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provision</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: provision"> <meta name="keywords" content="provision"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="provision"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 861</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: provision</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">861</span> Translating Ex-landfill Development Needs and Adequacy of Open Space Provision in Malaysian Urban Development</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Mazifah">S. Mazifah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Azahan"> A. Azahan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Kadir"> A. Kadir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper aims to examine the relationship between the needs of ex-landfill redevelopment and the adequacy of open space provision in the context of sustainable urban development planning in Malaysia as seen from the perspective of the National Urban Policy. With a specific focus on the Action Plan DPN6 and DPN9, ex-landfill redevelopment needs and provision of open space are detailed to identify their potential and constraints in the development of sustainable cities. As a result, this paper found a link between the needs of urban ex-landfill redevelopment and approach to provide adequate urban open space. Through the proposal of the development of public park at urban ex-landfill sites, the needs of ex-landfill redevelopment and the adequacy of urban open space provision is being 'united' and translated as an approach to create a sustainable urban development in Malaysia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ex-landfill%20redevelopment" title="ex-landfill redevelopment">ex-landfill redevelopment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=open%20spaces" title=" open spaces"> open spaces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=National%20Urban%20Policy" title=" National Urban Policy"> National Urban Policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20urban%20development" title=" sustainable urban development"> sustainable urban development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9326/translating-ex-landfill-development-needs-and-adequacy-of-open-space-provision-in-malaysian-urban-development" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9326.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">455</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">860</span> Integrated Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) and Bus System in Singapore: MRT Ridership and the Provision of Feeder Bus Services</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Devansh%20Jain">Devansh Jain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shu%20Ting%20Goh"> Shu Ting Goh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the aim of improving the quality of life of people of Singapore with provision of better transport services, Land and Transport Authority Singapore recently published its Master Plan 2013. The major objectives mentioned in the plan were to make a comprehensive public transport network with better quality Mass Rapid Transit, bus services along with cycling and walking. MRT is the backbone of the transport system in Singapore, and to promote and increase the MRT ridership, good accessibility to access the MRT stations is a necessity. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between MRT ridership and the provision of feeder bus services in Singapore planning areas and also to understand the hub and spoke model adopted by Singapore for provision of transport services. The findings of the study will lead to conclusions made from the Regression model developed by the various factors affecting MRT ridership, and hence will benefit to enhance the services provided by the system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20of%20life" title="quality of life">quality of life</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20transport" title=" public transport"> public transport</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mass%20rapid%20transit" title=" mass rapid transit"> mass rapid transit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ridership" title=" ridership"> ridership</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55438/integrated-mass-rapid-transit-mrt-and-bus-system-in-singapore-mrt-ridership-and-the-provision-of-feeder-bus-services" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55438.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">247</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">859</span> The Contract for Educational Services: Civil and Administrative Aspects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuliya%20Leonidovna%20Kiva-Khamzina">Yuliya Leonidovna Kiva-Khamzina</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The legal nature of the contract for educational services causes a lot of controversies. In particular, it raises the question about industry sector relationships, which require making a contract for educational services. The article describes the different types of contracts classifications for services provision from the perspective of civil law, deals with the specifics of the contract on rendering educational services; the author makes the conclusion that the contract for the provision of educational services is a complex institution that includes elements of the civil and administrative law. The following methods were used to conduct the study: dialectical method of cognition, the historical method, systemic analysis, classification. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=administrative%20aspect" title="administrative aspect">administrative aspect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=civil%20aspect" title=" civil aspect"> civil aspect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=educational%20service" title=" educational service"> educational service</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=industry" title=" industry"> industry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20nature" title=" legal nature"> legal nature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=services%20provision" title=" services provision"> services provision</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51623/the-contract-for-educational-services-civil-and-administrative-aspects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51623.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">324</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">858</span> Evidence of Conditional and Unconditional Cooperation in a Public Goods Game: Experimental Evidence from Mali</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Laura%20Alzua">Maria Laura Alzua</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Adelaida%20Lopera"> Maria Adelaida Lopera</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper measures the relative importance of conditional cooperation and unconditional cooperation in a large public goods experiment conducted in Mali. We use expectations about total public goods provision to estimate a structural choice model with heterogeneous preferences. While unconditional cooperation can be captured by common preferences shared by all participants, conditional cooperation is much more heterogeneous and depends on unobserved individual factors. This structural model, in combination with two experimental treatments, suggests that leadership and group communication incentivize public goods provision through different channels. First, We find that participation of local leaders effectively changes individual choices through unconditional cooperation. A simulation exercise predicts that even in the most pessimistic scenario in which all participants expect zero public good provision, 60% would still choose to cooperate. Second, allowing participants to communicate fosters conditional cooperation. The simulations suggest that expectations are responsible for around 24% of the observed public good provision and that group communication does not necessarily ameliorate public good provision. In fact, communication may even worsen the outcome when expectations are low. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conditional%20cooperation" title="conditional cooperation">conditional cooperation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrete%20choice%20model" title=" discrete choice model"> discrete choice model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expectations" title=" expectations"> expectations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20goods%20game" title=" public goods game"> public goods game</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20coefficients%20model" title=" random coefficients model"> random coefficients model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43314/evidence-of-conditional-and-unconditional-cooperation-in-a-public-goods-game-experimental-evidence-from-mali" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43314.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">306</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">857</span> Repositioning Nigerian University Libraries for Effective Information Provision and Delivery in This Age of Globalization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20O.%20Uwaifo">S. O. Uwaifo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper examines the pivotal role of the library in university education through the provision of a wide range of information materials (print and non- print) required for the teaching, learning and research activities of the university. However certain impediments to the effectiveness of Nigerian university libraries, such as financial constraints, high foreign exchange, global disparities in accessing the internet, lack of local area networks, erratic electric power supply, absence of ICT literacy, poor maintenance culture, etc., were identified. Also, the necessity of repositioning Nigerian university libraries for effective information provision and delivery was stressed by pointing out their dividends, such as users’ access to Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC), Institutional Repositories, Electronic Document Delivery, Social Media Networks, etc. It therefore becomes necessary for the libraries to be repositioned by way of being adequately automated or digitized for effective service delivery, in this age of globalization. Based on the identified barriers by this paper, some recommendations were proffered. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=repositioning" title="repositioning">repositioning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigerian%20university%20libraries" title=" Nigerian university libraries"> Nigerian university libraries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20information%20%20provision%20and%20delivery" title=" effective information provision and delivery"> effective information provision and delivery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=globalization" title=" globalization"> globalization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63818/repositioning-nigerian-university-libraries-for-effective-information-provision-and-delivery-in-this-age-of-globalization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63818.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">326</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">856</span> Forms of Social Provision for Housing Investments in Local Planning Acts for European Capitals: Comparative Study and Spatial References</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Agata%20Twardoch">Agata Twardoch</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The processes of commodification of real estate and changes in housing markets have led to a situation where the prices of free market housing in European capitals are significantly higher than the purchasing value of average wages. This phenomenon has many negative social and spatial consequences. At the same time, the attractiveness of real estate as an asset makes these processes progress. Out of concern for sustainable social development, city authorities apply solutions to balance the burdensome effects of codification of housing. One of them is a social provision for housing investments. The article presents a comparative study of solutions applied in selected European capitals, on the example of Warsaw, Paris, London, Berlin, Copenhagen, and Vienna. The study was conducted along with works on expert report for the master plan for Warsaw. The forms of commissions applied in Local Planning Acts were compared, with particular reference to spatial solutions. The results of the analysis made it possible to determine common features of the solutions applied and to establish recommendations for further practice. Major findings of the study indicate that requirement of social provision is achievable in spatial planning documents. Study shows that application of social provision in private housing investments is a useful tool in housing policy against commodification. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=affordable%20housing" title="affordable housing">affordable housing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=housing%20provision" title=" housing provision"> housing provision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20planning" title=" spatial planning"> spatial planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20social%20development" title=" sustainable social development"> sustainable social development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119072/forms-of-social-provision-for-housing-investments-in-local-planning-acts-for-european-capitals-comparative-study-and-spatial-references" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119072.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">179</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">855</span> Impact of COVID-19 on Antenatal Care Provision at Public Hospitals in Ethiopia: A Mixed Method Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zemenu%20Yohannes">Zemenu Yohannes</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: The pandemic overstretched the weak health systems in developing countries, including Ethiopia. This study aims to assess and explore the effect of COVID-19 on antenatal care (ANC) provision. Methods: A concurrent mixed methods study was applied. An interrupted time series design was applied for the quantitative study, and in-depth interviews were implemented for the qualitative research to explore maternity care providers' perceptions of ANC provision during COVID-19. We used routine monthly collected data from the health management information system (HMIS) in fifteen hospitals in the Sidama region, Ethiopia, from March 2019 to February 2020 (12 months) before COVID-19 and from March to August 2020 (6 months) during COVID-19. We imported data into STATA V.17 for analysis. ANC provision's mean monthly incidence rate ratio (IRR) was calculated using Poisson regression with a 95% confidence interval. The qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings from quantitative and qualitative elements were integrated with a contiguous approach. Results: Our findings indicate the rate of ANC provision significantly decreased in the first six months of COVID-19. This study has three identified main themes: barriers to ANC provision, inadequate COVID-19 prevention approach, and delay in providing ANC. Conclusion and recommendation: Based on our findings, the pandemic affected ANC provision in the study area. The health bureau and stakeholders should take a novel and sustainable approach to prevent future pandemics. The health bureau and hospital administrators should establish a task force that relies on financial self-reliance to close gaps in future pandemics of medical supply shortages. Pregnant women should receive their care promptly from maternity care providers. In order to foster contact and avoid discrimination the future pandemics, hospital administrators should set up a platform for community members and maternity care providers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ANC%20provision" title="ANC provision">ANC provision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COVID-19" title=" COVID-19"> COVID-19</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed%20methods%20study" title=" mixed methods study"> mixed methods study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ethiopia" title=" Ethiopia"> Ethiopia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167229/impact-of-covid-19-on-antenatal-care-provision-at-public-hospitals-in-ethiopia-a-mixed-method-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167229.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">74</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">854</span> Health Payments and Household Wellbeing in India: Examining the Role of Health Policy Interventions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shailender%20Kumar">Shailender Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Current health policy pronouncements in India advocate for insurance-based financing mechanism to achieve universal health coverage (UHC), while undermine the role of comprehensive healthcare provision system. UHC is achieved when all people receive the health services they need without suffering financial hardship. This study, using 68th & 71st NSS rounds data, examines their relative and combined strength in achieving the above objective. Health-insurance has been unsuccessful in reducing prevalence and catastrophic effects of out-of-pocket payment and even dismantle the effectiveness of traditional way of health financing system. Healthcare provision is the best way forward to enhance health and well-being of households in condition if India removes existing inadequacies and inequalities in service provision across districts/states and ensure free/low cost medicines/diagnostics to the citizens. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20policy" title="health policy">health policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=demand-side%20financing" title=" demand-side financing"> demand-side financing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supply-side%20financing" title=" supply-side financing"> supply-side financing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=incidence%20of%20health%20payment" title=" incidence of health payment"> incidence of health payment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61798/health-payments-and-household-wellbeing-in-india-examining-the-role-of-health-policy-interventions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61798.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">259</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">853</span> Policies and Politics of Infrastructure Provisioning in Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olufemi%20Adedamola%20Oyedele">Olufemi Adedamola Oyedele</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Infrastructure provision in Nigeria is now at its lowest ebb in spite of its being critical to the socio-economic and political development of any nation. This is partly because the policy that will ensure its adequate provisioning is missing and partly because politics is affecting its provision. Policy is the basic principles by which a government is guided. Infrastructural development is the basis for measuring the performance of governments and it is the foundation of good governance. Demand for infrastructural development is higher and resources used in its provision are limited. Ethnic-interest agitation and lobbying for infrastructure provision are common things in multi-ethnic state like Nigeria. Most infrastructures are now decayed and need repair or replacement. Government is the system that organizes, control and sensitizes the people in a society in other for all to have an acceptable level of living. Governments have the power to put in place all measures that they deem fit will make an environment conducive for living for everybody. Infrastructure development in any environment requires needs assessment, feasibility and viability studies and carrying out physical development of the project. The challenge in Nigeria is largely carrying out development where they are not needed but where the people are loyal. There are numerous abandoned projects because they were started due to politics and not because they are feasible. Policies and politics greatly affect infrastructure provisioning in Nigeria and this is the premise of this paper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructure%20challenges" title="infrastructure challenges">infrastructure challenges</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructure%20development" title=" infrastructure development"> infrastructure development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=policy%20making" title=" policy making"> policy making</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=politics" title=" politics"> politics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=project%20finance" title=" project finance"> project finance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48549/policies-and-politics-of-infrastructure-provisioning-in-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48549.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">279</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">852</span> Influence of Pier Modification Techniques for Reducing Scour around Bridge Piers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rashid%20Farooq">Rashid Farooq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Razzaq%20Ghumman"> Abdul Razzaq Ghumman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hashim%20Nisar%20Hashmi"> Hashim Nisar Hashmi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bridge piers often fail all over the world and the whole structure may be endangered due to scouring phenomena. Scouring has been linked to catastrophic failures that lead into the loss of human lives. Various techniques have been employed to extenuate the scouring process in order to assist the bridge designs. Pier modifications plays vital role to control scouring at the vicinity of the pier. This experimental study aims at monitoring the effectiveness of pier modification and temporal development of scour depth around a bridge pier by providing a collar, a cable or openings under the same flow conditions. Provision of a collar around the octagonal pier reduced more scour depth than that for other two configurations. Providing a collar around the octagonal pier found to be the best in reducing scour. The scour depth in front of pier was found to be 19.5% less than that at the octagonal pier without any modifications. Similarly, the scour depth around the octagonal pier having provision of a cable was less than that at pier with provision of openings. The scour depth around an octagonal pier was also compared with a plain circular pier and found to be 9.1% less. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Scour" title="Scour">Scour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=octagonal%20pier" title=" octagonal pier"> octagonal pier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collar" title=" collar"> collar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cable" title=" cable"> cable</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56625/influence-of-pier-modification-techniques-for-reducing-scour-around-bridge-piers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56625.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">266</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">851</span> Empirical Study on Grassroots Innovation for Entrepreneurship Development with Microfinance Provision as Moderator</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sonal%20H.%20%20Singh">Sonal H. Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bhaskar%20Bhowmick"> Bhaskar Bhowmick</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The research hypothesis formulated in this paper examines the importance of microfinance provision for entrepreneurship development by engendering a high level of entrepreneurial orientation among the grassroots entrepreneurs. A theoretically well supported empirical framework is proposed to identify the influence of financial services and non-financial services provided by microfinance institutes in strengthening the impact of grassroots innovation on entrepreneurial orientation under resource constraints. In this paper, Grassroots innovation is perceived in three dimensions: new learning practice, localized solution, and network development. The study analyzes the moderating effect of microfinance provision on the relationship between grassroots innovation and entrepreneurial orientation. The paper employed structural equation modelling on 400 data entries from the grassroots entrepreneurs in India. The research intends to help policymakers, entrepreneurs and microfinance providers to promote the innovative design of microfinance services for the well-being of grassroots entrepreneurs and to foster sustainable entrepreneurship development. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entrepreneurship%20development" title="entrepreneurship development">entrepreneurship development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grassroots%20innovation" title=" grassroots innovation"> grassroots innovation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=India" title=" India"> India</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20equation%20model" title=" structural equation model"> structural equation model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76263/empirical-study-on-grassroots-innovation-for-entrepreneurship-development-with-microfinance-provision-as-moderator" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76263.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">265</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">850</span> The Positive Impact of Wheelchair Service Provision on the Health and Overall Satisfaction of Wheelchair Users with the Devices</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Archil%20Undilashvili">Archil Undilashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ketevan%20Stvilia"> Ketevan Stvilia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dustin%20Gilbreath"> Dustin Gilbreath</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giorgi%20Dzneladze"> Giorgi Dzneladze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gordon%20Charchward"> Gordon Charchward</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: In recent years, diverse types of wheelchairs, both local production and imported, have been made available on the Georgian market for wheelchair users. Some types of wheelchairs are sold together with a service package, while the others, including the State Program, Supported locally-produced ones, don’t provide adjustment and maintenance service packages to users. Within the USAID Physical Rehabilitation Project in Georgia, a study was conducted to assess the impact of the wheelchair service provision in line with the WHO guidelines on the health and overall satisfaction of wheelchair users in Georgia. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in May 2021. A structured questionnaire was used for telephone interviews that, along with socio-demographic characteristics, included questions for assessment of accessibility, availability, timeliness, cost and quality of wheelchair services received. Out of 1060 individuals listed in the census of wheelchair users, 752 were available for interview, with an actual response rate of 73.4%. 552 wheelchair users (31%) or their caregivers (69%) agreed to participate in the survey. In addition to using descriptive statistics, the study used multivariate matching of wheelchair users who received wheelchair services and who did not (control group). In addition, to evaluate satisfaction with service provision, respondents were asked to assess services. Findings: The majority (67%) of wheelchair users included in the survey were male. The average age of participants was 43. The three most frequently named reasons for using a wheelchair were cerebral palsy (29%), followed by stroke (18%), and amputation (12%). Users have had their current chair for four years on average. Overall, 60% of respondents reported that they were assessed before providing a wheelchair, but only half of them reported that their preferences and needs were considered. Only 13% of respondents had services in line with WHO guidelines and only 22% of wheelchair users had training when they received their current chair. 16% of participants said they had follow-up services, and 41% received adjustment services after receiving the chair. A slight majority (56%) of participants were satisfied with the quality of service provision and the service provision overall. Similarly, 55% were satisfied with the accessibility of service provision. A slightly larger majority (61%) were satisfied with the timeliness of service provision. The matching analysis suggests that users that received services in line with WHO guidelines were more satisfied with their chairs (the difference 17 point/0-100 scale) and they were four percentage points less likely to have health problems attributed to the chair. The regression analysis provides a similar finding of a 21 point increase in satisfaction attributable to services. Conclusion: The provision of wheelchair services in line with WHO guidelines and with follow-up services is likely to have a positive impact on the daily lives of wheelchair users in Georgia. Wheelchair services should be institutionalized as a standard component of wheelchair provision in Georgia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%20rehabilitation" title="physical rehabilitation">physical rehabilitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wheelchair%20users" title=" wheelchair users"> wheelchair users</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=persons%20with%20disabilities" title=" persons with disabilities"> persons with disabilities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wheelchair%20production" title=" wheelchair production"> wheelchair production</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148841/the-positive-impact-of-wheelchair-service-provision-on-the-health-and-overall-satisfaction-of-wheelchair-users-with-the-devices" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148841.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">106</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">849</span> Changing the Way South Africa Think about Parking Provision at Tertiary Institutions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20C.%20Venter">M. C. Venter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Hitge"> G. Hitge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20C.%20Krygsman"> S. C. Krygsman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Thiart"> J. Thiart</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For decades, South Africa has been planning transportation systems from a supply, rather than a demand side, perspective. In terms of parking, this relates to requiring the minimum parking provision that is enforced by city officials. Newer insight is starting to indicate that South Africa needs to re-think this philosophy in light of a new policy environment that desires a different outcome. Urban policies have shifted from reliance on the private car for access, to employing a wide range of alternative modes. Car dominated travel is influenced by various parameters, of which the availability and location of parking plays a significant role. The question is therefore, what is the right strategy to achieve the desired transport outcomes for SA. The focus of this paper is used to assess this issue with regard to parking provision, and specifically at a tertiary institution. A parking audit was conducted at the Stellenbosch campus of Stellenbosch University, monitoring occupancy at all 60 parking areas, every hour during business hours over a five-day period. The data from this survey was compared with the prescribed number of parking bays according to the Stellenbosch Municipality zoning scheme (requiring a minimum of 0.4 bays per student). The analysis shows that by providing 0.09 bays per student, the maximum total daily occupation of all the parking areas did not exceed an 80% occupation rate. It is concluded that the prevailing parking standards are not supportive of the new urban and transport policy environment, but that it is extremely conservative from a practical demand point of view. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parking%20provision" title="parking provision">parking provision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parking%20requirements" title=" parking requirements"> parking requirements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=travel%20behaviour" title=" travel behaviour"> travel behaviour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=travel%20demand%20management" title=" travel demand management"> travel demand management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81668/changing-the-way-south-africa-think-about-parking-provision-at-tertiary-institutions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81668.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">181</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">848</span> Optimal Portfolio of Multi-service Provision based on Stochastic Model Predictive Control</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yifu%20Ding">Yifu Ding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vijay%20Avinash"> Vijay Avinash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malcolm%20McCulloch"> Malcolm McCulloch</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As the proliferation of decentralized energy systems, the UK power system allows small-scale entities such as microgrids (MGs) to tender multiple energy services including energy arbitrage and frequency responses (FRs). However, its operation requires the balance between the uncertain renewable generations and loads in real-time and has to fulfill their provision requirements of contract services continuously during the time window agreed, otherwise it will be penalized for the under-delivered provision. To hedge against risks due to uncertainties and maximize the economic benefits, we propose a stochastic model predictive control (SMPC) framework to optimize its operation for the multi-service provision. Distinguished from previous works, we include a detailed economic-degradation model of the lithium-ion battery to quantify the costs of different service provisions, as well as accurately describe the changing dynamics of the battery. Considering a branch of load and generation scenarios and the battery aging, we formulate a risk-averse cost function using conditional value at risk (CVaR). It aims to achieve the maximum expected net revenue and avoids severe losses. The framework will be performed on a case study of a PV-battery grid-tied microgrid in the UK with real-life data. To highlight its performance, the framework will be compared with the case without the degradation model and the deterministic formulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model%20predictive%20control%20%28MPC%29" title="model predictive control (MPC)">model predictive control (MPC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=battery%20degradation" title=" battery degradation"> battery degradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=frequency%20response" title=" frequency response"> frequency response</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microgrids" title=" microgrids"> microgrids</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114565/optimal-portfolio-of-multi-service-provision-based-on-stochastic-model-predictive-control" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114565.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">123</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">847</span> An Evaluation of Education Provision for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Ireland: The Role of the Special Needs Assistant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Claire%20P.%20Griffin">Claire P. Griffin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The education provision for students with special educational needs, including students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), has undergone significant national and international changes in recent years. In particular, an increase in resource-based provision has occurred across educational settings in an effort to support inclusive practices. This paper seeks to explore the role of the Special Needs Assistant (SNA) in supporting children with ASD in Irish schools. This research stems from the second national evaluation of ‘Education Provision for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Ireland’ (NCSE, 2016). This research was commissioned by the National Council for Special Education (NCSE) in Ireland and conducted by a team of researchers from Mary Immaculate College, Limerick from February to July 2014. This study involved a multiple case study research strategy across 24 educational sites, as selected through a stratified sampling process. Research strategies included semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, documentary review and child conversations. Data analysis was conducted electronically using Nvivo software, with use of an additional quantitative recording mechanism based on scaled weighting criteria for collected data. Based on such information, key findings from the NCSE national evaluation will be presented and critically reviewed, with particular reference to the role of the SNA in supporting pupils with ASD. Examples of positive practice inherent within the SNA role will be outlined and contrasted with discrete areas for development. Based on such findings, recommendations for the evolving role of the SNA will be presented, with the aim of informing both policy and best practice within the field. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autism%20spectrum%20disorder" title="autism spectrum disorder">autism spectrum disorder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inclusive%20education" title=" inclusive education "> inclusive education </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paraprofessional" title=" paraprofessional"> paraprofessional</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=special%20needs%20assistant" title=" special needs assistant"> special needs assistant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58118/an-evaluation-of-education-provision-for-students-with-autism-spectrum-disorder-in-ireland-the-role-of-the-special-needs-assistant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58118.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">279</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">846</span> Predatory Pricing at Services Markets: Incentives, Mechanisms, Standards of Proving, and Remedies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mykola%20G.%20Boichuk">Mykola G. Boichuk</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper concerns predatory pricing incentives and mechanisms in the markets of services, as well as its anti-competitive effects. As cost estimation at services markets is more complex in comparison to markets of goods, predatory pricing is more difficult to detect in the provision of services. For instance, this is often the case for professional services, which is analyzed in the paper. The special attention is given to employment markets as de-facto main supply markets for professional services markets. Also, the paper concerns such instances as travel agents' services, where predatory pricing may have implications not only on competition but on a wider range of public interest as well. Thus, the paper develops on effective ways to apply competition law rules on predatory pricing to the provision of services. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=employment%20markets" title="employment markets">employment markets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=predatory%20pricing" title=" predatory pricing"> predatory pricing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=services%20markets" title=" services markets"> services markets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unfair%20competition" title=" unfair competition"> unfair competition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68895/predatory-pricing-at-services-markets-incentives-mechanisms-standards-of-proving-and-remedies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68895.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">325</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">845</span> Exploring De-Fi through 3 Case Studies: Transparency, Social Impact, and Regulation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dhaksha%20Vivekanandan">Dhaksha Vivekanandan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> DeFi is a network that avoids reliance on financial intermediaries through its peer-to-peer financial network. DeFi operates outside of government control; hence it is important for us to understand its impacts. This study employs a literature review to understand DeFi and its emergence, as well as its implications on transparency, social impact, and regulation. Further, 3 case studies are analysed within the context of these categories. DeFi’s provision of increased transparency poses environmental and storage costs and can lead to user privacy being endangered. DeFi allows for the provision of entrepreneurial incentives and protection against monetary censorship and capital control. Despite DeFi's transparency issues and volatility costs, it has huge potential to reduce poverty; however, regulation surrounding DeFi still requires further tightening by governments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DeFi" title="DeFi">DeFi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transparency" title=" transparency"> transparency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regulation" title=" regulation"> regulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20impact" title=" social impact"> social impact</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153280/exploring-de-fi-through-3-case-studies-transparency-social-impact-and-regulation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153280.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">84</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">844</span> Involvement of Community Pharmacists in Public Health Services in Asir Region, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mona%20Almanasef">Mona Almanasef</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dalia%20Almaghaslah"> Dalia Almaghaslah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Geetha%20Kandasamy"> Geetha Kandasamy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajalakshimi%20Vasudevan"> Rajalakshimi Vasudevan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sadia%20Batool"> Sadia Batool</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Community pharmacists are one of the most accessible healthcare practitioners worldwide and their services are used by a large proportion of the population. Expanding the roles of community pharmacists could contribute to reducing pressure on general health practice and other areas of health services. This research aimed to evaluate the contribution of community pharmacists in the provision of public health services and to investigate the perceived barriers to the provision of these services in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: This study followed a cross-sectional design using an online anonymous self-administered questionnaire. The study took place in the Asir region, Saudi Arabia, between September 2019 and February 2020. A convenience sampling strategy was used to select and recruit the study participants. The questionnaire was adapted from previous research and involved three sections: demographics, involvement in public health services and barriers to practicing public health roles. Results: The total number of respondents was 193. The proportion of respondents who reported that they were “very involved” or “involved” in each service was 61.7% for weight management, 60.6% for sexual health, 57.5% for healthy eating, 53.4% for physical activity promotion, 51.3% for dental health, 46.1% for smoking cessation, 39.4% for screening for diabetes, 35.7% for screening for hypertension, 31.1% for alcohol dependence and drug misuse counseling, 30.6% for screening for dyslipidaemia, and 21.8% for vaccination and immunization. Most of the barriers in the current research were rated as having low relevance to the provision of public health services. Conclusion: Findings in the current research suggest that community pharmacists in the Asir region have varying levels of involvement in public health roles. Further research needs to be undertaken to understand the barriers to the provision of public health services and what strategies would be beneficial for enhancing the public health role of community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community%20pharmacist" title="community pharmacist">community pharmacist</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20health" title=" public health"> public health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asir%20region" title=" Asir region"> Asir region</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saudi%20Arabia" title=" Saudi Arabia"> Saudi Arabia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149165/involvement-of-community-pharmacists-in-public-health-services-in-asir-region-saudi-arabia-a-cross-sectional-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149165.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">101</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">843</span> Pre-Service EFL Teachers' Perceptions of Written Corrective Feedback in a Wiki-Based Environment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mabel%20Ortiz">Mabel Ortiz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Claudio%20D%C3%ADaz"> Claudio Díaz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper explores Chilean pre-service teachers' perceptions about the provision of corrective feedback in a wiki environment during the collaborative writing of an argumentative essay. After conducting a semi-structured interview on 22 participants, the data were processed through the content analysis technique. The results show that students have positive perceptions about corrective feedback, provided through a wiki virtual environment, which in turn facilitates feedback provision and impacts language learning effectively. Some of the positive perceptions about virtual feedback refer to permanent access, efficiency, simultaneous revision and immediacy. It would then be advisable to integrate wiki-based feedback as a methodology for the language classroom and collaborative writing tasks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=argumentative%20essay" title="argumentative essay">argumentative essay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=focused%20corrective%20feedback" title=" focused corrective feedback"> focused corrective feedback</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perception" title=" perception"> perception</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wiki%20environment" title=" wiki environment"> wiki environment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59910/pre-service-efl-teachers-perceptions-of-written-corrective-feedback-in-a-wiki-based-environment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59910.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">292</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">842</span> Experiences of Extension Officers on the Provision of Agricultural Facilities to Rural Farmers towards Improving Agricultural Practice in South Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mfaniseni%20Wiseman%20Mbatha">Mfaniseni Wiseman Mbatha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The extension officers are regarded as the key role players in the provision of agricultural facilities to farmers across the world. The government of South Africa has shown a commitment to provide extensive support to farmers by the means of disseminating information and other agricultural facilities. This qualitative study on the experiences of extension officers on the provision of agricultural facilities to rural farmers towards improving agricultural practice was conducted in Msinga Local Municipality. The data was collected through the use of semi-structured interviews with extension officers who were sampled using the purposive sampling method. The qualitative data was analysed through the use of content analysis. The critical part of the findings reveals that the availability of arable land for agricultural practice, availability of agricultural schemes and availability of proper functioning community gardens were indicators of the high level of agricultural practice in the Msinga area. Therefore, the extension officers from the municipality department have shown to provide the agricultural budget to support rural farmers. Whereas, the department of agriculture provides well knowledgeable staff to train farmers about the process of farming and how they can address issues of livestock and crop diseases and also adapting to issues of climate change. The rural farmers, however, find it very difficult to learn and put into practice things that were thought by extension officers during training. There is, therefore, a need for recruitment of more extension staff and the involvement of Non-Government Organizations to increase access to extension facilities to the farmers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agricultural%20facilities" title="agricultural facilities">agricultural facilities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agricultural%20practice" title=" agricultural practice"> agricultural practice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extension%20officers" title=" extension officers"> extension officers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20farmers" title=" rural farmers"> rural farmers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120911/experiences-of-extension-officers-on-the-provision-of-agricultural-facilities-to-rural-farmers-towards-improving-agricultural-practice-in-south-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120911.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">841</span> From Aid to Autonomy: Rethinking Agriculture and Self-Sufficiency in Developing Nations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bassey%20Igri%20Okon">Bassey Igri Okon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gloria%20Mayen%20Umukoro"> Gloria Mayen Umukoro</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The United Nations faces the formidable challenge of ensuring sustainable food provision for the world's burgeoning population, as outlined in Sustainable Development Goals 1 and 2. Predominantly, underdeveloped nations bear the brunt of hunger and poverty, lacking sustainable means of self-sustenance. A critical factor contributing to this dire situation is the underperformance of their agricultural sectors, ostensibly necessitating intervention from developed nations. This paper posits that the provision of Agricultural Aid has become a modern instrument of colonization. It unveils how developed countries, under the pretext of aid, perpetuate a neo-colonial dominance over underdeveloped nations. It is argued that unless these nations revert to indigenous farming methodologies and implement effective governance to enable sustainable agriculture, they are likely to remain entrapped in a relentless cycle of hunger, poverty, and economic subservience. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aid%20autonomy" title="aid autonomy">aid autonomy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-sufficiency" title=" self-sufficiency"> self-sufficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rethinking" title=" rethinking"> rethinking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neocolonialism" title=" neocolonialism"> neocolonialism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underdeveloped" title=" underdeveloped"> underdeveloped</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indigenous%20farming" title=" indigenous farming"> indigenous farming</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178224/from-aid-to-autonomy-rethinking-agriculture-and-self-sufficiency-in-developing-nations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178224.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">88</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">840</span> Importance of Women Education: Mother To Be Education in Order to Brighten Future Generation’s Foredoom</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ummi%20Sholihah%20Pertiwi%20Abidin">Ummi Sholihah Pertiwi Abidin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eva%20Fadhilah"> Eva Fadhilah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Social changes are more and more growing and having many different forms as the time passed and thought methods in the society. One of many forms of that social changes is the emancipation of women that is flourishing by the inception of gender equality perception between men and women in all aspects including education. It’s not anymore found the distinction between genders in learning and the education achieving right at this globalized era. But, it is still many perceptions which are against that equality of education achieving right, either come from the women’s selves or many external factors. They assumed that they are going to be a mother in the future, and a wife, someone with responsible for taking care of the household and everything inside, while the husband is the one who has the responsible for looking for the living. So comes from this kind of assumption, the perception against the education equality between genders, which means there is no need for them –women- to achieve the high education because they will still end up as housewives. Except those working or career women that need high education to support their works. These women are not aware that even a mother needs the high and capable education. Because, as the 'mother to be,' they surely need broad knowledge from the education to educate their children in the future. It is such a big fault to say the kind of thing, 'It is no matter that I am not educated, in case I’m just a housewife. The important thing is my children get a great education'. Unfortunately, it is still often found, saying 'A housewife job is not a big deal to do with high education.' This qualitative method paper raises a theme about the importance of education for women, no matter what will they be in the future. Because however, and whatever is the woman’s career outside the house, or even not working outside, she’s still a mother for her children, and 'educational provision' is a great need. And so forth, this educational provision is a big deal to do with future generation’s foredoom, regarding the first source of children’s knowledge and the first school for them is their mother. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=women%20education" title="women education">women education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mother%20to%20be" title=" mother to be"> mother to be</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=educational%20provision" title=" educational provision"> educational provision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=first%20school" title=" first school"> first school</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=future%20generation%E2%80%99s%20foredoom" title=" future generation’s foredoom"> future generation’s foredoom</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64324/importance-of-women-education-mother-to-be-education-in-order-to-brighten-future-generations-foredoom" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64324.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">268</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">839</span> Using the Geographical Information Systems Story Maps in the Planning and Implementation of the Integrated Development Plan at the City of Umhlathuze, South Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sibonakaliso%20Shadrack%20Nhlabathi">Sibonakaliso Shadrack Nhlabathi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In South Africa local governments which are charged with the provision of services and amenities, frequently, face challenges of public protests against what the public perceives to be poor services. Public protests are common, even though the Integrated Development Plan, a central public participation document, which informs local government planning and resources management, ought to be a reflection of the voices of the beneficiary communities. The Integrated Development Plan concept –which evolved from the international discourse on governance, planning, and urban management of the 1990s, and, which bears similarities to the UK’s approaches to urban management and planning– is a significant concept in the planning practice in South Africa. Against this backdrop of the spread of public protests and the supposedly public participation in IDP formulation, this study investigated the extent to which residents of the city of uMhlathuze municipality, South Africa, could use Geographical Information Systems (GIS) Story Maps to enhance public participation in the provision of services and amenities. To this effect, this study collected and analysed data obtained through interactive web maps or hard copy maps; this map data was accompanied by research participants’ attributes data. Research participants identified positive or negative service delivery areas. Positive places were the places which the residents represented as good infrastructural, and amenities areas and weak places were marked as poor amenities. Participants then located each of their identified strong or weak places as points on the GIS Story Maps or on hard copy maps of the city. The information which participants provided was subsequently analysed to produce maps of patterns of service provision. In this way, the study succeeded to identify places that needed attention regarding delivery of services and amenities. Thus, this study advanced service provision through GIS Story Maps. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GIS" title="GIS">GIS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IPD" title=" IPD"> IPD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=South%20Africa" title=" South Africa"> South Africa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=story%20maps" title=" story maps"> story maps</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108001/using-the-geographical-information-systems-story-maps-in-the-planning-and-implementation-of-the-integrated-development-plan-at-the-city-of-umhlathuze-south-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108001.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">125</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">838</span> Challenges and Opportunities: One Stop Processing for the Automation of Indonesian Large-Scale Topographic Base Map Using Airborne LiDAR Data </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elyta%20Widyaningrum">Elyta Widyaningrum</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The LiDAR data acquisition has been recognizable as one of the fastest solution to provide the basis data for topographic base mapping in Indonesia. The challenges to accelerate the provision of large-scale topographic base maps as a development plan basis gives the opportunity to implement the automated scheme in the map production process. The one stop processing will also contribute to accelerate the map provision especially to conform with the Indonesian fundamental spatial data catalog derived from ISO 19110 and geospatial database integration. Thus, the automated LiDAR classification, DTM generation and feature extraction will be conducted in one GIS-software environment to form all layers of topographic base maps. The quality of automated topographic base map will be assessed and analyzed based on its completeness, correctness, contiguity, consistency and possible customization. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automation" title="automation">automation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GIS%20environment" title=" GIS environment"> GIS environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LiDAR%20processing" title=" LiDAR processing"> LiDAR processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=map%20quality" title=" map quality"> map quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60469/challenges-and-opportunities-one-stop-processing-for-the-automation-of-indonesian-large-scale-topographic-base-map-using-airborne-lidar-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60469.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">368</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">837</span> Developing a Culturally Acceptable End of Life Survey (the VOICES-ESRD/Thai Questionnaire) for Evaluation Health Services Provision of Older Persons with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) in Thailand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Pungchompoo">W. Pungchompoo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Richardson"> A. Richardson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Brindle"> L. Brindle</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The developing of a culturally acceptable end of life survey (the VOICES-ESRD/Thai questionnaire) is an essential instrument for evaluation health services provision of older persons with ESRD in Thailand. The focus of the questionnaire was on symptoms, symptom control and the health care needs of older people with ESRD who are managed without dialysis. Objective: The objective of this study was to develop and adapt VOICES to make it suitable for use in a population survey in Thailand. Methods: The mixed methods exploratory sequential design was focussed on modifying an instrument. Data collection: A cognitive interviewing technique was implemented, using two cycles of data collection with a sample of 10 bereaved carers and a prototype of the Thai VOICES questionnaire. Qualitative study was used to modify the developing a culturally acceptable end of life survey (the VOICES-ESRD/Thai questionnaire). Data analysis: The data were analysed by using content analysis. Results: The revisions to the prototype questionnaire were made. The results were used to adapt the VOICES questionnaire for use in a population-based survey with older ESRD patients in Thailand. Conclusions: A culturally specific questionnaire was generated during this second phase and issues with questionnaire design were rectified. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VOICES-ESRD%2FThai%20questionnaire" title="VOICES-ESRD/Thai questionnaire">VOICES-ESRD/Thai questionnaire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20interviewing" title=" cognitive interviewing"> cognitive interviewing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=end%20of%20life%20survey" title=" end of life survey"> end of life survey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20services%20provision" title=" health services provision"> health services provision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=older%20persons%20with%20ESRD" title=" older persons with ESRD"> older persons with ESRD</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49470/developing-a-culturally-acceptable-end-of-life-survey-the-voices-esrdthai-questionnaire-for-evaluation-health-services-provision-of-older-persons-with-end-stage-renal-disease-esrd-in-thailand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49470.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">286</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">836</span> Applying a SWOT Analysis to Inform the Educational Provision of Learners with Autism Spectrum Disorders</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Claire%20Sciberras">Claire Sciberras</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has become recognized as being the most common childhood neurological condition. Indeed, numerous studies demonstrate an increase in the prevalence rate of children diagnosed with ASD. Concurrent with these findings, the European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education reported a similar escalating tendency in prevalence also in Malta. Such an increase within the educational context in Malta has led the European Agency to call for increased support within educational settings in Malta. However, although research has addressed the positive impact of mainstream education on learners with ASD, empirical studies vis-à-vis the internal and external strengths and weaknesses present within the support provided in mainstream settings in Malta is distinctly limited. In light of the aforementioned argument, Malta would benefit from research which focuses on analysing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOTs) which are present within the support provision of learners with ASD in mainstream primary schools. Such SWOT analysis is crucial as lack of appropriate opportunities might jeopardize the educational and social experiences of persons with ASD throughout their schooling. Methodology: A mixed methodological approach would be well suited to examine the provision of support of learners with ASD as the combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches allows researchers to collect a comprehensive range of data and validate their results. Hence, it is intended that questionnaires will be distributed to all the stakeholders involved so as to acquire a broader perspective to be collected from a wider group who provide support to students with ASD across schools in Malta. Moreover, the use of a qualitative approach in the form of interviews with a sample group will be implemented. Such an approach will be considered as it would potentially allow the researcher to gather an in-depth perspective vis-à-vis to the nature of the services which are currently provided to learners with ASD. The intentions of the study: Through the analysis of the data collected vis-à-vis to the SWOTs within the provision of support of learners with ASD it is intended that; i) a description in regards to the educational provision for learners with ASD within mainstream primary schools in Malta in light of the experiences and perceptions of the stakeholders involved will be acquired; ii) an analysis of the SWOTs which exist within the services for learners with ASD in primary state schools in Malta is carried out and iii) based on the SWOT analysis, recommendations that can lead to improvements in practice in the field of ASD in Malta and beyond will be provided. Conclusion: Due to the heterogeneity of individuals with ASD which spans across several deficits related to the social communication and interaction domain and also across areas linked to restricted, repetitive behavioural patterns, educational settings need to alter their standards according to the needs of their students. Thus, the standards established by schools throughout prior phases do not remain applicable forever, and therefore these need to be reviewed periodically in accordance with the diversities and the necessities of their learners. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autism%20spectrum%20disorders" title="autism spectrum disorders">autism spectrum disorders</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mainstream%20educational%20settings" title=" mainstream educational settings"> mainstream educational settings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=provision%20of%20support" title=" provision of support"> provision of support</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SWOT%20analysis" title=" SWOT analysis"> SWOT analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92088/applying-a-swot-analysis-to-inform-the-educational-provision-of-learners-with-autism-spectrum-disorders" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92088.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">193</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">835</span> Barriers for Appropriate Palliative Symptom Management: A Qualitative Research in Kazakhstan, a Medium-Income Transitional-Economy Country</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibragim%20Issabekov">Ibragim Issabekov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Byron%20Crape"> Byron Crape</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lyazzat%20Toleubekova"> Lyazzat Toleubekova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Palliative care substantially improves the quality of life of terminally-ill patients. Symptom control is one of the keystones in the management of patients in palliative care settings, lowering distress as well as improving the quality of life of patients with end-stage diseases. The most common symptoms causing significant distress for patients are pain, nausea and vomiting, increased respiratory secretions and mental health issues like depression. Aims are: 1. to identify best practices in symptom management in palliative patients in accordance with internationally approved guidelines and compare aforementioned with actual practices in Kazakhstan; to evaluate the criteria for assessing symptoms in terminally-ill patients, 2. to review the availability and utilization of pharmaceutical agents for pain control, management of excessive respiratory secretions, nausea, and vomiting, and delirium and 3. to develop recommendations for the systematic approach to end-of-life symptom management in Kazakhstan. Methods: The use of qualitative research methods together with systematic literature review have been employed to provide a rigorous research process to evaluate current approaches for symptom management of palliative patients in Kazakhstan. Qualitative methods include in-depth semi-structured interviews of the healthcare professionals involved in palliative care provision. Results: Obstacles were found in appropriate provision of palliative care. Inadequate education and training to manage severe symptoms, poorly defined laws and regulations for palliative care provision, and a lack of algorithms and guidelines for care were major barriers in the effective provision of palliative care. Conclusion: Assessment of palliative care in this medium-income transitional-economy country is one of the first steps in the initiation of integration of palliative care into the existing health system. Achieving this requires identifying obstacles and resolving these issues. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=end-of-life%20care" title="end-of-life care">end-of-life care</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=middle%20income%20country" title=" middle income country"> middle income country</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=palliative%20care" title=" palliative care"> palliative care</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=symptom%20control" title=" symptom control"> symptom control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84730/barriers-for-appropriate-palliative-symptom-management-a-qualitative-research-in-kazakhstan-a-medium-income-transitional-economy-country" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84730.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">200</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">834</span> Determinants of Pastoral Women's Demand for Credit: Evidence from Northern Kenya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anne%20Gesare%20Timu">Anne Gesare Timu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Megan%20Sheahan"> Megan Sheahan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Gache%20Mude"> Andrew Gache Mude</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rupsha%20Banerjee"> Rupsha Banerjee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Women headed households are among the most vulnerable to negative climatic shocks and are often left poorer as a result. Credit provision has been recognized as one way of alleviating rural poverty and developing poor rural households’ resilience to shocks. Much has been documented about credit demand in small-holder agriculture settings in Kenya. However, little is known about demand for credit among pastoral women. This paper analyzes the determinants of demand for credit in the pastoral regions of Marsabit District of Northern Kenya. Using a five wave balanced panel data set of 820 households, a double hurdle model is employed to analyze if shocks, financial literacy and risk aversion affect credit demand among female and male headed households differently. The results show that borrowing goods on credit and monetary credit from informal market segments are the most common sources of credit in the study area. The impact of livestock loss and financial literacy on the decision to borrow and how much to borrow vary with gender. While the paper suggests that provision of credit is particularly valuable in the aftermath of a negative shock and more so for female-headed households, it also explores alternatives to the provision of credit where credit access is a constraint. It recommends further understanding of systems and institutions which could enhance access to credit, and particularly during times of stress, to enable households in the study area in particular and Northern Kenya in general to invest, engage in meaningful development and growth, and be resilient to persistent shocks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=female%20headed%20households" title="female headed households">female headed households</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pastoralism" title=" pastoralism"> pastoralism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20financing" title=" rural financing"> rural financing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=double%20hurdle%20model" title=" double hurdle model"> double hurdle model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57831/determinants-of-pastoral-womens-demand-for-credit-evidence-from-northern-kenya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57831.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">269</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">833</span> Privatization and Ensuring Accountability in the Provision of Essential Services: A Case of Water in South Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Odufu%20Ifakachukwu%20Clifford">Odufu Ifakachukwu Clifford</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Developing country governments are struggling to meet the basic needs and demands of citizens, especially so for the rural poor. With tightly constrained budgets, these governments have followed the lead of developed countries that have sought to restructure public service delivery through privatization, contracting out, public-private partnerships, and similar reforms. Such reforms in service delivery are generally welcomed when it is believed that private sector partners are better equipped to provide certain services than are governments. With respect to basic and essential services, however, a higher degree of uncertainty and apprehension exists as the focus shifts from simply minimizing the costs of delivering services to broadening access to all citizens. The constitution stipulates that everyone has the right to have access to sufficient food and water. Affordable and/or subsidized water, then, is not a privilege but a basic right of all citizens. Citizens elect political representatives to serve in office, with their sole mandate being to provide for the needs of the citizenry. As governments pass on some amount of responsibility for service delivery to private businesses, these governments must be able to exercise control in order to account to the people for the work done by private partners. This paper examines the legislative and policy frameworks as well as the environment within which PPPs take place in South Africa and the extent to which accountability can be strengthened in this environment. Within the aforementioned backdrop of PPPs and accountability, the constricted focus area of the paper aims to assess the extent to which the provision of clean and safe consumable water in South Africa is sustainable, cost-effective in terms of provision, and affordable to all. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=privatisation" title="privatisation">privatisation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accountability" title=" accountability"> accountability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=essential%20services" title=" essential services"> essential services</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=government" title=" government"> government</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179891/privatization-and-ensuring-accountability-in-the-provision-of-essential-services-a-case-of-water-in-south-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179891.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">65</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">832</span> Delineation of Green Infrastructure Buffer Areas with a Simulated Annealing: Consideration of Ecosystem Services Trade-Offs in the Objective Function</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andres%20Manuel%20Garcia%20Lamparte">Andres Manuel Garcia Lamparte</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rocio%20Losada%20Iglesias"> Rocio Losada Iglesias</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marcos%20Boull%C3%B3N%20Magan"> Marcos BoullóN Magan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Miranda%20Barros"> David Miranda Barros</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The biodiversity strategy of the European Union for 2030, mentions climate change as one of the key factors for biodiversity loss and considers green infrastructure as one of the solutions to this problem. In this line, the European Commission has developed a green infrastructure strategy which commits members states to consider green infrastructure in their territorial planning. This green infrastructure is aimed at granting the provision of a wide number of ecosystem services to support biodiversity and human well-being by countering the effects of climate change. Yet, there are not too many tools available to delimit green infrastructure. The available ones consider the potential of the territory to provide ecosystem services. However, these methods usually aggregate several maps of ecosystem services potential without considering possible trade-offs. This can lead to excluding areas with a high potential for providing ecosystem services which have many trade-offs with other ecosystem services. In order to tackle this problem, a methodology is proposed to consider ecosystem services trade-offs in the objective function of a simulated annealing algorithm aimed at delimiting green infrastructure multifunctional buffer areas. To this end, the provision potential maps of the regulating ecosystem services considered to delimit the multifunctional buffer areas are clustered in groups, so that ecosystem services that create trade-offs are excluded in each group. The normalized provision potential maps of the ecosystem services in each group are added to obtain a potential map per group which is normalized again. Then the potential maps for each group are combined in a raster map that shows the highest provision potential value in each cell. The combined map is then used in the objective function of the simulated annealing algorithm. The algorithm is run both using the proposed methodology and considering the ecosystem services individually. The results are analyzed with spatial statistics and landscape metrics to check the number of ecosystem services that the delimited areas produce, as well as their regularity and compactness. It has been observed that the proposed methodology increases the number of ecosystem services produced by delimited areas, improving their multifunctionality and increasing their effectiveness in preventing climate change impacts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ecosystem%20services%20trade-offs" title="ecosystem services trade-offs">ecosystem services trade-offs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20infrastructure%20delineation" title=" green infrastructure delineation"> green infrastructure delineation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multifunctional%20buffer%20areas" title=" multifunctional buffer areas"> multifunctional buffer areas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change" title=" climate change"> climate change</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138768/delineation-of-green-infrastructure-buffer-areas-with-a-simulated-annealing-consideration-of-ecosystem-services-trade-offs-in-the-objective-function" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138768.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">174</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=provision&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=provision&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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