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type="hidden" name="title" value="מיוחד:חיפוש"> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="חיפוש בוויקיפדיה" aria-label="חיפוש בוויקיפדיה" autocapitalize="sentences" title="‏חיפוש בוויקיפדיה‏ [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>חיפוש</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="ניווט משתמש"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">פרוטוקול תקשורת</span></h1> <div class="tagline"> אוסף של כללים המגדירים את אופן בקשת וקבלת נתונים במערכת תקשורת </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="שפה" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>שפה</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93:%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F&returnto=%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C+%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>מעקב</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>עריכה</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="he" dir="rtl"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p><b>פרוטוקול תקשורת</b> הוא <a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%94%D7%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="נוהל">נוהל</a> לתקשורת. כלומר, אוסף של כללים המגדירים את אופן בקשת וקבלת נתונים ב<a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="מערכת תקשורת">מערכת תקשורת</a> מסוימת וכולל כללים לייצוג המידע, <a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="איתות">איתות</a>, <a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%96%D7%94%D7%95%D7%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="אימות זהות">אימות</a>, ו<a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%92%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="קוד תיקון שגיאות">תיקון שגיאות</a> לצורך העברת המידע ב<a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A5_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ערוץ תקשורת">ערוץ תקשורת</a>. פרוטוקול מוכר ופשוט הוא שיחת <a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="טלפון">טלפון</a> הכוללת כללים מוסכמים: הרמת ה<a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="שפופרת טלפון">שפופרת</a>, קריאת "<a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="הלו">הלו</a>", הצד מנגד עונה ב"<a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_(%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%94)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="שלום (ברכה)">שלום</a>" (זהו שלב האימות) ולאחר מכן יסביר את מהות ההתקשרות ותתחיל העברת המידע. לפני ניתוק השיחה ייפרדו האנשים ב"ביי" או "להתראות". אולם ישנה גמישות, ואין בהכרח צורך בפרוטוקול קשיח ומוחלט, ולכן לא כל שיחת טלפון מתנהלת על-פי הפרוטוקול המדויק הנ"ל. אך כאשר מדובר ב<a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="תקשורת נתונים">רשת תקשורת</a> בין <a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="מחשב">מחשבים</a>, שימוש בפרוטוקולים מדויקים הכרחי על-מנת שהצדדים יבינו זה את זה ויוכלו לספק שירותים זה לזה.</p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A5:Tcp_normal.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tcp_normal.svg/250px-Tcp_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tcp_normal.svg/375px-Tcp_normal.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tcp_normal.svg/500px-Tcp_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="176"></a> <figcaption> דוגמה לאיתות בפרוטוקול תקשורת <a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TCP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP">TCP</a> </figcaption> </figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="he" dir="rtl"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">תוכן עניינים</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">מאפיינים עיקריים</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%90-%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">התמודדות עם ערוצי תקשורת לא-אמינים</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D7%94%D7%91%D7%98%D7%97%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">הבטחת קבלת מידע</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D7%94%D7%91%D7%98%D7%97%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">הבטחת תקינות מידע</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A1"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">מודל הייחוס</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">סוגי פרוטוקולים</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%95_%D7%92%D7%9D"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">ראו גם</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">קישורים חיצוניים</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="מאפיינים_עיקריים"><span id=".D7.9E.D7.90.D7.A4.D7.99.D7.99.D7.A0.D7.99.D7.9D_.D7.A2.D7.99.D7.A7.D7.A8.D7.99.D7.99.D7.9D"></span>מאפיינים עיקריים</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="עריכת פסקה: "מאפיינים עיקריים"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>עריכה</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A5:Torrentcomp_small.gif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Torrentcomp_small.gif/200px-Torrentcomp_small.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="334"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 187px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Torrentcomp_small.gif/200px-Torrentcomp_small.gif" data-width="200" data-height="187" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Torrentcomp_small.gif/300px-Torrentcomp_small.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Torrentcomp_small.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> זרימת מידע ברשת </figcaption> </figure> <p>רוב הפרוטוקולים כוללים מספר עקרונות:</p> <ul> <li>גילוי השכבה הפיזית, קווי או אלחוטי וקיום של נקודת קצה או צומת</li> <li><a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%93_(%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="לחיצת יד (תקשורת)">לחיצת יד</a> – Handshaking</li> <li>תיאום של מאפייני התקשורת – <a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autonegotiation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonegotiation">Autonegotiation</a></li> <li>כללים להתחלה וסיום של הודעות</li> <li>כללים למבנה ההודעה</li> <li>כללים להודעות שגויות – <a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%92%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="קוד תיקון שגיאות">תיקון שגיאות</a></li> <li>גילוי ניתוק בחיבוריות ופעולות בהתאם</li> <li>סיום ההתקשרות או ה-<a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Session?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Session">Session</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="התמודדות_עם_ערוצי_תקשורת_לא-אמינים"><span id=".D7.94.D7.AA.D7.9E.D7.95.D7.93.D7.93.D7.95.D7.AA_.D7.A2.D7.9D_.D7.A2.D7.A8.D7.95.D7.A6.D7.99_.D7.AA.D7.A7.D7.A9.D7.95.D7.A8.D7.AA_.D7.9C.D7.90-.D7.90.D7.9E.D7.99.D7.A0.D7.99.D7.9D"></span>התמודדות עם ערוצי תקשורת לא-אמינים</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="עריכת פסקה: "התמודדות עם ערוצי תקשורת לא-אמינים"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>עריכה</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>באופן כללי, ערוצי תקשורת לא יכולים להבטיח שמידע שנשלח מקצה אחד, יגיע תקין, או יגיע בכלל לצד השני. הסיבות לכישלון מגוונות: <a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="כבל קואקסיאלי">כבל</a> פגום או חתוך לחלוטין לערוץ תקשורת חוטי, חסימת תדרים לערוץ <a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="תקשורת אלחוטית">תקשורת אלחוטית</a> ועוד. כדי להתגבר על מכשול זה ולהעביר מידע באופן אמין, פרוטוקולים משתמשים בשני סוגים של מנגנונים: מנגנון הבטחת קבלת המידע, ומנגנון הבטחת תקינות המידע.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="הבטחת_קבלת_מידע"><span id=".D7.94.D7.91.D7.98.D7.97.D7.AA_.D7.A7.D7.91.D7.9C.D7.AA_.D7.9E.D7.99.D7.93.D7.A2"></span>הבטחת קבלת מידע</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="עריכת פסקה: "הבטחת קבלת מידע"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>עריכה</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>כדי להבטיח שהמידע אכן מגיע ליעדו, בפרוטוקולים רבים נהוג לאשר הגעה של <a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%97%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="חבילת מידע">חבילות מידע</a> בדרכים שונות. אישור כזה נקרא לרוב (Ack (Acknowledgements. חבילות מידע שלא מתקבל עליהן אישור בטרם נקבע <a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timeout_(%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timeout (מחשב)">timeout</a> נשלחות שוב. בצורה זו מבטיחים שכל המידע מגיע לבסוף ליעדו.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="הבטחת_תקינות_מידע"><span id=".D7.94.D7.91.D7.98.D7.97.D7.AA_.D7.AA.D7.A7.D7.99.D7.A0.D7.95.D7.AA_.D7.9E.D7.99.D7.93.D7.A2"></span>הבטחת תקינות מידע</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="עריכת פסקה: "הבטחת תקינות מידע"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>עריכה</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>כדי להבטיח שהמידע הגיע בדיוק כפי שנשלח, משתמשים במנגנוני תקינות מידע, כמו <a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="סיכום ביקורת">סיכום ביקורת</a>, <a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="בדיקת יתירות מחזורית">CRC</a>, <a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%96%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="סיבית זוגיות">סיבית זוגיות</a>. המידע הנוסף שיש לשלוח לביצוע בדיקות התקינות נשלח כחלק מהפתיחה (header). לעיתים ניתן לא רק לזהות שגיאות, אלא גם ל<a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%92%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="קוד תיקון שגיאות">תקן אותן</a>. עם זיהוי שגיאה, פרוטוקולים מסוימים יבקשו שליחה חוזרת של המידע הפגום, בעוד שאחרים יתעלמו מהמידע הפגום.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="מודל_הייחוס"><span id=".D7.9E.D7.95.D7.93.D7.9C_.D7.94.D7.99.D7.99.D7.97.D7.95.D7.A1"></span>מודל הייחוס</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="עריכת פסקה: "מודל הייחוס"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>עריכה</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <dl> <dd> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Postscript-viewer-blue.svg/25px-Postscript-viewer-blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 25px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Postscript-viewer-blue.svg/25px-Postscript-viewer-blue.svg.png" data-width="25" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Postscript-viewer-blue.svg/38px-Postscript-viewer-blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Postscript-viewer-blue.svg/50px-Postscript-viewer-blue.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> ערך מורחב – <b><a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%9C_%D7%94-OSI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="מודל ה-OSI">מודל ה-OSI</a></b><br> </dd> </dl> <p>פרוטוקולי תקשורת כיום מוגדרים בצורה <a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="מודולרי">מודולרית</a>, כדי לאפשר פיתוח ושילוב של פרוטוקולים שונים המתמחים בתכונות שונות של העברת הנתונים ברשת. לשם הגדרה והצגה של פרוטוקול, מקובל להשתמש ב<a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%9C_%D7%94-OSI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="מודל ה-OSI">מודל ה-OSI</a>, המציע חלוקה לשבע רמות של הטיפול בנתונים. הנתונים עוברים מן הרמה הגבוהה לנמוכה בזמן שידור, ובכיוון ההפוך בזמן קליטה. חלוקה זו איננה נשמרת על ידי כל הפרוטוקולים, אך היא משמשת מסגרת לדיון ולהבנה בתחום, ובהתאם לה נוהגים למיין את הפרוטוקולים השונים. בין שכבה לשכבה שמעליה ומתחתיה באותו מחשב מוגדר ממשק, בין אותה שכבה בשני מחשבים שונים מוגדר פרוטוקול. פרוטוקול תקשורת מגדיר בדרך כלל את צורתן ותוכנן של <a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%97%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="חבילת מידע">חבילות נתונים</a>. חבילה בדרך כלל מורכבת מפתיחה (header) – שמכילה מידע אודות הצד השולח, הנמען ופרטים טכניים שונים הקשורים בחבילה, מידע – הנתונים שצריכים לעבור, וסוגר (footer) – סימן מוסכם שתפקידו להודיע על סוף החבילה. הפרוטוקול גם קובע כללי שידור, כללים להכרזה על קיום קשר ("הלו") ועל הפסקתו ("להתראות").</p> <p>פרוטוקולי התקשורת מסדירים היבטים שונים של העברת מידע בין נקודות שונות ב<a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="רשת תקשורת">רשת תקשורת</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="סוגי_פרוטוקולים"><span id=".D7.A1.D7.95.D7.92.D7.99_.D7.A4.D7.A8.D7.95.D7.98.D7.95.D7.A7.D7.95.D7.9C.D7.99.D7.9D"></span>סוגי פרוטוקולים</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="עריכת פסקה: "סוגי פרוטוקולים"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>עריכה</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>פרוטוקולי תקשורת פועלים בשתי תצורות עיקריות:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="עמית לעמית">עמית לעמית</a> – פרוטוקולים בהם לכל הצדדים מעמד שווה</li> <li><a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%AA-%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="שרת-לקוח">שרת-לקוח</a> – פרוטוקולים בהם לצד אחד (<a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%AA_(%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="שרת (מחשבים)">שרת</a>) יש נתונים הדרושים לצד השני (לקוח)</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="ראו_גם"><span id=".D7.A8.D7.90.D7.95_.D7.92.D7.9D"></span>ראו גם</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="עריכת פסקה: "ראו גם"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>עריכה</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul> <li><a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="מונחים ברשת מחשבים">מונחים ברשת מחשבים</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="קישורים_חיצוניים"><span id=".D7.A7.D7.99.D7.A9.D7.95.D7.A8.D7.99.D7.9D_.D7.97.D7.99.D7.A6.D7.95.D7.A0.D7.99.D7.99.D7.9D"></span>קישורים חיצוניים</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="עריכת פסקה: "קישורים חיצוניים"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>עריכה</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <table class="sistersitebox plainlinks noprint" style="margin: 0 1em 0.5em 0;float: left;"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="text-align:center">מיזמי <a href="https://he-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9F_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="קרן ויקימדיה">קרן ויקימדיה</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td> <div class="sisterwikilinkT"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="ויקימילון"> <noscript> <img alt="ויקימילון" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wiktionary-logo-he.png/20px-Wiktionary-logo-he.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="135"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wiktionary-logo-he.png/20px-Wiktionary-logo-he.png" data-alt="ויקימילון" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wiktionary-logo-he.png/30px-Wiktionary-logo-he.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wiktionary-logo-he.png/40px-Wiktionary-logo-he.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> ערך מילוני בוויקימילון: <b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A8%25D7%2595%25D7%2598%25D7%2595%25D7%25A7%25D7%2595%25D7%259C_%25D7%25AA%25D7%25A7%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A8%25D7%25AA" class="extiw" title="wikt:פרוטוקול תקשרת">פרוטוקול תקשרת</a></b> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div class="sisterwikilinkT"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="ויקישיתוף"> <noscript> <img alt="ויקישיתוף" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="ויקישיתוף" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> תמונות ומדיה בוויקישיתוף: <b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Communications_protocols" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Communications protocols">פרוטוקול תקשורת</a></b> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36773993">.mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}</style> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211013603/http://www2.eitan.ac.il/comnet/">מדריך לרשתות תקשורת</a></li> </ul> <p><br></p>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> אוחזר מתוך "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA%26oldid%3D39476210">https://he.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=פרוטוקול_תקשורת&oldid=39476210</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol – אנגלית" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Communication protocol" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="אנגלית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokol_(rekenaars)" title="Protokol (rekenaars) – אפריקאנס" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Protokol (rekenaars)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="אפריקאנס" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D9%2583%25D9%2588%25D9%2584_(%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA)" title="بروتوكول (اتصالات) – ערבית" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروتوكول (اتصالات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="ערבית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veril%25C9%2599nl%25C9%2599rin_%25C3%25B6t%25C3%25BCr%25C3%25BClm%25C9%2599si_protokollar%25C4%25B1" title="Verilənlərin ötürülməsi protokolları – אזרית" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Verilənlərin ötürülməsi protokolları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="אזרית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B6%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB" title="Мрежов протокол – בולגרית" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мрежов протокол" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="בולגרית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A7%258B%25E0%25A6%2597%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A7%258B%25E0%25A6%2597_%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A7%258C%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25A7%25E0%25A6%25BF_(%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%2589%25E0%25A6%259F%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0)" title="যোগাযোগ সৌজন্যবিধি (কম্পিউটার) – בנגלית" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যোগাযোগ সৌজন্যবিধি (কম্পিউটার)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="בנגלית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komenad_kehenti%25C3%25B1" title="Komenad kehentiñ – ברטונית" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Komenad kehentiñ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ברטונית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mre%25C5%25BEni_protokol" title="Mrežni protokol – בוסנית" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mrežni protokol" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="בוסנית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_de_comunicaci%25C3%25B3" title="Protocol de comunicació – קטלאנית" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protocol de comunicació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="קטלאנית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25DB%2586%25D8%25AA%25DB%2586%25DA%25A9%25DB%2586%25D9%2584%25DB%258C_%25DA%2595%25D8%25A7%25DA%25AF%25DB%2595%25DB%258C%25DB%258E%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="پرۆتۆکۆلی ڕاگەیێنی – כורדית סוראנית" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پرۆتۆکۆلی ڕاگەیێنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="כורדית סוראנית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokol_(informatika)" title="Protokol (informatika) – צ׳כית" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Protokol (informatika)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="צ׳כית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokol_(edb)" title="Protokol (edb) – דנית" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Protokol (edb)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="דנית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunikationsprotokoll" title="Kommunikationsprotokoll – גרמנית" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kommunikationsprotokoll" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="גרמנית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A0%25CF%2581%25CF%2589%25CF%2584%25CF%258C%25CE%25BA%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BB%25CE%25BB%25CE%25BF_%25CE%25B5%25CF%2580%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25BF%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BD%25CF%2589%25CE%25BD%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1%25CF%2582" title="Πρωτόκολλο επικοινωνίας – יוונית" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτόκολλο επικοινωνίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="יוונית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ret-komunika_protokolo" title="Ret-komunika protokolo – אספרנטו" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ret-komunika protokolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="אספרנטו" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocolo_de_comunicaciones" title="Protocolo de comunicaciones – ספרדית" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protocolo de comunicaciones" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ספרדית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokoll_(andmeside)" title="Protokoll (andmeside) – אסטונית" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Protokoll (andmeside)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="אסטונית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sare-protokolo" title="Sare-protokolo – בסקית" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sare-protokolo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="בסקית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B4%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25D9%2587%25E2%2580%258C%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%2587_%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA" title="شیوه‌نامه ارتباطات – פרסית" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیوه‌نامه ارتباطات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="פרסית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokolla_(tietoliikenne)" title="Protokolla (tietoliikenne) – פינית" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Protokolla (tietoliikenne)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="פינית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocole_de_communication" title="Protocole de communication – צרפתית" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Protocole de communication" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="צרפתית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocolo_(inform%25C3%25A1tica)" title="Protocolo (informática) – גליסית" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Protocolo (informática)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="גליסית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0_%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%259F%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2589%25E0%25A4%25B2" title="संचार प्रोटोकॉल – הינדי" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संचार प्रोटोकॉल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="הינדי" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikacijski_protokol" title="Komunikacijski protokol – קרואטית" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Komunikacijski protokol" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="קרואטית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokoll_(informatika)" title="Protokoll (informatika) – הונגרית" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Protokoll (informatika)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="הונגרית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2580%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B2%25D5%25B8%25D6%2580%25D5%25A4%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580%25D5%25A3" title="Հաղորդակարգ – ארמנית" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հաղորդակարգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ארמנית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokol_(komputer)" title="Protokol (komputer) – אינדונזית" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Protokol (komputer)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="אינדונזית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikala_protokolo" title="Komunikala protokolo – אידו" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Komunikala protokolo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="אידו" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocollo_di_comunicazione" title="Protocollo di comunicazione – איטלקית" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Protocollo di comunicazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="איטלקית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%2580%259A%25E4%25BF%25A1%25E3%2583%2597%25E3%2583%25AD%25E3%2583%2588%25E3%2582%25B3%25E3%2583%25AB" title="通信プロトコル – יפנית" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="通信プロトコル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="יפנית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A5%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598_%25E1%2583%259E%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2598" title="ქსელური პროტოკოლი – גאורגית" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქსელური პროტოკოლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="גאורגית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0" title="Хаттама – קזחית" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хаттама" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="קזחית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%2586%25B5%25EC%258B%25A0_%25ED%2594%2584%25EB%25A1%259C%25ED%2586%25A0%25EC%25BD%259C" title="통신 프로토콜 – קוריאנית" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="통신 프로토콜" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="קוריאנית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB" title="Протокол – קירגיזית" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Протокол" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="קירגיזית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunikatiounsprotokoll" title="Kommunikatiounsprotokoll – לוקסמבורגית" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kommunikatiounsprotokoll" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="לוקסמבורגית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu_puorlaidis_protokols" title="Datu puorlaidis protokols – לטגלית" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Datu puorlaidis protokols" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="לטגלית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakaru_protokols" title="Sakaru protokols – לטבית" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sakaru protokols" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="לטבית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB" title="Протокол – מארית מישורית" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Протокол" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="מארית מישורית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB" title="Комуникациски протокол – מקדונית" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Комуникациски протокол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="מקדונית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B5%258A%25E0%25B4%259F%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%259F%25E0%25B5%258B%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%258B%25E0%25B5%25BE_(%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B5%2582%25E0%25B4%259F%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%259F%25E0%25B5%25BC%25E0%25B4%25B6%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%2582)" title="പ്രൊട്ടോക്കോൾ (കമ്പ്യൂട്ടർശാസ്ത്രം) – מליאלאם" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രൊട്ടോക്കോൾ (കമ്പ്യൂട്ടർശാസ്ത്രം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="מליאלאם" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D1%2586%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB" title="Харилцааны протокол – מונגולית" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Харилцааны протокол" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="מונגולית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokol_komputer" title="Protokol komputer – מלאית" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Protokol komputer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="מלאית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netwerkprotocol" title="Netwerkprotocol – הולנדית" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Netwerkprotocol" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="הולנדית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettverksprotokoll" title="Nettverksprotokoll – נורווגית חדשה" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nettverksprotokoll" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="נורווגית חדשה" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokoll_(datamaskiner)" title="Protokoll (datamaskiner) – נורווגית ספרותית" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Protokoll (datamaskiner)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="נורווגית ספרותית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protok%25C3%25B3%25C5%2582_komunikacyjny" title="Protokół komunikacyjny – פולנית" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Protokół komunikacyjny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="פולנית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF_%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584_%25D8%25AA%25DA%2593%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D9%2587" title="د جال تړونونه – פשטו" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د جال تړونونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="פשטו" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocolo_(ci%25C3%25AAncia_da_computa%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o)" title="Protocolo (ciência da computação) – פורטוגזית" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Protocolo (ciência da computação)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="פורטוגזית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_de_comunica%25C8%259Bii" title="Protocol de comunicații – רומנית" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Protocol de comunicații" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="רומנית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB_%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2587%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D1%2585" title="Протокол передачи данных – רוסית" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Протокол передачи данных" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="רוסית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunkacijski_protokol" title="Komunkacijski protokol – סרבו-קרואטית" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Komunkacijski protokol" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="סרבו-קרואטית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol – אנגלית פשוטה" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Communication protocol" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="אנגלית פשוטה" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunika%25C4%258Dn%25C3%25BD_protokol" title="Komunikačný protokol – סלובקית" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Komunikačný protokol" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="סלובקית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokol_(ra%25C4%258Dunalni%25C5%25A1tvo)" title="Protokol (računalništvo) – סלובנית" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Protokol (računalništvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="סלובנית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokol_za_komunikaciju" title="Protokol za komunikaciju – סרבית" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Protokol za komunikaciju" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="סרבית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunikationsprotokoll" title="Kommunikationsprotokoll – שוודית" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kommunikationsprotokoll" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="שוודית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%258A%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2581_%25E0%25AE%25A8%25E0%25AF%2586%25E0%25AE%25B1%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25B1%25E0%25AF%2588" title="தகவல்தொடர்பு நெறிமுறை – טמילית" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தகவல்தொடர்பு நெறிமுறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="טמילית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%259E%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25A5" title="โพรโทคอล – תאית" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โพรโทคอล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="תאית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%25B0leti%25C5%259Fim_protokol%25C3%25BC" title="İletişim protokolü – טורקית" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İletişim protokolü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="טורקית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D1%2596%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB" title="Комунікаційний протокол – אוקראינית" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Комунікаційний протокол" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="אוקראינית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25BA%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1" title="ابلاغی دستور – אורדו" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابلاغی دستور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="אורדו" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%25E2%2580%2599lumotlarni_uzatish_protokoli" title="Ma’lumotlarni uzatish protokoli – אוזבקית" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ma’lumotlarni uzatish protokoli" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="אוזבקית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoco%25C5%2582o_de_comunicasion" title="Protocoło de comunicasion – ונציאנית" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Protocoło de comunicasion" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="ונציאנית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giao_th%25E1%25BB%25A9c_truy%25E1%25BB%2581n_th%25C3%25B4ng" title="Giao thức truyền thông – וייטנאמית" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giao thức truyền thông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="וייטנאמית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25BD%2591%25E7%25BB%259C%25E4%25BC%25A0%25E8%25BE%2593%25E5%258D%258F%25E8%25AE%25AE" title="网络传输协议 – סינית וו" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="网络传输协议" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="סינית וו" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%2580%259A%25E4%25BF%25A1%25E5%258D%258F%25E8%25AE%25AE" title="通信协议 – סינית" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="通信协议" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="סינית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thong-s%25C3%25ACn_protocol" title="Thong-sìn protocol – מין נאנית" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thong-sìn protocol" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="מין נאנית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25B6%25B2%25E7%25B5%25A1%25E5%2582%25B3%25E8%25BC%25B8%25E5%258D%2594%25E8%25AD%25B0" title="網絡傳輸協議 – קנטונזית" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="網絡傳輸協議" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="קנטונזית" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-he.svg" alt="ויקיפדיה" width="120" height="28" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.75em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">דף זה נערך לאחרונה ב־30 באוגוסט 2024, בשעה 21:37.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">התוכן זמין לפי תנאי <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.he">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> אלא אם כן נאמר אחרת.</li> 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