshuis" title="Mauritshuis">Mauritshuis</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, then, in 1982, at the <a href="/wiki/Fogg_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fogg Museum">Fogg Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198113-100">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1982-117">[107]</a> In 2006, the Royal Academy in London hosted a Ruisdael Master of Landscape exhibition, displaying works from over fifty collections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2006-118">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2005-119">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpretation">Interpretation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_van_Ruisdael&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Interpretation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Waterfall_in_a_Mountainous_Landscape_with_a_Ruined_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="painting of waterfall with dead trees and a castle in the distance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Waterfall_in_a_Mountainous_Landscape_with_a_Ruined_Castle.jpg/220px-Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Waterfall_in_a_Mountainous_Landscape_with_a_Ruined_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Waterfall_in_a_Mountainous_Landscape_with_a_Ruined_Castle.jpg/330px-Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Waterfall_in_a_Mountainous_Landscape_with_a_Ruined_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Waterfall_in_a_Mountainous_Landscape_with_a_Ruined_Castle.jpg/440px-Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Waterfall_in_a_Mountainous_Landscape_with_a_Ruined_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_in_a_Mountainous_Landscape_with_a_Ruined_Castle" title="Waterfall in a Mountainous Landscape with a Ruined Castle">Waterfall in a Mountainous Landscape with a Ruined Castle</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1665–1670)</figcaption></figure> There are no 17th-century documents to indicate, either at first or second hand, what Ruisdael intended to convey through his art.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198117-11">[8]</a> While The Jewish Cemetery is universally accepted as an allegory for the fragility of life,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001181-71">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetheGage1980213–215-120">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith18354-121">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenberg192830-122">[112]</a> how other works should be interpreted is much disputed. At one end of the spectrum is Henry Fuseli, who contends they have no meaning at all, and are simply a depiction of nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWornum1848450-110">[100]</a> At the other end is <a href="/wiki/Franz_Theodor_Kugler" title="Franz Theodor Kugler">Franz Theodor Kugler</a> who sees meaning in almost everything: "They all display the silent power of Nature, who opposes with her mighty hand the petty activity of man, and with a solemn warning as it were, repels his encroachments".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrugler1846338-123">[113]</a> In the middle of the spectrum are scholars such as E. John Walford, who sees the works as "not so much bearers of narrative or emblematic meanings but rather as images reflecting the fact that the visible world was essentially perceived as manifesting inherent spiritual significance".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalford199129-124">[114]</a> Walford advocates abandoning the notion of "disguised symbolism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalford1991201-125">[115]</a> Perhaps Ruisdael's work can be interpreted according to the religious world view of his time: nature serves as the "first book" of God, both because of its inherent divine qualities and because of God's obvious concern for man and the world. The intention is spiritual, not moral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakkerWebb2012212–213-126">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Graham-Dixon" title="Andrew Graham-Dixon">Andrew Graham-Dixon</a> fancifully asserts all Dutch Golden Age landscapists could not help but search everywhere for meaning. He says of the windmill in The Windmill at Wijk bij Duurstede that it symbolises "the sheer hard work needed to keep Holland above water and to safeguard the future of the nation's children". The symmetries in the landscapes are "reminders to fellow citizens always to remain on the straight and narrow".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham-Dixon2013-127">[117]</a> Slive, sensible scholar that he is, is more reluctant to read too much into the work, but does put The Windmill in its contemporary religious context of man's dependence on the "spirit of the Lord for life".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive201128-128">[118]</a> With regards to interpreting Ruisdael's Scandinavian paintings, he says "My own view is that it strains credulity to the breaking point to propose that he himself conceived of all his depictions of waterfalls, torrents and rushing streams and dead trees as visual sermons on the themes of transcience and vanitas".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001154-73">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collections">Collections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_van_Ruisdael&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Collections">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Dunes_by_the_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="painting of sea, dunes and sky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Dunes_by_the_Sea.jpg/220px-Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Dunes_by_the_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Dunes_by_the_Sea.jpg/330px-Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Dunes_by_the_Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Dunes_by_the_Sea.jpg/440px-Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Dunes_by_the_Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Dunes by the Sea (1648)</figcaption></figure> Ruisdaels are scattered across collections globally, both private and institutional. The most notable collections are at the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a> in London, which holds twenty paintings;<a href="#cite_note-129">[119]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a> in Amsterdam, which holds sixteen paintings;<a href="#cite_note-130">[120]</a> the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg, which holds nine,<a href="#cite_note-131">[121]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thyssen-Bornemisza_Museum" title="Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum">Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum</a> in Madrid, Spain has four (and two additional paintings attributed to Jacob Isaacksz. van Ruisdael).<a href="#cite_note-132">[122]</a> In the US, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in New York has five Ruisdaels in its collection,<a href="#cite_note-133">[123]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum" title="J. Paul Getty Museum">J. Paul Getty Museum</a> in California has three.<a href="#cite_note-134">[124]</a> On occasion a Ruisdael changes hands. In 2014, Dunes by the Sea was auctioned at <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a> in New York, and realised a price of $1,805,000.<a href="#cite_note-135">[125]</a> Of his surviving drawings, 140 in total,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20054-136">[126]</a> the Rijksmuseum,<a href="#cite_note-137">[127]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Teylers_Museum" title="Teylers Museum">Teylers Museum</a> in Haarlem,<a href="#cite_note-138">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kupferstich-Kabinett,_Dresden" title="Kupferstich-Kabinett, Dresden">Dresden's Kupferstich-Kabinett</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20052-19">[15]</a> and the Hermitage each hold significant collections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuznetsov19839-139">[129]</a> Ruisdael's rare etchings are spread across institutions. No collection holds a print of each of the thirteen etchings. Of the five unique prints, the British Museum holds two, two are in the <a href="/wiki/Albertina" title="Albertina">Albertina</a> in Vienna, and one is in Amsterdam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink1981234–235-140">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_van_Ruisdael&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Context">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Winter_Landscape_with_a_Watermill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="painting of watermill in winter landscape" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Winter_Landscape_with_a_Watermill.jpg/220px-Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Winter_Landscape_with_a_Watermill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Winter_Landscape_with_a_Watermill.jpg/330px-Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Winter_Landscape_with_a_Watermill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Winter_Landscape_with_a_Watermill.jpg/440px-Jacob_van_Ruisdael_-_Winter_Landscape_with_a_Watermill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2176" data-file-height="1705" /></a><figcaption>Winter Landscape with a Watermill (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1660s)</figcaption></figure> According to some, Ruisdael and his art should not be considered apart from the context of the incredible wealth and significant changes to the land that occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a>. In his study on 17th-century Dutch art and culture, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Simon Schama</a> remarks that "it can never be overemphasized that the period between 1550 and 1650, when the political identity of an independent Netherlands nation was being established, was also a time of dramatic physical alteration of its landscape".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchama198734-141">[131]</a> Ruisdael's depiction of nature and emergent Dutch technology are wrapped up in this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchama198734-141">[131]</a> Christopher Joby places Ruisdael in the religious context of the <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> of the Dutch Republic. He states that landscape painting does conform to Calvin's requirement that only what is visible may be depicted in art, and that landscape paintings such as those of Ruisdael have an <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemological</a> value which provides further support for their use within Reformed Churches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoby2007171-142">[132]</a> The art historian Yuri Kuznetsov places Ruisdael's art in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">war of independence against Spain</a>. Dutch landscape painters "were called upon to make a portrait of their homeland, twice rewon by the Dutch people – first from the sea and later from foreign invaders".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuznetsov19833-143">[133]</a> Jonathan Israel, in his study of the Dutch Republic, calls the period between 1647 and 1672 the third phase of Dutch Golden Age art, in which wealthy merchants wanted large, opulent and refined paintings, and civic leaders filled their town halls with grand displays containing republican messages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995875-144">[134]</a> As well, ordinary middle class Dutch people began buying art for the first time, creating a high demand for paintings of all kinds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth1997134-145">[135]</a> This demand was met by enormous painter guilds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2011104-146">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[K]</a> Master painters set up studios to produce large numbers of paintings quickly.<a href="#cite_note-152">[L]</a> Under the master's direction, studio members would specialise in parts of a painting, such as figures in landscapes, or costumes in portraits and history paintings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiedema1994126-153">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[M]</a> Masters would sometimes add a few touches to authenticate a work mostly done by pupils, to maximise both speed and price.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchiMiegroet1994456-155">[142]</a> Numerous art dealers organised commissions on behalf of patrons, as well as buying uncommissioned stock to sell on.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth199793–95-156">[143]</a> Landscape artists did not depend on commissions in the way most painters had to do,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontias1989181-157">[144]</a> and could therefore paint for stock. In Ruisdael's case, it is not known whether he kept stock to sell directly to customers, or sold his work through dealers, or both.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive200517-158">[145]</a> Art historians only know of one commission,<a href="#cite_note-161">[N]</a> a work for the wealthy Amsterdam <a href="/wiki/Burgomaster" title="Burgomaster">burgomaster</a> <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Graeff" title="Cornelis de Graeff">Cornelis de Graeff</a>, jointly painted with Thomas de Keyser.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive200517-158">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[O]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_van_Ruisdael&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> This is inferred from a document dated 9 June 1661 in which Ruisdael states he is aged 32 years old.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198119-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> While in modern Dutch the "uy" spelling is only preserved in names and the "ui" is dominant, before modern spelling regulations the "uy" was spelled interchangeably with "uij", with "ij" in combination just being another way to represent "y", and "ui" being shorthand for "uij".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReenenWijnands1993389–419-4">[3]</a> The long list of common spellings of the Ruisdael name over the centuries includes "uy", "uij", and "ui".<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Unlike his other family members, his uncle Salomon is well-known today and has works on display in, for instance, the National Gallery in London and the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2015104-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> To add to the name confusion, Jacob's aunt, wife of Salomon, also was called Maycken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiedtke2007801-16">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> It was unusual that signed and dated works of an artist were created before matriculation in a guild.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198120-22">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Though most popular, landscape painting was still not seen as the pinnacle of painting. In his 1678 treatise on painting, painter-writer <a href="/wiki/Samuel_van_Hoogstraten" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel van Hoogstraten">Samuel van Hoogstraten</a> reserved top spot in the <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_genres" title="Hierarchy of genres">hierarchy of genres</a> for history painting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolan1997369-25">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> The Dutch coffee and tea company De Zuid-Hollandsche Koffie- en Theehandel published picture books in the 1920s with portraits of famous figures from Dutch history and the 1926 edition showed a portrait of "Jacob Isaaksz. Ruisdael" (sic).<a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a> It is not known where the coffee and tea company got the image from. Two 19th-century sculptures, one on the outside wall of the <a href="/wiki/Kunsthalle_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunsthalle Hamburg">Hamburger Kunsthalle</a> built in 1863,<a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a> and one inside the Louvre made by Louis-Denis Caillouette in 1822,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarac1841540-45">[39]</a> are also not traceable back to a source. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Tax records show Ruisdael paid 10 guilders for the 0.5% wealth tax in 1674, indicating his net worth was 2,000 guilders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198126-48">[41]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Other evidence of his compositional skills includes the botanically accurate representation of the shrub <a href="/wiki/Viburnum_lantana" title="Viburnum lantana">Viburnum lantana</a> on the 1653 Bentheim Castle painting, for which there is no evidence of ever have been present in this area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHam1983207-66">[58]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> It is assumed that in his early years Ruisdael painted the <a href="/wiki/Staffage" title="Staffage">staffage</a> himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESokolova198863-58">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_a_Cottage_and_Trees" title="Landscape with a Cottage and Trees">Landscape with a Cottage and Trees</a> of 1646 is one such example.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198129-88">[79]</a> The figures in most of his panoramic views are also of his own hand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive200166-89">[80]</a> Art historian Robert Watson writes that the odd tendency to hire each other to paint small figures in landscapes suggests a taboo guarding the barrier between the human and the natural.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2011175-90">[81]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Based on records of membership of the Guild of Saint Luke, it is estimated there was one painter for every 2,000 to 3,000 inhabitants, compared to every 10,000 in Renaissance Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth199779-147">[137]</a> A total of five million paintings were produced in the Dutch Republic in the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2011104-146">[136]</a> Slive says there were hundreds of landscapists during Ruisdael's time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20057-148">[138]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Studios already existed before Ruisdael was born.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGifford1995141-150">[139]</a> Painters from the tonal phase had also developed efficient techniques such as wet-into-wet paint, but this was not used by the classical phase painters, who strived for a high level of realism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGifford1995145-151">[140]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> It is not certain if Ruisdael had more pupils other than Hobbema in his studio, but at least four other artists have been identified as having provided staffage for his landscapes.<a href="#cite_note-RKD-32">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Art historian Scheyer suggests that it possible that one of the Jewish Cemetery versions was commissioned by the family of Eliahu Montalto, whose tomb is on the painting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheyer1977138-159">[146]</a> Slive does not hold this for impossible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198173-160">[147]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> This work, <a href="/wiki/The_Arrival_of_Cornelis_de_Graeff_and_Members_of_His_Family_at_Soestdijk,_His_Country_Estate" title="The Arrival of Cornelis de Graeff and Members of His Family at Soestdijk, His Country Estate">The Arrival of Cornelis de Graeff and Members of His Family at Soestdijk, His Country Estate</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1660), is unusual in Ruisdael's oeuvre for another reason. It is also the only one in which his landscape is the background to the work of another artist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198125-162">[148]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_van_Ruisdael&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_van_Ruisdael&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198119-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198119_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSliveHoetink1981">Slive & Hoetink 1981</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198117–21-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198117–21_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSliveHoetink1981">Slive & Hoetink 1981</a>, p. 17–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReenenWijnands1993389–419-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReenenWijnands1993389–419_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReenenWijnands1993">Reenen & Wijnands 1993</a>, p. 389–419. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117160218/http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=ruisdael&role=&nation=&prev_page=1&subjectid=500027077">"Union list of artist names"</a>. <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Trust" title="J. Paul Getty Trust">J. Paul Getty Trust</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=ruisdael&role=&nation=&prev_page=1&subjectid=500027077">the original</a> on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Union+list+of+artist+names&rft.pub=J.+Paul+Getty+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.getty.edu%2Fvow%2FULANFullDisplay%3Ffind%3Druisdael%26role%3D%26nation%3D%26prev_page%3D1%26subjectid%3D500027077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2015104-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2015104_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2015">Scott 2015</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106063359/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/artists/salomon-van-ruysdael">"Salomon van Ruysdael"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/artists/salomon-van-ruysdael">the original</a> on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salomon+van+Ruysdael&rft.pub=National+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgallery.org.uk%2Fartists%2Fsalomon-van-ruysdael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151221052842/http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/Collection/art-object-page.139458.html">"River Landscape with Ferry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/Collection/art-object-page.139458.html">the original</a> on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=River+Landscape+with+Ferry&rft.pub=National+Gallery+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nga.gov%2Fcontent%2Fngaweb%2FCollection%2Fart-object-page.139458.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198117-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198117_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198117_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198117_11-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSliveHoetink1981">Slive & Hoetink 1981</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198121-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198121_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198121_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198121_12-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSliveHoetink1981">Slive & Hoetink 1981</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoubraken171865-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoubraken171865_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoubraken171865_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoubraken1718">Houbraken 1718</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2011xi-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive2011xi_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive2011xi_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2011">Slive 2011</a>, p. xi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198118-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198118_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSliveHoetink1981">Slive & Hoetink 1981</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiedtke2007801-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiedtke2007801_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiedtke2007">Liedtke 2007</a>, p. 801. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuznetsov19834-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuznetsov19834_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuznetsov19834_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuznetsov1983">Kuznetsov 1983</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20052-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive20052_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive20052_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2005">Slive 2005</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20053-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive20053_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2005">Slive 2005</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20015-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive20015_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2001">Slive 2001</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198120-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198120_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSliveHoetink1981">Slive & Hoetink 1981</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJager20159-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJager20159_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJager2015">Jager 2015</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolan1997369-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolan1997369_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolan1997">Golan 1997</a>, p. 369. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinrichs201422–25-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinrichs201422–25_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHinrichs2014">Hinrichs 2014</a>, pp. 22–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198122-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198122_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198122_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198122_28-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSliveHoetink1981">Slive & Hoetink 1981</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2011xii-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive2011xii_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2011">Slive 2011</a>, p. xii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiedtke2007788-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiedtke2007788_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiedtke2007">Liedtke 2007</a>, p. 788. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001x-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive2001x_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2001">Slive 2001</a>, p. x. </li> <li id="cite_note-RKD-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RKD_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RKD_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RKD_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RKD_32-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204254/https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/68835">"Jacob van Ruisdael in the RKD (Netherlands Institute for Art History)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_Art_History" title="Netherlands Institute for Art History">Netherlands Institute for Art History</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/Ruisdael%2C%20Jacob%20van">the original</a> on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jacob+van+Ruisdael+in+the+RKD+%28Netherlands+Institute+for+Art+History%29&rft.pub=Netherlands+Institute+for+Art+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frkd.nl%2Fen%2Fexplore%2Fartists%2FRuisdael%252C%2520Jacob%2520van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001153-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive2001153_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive2001153_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2001">Slive 2001</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198119–20-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198119–20_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSliveHoetink1981">Slive & Hoetink 1981</a>, p. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheltema1872105-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheltema1872105_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScheltema1872">Scheltema 1872</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-wecker-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wecker_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wecker_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWecker2005" class="citation web cs1">Wecker, Menachem (21 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044739/http://forward.com/culture/2116/jacob-van-ruisdael-is-not-jewish/">"Jacob van Ruisdael is not Jewish"</a>. Forward. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forward.com/culture/2116/jacob-van-ruisdael-is-not-jewish/">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forward&rft.atitle=Jacob+van+Ruisdael+is+not+Jewish&rft.date=2005-10-21&rft.aulast=Wecker&rft.aufirst=Menachem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fculture%2F2116%2Fjacob-van-ruisdael-is-not-jewish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001i-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive2001i_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2001">Slive 2001</a>, p. i. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWüstefeld198911-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWüstefeld198911_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWüstefeld1989">Wüstefeld 1989</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995397-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995397_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsrael1995">Israel 1995</a>, p. 397. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheltema1872101-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheltema1872101_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScheltema1872">Scheltema 1872</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinrichs2013b60–65-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinrichs2013b60–65_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHinrichs2013b">Hinrichs 2013b</a>, pp. 60–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoubraken171866-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoubraken171866_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoubraken171866_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoubraken1718">Houbraken 1718</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024804/http://www.zwiggelaarauctions.nl/index.php?p=a&select=3,25,691">"Plaatjesalbum: De Zuid-Hollandsche Koffie- en Theehandel, Vaderlandsche historie"</a>. Zwiggelaar Auctions. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zwiggelaarauctions.nl/index.php?p=a&select=3,25,691">the original</a> on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plaatjesalbum%3A+De+Zuid-Hollandsche+Koffie-+en+Theehandel%2C+Vaderlandsche+historie&rft.pub=Zwiggelaar+Auctions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zwiggelaarauctions.nl%2Findex.php%3Fp%3Da%26select%3D3%2C25%2C691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025900/http://www.vanderkrogt.net/statues/object.php?webpage=CO&record=dehh023">"Kunsthalle – Statues and portraits of artists"</a>. Van der Krogt websites. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanderkrogt.net/statues/object.php?webpage=CO&record=dehh023">the original</a> on 17 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Van+der+Krogt+websites&rft.atitle=Kunsthalle+%E2%80%93+Statues+and+portraits+of+artists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanderkrogt.net%2Fstatues%2Fobject.php%3Fwebpage%3DCO%26record%3Ddehh023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarac1841540-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarac1841540_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarac1841">Clarac 1841</a>, p. 540. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWijnman193249–60-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWijnman193249–60_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWijnman1932">Wijnman 1932</a>, p. 49–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198126-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198126_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198126_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSliveHoetink1981">Slive & Hoetink 1981</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontias1996366-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontias1996366_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMontias1996">Montias 1996</a>, p. 366. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontias1996369-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontias1996369_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMontias1996">Montias 1996</a>, p. 369. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2005xiii-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive2005xiii_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2005">Slive 2005</a>, p. xiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20061-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive20061_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive20061_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2006">Slive 2006</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshtonDaviesSlive19825-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshtonDaviesSlive19825_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAshtonDaviesSlive1982">Ashton, Davies & Slive 1982</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20062-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive20062_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive20062_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive20062_55-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2006">Slive 2006</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001491-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive2001491_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2001">Slive 2001</a>, p. 491. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiltay1980141–208-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiltay1980141–208_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGiltay1980">Giltay 1980</a>, p. 141–208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESokolova198863-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESokolova198863_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESokolova198863_58-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSokolova1988">Sokolova 1988</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofstede_de_Groot1911275-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofstede_de_Groot1911275_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHofstede_de_Groot1911">Hofstede de Groot 1911</a>, p. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20016-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive20016_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2001">Slive 2001</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001591–593-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive2001591–593_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2001">Slive 2001</a>, p. 591–593. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuplessis1871109-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuplessis1871109_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuplessis1871">Duplessis 1871</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20063-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive20063_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2006">Slive 2006</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive200125-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive200125_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2001">Slive 2001</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198152-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198152_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSliveHoetink1981">Slive & Hoetink 1981</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHam1983207-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHam1983207_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHam1983">Ham 1983</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive201154-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive201154_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2011">Slive 2011</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive201156-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive201156_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2011">Slive 2011</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive200143–48-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive200143–48_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2001">Slive 2001</a>, p. 43–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001181-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive2001181_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive2001181_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive2001181_71-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2001">Slive 2001</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198168-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198168_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSliveHoetink1981">Slive & Hoetink 1981</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001154-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive2001154_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive2001154_73-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2001">Slive 2001</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive198229-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive198229_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive1982">Slive 1982</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofstede_de_Groot19112-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofstede_de_Groot19112_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHofstede_de_Groot1911">Hofstede de Groot 1911</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20064-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive20064_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive20064_76-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2006">Slive 2006</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiltay1987439-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiltay1987439_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGiltay1987">Giltay 1987</a>, p. 439. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuznetsov19838-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuznetsov19838_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuznetsov1983">Kuznetsov 1983</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20065-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive20065_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive20065_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive20065_79-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2006">Slive 2006</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive198226-28-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive198226-28_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive1982">Slive 1982</a>, p. 26-28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStechow1966-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStechow1966_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStechow1966">Stechow 1966</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWybe_Kuitert2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wybe Kuitert (November 2017). "Spruces, pines, and the picturesque in seventeenth-century Netherlands". Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes. 38 (1): 73–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14601176.2017.1404223">10.1080/14601176.2017.1404223</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165427133">165427133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+the+History+of+Gardens+%26+Designed+Landscapes&rft.atitle=Spruces%2C+pines%2C+and+the+picturesque+in+seventeenth-century+Netherlands&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-95&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14601176.2017.1404223&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165427133%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Wybe+Kuitert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rijksmuseum-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Rijksmuseum_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160123154813/https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/SK-C-211">"The Windmill at Wijk bij Duurstede"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/SK-C-211">the original</a> on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Windmill+at+Wijk+bij+Duurstede&rft.pub=Rijksmuseum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rijksmuseum.nl%2Fen%2Fcollection%2FSK-C-211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2011vi-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive2011vi_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2011">Slive 2011</a>, p. vi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001570-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive2001570_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2001">Slive 2001</a>, p. 570. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive200111–22-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive200111–22_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2001">Slive 2001</a>, p. 11–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink1981157-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink1981157_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSliveHoetink1981">Slive & Hoetink 1981</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198129-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198129_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSliveHoetink1981">Slive & Hoetink 1981</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive200166-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive200166_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2001">Slive 2001</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2011175-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson2011175_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatson2011">Watson 2011</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198123-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198123_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198123_92-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSliveHoetink1981">Slive & Hoetink 1981</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001contents-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive2001contents_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2001">Slive 2001</a>, p. contents. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofstede_de_Groot19114-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofstede_de_Groot19114_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHofstede_de_Groot1911">Hofstede de Groot 1911</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001131-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive2001131_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2001">Slive 2001</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2005261-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive2005261_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2005">Slive 2005</a>, p. 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofstede_de_Groot19116-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofstede_de_Groot19116_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHofstede_de_Groot1911">Hofstede de Groot 1911</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWetering2014ix-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWetering2014ix_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWetering2014">Wetering 2014</a>, p. ix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2005i-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive2005i_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2005">Slive 2005</a>, p. i. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198113-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198113_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198113_100-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSliveHoetink1981">Slive & Hoetink 1981</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachrach198119–30-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachrach198119–30_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBachrach1981">Bachrach 1981</a>, p. 19–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001695–696-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive2001695–696_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive2001695–696_102-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2001">Slive 2001</a>, p. 695–696. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2001695-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive2001695_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2001">Slive 2001</a>, p. 695. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansenLuijtenBakker2009[httpvangoghlettersorgvgletterslet249letterhtml_Letter_249]-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJansenLuijtenBakker2009[httpvangoghlettersorgvgletterslet249letterhtml_Letter_249]_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJansenLuijtenBakker2009">Jansen, Luijten & Bakker 2009</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let249/letter.html">Letter 249</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansenLuijtenBakker2009[httpvangoghlettersorgvgletterslet037letterhtml_Letter_37]-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJansenLuijtenBakker2009[httpvangoghlettersorgvgletterslet037letterhtml_Letter_37]_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJansenLuijtenBakker2009">Jansen, Luijten & Bakker 2009</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let037/letter.html">Letter 37</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansenLuijtenBakker2009[httpvangoghlettersorgvgletterslet034letterhtml_Letter_34]-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJansenLuijtenBakker2009[httpvangoghlettersorgvgletterslet034letterhtml_Letter_34]_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJansenLuijtenBakker2009">Jansen, Luijten & Bakker 2009</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let034/letter.html">Letter 34</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927130008/http://www.metmuseum.org/about-the-museum/press-room/exhibitions/2005/in-line-with-van-gogh">"In line with van Gogh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/about-the-museum/press-room/exhibitions/2005/in-line-with-van-gogh">the original</a> on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+line+with+van+Gogh&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fabout-the-museum%2Fpress-room%2Fexhibitions%2F2005%2Fin-line-with-van-gogh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.waldemar.tv-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www.waldemar.tv_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.waldemar.tv_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.waldemar.tv_108-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.waldemar.tv_108-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanuszczak2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Januszczak" title="Waldemar Januszczak">Januszczak, Waldemar</a> (26 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160221194437/http://www.waldemar.tv/2006/02/art-jacob-van-ruisdael/">"Art: Jacob van Ruisdael"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waldemar.tv/2006/02/art-jacob-van-ruisdael/">the original</a> on 21 February 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Art%3A+Jacob+van+Ruisdael&rft.date=2006-02-26&rft.aulast=Januszczak&rft.aufirst=Waldemar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waldemar.tv%2F2006%2F02%2Fart-jacob-van-ruisdael%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2005viii-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive2005viii_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2005">Slive 2005</a>, p. viii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWornum1848450-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWornum1848450_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWornum1848450_110-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWornum1848">Wornum 1848</a>, p. 450. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetheGage1980210-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetheGage1980210_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoetheGage1980">Goethe & Gage 1980</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuznetsov19830-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuznetsov19830_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuznetsov1983">Kuznetsov 1983</a>, p. 0. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchama2011-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchama2011_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchama2011">Schama 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBredius191519-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBredius191519_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBredius1915">Bredius 1915</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark197932-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark197932_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClark1979">Clark 1979</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive1995195-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive1995195_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive1995">Slive 1995</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1982-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1982_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaker1982">Baker 1982</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2006-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive2006_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2006">Slive 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive2005-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive2005_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2005">Slive 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetheGage1980213–215-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetheGage1980213–215_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoetheGage1980">Goethe & Gage 1980</a>, p. 213–215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith18354-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith18354_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1835">Smith 1835</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenberg192830-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenberg192830_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRosenberg1928">Rosenberg 1928</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrugler1846338-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrugler1846338_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrugler1846">Krugler 1846</a>, p. 338. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalford199129-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalford199129_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalford1991">Walford 1991</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalford1991201-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalford1991201_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalford1991">Walford 1991</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakkerWebb2012212–213-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakkerWebb2012212–213_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBakkerWebb2012">Bakker & Webb 2012</a>, p. 212–213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham-Dixon2013-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham-Dixon2013_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham-Dixon2013">Graham-Dixon 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive201128-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive201128_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2011">Slive 2011</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113123602/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/artists/jacob-van-ruisdael">"Collection Search: "Jacob Isaacksz. van Ruisdael""</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/artists/jacob-van-ruisdael">the original</a> on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collection+Search%3A+%22Jacob+Isaacksz.+van+Ruisdael%22&rft.pub=National+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgallery.org.uk%2Fartists%2Fjacob-van-ruisdael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119071630/https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/search?s=objecttype&p=1&ps=12&f.principalMaker.sort=Jacob%20Isaacksz.%20van%20Ruisdael&ii=0">"Collection Search: "Jacob Isaacksz. van Ruisdael""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/search?s=objecttype&p=1&ps=12&f.principalMaker.sort=Jacob%20Isaacksz.%20van%20Ruisdael&ii=0">the original</a> on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collection+Search%3A+%22Jacob+Isaacksz.+van+Ruisdael%22&rft.pub=Rijksmuseum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rijksmuseum.nl%2Fen%2Fsearch%3Fs%3Dobjecttype%26p%3D1%26ps%3D12%26f.principalMaker.sort%3DJacob%2520Isaacksz.%2520van%2520Ruisdael%26ii%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119055642/http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/explore/collections/col-search/?lng=&p1=&p2=&p3=&p4=Ruisdael,%20Jacob%20Isaaksz%20van">"Collection Search: "Jacob Isaacksz. van Ruisdael""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/explore/collections/col-search/?lng=&p1=&p2=&p3=&p4=Ruisdael,%20Jacob%20Isaaksz%20van">the original</a> on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collection+Search%3A+%22Jacob+Isaacksz.+van+Ruisdael%22&rft.pub=Hermitage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hermitagemuseum.org%2Fwps%2Fportal%2Fhermitage%2Fexplore%2Fcollections%2Fcol-search%2F%3Flng%3D%26p1%3D%26p2%3D%26p3%3D%26p4%3DRuisdael%2C%2520Jacob%2520Isaaksz%2520van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Collection Search: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museothyssen.org/en/buscador/tipo/obra?vista=grid&key=Van+Ruisdael">Van Ruisdael</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009074935/https://www.museothyssen.org/en/buscador/tipo/obra?vista=grid&key=Van+Ruisdael">Archived</a> 9 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Thyssen-Bornemisza National Museum. Accessed 19 September 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119053927/http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search?&ft=ruisdael%2c+jacob+van&what=Paintings&pg=1">"Collection Search: "Jacob Isaacksz. van Ruisdael""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search?&ft=ruisdael%2c+jacob+van&what=Paintings&pg=1">the original</a> on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collection+Search%3A+%22Jacob+Isaacksz.+van+Ruisdael%22&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fthe-collection-online%2Fsearch%3F%26ft%3Druisdael%252c%2Bjacob%2Bvan%26what%3DPaintings%26pg%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160220105503/http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/artists/512/jacob-van-ruisdael-dutch-16281629-1682/">"Collection Search: "Jacob Isaacksz. van Ruisdael""</a>. <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum" title="J. Paul Getty Museum">J. Paul Getty Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/artists/512/jacob-van-ruisdael-dutch-16281629-1682/">the original</a> on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collection+Search%3A+%22Jacob+Isaacksz.+van+Ruisdael%22&rft.pub=J.+Paul+Getty+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.getty.edu%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fartists%2F512%2Fjacob-van-ruisdael-dutch-16281629-1682%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119125242/http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/paintings/jacob-isaacksz-van-ruisdael-dunes-by-the-5800680-details.aspx?intobjectid=5800680">"Jacob Isaacksz. van Ruisdael (Haarlem 1628/9-c. 1682 Amsterdam) Dunes by the sea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/paintings/jacob-isaacksz-van-ruisdael-dunes-by-the-5800680-details.aspx?intobjectid=5800680">the original</a> on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jacob+Isaacksz.+van+Ruisdael+%28Haarlem+1628%2F9-c.+1682+Amsterdam%29+Dunes+by+the+sea&rft.pub=Christie%27s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christies.com%2Flotfinder%2Fpaintings%2Fjacob-isaacksz-van-ruisdael-dunes-by-the-5800680-details.aspx%3Fintobjectid%3D5800680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20054-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive20054_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2005">Slive 2005</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119104618/https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/search?s=objecttype&p=1&ps=12&maker=Jacob%20Isaacksz.%20van%20Ruisdael&role=draughtsman&ii=0">"Collection Search: "Drawings Jacob Isaacksz. van Ruisdael""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/search?s=objecttype&p=1&ps=12&maker=Jacob%20Isaacksz.%20van%20Ruisdael&role=draughtsman&ii=0">the original</a> on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collection+Search%3A+%22Drawings+Jacob+Isaacksz.+van+Ruisdael%22&rft.pub=Rijksmuseum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rijksmuseum.nl%2Fen%2Fsearch%3Fs%3Dobjecttype%26p%3D1%26ps%3D12%26maker%3DJacob%2520Isaacksz.%2520van%2520Ruisdael%26role%3Ddraughtsman%26ii%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119113800/http://www.teylersmuseum.nl/@@search?SearchableText=jacob+van+ruisdael&path%3Alist=%2FNewTeylers%2Fnl%2Fcollectie%2Ftekening&advanced_search=True&sort_on=&created.query%3Arecord%3Alist%3Adate=1970-01-02">"Collection Search: "Drawings Jacob Isaacksz. van Ruisdael""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Teylers_Museum" title="Teylers Museum">Teylers Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teylersmuseum.nl/@@search?SearchableText=jacob+van+ruisdael&path%3Alist=%2FNewTeylers%2Fnl%2Fcollectie%2Ftekening&advanced_search=True&sort_on=&created.query%3Arecord%3Alist%3Adate=1970-01-02">the original</a> on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collection+Search%3A+%22Drawings+Jacob+Isaacksz.+van+Ruisdael%22&rft.pub=Teylers+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teylersmuseum.nl%2F%40%40search%3FSearchableText%3Djacob%2Bvan%2Bruisdael%26path%253Alist%3D%252FNewTeylers%252Fnl%252Fcollectie%252Ftekening%26advanced_search%3DTrue%26sort_on%3D%26created.query%253Arecord%253Alist%253Adate%3D1970-01-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuznetsov19839-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuznetsov19839_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuznetsov1983">Kuznetsov 1983</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink1981234–235-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink1981234–235_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSliveHoetink1981">Slive & Hoetink 1981</a>, p. 234–235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchama198734-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchama198734_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchama198734_141-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchama1987">Schama 1987</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoby2007171-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoby2007171_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoby2007">Joby 2007</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuznetsov19833-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuznetsov19833_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuznetsov1983">Kuznetsov 1983</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995875-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995875_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsrael1995">Israel 1995</a>, p. 875. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth1997134-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth1997134_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorth1997">North 1997</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2011104-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2011104_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice2011104_146-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrice2011">Price 2011</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth199779-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth199779_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorth1997">North 1997</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive20057-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive20057_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2005">Slive 2005</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGifford1995141-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGifford1995141_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGifford1995">Gifford 1995</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGifford1995145-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGifford1995145_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGifford1995">Gifford 1995</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiedema1994126-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiedema1994126_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiedema1994">Miedema 1994</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchiMiegroet1994456-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchiMiegroet1994456_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarchiMiegroet1994">Marchi & Miegroet 1994</a>, p. 456. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth199793–95-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth199793–95_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorth1997">North 1997</a>, p. 93–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontias1989181-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontias1989181_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMontias1989">Montias 1989</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlive200517-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive200517_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlive200517_158-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlive2005">Slive 2005</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheyer1977138-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheyer1977138_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScheyer1977">Scheyer 1977</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198173-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198173_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSliveHoetink1981">Slive & Hoetink 1981</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198125-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESliveHoetink198125_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSliveHoetink1981">Slive & Hoetink 1981</a>, p. 25. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_van_Ruisdael&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshtonDaviesSlive1982" class="citation journal cs1">Ashton, Peter Shaw; Davies, Alice I.; Slive, Seymour (1982). "Jacob van Ruisdael's trees". Arnoldia. 42 (1): 2–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arnoldia&rft.atitle=Jacob+van+Ruisdael%27s+trees&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-31&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Ashton&rft.aufirst=Peter+Shaw&rft.au=Davies%2C+Alice+I.&rft.au=Slive%2C+Seymour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachrach1981" class="citation journal cs1">Bachrach, A. G. H (1981). "Turner, Ruisdael and the Dutch". Turner Studies. 1 (1): 19–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Turner+Studies&rft.atitle=Turner%2C+Ruisdael+and+the+Dutch&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-30&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Bachrach&rft.aufirst=A.+G.+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1982" class="citation news cs1">Baker, Kenneth (2 February 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_boston-phoenix_1982-02-02_11_5/page/n56/mode/1up">"A tree, a rock, a cloud: Jacob van Ruisdael's stormy realism in retrospect"</a>. The Boston Phoenix. Retrieved 12 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Phoenix&rft.atitle=A+tree%2C+a+rock%2C+a+cloud%3A+Jacob+van+Ruisdael%E2%80%99s+stormy+realism+in+retrospect&rft.date=1982-02-02&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_boston-phoenix_1982-02-02_11_5%2Fpage%2Fn56%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakkerWebb2012" class="citation book cs1">Bakker, Boudewijn; Webb, Diane (2012). Landscape and Religion from Van Eyck to Rembrandt. Farnham, the U.K.: Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-0486-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-0486-6"><bdi>978-1-4094-0486-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landscape+and+Religion+from+Van+Eyck+to+Rembrandt&rft.place=Farnham%2C+the+U.K.&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-0486-6&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=Boudewijn&rft.au=Webb%2C+Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBredius1915" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Bredius" title="Abraham Bredius">Bredius, Abraham</a> (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2370729">"Twee testamenten van Jacob van Ruisdael"</a> [Two wills of Jacob van Ruisdael]. Oud Holland (in Dutch). 33 (1): 19–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187501715X00032">10.1163/187501715X00032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oud+Holland&rft.atitle=Twee+testamenten+van+Jacob+van+Ruisdael&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-25&rft.date=1915&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187501715X00032&rft.aulast=Bredius&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F2370729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarac1841" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Clarac, Frédéric (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_IopbAAAAQAAJ">Musée de sculpture antique et moderne, ou description historique et graphique du Louvre</a> [Museum of classic and modern sculptures, or historical and visual description of the Louvre] (in French). Paris: L'Imprimerie Royale. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/656569988">656569988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mus%C3%A9e+de+sculpture+antique+et+moderne%2C+ou+description+historique+et+graphique+du+Louvre&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=L%27Imprimerie+Royale&rft.date=1841&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F656569988&rft.aulast=Clarac&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_IopbAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clark" title="Kenneth Clark">Clark, Kenneth</a> (1979). Landscape into Art. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-3610-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-3610-6"><bdi>978-0-7195-3610-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landscape+into+Art&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-7195-3610-6&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuplessis1871" class="citation book cs1">Duplessis, Georges (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/georges-duplessis/the-wonders-of-engraving-hci.shtml">The Wonders of Engraving</a>. London: Sampson Low, Son, and Marston. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/699616022">699616022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wonders+of+Engraving&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sampson+Low%2C+Son%2C+and+Marston&rft.date=1871&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F699616022&rft.aulast=Duplessis&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebooksread.com%2Fauthors-eng%2Fgeorges-duplessis%2Fthe-wonders-of-engraving-hci.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGifford1995" class="citation book cs1">Gifford, E. Melanie (1995). "Style and Technique in Dutch Landscape Painting in the 1620s". In Wallert, Arie; Hermens, Erma; Peek, Marja (eds.). Historical Painting Techniques, Materials, and Studio Practice. Los Angeles: Getty Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-322-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-322-3"><bdi>978-0-89236-322-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Style+and+Technique+in+Dutch+Landscape+Painting+in+the+1620s&rft.btitle=Historical+Painting+Techniques%2C+Materials%2C+and+Studio+Practice&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-89236-322-3&rft.aulast=Gifford&rft.aufirst=E.+Melanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiltay1980" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Giltay, Jeroen (1980). "De tekeningen van Jacob van Ruisdael" [Drawings of Jacob van Ruisdael]. Oud Holland (in Dutch). 94 (2–3): 141–208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187501780X00238">10.1163/187501780X00238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oud+Holland&rft.atitle=De+tekeningen+van+Jacob+van+Ruisdael&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=141-208&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187501780X00238&rft.aulast=Giltay&rft.aufirst=Jeroen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiltay1987" class="citation book cs1">Giltay, Jeroen (1987). "Jacob van Ruisdael". In Sutton, Peter C.; Blankert, Albert (eds.). Masters of 17th Century Dutch Landscape Painting. Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-8105-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-8105-7"><bdi>978-0-8122-8105-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jacob+van+Ruisdael&rft.btitle=Masters+of+17th+Century+Dutch+Landscape+Painting&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Rijksmuseum+Amsterdam&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-8105-7&rft.aulast=Giltay&rft.aufirst=Jeroen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoetheGage1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von</a>; Gage, John (1980). "Ruisdael the Poet". Goethe on Art. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03996-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03996-4"><bdi>978-0-520-03996-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ruisdael+the+Poet&rft.btitle=Goethe+on+Art&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03996-4&rft.aulast=Goethe&rft.aufirst=Johann+Wolfgang+von&rft.au=Gage%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolan1997" class="citation book cs1">Golan, Steven (1997). "Subjects, subject categories, and hierarchies". In Muller, Sheila (ed.). Dutch Art: An Encyclopedia. Garland reference library of the humanities 1021. New York: Garland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0065-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0065-6"><bdi>978-0-8153-0065-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Subjects%2C+subject+categories%2C+and+hierarchies&rft.btitle=Dutch+Art%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Garland+reference+library+of+the+humanities+1021&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-0065-6&rft.aulast=Golan&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham-Dixon2013" class="citation episode cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Graham-Dixon" title="Andrew Graham-Dixon">Graham-Dixon, Andrew</a> (30 December 2013). "Boom and bust". The high art of the Low Countries. British Broadcast Corporation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+high+art+of+the+Low+Countries&rft.date=2013-12-30&rft.aulast=Graham-Dixon&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHam1983" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ham, R.W.J.M. van der (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://natuurtijdschriften.nl/download?type=document&docid=536496">"Is Viburnum lantana L. indigeen in de duinen bij Haarlem?"</a> [Is Viburnum lantana L. indigenous in the Haarlem dunes?]. Gorteria (in Dutch). 11 (9): 206–207.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gorteria&rft.atitle=Is+Viburnum+lantana+L.+indigeen+in+de+duinen+bij+Haarlem%3F&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=206-207&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Ham&rft.aufirst=R.W.J.M.+van+der&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnatuurtijdschriften.nl%2Fdownload%3Ftype%3Ddocument%26docid%3D536496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Paul_Hinrichs" class="extiw" title="nl:Jan Paul Hinrichs">Hinrichs, Jan Paul</a> [in Dutch] (2013). "Nogmaals over een oud raadsel: Jacob van Ruisdael, Arnold Houbraken en de Amsterdamse naamlijst van geneesheren" [Once more on the old riddle: Jacob van Ruisdael, Arnold Houbraken and the Amsterdam list of physicians]. Oud Holland (in Dutch). 126 (1): 58–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18750176-90000032">10.1163/18750176-90000032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oud+Holland&rft.atitle=Nogmaals+over+een+oud+raadsel%3A+Jacob+van+Ruisdael%2C+Arnold+Houbraken+en+de+Amsterdamse+naamlijst+van+geneesheren&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=58-62&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18750176-90000032&rft.aulast=Hinrichs&rft.aufirst=Jan+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinrichs2013b" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hinrichs, Jan Paul (2013b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://janpaulhinrichs.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/arnold-houbraken-en-jacob-van-ruisdael.html">"Luttele regels en eeuwen verwarring. Arnold Houbraken en Jacob van Ruisdael"</a>. Nieuw Letterkundig Magazijn (in Dutch). 31 (2): 60–65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nieuw+Letterkundig+Magazijn&rft.atitle=Luttele+regels+en+eeuwen+verwarring.+Arnold+Houbraken+en+Jacob+van+Ruisdael&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=60-65&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Hinrichs&rft.aufirst=Jan+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjanpaulhinrichs.blogspot.co.uk%2F2013%2F12%2Farnold-houbraken-en-jacob-van-ruisdael.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinrichs2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hinrichs, Jan Paul (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://janpaulhinrichs.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/de-doop-van-jacob-van-ruisdael-in.html">"De doop van Jacob van Ruisdael in Ankeveen"</a>. De Historie van Ankeveen – 's-Graveland – Kortenhoef (in Dutch). 30 (1): 22–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=De+Historie+van+Ankeveen+%E2%80%93+%27s-Graveland+%E2%80%93+Kortenhoef&rft.atitle=De+doop+van+Jacob+van+Ruisdael+in+Ankeveen&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-25&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Hinrichs&rft.aufirst=Jan+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjanpaulhinrichs.blogspot.co.uk%2F2014%2F02%2Fde-doop-van-jacob-van-ruisdael-in.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofstede_de_Groot1911" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Hofstede_de_Groot" title="Cornelis Hofstede de Groot">Hofstede de Groot, Cornelis</a> (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/catalogueraisonn04hofsuoft#page/n13/mode/2up">Beschreibendes und kritisches Verzeichnis der Werke der hervorragendsten Holländischen Mahler des XVII. Jahrhunderts</a> [A Catalogue Raisonné of the Works of the Most Eminent Dutch Painters of the Seventeenth Century] (in German). Vol. 4. Esslingen, Germany: Paul Neff. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2923803">2923803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beschreibendes+und+kritisches+Verzeichnis+der+Werke+der+hervorragendsten+Holl%C3%A4ndischen+Mahler+des+XVII.+Jahrhunderts&rft.place=Esslingen%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Paul+Neff&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2923803&rft.aulast=Hofstede+de+Groot&rft.aufirst=Cornelis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcatalogueraisonn04hofsuoft%23page%2Fn13%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoubraken1718" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Houbraken" title="Arnold Houbraken">Houbraken, Arnold</a> (1718). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/houb005groo01_01/houb005groo01_01_0336.php">De groote schouburgh der Nederlantsche konstschilders en schilderessen deel 3</a> [The great theatre of Dutch painters part 3] (in Dutch). Amsterdam: B.M. Israël. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6078-076-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6078-076-3"><bdi>978-90-6078-076-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1081194">1081194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+groote+schouburgh+der+Nederlantsche+konstschilders+en+schilderessen+deel+3&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=B.M.+Isra%C3%ABl&rft.date=1718&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1081194&rft.isbn=978-90-6078-076-3&rft.aulast=Houbraken&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbnl.org%2Ftekst%2Fhoub005groo01_01%2Fhoub005groo01_01_0336.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael1995" class="citation book cs1">Israel, Jonathan (1995). The Dutch Republic. Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820734-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820734-4"><bdi>978-0-19-820734-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Republic.+Its+Rise%2C+Greatness%2C+and+Fall+1477%E2%80%931806&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820734-4&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJager2015" class="citation journal cs1">Jager, Angela (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5092%2Fjhna.2015.7.1.2">""Everywhere illustrious histories that are a dime a dozen": The mass market for history painting in seventeenth-century Amsterdam"</a>. Journal of Historians of Netherlandish Art. 7 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5092%2Fjhna.2015.7.1.2">10.5092/jhna.2015.7.1.2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Historians+of+Netherlandish+Art&rft.atitle=%22Everywhere+illustrious+histories+that+are+a+dime+a+dozen%22%3A+The+mass+market+for+history+painting+in+seventeenth-century+Amsterdam&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5092%2Fjhna.2015.7.1.2&rft.aulast=Jager&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5092%252Fjhna.2015.7.1.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansenLuijtenBakker2009" class="citation book cs1">Jansen, Leo; Luijten, Hans; Bakker, Nienke (2009). Vincent van Gogh – the Letters: the Complete Illustrated and Annotated Edition. London: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23865-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23865-3"><bdi>978-0-500-23865-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vincent+van+Gogh+%E2%80%93+the+Letters%3A+the+Complete+Illustrated+and+Annotated+Edition&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-500-23865-3&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft.au=Luijten%2C+Hans&rft.au=Bakker%2C+Nienke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoby2007" class="citation book cs1">Joby, Christopher (2007). Calvinism and the Arts: a Re-assessment. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1923-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1923-5"><bdi>978-90-429-1923-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calvinism+and+the+Arts%3A+a+Re-assessment&rft.place=Leuven%2C+Belgium&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-429-1923-5&rft.aulast=Joby&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugler1846" class="citation book cs1">Krugler, Franz Theodor (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160315235518/http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc2.ark:/13960/t1xd0s26w;view=1up;seq=5">A Hand-book of the History of Painting. Part II. The German, Flemish, and Dutch Schools of Painting</a>. London: John Murray. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc2.ark:/13960/t1xd0s26w;view=1up;seq=5">the original</a> on 15 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Hand-book+of+the+History+of+Painting.+Part+II.+The+German%2C+Flemish%2C+and+Dutch+Schools+of+Painting&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Krugler&rft.aufirst=Franz+Theodor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft1xd0s26w%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuznetsov1983" class="citation book cs1">Kuznetsov, Yuri (1983). Jacob van Ruisdael. Masters of World Painting. Leningrad: Aurora Art Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-2280-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-2280-8"><bdi>978-0-8109-2280-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacob+van+Ruisdael&rft.place=Leningrad&rft.series=Masters+of+World+Painting&rft.pub=Aurora+Art+Publishers&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-2280-8&rft.aulast=Kuznetsov&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiedtke2007" class="citation book cs1">Liedtke, Walter A. (2007). Dutch Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Volumes 1-2. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-273-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-273-2"><bdi>978-1-58839-273-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+Paintings+in+the+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art%2C+Volumes+1-2&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58839-273-2&rft.aulast=Liedtke&rft.aufirst=Walter+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiedema1994" class="citation book cs1">Miedema, Hessel (1994). "The Appreciation of Paintings around 1600". In Luijten, Ger; Suchtelen, Ariane van (eds.). Dawn of the Golden Age Northern Netherlandish Art 1580 – 1620. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06016-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06016-4"><bdi>978-0-300-06016-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Appreciation+of+Paintings+around+1600&rft.btitle=Dawn+of+the+Golden+Age+Northern+Netherlandish+Art+1580+%E2%80%93+1620&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06016-4&rft.aulast=Miedema&rft.aufirst=Hessel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchiMiegroet1994" class="citation journal cs1">Marchi, Neil De; Miegroet, Hans J. Van (1994). "Art, value, and market practices in the Netherlands in the seventeenth century". The Art Bulletin. 76 (3): 451–464. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3046038">10.2307/3046038</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3046038">3046038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Art%2C+value%2C+and+market+practices+in+the+Netherlands+in+the+seventeenth+century&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=451-464&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3046038&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3046038%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Marchi&rft.aufirst=Neil+De&rft.au=Miegroet%2C+Hans+J.+Van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontias1989" class="citation book cs1">Montias, John Michael (1989). Vermeer and His Milieu: A Web of Social History. Princeton, N. Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04051-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04051-6"><bdi>978-0-691-04051-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vermeer+and+His+Milieu%3A+A+Web+of+Social+History&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-691-04051-6&rft.aulast=Montias&rft.aufirst=John+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontias1996" class="citation book cs1">Montias, John Michael (1996). "Works of Art in Seventeenth-Century Amsterdam". In Freedberg, David; Vries, Jan de (eds.). Art in History/History in Art: Studies in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Culture. Los Angeles: Getty Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-201-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-201-1"><bdi>978-0-89236-201-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Works+of+Art+in+Seventeenth-Century+Amsterdam&rft.btitle=Art+in+History%2FHistory+in+Art%3A+Studies+in+Seventeenth-Century+Dutch+Culture&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-89236-201-1&rft.aulast=Montias&rft.aufirst=John+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth1997" class="citation book cs1">North, Michael (1997). Art and Commerce in the Dutch Golden Age. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05894-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05894-9"><bdi>978-0-300-05894-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Commerce+in+the+Dutch+Golden+Age&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-300-05894-9&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2011" class="citation book cs1">Price, J. Leslie (2011). Dutch Culture in the Golden Age. London: Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-800-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-800-5"><bdi>978-1-86189-800-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+Culture+in+the+Golden+Age&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-800-5&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=J.+Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReenenWijnands1993" class="citation book cs1">Reenen, Pieter van; Wijnands, Astrid (1993). "Early diphthongizations of palatalized West Germanic [ui] – the spelling uy in Middle Dutch". In Aertsen, Henk; Jeffers, Robert (eds.). Historical Linguistics 1989. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55619-560-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55619-560-0"><bdi>978-1-55619-560-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+diphthongizations+of+palatalized+West+Germanic+%5Bui%5D+%E2%80%93+the+spelling+uy+in+Middle+Dutch&rft.btitle=Historical+Linguistics+1989&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-55619-560-0&rft.aulast=Reenen&rft.aufirst=Pieter+van&rft.au=Wijnands%2C+Astrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg1928" class="citation book cs1">Rosenberg, Jakob (1928). Jacob van Ruisdael. Berlin: Bruno Cassirer. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/217274833">217274833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacob+van+Ruisdael&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Bruno+Cassirer&rft.date=1928&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F217274833&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Jakob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchama1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Schama, Simon</a> (1987). <a href="/wiki/The_Embarrassment_of_Riches" title="The Embarrassment of Riches">The Embarrassment of Riches: an Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age</a>. New York: Alfred Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-78124-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-78124-0"><bdi>978-0-679-78124-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Embarrassment+of+Riches%3A+an+Interpretation+of+Dutch+Culture+in+the+Golden+Age&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+Knopf&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-679-78124-0&rft.aulast=Schama&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchama2011" class="citation book cs1">Schama, Simon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eTY85QivU88C">Scribble, Scribble, Scribble: Writing on Ice Cream, Obama, Churchill and My Mother</a>. London: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4090-1865-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4090-1865-0"><bdi>978-1-4090-1865-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scribble%2C+Scribble%2C+Scribble%3A+Writing+on+Ice+Cream%2C+Obama%2C+Churchill+and+My+Mother&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4090-1865-0&rft.aulast=Schama&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeTY85QivU88C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheltema1872" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scheltema, Pieter (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbnl.org/arch/sche078aems06_01/pag/sche078aems06_01.pdf">"Jacob van Ruijsdael"</a> (PDF). Aemstel's oudheid of gedenkwaardigheden van Amsterdam deel 6 [Aemstel's past or memorable facts of Amsterdam part 6] (in Dutch). Amsterdam: C.L. Brinkman. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/156222591">156222591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jacob+van+Ruijsdael&rft.btitle=Aemstel%27s+oudheid+of+gedenkwaardigheden+van+Amsterdam+deel+6&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=C.L.+Brinkman&rft.date=1872&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F156222591&rft.aulast=Scheltema&rft.aufirst=Pieter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbnl.org%2Farch%2Fsche078aems06_01%2Fpag%2Fsche078aems06_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheyer1977" class="citation journal cs1">Scheyer, Ernst (1977). "The Iconography of Jacob van Ruisdael's Cemetery". Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts. LV (3): 133–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2FDIA41504600">10.1086/DIA41504600</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192799456">192799456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Detroit+Institute+of+Arts&rft.atitle=The+Iconography+of+Jacob+van+Ruisdael%27s+Cemetery&rft.volume=LV&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=133-143&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2FDIA41504600&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192799456%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Scheyer&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2015" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Hamish, ed. (2015). The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History, 1350-1750: Volume I: Peoples and Place. Oxford Handbooks in History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-101533-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-101533-5"><bdi>978-0-19-101533-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Early+Modern+European+History%2C+1350-1750%3A+Volume+I%3A+Peoples+and+Place&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+Handbooks+in+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-101533-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSliveHoetink1981" class="citation book cs1">Slive, Seymour; Hoetink, Hendrik Richard (1981). Jacob van Ruisdael (Dutch ed.). Amsterdam: Meulenhoff/Landshoff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-290-8471-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-290-8471-0"><bdi>978-90-290-8471-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacob+van+Ruisdael&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.edition=Dutch&rft.pub=Meulenhoff%2FLandshoff&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-90-290-8471-0&rft.aulast=Slive&rft.aufirst=Seymour&rft.au=Hoetink%2C+Hendrik+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlive1982" class="citation journal cs1">Slive, Seymour (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harvardmagazine.com/sites/default/files/1982_Slive-on-Ruisdael.pdf">"Jacob van Ruisdael"</a> (PDF). Harvard Magazine. 84 (3): 26–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Magazine&rft.atitle=Jacob+van+Ruisdael&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=26-31&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Slive&rft.aufirst=Seymour&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fharvardmagazine.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F1982_Slive-on-Ruisdael.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlive1995" class="citation book cs1">Slive, Seymour (1995). Dutch Painting. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07451-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07451-2"><bdi>978-0-300-07451-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+Painting&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07451-2&rft.aulast=Slive&rft.aufirst=Seymour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlive2001" class="citation book cs1">Slive, Seymour (2001). Jacob van Ruisdael: a Complete Catalogue of his Paintings, Drawings, and Etchings. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08972-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08972-1"><bdi>978-0-300-08972-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacob+van+Ruisdael%3A+a+Complete+Catalogue+of+his+Paintings%2C+Drawings%2C+and+Etchings&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08972-1&rft.aulast=Slive&rft.aufirst=Seymour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlive2005" class="citation book cs1">Slive, Seymour (2005). Jacob van Ruisdael: Master of Landscape. London: Royal Academy of Arts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903973-24-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903973-24-0"><bdi>978-1-903973-24-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacob+van+Ruisdael%3A+Master+of+Landscape&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Academy+of+Arts&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-903973-24-0&rft.aulast=Slive&rft.aufirst=Seymour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlive2006" class="citation conference cs1">Slive, Seymour (2006). Jacob van Ruisdael. Gallery guide to the exhibition. Jacob van Ruisdael, master of landscape exhibition (25 February – 4 June 2006). London: Royal Academy of Arts.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Jacob+van+Ruisdael.+Gallery+guide+to+the+exhibition&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Academy+of+Arts&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Slive&rft.aufirst=Seymour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlive2011" class="citation book cs1">Slive, Seymour (2011). Jacob van Ruisdael: Windmills and Water Mills. Los Angeles: Getty Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-055-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-055-1"><bdi>978-1-60606-055-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacob+van+Ruisdael%3A+Windmills+and+Water+Mills&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-055-1&rft.aulast=Slive&rft.aufirst=Seymour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1835" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(art_historian)" title="John Smith (art historian)">Smith, John</a> (1835). A Catalogue Raisonné of the Works of the Most Eminent Dutch, Flemish, and French Painters. Vol. 6. London: Sands. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3300061">3300061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Catalogue+Raisonn%C3%A9+of+the+Works+of+the+Most+Eminent+Dutch%2C+Flemish%2C+and+French+Painters&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sands&rft.date=1835&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3300061&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSokolova1988" class="citation book cs1">Sokolova, Irina (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WjcvSa0VHeYC&pg=PA63">"Dutch paintings of the Seventeenth Century"</a>. In Howard, Kathleen (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dutchflemishpain0000gosu">Dutch and Flemish Paintings from the Hermitage</a>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-509-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-509-5"><bdi>978-0-87099-509-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dutch+paintings+of+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.btitle=Dutch+and+Flemish+Paintings+from+the+Hermitage&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-87099-509-5&rft.aulast=Sokolova&rft.aufirst=Irina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWjcvSa0VHeYC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStechow1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Stechow" title="Wolfgang Stechow">Stechow, Wolfgang</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dutchlandscapepa0000stec">Dutch Landscape Painting of the Seventeenth Century</a>. London: Phaidon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-1330-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-1330-1"><bdi>978-0-7148-1330-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+Landscape+Painting+of+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-1330-1&rft.aulast=Stechow&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdutchlandscapepa0000stec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalford1991" class="citation book cs1">Walford, E. John (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jacobvanruisdael0000walf">Jacob van Ruisdael and the Perception of Landscape</a>. New Haven, Conn./London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04994-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04994-7"><bdi>978-0-300-04994-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacob+van+Ruisdael+and+the+Perception+of+Landscape&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn.%2FLondon&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-300-04994-7&rft.aulast=Walford&rft.aufirst=E.+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjacobvanruisdael0000walf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2011" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Robert (2011). Back to Nature: The Green and the Real in the Late Renaissance. Philadelphia, Penns.: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0425-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0425-4"><bdi>978-0-8122-0425-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Back+to+Nature%3A+The+Green+and+the+Real+in+the+Late+Renaissance&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Penns.&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0425-4&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWetering2014" class="citation book cs1">Wetering, Ernst van de (2014). A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings VI: Rembrandt's Paintings Revisited – A Complete Survey: 6 (Rembrandt Research Project Foundation). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-9173-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-017-9173-1"><bdi>978-94-017-9173-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Corpus+of+Rembrandt+Paintings+VI%3A+Rembrandt%27s+Paintings+Revisited+%E2%80%93+A+Complete+Survey%3A+6+%28Rembrandt+Research+Project+Foundation%29&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-94-017-9173-1&rft.aulast=Wetering&rft.aufirst=Ernst+van+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWijnman1932" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wijnman, Hendrik (1932). "Het leven der Ruysdaels" [The life of the Ruysdaels]. Oud Holland (in Dutch). 49 (1): 49–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187501732X00051">10.1163/187501732X00051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oud+Holland&rft.atitle=Het+leven+der+Ruysdaels&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-60&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187501732X00051&rft.aulast=Wijnman&rft.aufirst=Hendrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWornum1848" class="citation book cs1">Wornum, Ralph (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lecturesonpainti00worn_0/lecturesonpainti00worn_0_djvu.txt">Lectures on Painting: by the Royal Academicians, Barry, Opie and Fuseli</a>. London: H. G. Bohn. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7222842">7222842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+Painting%3A+by+the+Royal+Academicians%2C+Barry%2C+Opie+and+Fuseli&rft.place=London&rft.pub=H.+G.+Bohn&rft.date=1848&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7222842&rft.aulast=Wornum&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flecturesonpainti00worn_0%2Flecturesonpainti00worn_0_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWüstefeld1989" class="citation book cs1">Wüstefeld, Wilhelmina (1989). De Boeken van de Grote of Sint Bavokerk: een Bijdrage tot de Geschiedenis van het Middeleeuwse Boek in Haarlem [The Books of the St. Bavo Church: a Contribution to the History of Books in the Middle Ages]. Hilversum, the Netherlands: Verloren. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-70403-25-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-70403-25-6"><bdi>978-90-70403-25-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Boeken+van+de+Grote+of+Sint+Bavokerk%3A+een+Bijdrage+tot+de+Geschiedenis+van+het+Middeleeuwse+Boek+in+Haarlem&rft.place=Hilversum%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pub=Verloren&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-90-70403-25-6&rft.aulast=W%C3%BCstefeld&rft.aufirst=Wilhelmina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJacob+van+Ruisdael" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_van_Ruisdael&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/search/actor:van-ruisdael-jacob-162816291682">71 artworks by or after Jacob van Ruisdael</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Art_UK" title="Art UK">Art UK</a> site</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael" class="extiw" title="commons:Jacob van Ruisdael">Jacob van Ruisdael</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jacob_van_Ruisdael" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Template:Jacob van Ruisdael"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Template talk:Jacob van Ruisdael"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jacob van Ruisdael"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jacob_van_Ruisdael" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jacob van Ruisdael</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="List of paintings by Jacob van Ruisdael">List of paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_a_Cottage_and_Trees" title="Landscape with a Cottage and Trees">Landscape with a Cottage and Trees</a> (1646)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_a_Windmill" title="Landscape with a Windmill">Landscape with a Windmill</a> (1646)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooded_Dunes" title="Wooded Dunes">Wooded Dunes</a> (1646)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_a_Windmill_near_a_Town_Moat" title="Landscape with a Windmill near a Town Moat">Landscape with a Windmill near a Town Moat</a> (1650s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_of_Bentheim_Castle" title="View of Bentheim Castle">View of Bentheim Castle</a> (1650s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_Sea_at_a_Jetty" title="Rough Sea at a Jetty">Rough Sea at a Jetty</a> (1650s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_Off_a_Sea_Coast" title="Storm Off a Sea Coast">Storm Off a Sea Coast</a> (1670)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_of_Egmond_aan_Zee" title="View of Egmond aan Zee">View of Egmond aan Zee</a> (1650s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_Landscape:_A_Windmill_by_a_Stream" title="Evening Landscape: A Windmill by a Stream">Evening Landscape: A Windmill by a Stream</a> (unknown)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Watermills_and_an_Open_Sluice_near_Singraven" title="Two Watermills and an Open Sluice near Singraven">Two Watermills and an Open Sluice near Singraven</a> (c. 1650)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Cemetery" title="The Jewish Cemetery">The Jewish Cemetery</a> (1650s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Mills_(Ruisdael)" title="Two Mills (Ruisdael)">Two Mills</a> (1650s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune_Landscape_near_Haarlem" title="Dune Landscape near Haarlem">Dune Landscape near Haarlem</a> (c. 1647–1653)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentheim_Castle_(Dublin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bentheim Castle (Dublin)">Bentheim Castle (Dublin)</a> (1653)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Water_Mills_with_an_Open_Sluice" title="Two Water Mills with an Open Sluice">Two Water Mills with an Open Sluice</a> (1653)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_of_the_Binnenamstel_at_Amsterdam" title="View of the Binnenamstel at Amsterdam">View of the Binnenamstel at Amsterdam</a> (c. 1652–1660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Thatch-Roofed_House_with_a_Water_Mill" title="A Thatch-Roofed House with a Water Mill">A Thatch-Roofed House with a Water Mill</a> (c. 1660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Watermill_(Ruisdael)" title="The Watermill (Ruisdael)">The Watermill</a> (c. 1660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Arrival_of_Cornelis_de_Graeff_and_Members_of_His_Family_at_Soestdijk,_His_Country_Estate" title="The Arrival of Cornelis de Graeff and Members of His Family at Soestdijk, His Country Estate">The Arrival of Cornelis de Graeff and Members of His Family at Soestdijk, His Country Estate</a> (c. 1660) (with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Keyser" title="Thomas de Keyser">Thomas de Keyser</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrance_to_a_Forest" title="Entrance to a Forest">Entrance to a Forest</a> (1660s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_Waterfall" title="Landscape with Waterfall">Landscape with Waterfall</a> (1660s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Waterfall_in_a_Rocky_Landscape" title="A Waterfall in a Rocky Landscape">A Waterfall in a Rocky Landscape</a> (c. 1660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_View_of_the_Hekelveld_in_Amsterdam" title="Winter View of the Hekelveld in Amsterdam">Winter View of the Hekelveld in Amsterdam</a> (1660s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ray_of_Light" title="The Ray of Light">The Ray of Light</a> (c. 1665)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Landscape_with_a_Ruined_Castle_and_a_Church" title="A Landscape with a Ruined Castle and a Church">A Landscape with a Ruined Castle and a Church</a> (c. 1665)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Wooded_Marsh" title="A Wooded Marsh">A Wooded Marsh</a> (1660s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_in_a_Mountainous_Landscape_with_a_Ruined_Castle" title="Waterfall in a Mountainous Landscape with a Ruined Castle">Waterfall in a Mountainous Landscape with a Ruined Castle</a> (c. 1665–1670)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_Fields_(Ruisdael)" title="Wheat Fields (Ruisdael)">Wheat Fields</a> (c. 1670)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountainous_Landscape_with_a_Torrent" title="Mountainous Landscape with a Torrent">Mountainous Landscape with a Torrent</a> (1670s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Landscape_near_Haarlem" title="Winter Landscape near Haarlem">Winter Landscape near Haarlem</a> (1670s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_of_Haarlem_from_the_Northwest,_with_the_Bleaching_Fields_in_the_Foreground" title="View of Haarlem from the Northwest, with the Bleaching Fields in the Foreground">View of Haarlem from the Northwest, with the Bleaching Fields in the Foreground</a> (1670s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_view_of_the_Amstel_looking_toward_Amsterdam" title="Panoramic view of the Amstel looking toward Amsterdam">Panoramic view of the Amstel looking toward Amsterdam</a> (c. 1671–1681)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Landscape_with_a_Watermill" title="Mountain Landscape with a Watermill">Mountain Landscape with a Watermill</a> (c. 1675–1679)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_of_Haarlem_with_Bleaching_Fields" title="View of Haarlem with Bleaching Fields">View of Haarlem with Bleaching Fields</a> (c. 1670–1675)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_at_Wijk_bij_Duurstede" title="Windmill at Wijk bij Duurstede">Windmill at Wijk bij Duurstede</a> (c. 1670)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_on_the_Amstel_from_Amsteldijk" title="View on the Amstel from Amsteldijk">View on the Amstel from Amsteldijk</a> (c. 1680)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Painting series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/View_of_the_Dam_and_Damrak_at_Amsterdam" title="View of the Dam and Damrak at Amsterdam">View of the Dam and Damrak at Amsterdam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/View_of_the_Dam_and_Damrak_at_Amsterdam_(Frick_Collection)" title="View of the Dam and Damrak at Amsterdam (Frick Collection)">Frick Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_of_the_Dam_and_Damrak_at_Amsterdam_(Boymans_van_Beuningen)" title="View of the Dam and Damrak at Amsterdam (Boymans van Beuningen)">Boymans van Beuningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_of_the_Dam_and_Damrak_at_Amsterdam_(Mauritshuis)" title="View of the Dam and Damrak at Amsterdam (Mauritshuis)">Mauritshuis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Etchings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grainfield_at_the_Edge_of_a_Wood" title="Grainfield at the Edge of a Wood">Grainfield at the Edge of a Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Marsh_with_Travellers_on_a_Bank" title="Forest Marsh with Travellers on a Bank">Forest Marsh with Travellers on a Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaack_van_Ruisdael" title="Isaack van Ruisdael">Isaack van Ruisdael</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haerlempjes" title="Haerlempjes">Haerlempjes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Category:Jacob van Ruisdael">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213612#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213612#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213612#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/89550506">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118604082">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82062822">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11953866r">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11953866r">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36526880">Australia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500027077">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/68835">RKD Artists</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/657dc9f7-4e35-48a2-b2a9-cedecd06f8ad">KulturNav</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/57fe2e18-8273-4fcc-8301-abc20e81ed91">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/1214/">Victoria</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/explore-art-and-ideas/artist/2457/">Auckland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/86418509">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1273613">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118604082.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bs068x">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/31726">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_van_Ruisdael&oldid=1248309929">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_van_Ruisdael&oldid=1248309929</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jacob_van_Ruisdael" title="Category:Jacob van Ruisdael">Jacob van Ruisdael</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1620s_births" title="Category:1620s births">1620s births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1682_deaths" title="Category:1682 deaths">1682 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Artists_from_Haarlem" title="Category:Artists from Haarlem">Artists from Haarlem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_landscape_painters" title="Category:Dutch landscape painters">Dutch landscape painters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_printmakers" title="Category:Dutch printmakers">Dutch printmakers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_Golden_Age_painters" title="Category:Dutch Golden Age painters">Dutch Golden Age painters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_male_painters" title="Category:Dutch male painters">Dutch male painters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Landscape_artists" title="Category:Landscape artists">Landscape artists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Painters_from_Haarlem" title="Category:Painters from Haarlem">Painters from Haarlem</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2015" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2015">Use dmy dates from November 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Dutch_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Dutch IPA">Pages with Dutch IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_interwiki-linked_names" title="Category:CS1 interwiki-linked names">CS1 interwiki-linked names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link from Wikidata">Commons link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 September 2024, at 20:22 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_van_Ruisdael&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-59cfff7496-pv9m6","wgBackendResponseTime":181,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.633","walltime":"1.853","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16266,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":216515,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":25585,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":296878,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1660.103 1 -total"," 25.11% 416.905 158 Template:Sfn"," 12.45% 206.756 1 Template:Infobox_artist"," 12.43% 206.270 2 Template:Reflist"," 9.64% 159.967 40 Template:Cite_book"," 7.84% 130.142 18 Template:Cite_web"," 7.56% 125.463 15 Template:Efn-ua"," 7.37% 122.338 15 Template:Efn"," 6.88% 114.232 1 Template:IPA"," 5.97% 99.135 1 Template:Jacob_van_Ruisdael"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.086","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20909739,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAshtonDaviesSlive1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBachrach1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakkerWebb2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBredius1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarac1841\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuplessis1871\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGifford1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiltay1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiltay1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoetheGage1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham-Dixon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHam1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinrichs2013b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinrichs2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofstede_de_Groot1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoubraken1718\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsrael1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJager2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJansenLuijtenBakker2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanuszczak2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoby2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrugler1846\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuznetsov1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiedtke2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarchiMiegroet1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiedema1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontias1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontias1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorth1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReenenWijnands1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenberg1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchama1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchama2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheltema1872\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheyer1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlive1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlive1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlive2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlive2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlive2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlive2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSliveHoetink1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1835\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSokolova1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStechow1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalford1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWecker2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWetering2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWijnman1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWornum1848\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWybe_Kuitert2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWüstefeld1989\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"ACArt\"] = 1,\n [\"Art UK bio\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 40,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite episode\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 18,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Ruisdael, Jacob van\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn-ua\"] = 15,\n [\"Family name hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox artist\"] = 1,\n [\"Jacob van Ruisdael\"] = 1,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Mdash\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Notelist-ua\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 158,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","26.2"],["?","200","16.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","8.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","8.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","60","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","3.3"],["assert","40","3.3"],["setmetatable","40","3.3"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:426\u003E","40","3.3"],["[others]","200","16.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-l7gp2","timestamp":"20241127205319","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Jacob van Ruisdael","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jacob_van_Ruisdael","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q213612","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q213612","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-06-23T20:36:48Z","dateModified":"2024-09-28T20:22:42Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/27\/The_Windmill_at_Wijk_bij_Duurstede_1670_Ruisdael.jpg","headline":"Dutch painter and engraver (1628-1682)"}</script> </body> </html>