CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Samuel Alito - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"542c406c-a9d2-4513-859d-dec08227162c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Samuel_Alito","wgTitle":"Samuel Alito","wgCurRevisionId":1260717172,"wgRevisionId":1260717172,"wgArticleId":1199173,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","All articles with failed verification","Articles with failed verification from May 2024","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Use American English from February 2022","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use mdy dates from January 2016","Articles with hAudio microformats", "BLP articles lacking sources from October 2023","All BLP articles lacking sources","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2024","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024","Articles with failed verification from July 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from October 2023","Pages using Sister project links with default search","FJC Bio template with ID same as Wikidata","Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges","People appearing on C-SPAN","1950 births","Living people","20th-century American judges","20th-century Roman Catholics","21st-century American judges","21st-century Roman Catholics","American people of Italian descent","Assistant United States Attorneys","Catholics from New Jersey","Competitive debaters","Duke University School of Law faculty", "Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit","Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States","Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic","People from Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey","People from Trenton, New Jersey","People from West Caldwell, New Jersey","People of Calabrian descent","Princeton School of Public and International Affairs alumni","Reagan administration personnel","Seton Hall University School of Law faculty","Steinert High School alumni","United States Army officers","United States Attorneys for the District of New Jersey","United States court of appeals judges appointed by George H. W. Bush","United States federal judges appointed by George W. Bush","Yale Law School alumni"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Samuel_Alito","wgRelevantArticleId":1199173,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false, "wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Alito_J","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Samuel_Alito","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q11138","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP", "ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Samuel_Alito_official_photo.jpg/1200px-Samuel_Alito_official_photo.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1500"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Samuel_Alito_official_photo.jpg/800px-Samuel_Alito_official_photo.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1000"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Samuel_Alito_official_photo.jpg/640px-Samuel_Alito_official_photo.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Samuel Alito - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Samuel_Alito rootpage-Samuel_Alito skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Samuel+Alito" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Samuel+Alito" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Samuel+Alito" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Samuel+Alito" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Early life and education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_legal_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_legal_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Early legal career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_legal_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Court_of_Appeals_judge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_of_Appeals_judge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Court of Appeals judge </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Court_of_Appeals_judge-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Court of Appeals judge subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Court_of_Appeals_judge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nomination_and_confirmation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomination_and_confirmation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Nomination and confirmation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomination_and_confirmation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_opinions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_opinions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Notable opinions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_opinions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Supreme_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Supreme_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 U.S. Supreme Court </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-U.S._Supreme_Court-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle U.S. Supreme Court subsection </button> <ul id="toc-U.S._Supreme_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nomination_and_confirmation_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomination_and_confirmation_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Nomination and confirmation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomination_and_confirmation_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Tenure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abortion_jurisprudence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abortion_jurisprudence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Abortion jurisprudence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abortion_jurisprudence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_speech_jurisprudence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_speech_jurisprudence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Free speech jurisprudence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_speech_jurisprudence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Teaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Teaching </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethical_questions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethical_questions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Ethical questions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethical_questions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ethical questions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ethical_questions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accusations_of_accepting_gifts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusations_of_accepting_gifts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Accusations of accepting gifts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accusations_of_accepting_gifts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flag_display_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flag_display_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Flag display controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flag_display_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Related documents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Samuel Alito</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" > 38 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Samuel Alito" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88" title="صامويل أليتو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صامويل أليتو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88" title="ساموئل آلیتو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ساموئل آلیتو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Samuel Alito" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Samuel Alito" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Samuel Alito" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Samuel Alito" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Samuel Alito" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B5%CE%BB_%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Σάμιουελ Αλίτο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σάμιουελ Αλίτο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Samuel Alito" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88" title="ساموئل آلیتو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساموئل آلیتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Samuel Alito" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%88%EB%AE%A4%EC%96%BC_%EC%95%8C%EB%A6%AC%ED%86%A0" title="새뮤얼 알리토 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="새뮤얼 알리토" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_A._Alito,_Jr." title="Samuel A. Alito, Jr. – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Samuel A. Alito, Jr." data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Samuel Alito" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Samuel Alito" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Samuel Alito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95" title="סמואל אליטו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סמואל אליטו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Samuel Alito" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Samuel Alito" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B" title="सॅम्युएल अलिटो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सॅम्युएल अलिटो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88" title="صامويل اليتو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صامويل اليتو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Samuel Alito" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="サミュエル・アリート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サミュエル・アリート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Samuel Alito" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Samuel Alito" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Samuel Alito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Samuel Alito" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE,_%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Алито, Сэмюэль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алито, Сэмюэль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Samuel Alito" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%B5_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%86" title="ساموێڵ ئەلیتۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ساموێڵ ئەلیتۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Самјуел Алито – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Самјуел Алито" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Samuel Alito" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Samuel Alito" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Samuel Alito" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8E%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Семюел Аліто – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Семюел Аліто" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%88" title="سیموئیل الیٹو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیموئیل الیٹو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%B9%86%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%88%A9%E6%89%98" title="塞繆爾·阿利托 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="塞繆爾·阿利托" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11138#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Samuel_Alito" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Alito&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Alito&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Alito&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Alito&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Samuel_Alito" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Samuel_Alito" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Alito&oldid=1260717172" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Alito&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Samuel_Alito&id=1260717172&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSamuel_Alito">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSamuel_Alito">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Samuel_Alito&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Alito&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Samuel_A._Alito,_Jr." hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Samuel_Alito" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Samuel_Anthony_Alito" hreflang="en">Wikisource</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11138" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alito_J&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Alito J">Alito J</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">US Supreme Court justice since 2006</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Samuel Alito</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Alito_official_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Official portrait of Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Samuel_Alito_official_photo.jpg/220px-Samuel_Alito_official_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Samuel_Alito_official_photo.jpg/330px-Samuel_Alito_official_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Samuel_Alito_official_photo.jpg/440px-Samuel_Alito_official_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 2007</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">Assumed office January 31, 2006</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Nominated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office April 30, 1990 – January 31, 2006</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Nominated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Gibbons" title="John Joseph Gibbons">John Joseph Gibbons</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Greenaway_Jr." title="Joseph A. Greenaway Jr.">Joseph A. Greenaway Jr.</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey" title="United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey">United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office December 10, 1987 – April 30, 1990</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Nominated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Greelish" title="Thomas W. Greelish">Thomas Greelish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Attorney_General" title="United States Assistant Attorney General">Deputy Assistant Attorney General</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Legal_Counsel" title="Office of Legal Counsel">Office of Legal Counsel</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1985–1987</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Samuel Anthony Alito Jr.</div> (1950-04-01) April 1, 1950 (age 74) <a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton, New Jersey</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Martha-Ann Bomgardner</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1985)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavaliere_OMRI_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cavaliere_OMRI_BAR.svg/23px-Cavaliere_OMRI_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cavaliere_OMRI_BAR.svg/35px-Cavaliere_OMRI_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cavaliere_OMRI_BAR.svg/46px-Cavaliere_OMRI_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Order of Merit of the Italian Republic">Order of Merit of the Italian Republic</a> (2017)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Alito_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Samuel Alito's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Samuel_Alito_signature.svg/128px-Samuel_Alito_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Samuel_Alito_signature.svg/192px-Samuel_Alito_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Samuel_Alito_signature.svg/256px-Samuel_Alito_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="85" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> (1972) <a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Army_Reserve.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Seal_of_the_United_States_Army_Reserve.svg/23px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Army_Reserve.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Seal_of_the_United_States_Army_Reserve.svg/35px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Army_Reserve.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Seal_of_the_United_States_Army_Reserve.svg/46px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Army_Reserve.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve" title="United States Army Reserve">United States Army Reserve</a> (1972–1980)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O3_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/15px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/23px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/30px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Army_Signal_Corps_Coat_of_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/US_Army_Signal_Corps_Coat_of_Arms.svg/23px-US_Army_Signal_Corps_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/US_Army_Signal_Corps_Coat_of_Arms.svg/35px-US_Army_Signal_Corps_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/US_Army_Signal_Corps_Coat_of_Arms.svg/46px-US_Army_Signal_Corps_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="424" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_(United_States_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal Corps (United States Army)">Army Signal Corps</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Alito_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Murphy_v._National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association.ogg" title="File:Samuel Alito delivers the opinion of the Court in Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association.ogg">Samuel Alito's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="202" data-mwtitle="Samuel_Alito_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Murphy_v._National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Samuel_Alito_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Murphy_v._National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Samuel_Alito_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Murphy_v._National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association.ogg/Samuel_Alito_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Murphy_v._National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Samuel Alito delivers the opinion of the Court in <a href="/wiki/Murphy_v._National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association">Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association</a> Recorded May 14, 2018</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Samuel Anthony Alito Jr. (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/əˈliːtoʊ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ə-LEE-toh</a>; born April 1, 1950) is an American jurist who serves as an <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a>. He was <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination">nominated</a> to the high court by President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> on October 31, 2005, and has served on it since January 31, 2006. After <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a>, Alito is the second <a href="/wiki/Italian-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian-American">Italian American</a> justice to serve on the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a>. Alito was raised in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Township,_Mercer_County,_New_Jersey" title="Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey">Hamilton Township, New Jersey</a>, and was educated at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>. After graduating from law school, he worked as an assistant attorney general for the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Legal_Counsel" title="Office of Legal Counsel">Office of Legal Counsel</a> and served as the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Attorney_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey">U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey</a>. In 1990, Alito was appointed as a judge on the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit</a>, where he served until joining the Supreme Court. He has called himself a "practical originalist"<a href="#cite_note-Originalist-1">[1]</a> and is a member of the Supreme Court's <a href="/wiki/Ideological_leanings_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices" title="Ideological leanings of United States Supreme Court justices">conservative bloc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Granick-2">[2]</a> Alito has written majority opinions in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_court_decisions_in_the_United_States" title="List of landmark court decisions in the United States">landmark cases</a> <a href="/wiki/McDonald_v._Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonald v. Chicago">McDonald v. Chicago</a> (2010) on firearm rights, <a href="/wiki/Burwell_v._Hobby_Lobby" class="mw-redirect" title="Burwell v. Hobby Lobby">Burwell v. Hobby Lobby</a> (2014) on insurance coverage, <a href="/wiki/Janus_v._AFSCME" title="Janus v. AFSCME">Janus v. AFSCME</a> (2018) on public-sector union security agreements, and <a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a> (2022) on abortion. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> Alito was born in <a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton</a>, New Jersey. He was the son of Samuel A. Alito Sr., a <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabrian</a> immigrant from <a href="/wiki/Roccella_Ionica" title="Roccella Ionica">Roccella Ionica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, and Rose Fradusco, an <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian-American</a> whose parents came from <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_San_Gervasio" title="Palazzo San Gervasio">Palazzo San Gervasio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-i-ItalyNY-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Alito's father earned a master's degree at <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> and was a high school teacher and later the first director of the New Jersey Office of Legislative Services, a state government position he held from 1952 to 1984. Alito's mother was a schoolteacher.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Alito grew up in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Township,_Mercer_County,_New_Jersey" title="Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey">Hamilton Township, New Jersey</a>, a suburb of Trenton.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> He attended <a href="/wiki/Steinert_High_School" title="Steinert High School">Steinert High School</a>, where he graduated in 1968 as the class <a href="/wiki/Valedictorian" title="Valedictorian">valedictorian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> subsequently matriculating at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>. In 1972, he graduated with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Summa_cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa cum laude">summa cum laude</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_School_of_Public_and_International_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs">Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Findlaw.com-9">[9]</a> His senior thesis, supervised by political scientist <a href="/wiki/Walter_F._Murphy" title="Walter F. Murphy">Walter F. Murphy</a>, was entitled "An Introduction to the Italian Constitutional Court".<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> At Princeton, Alito chaired a student conference in 1971 called "The Boundaries of Privacy in American Society", which supported curbs on domestic intelligence gathering and anticipated the need for <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act">a statute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court">a court</a> to oversee national security surveillance.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The conference report itself also called for the <a href="/wiki/Decriminalization" title="Decriminalization">decriminalization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>, and urged for an end to discrimination against <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">gays</a> in hiring by employers. Alito also led the <a href="/wiki/American_Whig-Cliosophic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="American Whig-Cliosophic Society">American Whig-Cliosophic Society</a>'s Debate Panel during his time at Princeton.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> He avoided Princeton's <a href="/wiki/Eating_clubs_at_Princeton_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Eating clubs at Princeton University">eating clubs</a>, joining Stevenson Hall instead.<a href="#cite_note-NYT1nov05-13">[13]</a> In December 1969, while a sophomore at Princeton, Alito received a low lottery number of 32 in the <a href="/wiki/Selective_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective Service">Selective Service</a> drawing. He became a member of the school's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a> <a href="/wiki/ROTC" class="mw-redirect" title="ROTC">ROTC</a> program.<a href="#cite_note-reserves-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[a]</a> Alito was commissioned a <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second lieutenant (United States)">second lieutenant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve" title="United States Army Reserve">United States Army Reserve</a> in 1972. He began his military duty after graduating from law school in 1975 and served on active duty from September to December while attending the <a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_(United_States_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal Corps (United States Army)">Signal</a> Officer Basic Course at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Gordon" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Gordon">Fort Gordon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._State)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia (U.S. State)">Georgia</a>. Alito was promoted to <a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="First lieutenant (United States)">first lieutenant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">captain</a>, and completed his service obligation as a member of the inactive reserve before being honorably discharged in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-reserves-14">[14]</a> At Princeton, Alito was "almost alone" in his familiarity with the writings of <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">John Marshall Harlan II</a><a href="#cite_note-princeton-17">[16]</a> and was much influenced by the course on constitutional interpretation taught by <a href="/wiki/Walter_F._Murphy" title="Walter F. Murphy">Walter F. Murphy</a>, also his faculty adviser.<a href="#cite_note-princeton-17">[16]</a> During his senior year at Princeton, Alito moved out of New Jersey for the first time to study in Italy, where he wrote his thesis on the Italian legal system.<a href="#cite_note-supreme_conflict-18">[17]</a> Graduating in 1972, Alito left a sign of his aspirations in his yearbook, which said that he hoped to "eventually warm a seat on the Supreme Court".<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Alito then attended <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>, where he served as an editor of the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Law Journal">Yale Law Journal</a> and earned a <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a> in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-Findlaw.com-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_legal_career">Early legal career</h2></div> After graduating from law school, Alito <a href="/wiki/Law_clerk" title="Law clerk">clerked</a> for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit">Third Circuit</a> appeals judge <a href="/wiki/Leonard_I._Garth" title="Leonard I. Garth">Leonard I. Garth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a>, in 1976 and 1977.<a href="#cite_note-supreme_conflict-18">[17]</a> He interviewed with Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a> for a clerkship but was not hired.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Between 1977 and 1981, Alito was Assistant <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">United States Attorney</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._District_Court_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey">District of New Jersey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> There, he served under the then-chief of the appeals division Assistant U.S. Attorney, <a href="/wiki/Maryanne_Trump_Barry" title="Maryanne Trump Barry">Maryanne Trump Barry</a> (Barry, the eldest sister of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, later became a federal judge).<a href="#cite_note-NYT08nov05-22">[21]</a> While an Assistant U.S. Attorney for New Jersey, he prosecuted many cases involving <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug trafficking">drug trafficking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> From 1981 to 1985, Alito was Assistant to <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">U.S. Solicitor General</a> <a href="/wiki/Rex_E._Lee" title="Rex E. Lee">Rex E. Lee</a>. In that capacity he argued 12 cases before the Supreme Court for the federal government.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Thornburgh_v._American_College_of_Obstetricians_%26_Gynecologists" title="Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists">Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists</a> (1986), the Supreme Court ruled against <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fried" title="Charles Fried">Charles Fried</a> after he rejected a memo by Alito urging the Solicitor General to avoid directly attacking the constitutional right to an abortion.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Alito lost only two of the cases he argued before the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> From 1985 to 1987, Alito was <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Assistant_Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Assistant Attorney General">Deputy Assistant Attorney General</a> under <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Cooper" title="Charles J. Cooper">Charles J. Cooper</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Legal_Counsel" title="Office of Legal Counsel">Office of Legal Counsel</a> during the tenure of Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Edwin Meese</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_F._Manning" title="John F. Manning">John F. Manning</a> worked under Alito there.<a href="#cite_note-NYT1nov05-13">[13]</a> Between 1986 and 1987, Alito authored nearly 470 pages of memoranda, in which he argued for expanding his client's law enforcement and personnel authorities.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> In his 1985 application for Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Alito espoused <a href="/wiki/American_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="American conservatism">conservative</a> views, naming <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Buckley, Jr.">William F. Buckley, Jr.</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bickel" title="Alexander Bickel">Alexander Bickel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>'s <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1964" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1964">1964 presidential campaign</a> as major influences. He also expressed concern about <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren Court</a> decisions in the areas of criminal procedure, the <a href="/wiki/Establishment_Clause_of_the_First_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="Establishment Clause of the First Amendment">Establishment Clause</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reapportionment" class="mw-redirect" title="Reapportionment">reapportionment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> From 1987 to 1990, Alito was the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey" title="United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey">United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> When he arrived, the office had begun the prosecution of 20 defendants accused of being mob affiliates of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Accetturo" title="Anthony Accetturo">Anthony Accetturo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> In August 1988, the two-year trial, then the longest federal criminal trial in history, ended in the acquittal of all 20 after less than two days of jury deliberations.<a href="#cite_note-NYT02nov05-31">[30]</a> Alito soon hired <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a> as his chief deputy.<a href="#cite_note-NYT02nov05-31">[30]</a> After an FBI agent was shot in the line of duty in 1988, Alito personally handled the trial, assigning himself the then-novice <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Rabner" title="Stuart Rabner">Stuart Rabner</a> as an assistant, and securing the shooter's conviction.<a href="#cite_note-NYT02nov05-31">[30]</a> In March 1988, Alito sought a rehearing of extradition proceedings against two Indian men, represented by <a href="/wiki/Ron_Kuby" title="Ron Kuby">Ron Kuby</a>, who were accused of being terrorist assassins, after Alito discovered that the death threats his prosecutor, Judy G. Russell, had received had been sent to her by herself.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> The prosecutor was later found not guilty of <a href="/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruction of justice">obstruction of justice</a> by reason of <a href="/wiki/Insanity_defense" title="Insanity defense">insanity</a>, after psychiatrists found she may have suffered from <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, with up to four <a href="/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder" title="Dissociative identity disorder">distinct personalities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT02nov05-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> In 1989, Alito prosecuted a member of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Red_Army" title="Japanese Red Army">Japanese Red Army</a> for planning a terrorist bombing in Manhattan.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Alito is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> a group of conservative and <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a> lawyers and legal students interested in conservative legal theory.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Court_of_Appeals_judge">Court of Appeals judge</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomination_and_confirmation">Nomination and confirmation</h3></div> Third Circuit Judges <a href="/wiki/Leonard_I._Garth" title="Leonard I. Garth">Leonard I. Garth</a>, for whom Alito clerked, and <a href="/wiki/Maryanne_Trump_Barry" title="Maryanne Trump Barry">Maryanne Trump Barry</a>, under whom Alito worked as an assistant U.S. Attorney, recommended Alito's judicial nomination to President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT08nov05-22">[21]</a> On February 20, 1990, Bush nominated Alito to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit</a>, to a seat vacated by <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Gibbons" title="John Joseph Gibbons">John Joseph Gibbons</a>. The <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a> rated Alito "Well Qualified" at the time of his nomination. He was confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Unanimous_consent" title="Unanimous consent">unanimous consent</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> on April 27, 1990,<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> and received his commission three days later. As a Third Circuit judge, his chambers were in <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-supreme_conflict-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_opinions">Notable opinions</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Bradford" title="Mel Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pangle" title="Thomas Pangle">Pangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Political views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground_(book)" title="Losing Ground (book)">Losing Ground</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theocracy" title="American Theocracy">American Theocracy</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (historically, factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Newspapers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></li></ul> Journals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a> (defunct)</li></ul> TV channels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> Websites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Economics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> Gun rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> Identity politics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America">ACT!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> Nativist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> Watchdog groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> (defunct)</li></ul> Youth/student groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> Miscellaneous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" title="National Conservative Political Action Committee">NCPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican">South Park Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Abortion</dt></dl> <ul><li>On a Third Circuit panel, the majority in <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v. Casey</a> overturned one part of a law regulating abortion, the provision mandating that married women first inform their husbands if they sought an abortion. Alito, the third judge on the panel, disagreed, arguing that he would have upheld the spousal notification requirement along with the rest of the law.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Federalism</dt></dl> <ul><li>A dissenting opinion in <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Rybar" title="United States v. Rybar">United States v. Rybar</a>, 103 F.3d 273 (3d Cir. 1996), arguing that a U.S. law banning private citizens from owning <a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">submachine guns</a> was similar to one struck down by the Supreme Court in <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Lopez" title="United States v. Lopez">United States v. Lopez</a> and thus outside the authority of Congress under the <a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a>.</li> <li>A majority opinion in <a href="/wiki/Chittister_v._Department_of_Community_%26_Economic_Development" title="Chittister v. Department of Community & Economic Development">Chittister v. Department of Community & Economic Development</a>, 226 F.3d 223 (3d Cir. 2000). This case concerned an employee's claim of wrongful termination under the <a href="/wiki/Family_and_Medical_Leave_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Family and Medical Leave Act">Family and Medical Leave Act</a> against the Commonwealth of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. States are free to maintain <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity" title="Sovereign immunity">sovereign immunity</a> under the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a>. Since Pennsylvania had maintained its immunity to such suits, Alito affirmed the lower court's dismissal of the employee's claims.</li></ul> <dl><dt>First Amendment</dt></dl> <ul><li>A majority opinion in <a href="/wiki/Saxe_v._State_College_Area_School_District" title="Saxe v. State College Area School District">Saxe v. State College Area School District</a>, 240 F.3d 200 (3d Cir. 2001), holding that a public school district's anti-harassment policy was unconstitutionally overbroad and therefore violated <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States">First Amendment</a> guarantees of <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a>.</li> <li>A majority opinion in <a href="/wiki/ACLU_v._Schundler" class="mw-redirect" title="ACLU v. Schundler">ACLU v. Schundler</a>, 168 F.3d 92 (3d Cir. 1999), holding that a government-sponsored holiday display consisting solely of religious symbols was impermissible, but that a mixed display including both secular and religious symbols was permissible if balanced in a generally secular context.</li> <li>A dissenting opinion in <a href="/wiki/C._H._v._Oliva" title="C. H. v. Oliva">C. H. v. Oliva</a> (3d Cir. 2000), arguing that the removal and subsequent replacement in "a less conspicuous spot" of a kindergartener's religious themed poster was, at least potentially, a violation of his right to free expression.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Fourth and Eighth Amendments</dt></dl> <ul><li>A dissenting opinion in <a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Groody" title="Doe v. Groody">Doe v. Groody</a>, arguing that <a href="/wiki/Qualified_immunity" title="Qualified immunity">qualified immunity</a> should have protected police officers from a finding of having violated constitutional rights when they <a href="/wiki/Strip-search" class="mw-redirect" title="Strip-search">strip-searched</a> a mother and her ten-year-old daughter while carrying out a <a href="/wiki/Search_warrant" title="Search warrant">search warrant</a> that authorized the search of a residence.</li> <li>A unanimous opinion in Chadwick v. Janecka (3d Cir. 2002), holding that there was "no federal constitutional bar" to the "indefinite confinement" of a <a href="/wiki/H._Beatty_Chadwick" title="H. Beatty Chadwick">man imprisoned</a> for <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_court" title="Contempt of court">civil contempt</a> because he would not pay his $2.5 million debt to his wife.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Civil rights</dt></dl> <ul><li>A unanimous opinion in <a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Price" title="Williams v. Price">Williams v. Price</a>, 343 F.3d 223 (3d Cir. 2003), granting a writ of <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a> to a black state prisoner after state courts had refused to consider the testimony of a witness who stated that a juror had uttered derogatory remarks about blacks during an encounter in the courthouse after the conclusion of the trial.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a></li> <li>A dissenting opinion in Glass v. Philadelphia Electric Company, 34 F.3d 188 (3rd Cir. 1994), arguing that a lower court did not abuse its discretion in excluding certain evidence of past conduct that defendant had created a hostile and racist work environment.</li> <li>A majority opinion in Robinson v. City of Pittsburgh, 120 F.3d 1286 (3rd Cir. 1997), rejecting a female police officer's <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection</a>-based sexual harassment and retaliation claims against the city and certain police officials and rejecting her <a href="/wiki/Title_VII_of_the_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" class="mw-redirect" title="Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964">Title VII</a>-based retaliation claim against the city, but allowing her Title VII-based <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual harassment</a> claim against the city.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Supreme_Court">U.S. Supreme Court</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-BLP_sources_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-BLP_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section of a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">biography of a living person</a> needs additional <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#Remove_contentious_material_that_is_unsourced_or_poorly_sourced" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Contentious material</a> about living persons that is unsourced or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources#Questionable_and_self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">poorly sourced</a> must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel" title="Wikipedia:Libel">libelous</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Samuel+Alito%22">"Samuel Alito"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Samuel+Alito%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Samuel+Alito%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Samuel+Alito%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Samuel+Alito%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Samuel+Alito%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (October 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomination_and_confirmation_2">Nomination and confirmation</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination">Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:With_President_George_W._Bush_Looking_on,_Judge_Samuel_A._Alito_Acknowledges_his_Nomination_as_Associate_Justice_of_the_U.S._Supreme_Court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/With_President_George_W._Bush_Looking_on%2C_Judge_Samuel_A._Alito_Acknowledges_his_Nomination_as_Associate_Justice_of_the_U.S._Supreme_Court.jpg/220px-With_President_George_W._Bush_Looking_on%2C_Judge_Samuel_A._Alito_Acknowledges_his_Nomination_as_Associate_Justice_of_the_U.S._Supreme_Court.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/With_President_George_W._Bush_Looking_on%2C_Judge_Samuel_A._Alito_Acknowledges_his_Nomination_as_Associate_Justice_of_the_U.S._Supreme_Court.jpg/330px-With_President_George_W._Bush_Looking_on%2C_Judge_Samuel_A._Alito_Acknowledges_his_Nomination_as_Associate_Justice_of_the_U.S._Supreme_Court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/With_President_George_W._Bush_Looking_on%2C_Judge_Samuel_A._Alito_Acknowledges_his_Nomination_as_Associate_Justice_of_the_U.S._Supreme_Court.jpg/440px-With_President_George_W._Bush_Looking_on%2C_Judge_Samuel_A._Alito_Acknowledges_his_Nomination_as_Associate_Justice_of_the_U.S._Supreme_Court.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>With President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> looking on, Alito acknowledges his nomination.</figcaption></figure> On July 1, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a> announced her retirement from the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> effective upon the confirmation of a successor. President George W. Bush first nominated <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> to the vacancy, but when <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> died on September 3, Bush withdrew Roberts's nomination to fill O'Connor's seat and instead nominated Roberts to the Chief Justiceship. On October 3, Bush nominated <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers" title="Harriet Miers">Harriet Miers</a> to replace O'Connor. Miers withdrew her acceptance of the nomination on October 27 after encountering widespread opposition. On October 31, Bush announced that he was nominating Alito to O'Connor's seat, and he submitted the nomination to the Senate on November 10.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Alito was unanimously rated "well qualified" to fill the Associate Justice post by the <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a>'s Standing Committee on Federal Judiciary, which measures the professional qualifications of a nominee.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> The committee rates judges as "not qualified", "qualified", or "well qualified".<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leonard Leo</a> was selected to play a role in shepherding Alito's appointment through the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Alito's confirmation hearing was held from January 9 to 13, 2006. Two active-duty members of the Third Circuit, Judge <a href="/wiki/Maryanne_Trump_Barry" title="Maryanne Trump Barry">Maryanne Trump Barry</a> and Chief Judge <a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Scirica" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony J. Scirica">Anthony J. Scirica</a>, testified in Alito's confirmation hearing, as did five senior and retired circuit judges.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Alito responded to some 700 questions over 18 hours of testimony. He rejected the use of foreign legal materials in the Constitution, did not state a position on cameras in courtrooms (he had supported them while on the 3rd Circuit), said Congress could choose to outlaw <a href="/wiki/LGBT_employment_discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="LGBT employment discrimination in the United States">LGBT employment discrimination in the United States</a> if it wished, and told then-Senator <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (D-DE) that he endorsed a weak version of the <a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">unitary executive theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> On January 24, his nomination was voted out of the Senate Judiciary Committee on a 10–8 party line vote. Democratic Senators characterized Alito as a hard-right conservative in the mold of <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a>. Alito professed reluctance to commit to any type of ideology, stating he would act as an impartial referee. He said he would look at abortion with an open mind but would not state how he would rule on <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a> if that decision were to be challenged. Democrats on the committee asked Alito about his past association with the conservative group <a href="/wiki/Concerned_Alumni_of_Princeton" title="Concerned Alumni of Princeton">Concerned Alumni of Princeton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Alito said that he had listed an affiliation with the group on his application to <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s Justice Department in order to establish his conservative credentials: "You have to look at the question that I was responding to and the form that I was filling out... I was applying for a position in the Reagan administration. And my answers were truthful statements, but what I was trying to outline were the things that were relevant to obtaining a political position."<a href="#cite_note-dp-2006-47">[46]</a> But during the confirmation hearings, he disavowed the group, whose views were criticized as racist and sexist, saying: "I disavow them. I deplore them. They represent things that I have always stood against and I can't express too strongly."<a href="#cite_note-dp-2006-47">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> (ACLU) formally opposed Alito's nomination to the Supreme Court. The ACLU has only taken this step three other times in its entire history, opposing the nominations of <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Brett Kavanaugh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> In releasing its report<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> on Alito, ACLU Executive Director <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Romero" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Romero">Anthony Romero</a> said, "At a time when our president has claimed unprecedented authority to spy on Americans and jail terrorism suspects indefinitely, America needs a Supreme Court justice who will uphold our precious <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>. Alito's record shows a willingness to support government actions that abridge individual freedoms."<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alitoswornin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alitoswornin.JPG/220px-Alitoswornin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alitoswornin.JPG/330px-Alitoswornin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alitoswornin.JPG/440px-Alitoswornin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Alito ceremonially sworn in by <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_G._Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="John G. Roberts">John Roberts</a> the day after his confirmation, February 1, 2006.</figcaption></figure> Debate on the nomination began in the full Senate on January 25. After a failed <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibuster</a> attempt by Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>, the Senate confirmed Alito to the Supreme Court on January 31 by a vote of 58–42.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> All Senate Republicans voted in favor of confirmation except <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Chafee" title="Lincoln Chafee">Lincoln Chafee</a>, and all Senate Democrats voted against confirmation except <a href="/wiki/Tim_Johnson_(South_Dakota_politician)" title="Tim Johnson (South Dakota politician)">Tim Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Robert Byrd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent_Conrad" title="Kent Conrad">Kent Conrad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Nelson" title="Ben Nelson">Ben Nelson</a>. An Independent, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">Jim Jeffords</a>, voted against confirmation.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Alito was sworn in as an associate justice of the Supreme Court later that day.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> He became the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">110th justice</a>, the second Italian-American,<a href="#cite_note-110th-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-number-57">[56]</a> the 11th Catholic in the history of the Supreme Court, the fifth Catholic on the Court at the time he assumed office, and one of six on the Court as of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-adherents-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Because Alito joined the Court mid-term, he did not participate in the decisions of most of the early cases in the Court term because he had not heard arguments for them. These decisions were released with an 8-member Court; none were 4–4, so Alito would not have been the deciding vote in any of them if he had participated. Only three of these cases – <a href="/wiki/Garcetti_v._Ceballos" title="Garcetti v. Ceballos">Garcetti v. Ceballos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hudson_v._Michigan" title="Hudson v. Michigan">Hudson v. Michigan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kansas_v._Marsh" title="Kansas v. Marsh">Kansas v. Marsh</a> – were reargued since a tie needed to be broken.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenure">Tenure</h3></div> Alito delivered his first written Supreme Court opinion on May 1, 2006, in <a href="/wiki/Holmes_v._South_Carolina" title="Holmes v. South Carolina">Holmes v. South Carolina</a>, a case involving the right of criminal defendants to present evidence that a third party committed the crime. From the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Rehnquist_Court" title="Rehnquist Court">Rehnquist Court</a> to the nomination of Justice <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a>, each new justice has been given a unanimous opinion to write as their first Supreme Court opinion; this practice is designed to help "break in" new justices so that each justice has at least one unanimous, uncontroversial opinion under their belt.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Alito wrote for a unanimous court in ordering a new trial for Bobby Lee Holmes due to South Carolina's rule that barred such evidence based on the strength of the prosecution's case, rather than on the relevance and strength of the defense evidence itself. His other majority opinions in his first term were in <a href="/wiki/Zedner_v._United_States" title="Zedner v. United States">Zedner v. United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodford_v._Ngo" title="Woodford v. Ngo">Woodford v. Ngo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arlington_Central_School_District_Board_of_Education_v._Murphy" title="Arlington Central School District Board of Education v. Murphy">Arlington Central School District Board of Education v. Murphy</a>. In his first term, Alito compiled a fairly conservative record. For example, in the three reargued cases (Garcetti v. Ceballos, Hudson v. Michigan and Kansas v. Marsh), Alito created a 5–4 majority by voting with the four other conservative Justices – <a href="/wiki/John_G._Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="John G. Roberts">Chief Justice John G. Roberts</a> and Justices <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>. He further voted with the conservative wing of the court on <a href="/wiki/Sanchez-Llamas_v._Oregon" title="Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon">Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rapanos_v._United_States" title="Rapanos v. United States">Rapanos v. United States</a>. Alito also dissented in <a href="/wiki/Hamdan_v._Rumsfeld" title="Hamdan v. Rumsfeld">Hamdan v. Rumsfeld</a> alongside Justices Scalia and Thomas. Alito delivered the Supreme Court Historical Society's 2008 Annual Lecture, "The Origin of the Baseball Antitrust Exemption". The lecture was published in two journals.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> In 2013, political scientists Andrew Martin and Kevin Quinn called[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Alito "one of the most conservative justices on the Court".<a href="#cite_note-Alberti-2022-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Granick-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] While his voting record is conservative, he does not always join the opinions of the Court's other conservative justices. On February 1, 2006, in Alito's first decision on the Supreme Court, he voted with the majority (6–3) to refuse Missouri's request to vacate the <a href="/wiki/Stay_of_execution" title="Stay of execution">stay of execution</a> issued by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eighth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit">Eighth Circuit</a> for death-row inmate <a href="/wiki/Michael_Taylor_(American_murderer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Taylor (American murderer)">Michael Taylor</a>. Justices Roberts, Scalia and Thomas were in favor of vacating the stay; Missouri had twice asked the justices to lift the stay and permit the execution.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Moreover, despite having been at one time nicknamed "Scalito", Alito's views have differed from those of Scalia (and Thomas), as in the Michael Taylor case and various other cases of the 2005 term. A fierce critic of reliance on legislative history in statutory interpretation,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Scalia was the only member of the Court in <a href="/wiki/Zedner_v._United_States" title="Zedner v. United States">Zedner v. United States</a> not to join a section of Alito's opinion that discussed the legislative history of the statute in question. In two higher-profile cases, one involving the constitutionality of political gerrymandering and one involving <a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Campaign finance reform in the United States">campaign finance reform</a> (<a href="/wiki/LULAC_v._Perry" class="mw-redirect" title="LULAC v. Perry">LULAC v. Perry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Randall_v._Sorrell" title="Randall v. Sorrell">Randall v. Sorrell</a>), Alito adopted narrow positions, declining to join the bolder positions advanced by either philosophical side of the Court. According to a <a href="/wiki/SCOTUSblog" title="SCOTUSblog">SCOTUSblog</a> analysis of 2005 term decisions, Alito and Scalia concurred in the result of 86% of decisions in which both participated, and concurred in full in 75%.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Alito also differed from Scalia in applying originalism flexibly to arrive at conservative outcomes "with plodding consistency", rather than following it so strictly as to occasionally produce outcomes unfavorable to conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-talbot_alito-69">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swearing-in_Ceremony_for_Secretary_of_Defense_Mark_Esper_(48374478966).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Swearing-in_Ceremony_for_Secretary_of_Defense_Mark_Esper_%2848374478966%29.jpg/220px-Swearing-in_Ceremony_for_Secretary_of_Defense_Mark_Esper_%2848374478966%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Swearing-in_Ceremony_for_Secretary_of_Defense_Mark_Esper_%2848374478966%29.jpg/330px-Swearing-in_Ceremony_for_Secretary_of_Defense_Mark_Esper_%2848374478966%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Swearing-in_Ceremony_for_Secretary_of_Defense_Mark_Esper_%2848374478966%29.jpg/440px-Swearing-in_Ceremony_for_Secretary_of_Defense_Mark_Esper_%2848374478966%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2333" /></a><figcaption>Alito swearing in <a href="/wiki/Mark_Esper" title="Mark Esper">Mark Esper</a> as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States Secretary of Defense</a> in 2019.</figcaption></figure> Alito's majority opinion in the 2008 worker protection case <a href="/wiki/Gomez-Perez_v._Potter" title="Gomez-Perez v. Potter">Gomez-Perez v. Potter</a> cleared the way for federal workers who experience retaliation after filing age discrimination complaints to sue for damages. He sided with the liberal bloc of the court, inferring protection against retaliation in the federal-sector provision of the <a href="/wiki/Age_Discrimination_in_Employment_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Age Discrimination in Employment Act">Age Discrimination in Employment Act</a> despite the lack of an explicit provision concerning retaliation. Alito joined Thomas in writing a separate dissent in <a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> In 2020, Alito wrote a dissent joined by Thomas to <a href="/wiki/Bostock_v._Clayton_County" title="Bostock v. Clayton County">Bostock v. Clayton County</a>, arguing that Title VII of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> does not prohibit discrimination by <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a> and criticizing the majority's interpretation of Title VII.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> In October 2020, Alito agreed with the other justices on the denial of an appeal filed by Kim Davis, a county clerk who refused to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. On November 12, 2020, Alito made headlines for comments about the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. Speaking to the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a>, Alito criticized what he called the "loss of individual liberties", saying, "We have never before seen restrictions as severe, extensive and prolonged as those experienced for most of 2020" and calling the pandemic "a Constitutional stress test".<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Alito has called himself a "practical <a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">originalist</a>"<a href="#cite_note-Originalist-1">[1]</a> and is a member of the Court's <a href="/wiki/Ideological_leanings_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices" title="Ideological leanings of United States Supreme Court justices">conservative bloc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-YLJ2017.1-76">[75]</a> He has been described as one of the Court's "most conservative justices".<a href="#cite_note-Granick-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alberti-2022-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, since the 2020 appointment of Justice <a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a>, Alito has become "the embodiment of a conservative majority that is ambitious and extreme", overruling progressive precedents from the 1960s and '70s that were previously out of conservatives' reach.<a href="#cite_note-talbot_alito-69">[68]</a> Alito drew controversy in June 2024 when a filmmaker who had been posing as a conservative posted a secret recording in which he could be heard agreeing with her assertion that Christians should win "the moral argument" against the Left and return the country to "a place of godliness".<a href="#cite_note-alitorecordabc-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-alitorecordguardian-80">[79]</a> When asked about <a href="/wiki/Political_polarization_in_the_United_States" title="Political polarization in the United States">political polarization in the United States</a>, he responded, "one side or the other is going to win".<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abortion_jurisprudence">Abortion jurisprudence</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_-_Roberts_Court_2018_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_-_Roberts_Court_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="121" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Samuel Alito, 2018</figcaption></figure> In 2003, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Partial-Birth_Abortion_Ban_Act" title="Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act">Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act</a>, which led to a lawsuit in the case of <a href="/wiki/Gonzales_v._Carhart" title="Gonzales v. Carhart">Gonzales v. Carhart</a>. The Court had previously ruled in <a href="/wiki/Stenberg_v._Carhart" title="Stenberg v. Carhart">Stenberg v. Carhart</a> that a state's ban on <a href="/wiki/Partial_birth_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial birth abortion">partial birth abortion</a> was unconstitutional because such a ban did not have an exception in the case of a threat to the health of the mother. The membership of the Court changed after Stenberg, with Roberts and Alito replacing Rehnquist (a dissenter in Roe) and O'Connor (a supporter of Roe) respectively. Further, the ban at issue in Gonzales v. Carhart was a federal statute, rather than a state statute as in the Stenberg case. On April 18, 2007, the Supreme Court handed down a decision ruling the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act constitutional. Kennedy wrote for the five-justice majority that Congress was within its power to generally ban the procedure, although the Court left open the door for as-applied challenges. Kennedy said that the challenged statute was consistent with the Court's prior decisions in <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v. Casey</a>, and Stenberg v. Carhart. Alito joined fully in the majority, as did Roberts. Thomas filed a concurring opinion, joined by Scalia, contending that the Court's prior decisions in Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey should be reversed, and also noting that the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act may exceed the powers of Congress under the Commerce Clause. Alito, Roberts, and Kennedy did not join that assertion. Justices <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a> dissented, contending that the ruling ignored Supreme Court abortion precedent. On May 2, 2022, <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a> published a <a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization#Leaked_draft_opinion" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">leak of a first draft of a majority opinion</a> by Alito that circulated among the justices in February 2022 for the upcoming decision in <a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a>. The opinion would overturn <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v. Casey</a>, and would likely either severely restrict access to abortion or make it completely illegal in states with <a href="/wiki/Trigger_law" title="Trigger law">trigger laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> On June 24, 2022, the ruling was handed down. It was mostly identical to the leaked draft, with the addition of replies to the dissenting and concurring opinions. Alito wrote that "Roe was egregiously wrong from the start", that its reasoning was "exceptionally weak" and that, "far from bringing about a national settlement of the abortion issue", it had "enflamed debate and deepened division".<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> In July 2022, Alito gave his first public comments on the ruling in a keynote address for <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_Law_School" title="Notre Dame Law School">Notre Dame Law School</a>'s Religious Liberty Initiative in Rome. He mocked several foreign leaders for criticizing the decision, particularly U.K. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, referencing his pending resignation, and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex">Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex</a>, who had compared the ruling to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> During an October 2022 talk at <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a>, Alito said that the leaked opinion made some justices "targets for assassination", referring to the <a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh_alleged_assassination_plot" class="mw-redirect" title="Brett Kavanaugh alleged assassination plot">assassination attempt on fellow Justice Brett Kavanaugh</a> during that year.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> At the same event, he said that "questioning [the Court's] integrity crosses an important line", which many media commentators interpreted as criticism of Kagan's recent statements on the court's overturning of precedent during the past term.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> In November 2022, as the investigation into who had leaked the draft opinion was still ongoing, it was revealed that <a href="/wiki/Rob_Schenck" title="Rob Schenck">Rob Schenck</a>, an evangelical minister and former anti-abortion activist, had written Roberts a letter about an alleged previous leak of a Supreme Court decision. He wrote that he had been informed of the outcome of <a href="/wiki/Burwell_v._Hobby_Lobby" class="mw-redirect" title="Burwell v. Hobby Lobby">Burwell v. Hobby Lobby</a> weeks before the June 2014 decision, authored by Alito and favorable to anti-abortion conservatives, was officially announced.<a href="#cite_note-Nytimes_Schenck-88">[87]</a> Schenck claimed to have heard of the outcome from Gayle Wright, a conservative donor, shortly after she and her husband had lunch with Alito and his wife on June 3, 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Nytimes_Schenck-88">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> claims contemporaneous emails written by Schenck "strongly suggested he knew the outcome and the author of the Hobby Lobby decision before it was made public."<a href="#cite_note-Nytimes_Schenck-88">[87]</a> In a statement, Alito denied having revealed the outcome or authorship of any decision before its official announcement, but did not dispute that the June 3 lunch with Wright had occurred.<a href="#cite_note-Nytimes_Schenck-88">[87]</a> On April 21, 2023, Alito dissented when the Supreme Court reversed a ruling by Judge <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kacsmaryk" title="Matthew Kacsmaryk">Matthew Kacsmaryk</a> that would have banned <a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">mifepristone</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_contraception" title="Emergency contraception">emergency contraception</a> medication) nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Free_speech_jurisprudence">Free speech jurisprudence</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Justice_Samuel_Alito_Swears-In_EPA_Administrator_Scott_Pruitt.webm/220px--Justice_Samuel_Alito_Swears-In_EPA_Administrator_Scott_Pruitt.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="313" data-mwtitle="Justice_Samuel_Alito_Swears-In_EPA_Administrator_Scott_Pruitt.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Justice_Samuel_Alito_Swears-In_EPA_Administrator_Scott_Pruitt.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Justice_Samuel_Alito_Swears-In_EPA_Administrator_Scott_Pruitt.webm/Justice_Samuel_Alito_Swears-In_EPA_Administrator_Scott_Pruitt.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Justice_Samuel_Alito_Swears-In_EPA_Administrator_Scott_Pruitt.webm/Justice_Samuel_Alito_Swears-In_EPA_Administrator_Scott_Pruitt.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Justice_Samuel_Alito_Swears-In_EPA_Administrator_Scott_Pruitt.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Justice_Samuel_Alito_Swears-In_EPA_Administrator_Scott_Pruitt.webm/Justice_Samuel_Alito_Swears-In_EPA_Administrator_Scott_Pruitt.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Justice_Samuel_Alito_Swears-In_EPA_Administrator_Scott_Pruitt.webm/Justice_Samuel_Alito_Swears-In_EPA_Administrator_Scott_Pruitt.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Justice_Samuel_Alito_Swears-In_EPA_Administrator_Scott_Pruitt.webm/Justice_Samuel_Alito_Swears-In_EPA_Administrator_Scott_Pruitt.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Justice_Samuel_Alito_Swears-In_EPA_Administrator_Scott_Pruitt.webm/Justice_Samuel_Alito_Swears-In_EPA_Administrator_Scott_Pruitt.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJustice_Samuel_Alito_Swears-In_EPA_Administrator_Scott_Pruitt.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Samuel Alito attending the inauguration of U.S. <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency_Administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency Administrator">Environmental Protection Agency Administrator</a> <a href="/wiki/Scott_Pruitt" title="Scott Pruitt">Scott Pruitt</a>.</figcaption></figure> Alito has also dissented from the opinions of the Court's conservative justices on free speech cases, one of which, <a href="/wiki/Snyder_v._Phelps" title="Snyder v. Phelps">Snyder v. Phelps</a>, had to do with <a href="/wiki/Westboro_Baptist_Church" title="Westboro Baptist Church">Westboro Baptist Church</a> members' right to protest a military funeral.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Alito offered the sole dissenting opinion, saying protesters "were sued under a very well-established tort that goes back to the 19th century, the intentional infliction of emotional, of severe emotional distress. And I thought that this tort constituted a reasonable exception to the First Amendment, but my colleagues disagreed about that."<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> In the 2007 landmark free speech case <a href="/wiki/Morse_v._Frederick" title="Morse v. Frederick">Morse v. Frederick</a>, Alito joined Roberts's majority decision that speech advocating drug use can be banned in public schools, but also warned that the ruling must be circumscribed so as not to interfere with political speech, such as discussion of the <a href="/wiki/Medical_marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical marijuana">medical marijuana</a> debate. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Alito_and_his_family_with_John_Roberts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Samuel_Alito_and_his_family_with_John_Roberts.jpg/220px-Samuel_Alito_and_his_family_with_John_Roberts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Samuel_Alito_and_his_family_with_John_Roberts.jpg/330px-Samuel_Alito_and_his_family_with_John_Roberts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Samuel_Alito_and_his_family_with_John_Roberts.jpg/440px-Samuel_Alito_and_his_family_with_John_Roberts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Martha-Ann Alito (second from left) in 2006</figcaption></figure> In 1985, Alito married Martha-Ann Bomgardner, a law librarian who met him during his trips to the library as a law clerk.<a href="#cite_note-supreme_conflict-18">[17]</a> They have two adult children, Laura and Philip; Martha-Ann left her profession to raise them.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> Alito resided with his family in <a href="/wiki/West_Caldwell,_New_Jersey" title="West Caldwell, New Jersey">West Caldwell, New Jersey</a>, before his Supreme Court nomination.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> He has since moved to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Since <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>'s retirement in 2022, Alito has been the only <a href="/wiki/Veteran" title="Veteran">military veteran</a> on the Court.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> He is a baseball fan and a longtime fan of the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies" title="Philadelphia Phillies">Philadelphia Phillies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Phillie_Phanatic" title="Phillie Phanatic">Phillie Phanatic</a> was a special guest at his Supreme Court welcome dinner.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> In 2013, as part of the ongoing fallout from the <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a> case, former National Security Agency analyst <a href="/wiki/Russell_Tice" class="mw-redirect" title="Russell Tice">Russell Tice</a> revealed that, during 2002 and 2003, the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> targeted Alito's phones, and those of his staff and his family, for surveillance.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teaching">Teaching</h3></div> As an <a href="/wiki/Adjunct_professor" title="Adjunct professor">adjunct professor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Seton_Hall_University_School_of_Law" title="Seton Hall University School of Law">Seton Hall University School of Law</a> in Newark from 1999 to 2004, Alito taught courses in <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">constitutional law</a> and an original course on <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>. In 1995, he received the school's <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Saint Thomas More</a> Medal "in recognition of his outstanding contributions to the field of law".<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> On May 25, 2007, he delivered the commencement address at Seton Hall Law's commencement ceremony and received an honorary law degree from the school.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> As a visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_School_of_Law" title="Duke University School of Law">Duke University School of Law</a>, Alito taught Current Issues in Constitutional Interpretation in fall 2011 and a course in the Master of Laws in Judicial Studies program in summer 2012.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethical_questions">Ethical questions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Conduct_for_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Code of Conduct for Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">Code of Conduct for Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accusations_of_accepting_gifts">Accusations of accepting gifts</h3></div> On June 20, 2023, ProPublica published an investigation of Alito's relationship with billionaire businessman <a href="/wiki/Paul_Singer_(businessman)" title="Paul Singer (businessman)">Paul Singer</a>, focusing on a trip Alito and Singer took to a luxury fishing resort in Alaska and suggesting Alito "violated a federal law that requires justices to disclose most gifts", such as private jet travel.<a href="#cite_note-ProP-105">[104]</a> The article said he should have recused himself in cases involving Singer and that he was obligated to disclose certain benefits as gifts on his 2008 Financial Disclosure Report. Legal ethics experts quoted in ProPublica called Alito's behavior "unacceptable".<a href="#cite_note-ethics-106">[105]</a> Shortly before publication of the Propublica article, Alito published an <a href="/wiki/Op-ed" title="Op-ed">op-ed</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> challenging the article's assertions and claiming that the source "misleads its readers".<a href="#cite_note-Alito-2023-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> His preemptory challenge maintained that ProPublica's charges were invalid.<a href="#cite_note-ProP-105">[104]</a> Alito further contended that because of an exemption in the Court's reporting rules for "personal hospitality", he was not required to disclose private air transport for social trips.<a href="#cite_note-Alito-2023-107">[106]</a> His unconventional decision to bypass reporters' questions and preempt the story via a separate publication took ProPublica's reporters by surprise.<a href="#cite_note-Engelberg-109">[108]</a> The decision to publish the op-ed was criticized both within the Wall Street Journal and by media critics, in part because it lacked fact-checking.<a href="#cite_note-Engelberg-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> The ProPublica report on unreported gifts to both Alito and Thomas led several members of Congress to call for ethics reform for the Supreme Court. This included a Senate Judiciary Committee proposal to establish a code of ethics for the Court.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> In a July 2023 <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a> opinion column, Alito wrote, "Congress did not create the Supreme Court [...] I know this is a controversial view, but I'm willing to say it. No provision in the Constitution gives them the authority to regulate the Supreme Court—period."<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> This declaration led to further debate among lawmakers. Senator <a href="/wiki/Chris_Murphy" title="Chris Murphy">Chris Murphy</a> said the Constitution gives Congress power to oversee the Court: "It is just wrong on the facts to say that Congress doesn't have anything to do with the rules guiding the Supreme Court. In fact, from the very beginning, Congress has set those rules."<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flag_display_controversy">Flag display controversy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(upside_down).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28upside_down%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28upside_down%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28upside_down%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28upside_down%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28upside_down%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28upside_down%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1330" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States#Flying_a_U.S._flag_upside_down" title="Flag of the United States">upside down U.S. flag</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Appeal_to_Heaven_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/An_Appeal_to_Heaven_Flag.svg/220px-An_Appeal_to_Heaven_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/An_Appeal_to_Heaven_Flag.svg/330px-An_Appeal_to_Heaven_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/An_Appeal_to_Heaven_Flag.svg/440px-An_Appeal_to_Heaven_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Pine Tree Flag</figcaption></figure> On January 17, 2021, an upside-down <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">American flag</a> was flown outside Alito's residence in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> The upside-down flag, traditionally a signal of distress,<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> was displayed by supporters of former president <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> during the <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 Capitol attack</a> and by members of the <a href="/wiki/Stop_the_Steal" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop the Steal">Stop the Steal</a> movement, an <a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">attempt to overturn the 2020 presidential election</a>. In the summer of 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Pine_Tree_Flag" title="Pine Tree Flag">Pine Tree Flag</a> was flown at Alito's beach house on <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach_Island" title="Long Beach Island">Long Beach Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> It was one of the flags used during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> and has been used by <a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalists</a>; it was also carried during the Capitol attack.<a href="#cite_note-Examiner-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hahner-2024-119">[118]</a> The flag displays, reported by <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, caused controversy, including questions about judicial impartiality. During the flag's presence, the Supreme Court was considering the appeal in <a href="/wiki/Fischer_v._United_States" title="Fischer v. United States">United States v. Fischer</a> (2023), a case involving the January 6 Capitol attack.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-120">[119]</a> A secret recording by <a href="/wiki/Advocacy_journalism" title="Advocacy journalism">advocacy journalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Lauren_Windsor" title="Lauren Windsor">Lauren Windsor</a> captured Martha-Ann Alito discussing the event in June 2024. Martha-Ann Alito said, "I want a <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart of Jesus</a> flag because I have to look across the lagoon at the <a href="/wiki/Pride_flag" title="Pride flag">Pride flag</a> for the next month", adding that she would be "changing the flags" when her husband was "free of this nonsense" and that she would come with her own flag, which would be white with yellow and orange flames and read "vergogna" ("shame" in Italian). She also told Windsor that she would "get" "the media", adding: "Look at me. Look at me. I'm German, from Germany. My heritage is German. You come after me, I'm going to give it back to you".<a href="#cite_note-nyt-vansickle-24-121">[120]</a> Reactions were mixed, with most Democrats condemning Alito and most Republicans defending him. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Committee on the Judiciary</a> chairman <a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Dick Durbin</a> requested Alito's recusal from cases involving the January 6 Capitol attack or the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">House Committee on the Judiciary</a> member <a href="/wiki/Steve_Cohen_(politician)" title="Steve Cohen (politician)">Steve Cohen</a> introduced a resolution to censure Alito.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> Forty-five representatives, joined by ranking member of the House Judiciary Committee <a href="/wiki/Hank_Johnson" title="Hank Johnson">Hank Johnson</a>, signed a letter requesting Alito's recusal.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cotton" title="Tom Cotton">Tom Cotton</a> called the controversy an intimidation attempt,<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> while Senator <a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Lindsey Graham</a> said hoisting the upside-down flag was "not good judgment".<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Alito responded that he had no involvement in hoisting either flag, saying: "I was not even aware of the upside-down flag until it was called to my attention" and "I was not familiar with the Appeal to Heaven flag when my wife flew it".<a href="#cite_note-Letter_from_Justice_Alito_to_Senators_Durbin_and_Whitehouse-127">[126]</a> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>, he reiterated that the flag was flown in response to a dispute with a neighbor,<a href="#cite_note-USATodayInfoAlexandria-128">[127]</a> clarifying that his wife was upset about a "Fuck Trump" sign. He told Fox News host <a href="/wiki/Shannon_Bream" title="Shannon Bream">Shannon Bream</a> that the neighbor blamed him for the <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 Capitol attack</a> and called his wife a "<a href="/wiki/Cunt" title="Cunt">cunt</a>".<a href="#cite_note-TNRDoubt-129">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li>Foreword, 1 SETON HALL CIR. REV. 1 (2005).</li> <li>Panel Speaker at the Federalist Society's 2000 National Lawyers Convention: Presidential Oversight and the Administrative State, in 2 ENGAGE (Federalist Soc'y, Wash. D.C.) 11 (2001).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fedsoc.org/commentary/publications/the-role-of-the-lawyer-in-the-criminal-justice-system">The Role of the Lawyer in the Criminal Justice System</a>, 2 FEDERALIST SOC'Y CRIM. L. NEWS (Federalist Soc'y, Wash., D.C.) 3 (1998)</li> <li>Change in Continuity at the Office of Legal Counsel, 15 CARDOZO L. REV. 507 (1993).</li> <li>Reviewing the Sentencing Commission's 1991 Annual Report, 5 FED. SENT. REP. 166 (1992).</li> <li>The First Amendment: Information, Publication and the Media, 1 SETON HALL CONST. L.J. 327 (1991).</li> <li>What Role Should Individual Sentencing Judges Play in the Guideline Development Process?, 1 FED SENT. REP. 372 (1989).</li> <li>Racketeering Made Simple(r), in THE RICO RACKET 1 (Gary L. McDowell ed. 1989).</li> <li>Introduction to After the Independent Counsel Decision: Is Separation of Powers Dead?, 26 AM. CRIM. L. REV. 1667 (1989).</li> <li>Shift Won't Hamper Crime Fight, DAILY J. (Vineland, N.J.), May 5, 1989.</li> <li>The Year Wasn't So Bad, NAT'L. L.J., September 26, 1998, at 12.</li> <li>Documents and the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination, 48 U. PITT. L. REV. 27 (1986).</li> <li>Equal Protection and Classification Based on Family Membership, 80 DICK. L. REV. 410 (1976).</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://perma.cc/3D2A-JL8X">"The "Released Time" Cases Revisited: A Study of Group Decisionmaking by the Supreme Court"</a>. 83 YALE L.J. 1202. 1974. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fylr83&id=1214&collection=journals&index=journals%2Fylr">the original</a> on February 22, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=83+YALE+L.J.+1202&rft.atitle=The+%22Released+Time%22+Cases+Revisited%3A+A+Study+of+Group+Decisionmaking+by+the+Supreme+Court&rft.date=1974&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%252Fylr83%26id%3D1214%26collection%3Djournals%26index%3Djournals%252Fylr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051128160011/http://www.princeton.edu/~mudd/news/Alito_thesis.pdf">An Introduction to the Italian Constitutional Court</a> (A.B. Thesis, Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson School Scholar Project, May 31, 1972).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_documents">Related documents</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/news/samuel-alito/accession-060-89-216/MemphisPol-v-Garner-1984-box19-memoAlitotoSolicitorGeneral.pdf">Legal Memo</a> written while working in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Solicitor_General" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Solicitor General">United States Solicitor General</a>'s office regarding the <a href="/wiki/Fleeing_felon_rule" title="Fleeing felon rule">Fleeing felon rule</a>. (May 18, 1984) (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/alito/111585stmnt.html">'Personal Qualifications Statement'</a> when applying to be an Assistant Attorney General under Pres. Ronald Reagan. (November 15, 1985)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/alito/carley86mem.pdf">Legal Memo written as Deputy Asst. Attorney General to the OMB's General Counsel regarding OMB authority of FDIC funds.</a> (1986) (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/alito/hjud62702hrng.pdf">House Committee on the Judiciary testimony regarding unpublished court opinions.</a> (1990) (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.findlaw.com/cnn/docs/alito/2003fdr.pdf">2003 Financial Disclosure</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.findlaw.com/cnn/docs/alito/2004fdr.pdf">2004 Financial Disclosure</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051202023827/http://i.a.cnn.net/cnn/interactive/us/0511/alito.questionnaire/SAA.Questionnaire.pdf">Response to a Senate Judiciary Committee questionnaire</a> (November 30, 2005) (PDF), (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060216075757/http://i.a.cnn.net/cnn/interactive/us/0511/alito.questionnaire/appx.1.13d.pdf">Appendix1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060216075803/http://i.a.cnn.net/cnn/interactive/us/0511/alito.questionnaire/appx.2.14b.pdf">Appendix2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060216075741/http://i.a.cnn.net/cnn/interactive/us/0511/alito.questionnaire/appx.3.17.pdf">Appendix3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060216075813/http://i.a.cnn.net/cnn/interactive/us/0511/alito.questionnaire/appx.4.23c.pdf">Appendix4</a>)</li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Letter_from_Justice_Alito_to_Senators_Durbin_and_Whitehouse.pdf">Letter from Justice Alito to Senators Durbin and Whitehouse</a> (2024)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/26px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/39px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/52px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_restraint" title="Judicial restraint">Judicial restraint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_8)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 8)">List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices_by_time_in_office" title="List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office">List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Roberts_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Roberts Court">United States Supreme Court cases during the Roberts Court</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Draft numbers were determined in a lottery based on birthdates; a low draft number increased the likelihood of being selected for compulsory military service overseas during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. The highest number called during the war was 215.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Originalist-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Originalist_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Originalist_1-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170522135245/https://spectator.org/58731_sam-alito-civil-man/">"Sam Alito: A Civil Man"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a>. April 21, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectator.org/58731_sam-alito-civil-man/">the original</a> on May 22, 2017. Retrieved April 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Spectator&rft.atitle=Sam+Alito%3A+A+Civil+Man&rft.date=2014-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectator.org%2F58731_sam-alito-civil-man%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Granick-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Granick_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Granick_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Granick_2-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Granick" title="Jennifer Granick">Granick, Jennifer</a> and Sprigman, Christopher (June 27, 2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/28/opinion/the-criminal-nsa.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&">"The Criminal N.S.A."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190710185913/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/28/opinion/the-criminal-nsa.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&">Archived</a> July 10, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-i-ItalyNY-3"><a href="#cite_ref-i-ItalyNY_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190513222231/http://www.i-italyny.com/magazine/2017-18_BEST_OF/files/assets/basic-html/page26.html">"Justice Samuel A. Alito. The Italian Side of the Story"</a>. i-Italy. 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.i-italyny.com/magazine/2017-18_BEST_OF/files/assets/basic-html/page26.html">the original</a> on May 13, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=i-Italy&rft.atitle=Justice+Samuel+A.+Alito.+The+Italian+Side+of+the+Story&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.i-italyny.com%2Fmagazine%2F2017-18_BEST_OF%2Ffiles%2Fassets%2Fbasic-html%2Fpage26.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2005/dec/13/20051213-123632-5671r/">"Alito called 'perfect' student"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a>. December 13, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200904074353/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2005/dec/13/20051213-123632-5671r/">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Alito+called+%27perfect%27+student&rft.date=2005-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2Fdec%2F13%2F20051213-123632-5671r%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussakoffBecker2006" class="citation news cs1">Russakoff, Dale; Becker, Jo (January 8, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/07/AR2006010701268.html">"A Search for Order, an Answer in the Law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191119215354/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/07/AR2006010701268.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 19, 2019. Retrieved September 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+Search+for+Order%2C+an+Answer+in+the+Law&rft.date=2006-01-08&rft.aulast=Russakoff&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft.au=Becker%2C+Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F01%2F07%2FAR2006010701268.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nj.com/mercer/2013/02/supreme_court_justice_samuel_a.html">"Rose Alito, mother of Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito Jr., is mourned during funeral in Hamilton"</a>. The Times of Trenton. Trenton, New Jersey. February 12, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219024003/https://www.nj.com/mercer/2013/02/supreme_court_justice_samuel_a.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2020. Retrieved November 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Trenton&rft.atitle=Rose+Alito%2C+mother+of+Supreme+Court+Justice+Samuel+Alito+Jr.%2C+is+mourned+during+funeral+in+Hamilton&rft.date=2013-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Fmercer%2F2013%2F02%2Fsupreme_court_justice_samuel_a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Barone_(pundit)" title="Michael Barone (pundit)">Barone, Michael</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20060118/ai_n16000700">"It's inspiring to see Alito's background come to foreground: Alito"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080310030210/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20060118/ai_n16000700">Archived</a> March 10, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times" title="Chicago Sun-Times">Chicago Sun-Times</a>, January 18, 2006. Retrieved September 7, 2007. "In his opening statement to the Judiciary Committee, Judge Samuel Alito told the senators where he comes from. First, Hamilton Township, N.J., the modest-income suburb of Trenton, where he grew up." </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdur-Rahman2018" class="citation web cs1">Abdur-Rahman, Sulaiman (September 21, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trentonian.com/2018/09/21/supreme-court-justice-sam-alito-returns-to-steinert-high-school-for-library-dedication/">"Supreme Court Justice Sam Alito returns to Steinert High School for library dedication"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+Justice+Sam+Alito+returns+to+Steinert+High+School+for+library+dedication&rft.date=2018-09-21&rft.aulast=Abdur-Rahman&rft.aufirst=Sulaiman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trentonian.com%2F2018%2F09%2F21%2Fsupreme-court-justice-sam-alito-returns-to-steinert-high-school-for-library-dedication%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Findlaw.com-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Findlaw.com_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Findlaw.com_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.findlaw.com/supreme_court/justices/alito.html">"Samuel Alito"</a>. Findlaw.com. Retrieved October 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Findlaw.com&rft.atitle=Samuel+Alito&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.findlaw.com%2Fsupreme_court%2Fjustices%2Falito.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlito" class="citation thesis cs1">Alito, Samuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/dsp01cz30pt46d">An Introduction to the Italian Constitutional Court</a> (Thesis). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219023724/https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/dsp01cz30pt46d">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2020 – via catalog.princeton.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=An+Introduction+to+the+Italian+Constitutional+Court&rft.aulast=Alito&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.princeton.edu%2Fcatalog%2Fdsp01cz30pt46d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epic.org/privacy/justices/alito/report110205.pdf">Report of the Chairman − Samuel Alito</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126012012/https://www.epic.org/privacy/justices/alito/report110205.pdf">Archived</a> November 26, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Conference on the Boundaries of Privacy in American Society, Woodrow Wilson Sch. of Pub. & Int'l Affairs, Princeton Univ. at 5 (January 4, 1972). </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/10/28/13656/">"The Princetonian"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723232453/http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/10/28/13656/">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2013. Retrieved May 15, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Princetonian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyprincetonian.com%2F2005%2F10%2F28%2F13656%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT1nov05-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1nov05_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1nov05_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisShane2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Lewis_(journalist)" title="Neil Lewis (journalist)">Lewis, Neil A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Scott_Shane" title="Scott Shane">Shane, Scott</a> (November 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/01/politics/politicsspecial1/alito-is-seen-as-a-methodicaljurist-with-a-clear.html">"Alito Is Seen as a Methodical Jurist With a Clear Record"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. A1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208183539/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/01/politics/politicsspecial1/alito-is-seen-as-a-methodicaljurist-with-a-clear.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2020. Retrieved November 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Alito+Is+Seen+as+a+Methodical+Jurist+With+a+Clear+Record&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2005-11-01&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft.au=Shane%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F11%2F01%2Fpolitics%2Fpoliticsspecial1%2Falito-is-seen-as-a-methodicaljurist-with-a-clear.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reserves-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reserves_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reserves_14-1">b</a> The Washington Post (November 3, 2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/02/AR2005110202722.html">"Alito Joined ROTC While at Princeton"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219021942/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/02/AR2005110202722.html">Archived</a> December 19, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sss.gov/history-and-records/vietnam-lotteries/">"Vietnam Lotteries"</a>. SSS.gov. Washington, DC: Selective Service System. Retrieved July 15, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SSS.gov&rft.atitle=Vietnam+Lotteries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sss.gov%2Fhistory-and-records%2Fvietnam-lotteries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-princeton-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-princeton_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-princeton_17-1">b</a> Bernstein, Mark F. (2006).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/paw/archive_new/PAW05-06/09-0308/features_alito.html">"A Tiger on the Court: Sam Alito '72 at Princeton,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615212154/http://www.princeton.edu/paw/archive_new/PAW05-06/09-0308/features_alito.html">Archived</a> June 15, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Princeton Alumni Weekly, March 8. Retrieved June 2, 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-supreme_conflict-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-supreme_conflict_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-supreme_conflict_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-supreme_conflict_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-supreme_conflict_18-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Crawford_Greenburg2007" class="citation book cs1">Jan Crawford Greenburg (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SQxqXLSy9wcC&pg=PA290">Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court</a>. Penguin Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-101-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-101-1"><bdi>978-1-59420-101-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506061504/https://books.google.com/books?id=SQxqXLSy9wcC&pg=PA290">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supreme+Conflict%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+the+Struggle+for+Control+of+the+United+States+Supreme+Court&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-101-1&rft.au=Jan+Crawford+Greenburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSQxqXLSy9wcC%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deseret.com/2005/11/1/19920344/alito-s-made-mark-as-conservative">"Alito's made mark as conservative"</a>. Deseret News. November 1, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=Alito%27s+made+mark+as+conservative&rft.date=2005-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseret.com%2F2005%2F11%2F1%2F19920344%2Falito-s-made-mark-as-conservative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supremecourt.c-span.org/Video/JusticeOwnWords/SC_Jus_Alito.aspx">"C-SPAN Supreme Court Week – Justices In Their Own Words – Interview With Associate Justice Samuel Alito"</a>. Supremecourt.c-span.org. January 31, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725113025/http://supremecourt.c-span.org/Video/JusticeOwnWords/SC_Jus_Alito.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved May 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C-SPAN+Supreme+Court+Week+%E2%80%93+Justices+In+Their+Own+Words+%E2%80%93+Interview+With+Associate+Justice+Samuel+Alito&rft.pub=Supremecourt.c-span.org&rft.date=2006-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupremecourt.c-span.org%2FVideo%2FJusticeOwnWords%2FSC_Jus_Alito.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wuHqyaE71vkC&dq=United+States+Attorney+for+the+District+of+New+Jersey+December+10%2C+1987&pg=PA92">Register of the U.S. Department of Justice and the Federal Courts</a> (54th ed.). U.S. Government Printing Office Washington: 1988. 1988. p. 92. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220224023253/https://books.google.com/books?id=wuHqyaE71vkC&pg=PA92&lpg=PA92&dq=United+States+Attorney+for+the+District+of+New+Jersey+December+10%2C+1987&source=bl&ots=Z7IMjIab4X&sig=ACfU3U0wzG31-VIhtmPbLMnWdOHVJgUw1w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjTvJ6KpZf2AhXMnOAKHQLmBz4Q6AF6BAgtEAM#v=onepage&q=United%20States%20Attorney%20for%20the%20District%20of%20New%20Jersey%20December%2010%2C%201987&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2022. Retrieved February 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Register+of+the+U.S.+Department+of+Justice+and+the+Federal+Courts&rft.pages=92&rft.edition=54th&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office+Washington%3A+1988&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwuHqyaE71vkC%26dq%3DUnited%2BStates%2BAttorney%2Bfor%2Bthe%2BDistrict%2Bof%2BNew%2BJersey%2BDecember%2B10%252C%2B1987%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT08nov05-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT08nov05_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT08nov05_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkpatrick2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_D._Kirkpatrick" title="David D. Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick, David D.</a> (November 8, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/08/politics/interlocking-friendships-connect-a-chairman-and-a-nominee.html">"Interlocking Friendships Connect a Chairman and a Nominee"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107035810/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/08/politics/interlocking-friendships-connect-a-chairman-and-a-nominee.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Interlocking+Friendships+Connect+a+Chairman+and+a+Nominee&rft.date=2005-11-08&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F11%2F08%2Fpolitics%2Finterlocking-friendships-connect-a-chairman-and-a-nominee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGold2005" class="citation news cs1">Gold, Jeffrey (October 31, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060613194203/http://www.lasvegassun.com/sunbin/stories/nat-gen/2005/oct/31/103107579.html">"Alito Pushed Organized Crime, Drug Cases"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Las_Vegas_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="The Las Vegas Sun">The Las Vegas Sun</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lasvegassun.com/sunbin/stories/nat-gen/2005/oct/31/103107579.html">the original</a> on June 13, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Las+Vegas+Sun&rft.atitle=Alito+Pushed+Organized+Crime%2C+Drug+Cases&rft.date=2005-10-31&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lasvegassun.com%2Fsunbin%2Fstories%2Fnat-gen%2F2005%2Foct%2F31%2F103107579.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/justices/samuel_a_alito_jr">"Samuel A. Alito, Jr"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oyez_Project" title="Oyez Project">Oyez Project</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107020638/https://www.oyez.org/justices/samuel_a_alito_jr">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 3, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oyez+Project&rft.atitle=Samuel+A.+Alito%2C+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oyez.org%2Fjustices%2Fsamuel_a_alito_jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkpatrick2005" class="citation news cs1">Kirkpatrick, David D. (December 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/01/politics/politicsspecial1/alito-file-shows-strategy-to-curb-abortion-ruling.html">"Alito File Shows Strategy to Curb Abortion Ruling"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107041918/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/01/politics/politicsspecial1/alito-file-shows-strategy-to-curb-abortion-ruling.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Alito+File+Shows+Strategy+to+Curb+Abortion+Ruling&rft.date=2005-12-01&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F12%2F01%2Fpolitics%2Fpoliticsspecial1%2Falito-file-shows-strategy-to-curb-abortion-ruling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Liptak" title="Adam Liptak">Liptak, Adam</a> (November 20, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/20/politics/politicsspecial1/before-supreme-court-alito-had-winning-record.html">"Before Supreme Court, Alito Had Winning Record"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107043848/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/20/politics/politicsspecial1/before-supreme-court-alito-had-winning-record.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Before+Supreme+Court%2C+Alito+Had+Winning+Record&rft.date=2005-11-20&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F11%2F20%2Fpolitics%2Fpoliticsspecial1%2Fbefore-supreme-court-alito-had-winning-record.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkpatrick2005" class="citation news cs1">Kirkpatrick, David D. (November 29, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/29/politics/politicsspecial1/alito-memos-supported-expanding-police-powers.html">"Alito Memos Supported Expanding Police Powers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107043714/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/29/politics/politicsspecial1/alito-memos-supported-expanding-police-powers.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Alito+Memos+Supported+Expanding+Police+Powers&rft.date=2005-11-29&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F11%2F29%2Fpolitics%2Fpoliticsspecial1%2Falito-memos-supported-expanding-police-powers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSammon2005" class="citation news cs1">Sammon, Bill (November 14, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051114231032/http://www.washtimes.com/national/20051114-015136-2101r.htm">"Alito rejected abortion as a right"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washtimes.com/national/20051114-015136-2101r.htm">the original</a> on November 14, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Alito+rejected+abortion+as+a+right&rft.date=2005-11-14&rft.aulast=Sammon&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washtimes.com%2Fnational%2F20051114-015136-2101r.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2013/02/03/us/samuel-alito-fast-facts/index.html">"Samuel Alito Fast Facts"</a>. CNN. February 3, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Samuel+Alito+Fast+Facts&rft.date=2013-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F02%2F03%2Fus%2Fsamuel-alito-fast-facts%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRangel1988" class="citation news cs1">Rangel, Jesus (August 27, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/27/nyregion/all-20-acquitted-in-jersey-mob-case.html">"ALL 20 ACQUITTED IN JERSEY MOB CASE"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180130182628/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/27/nyregion/all-20-acquitted-in-jersey-mob-case.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved November 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=ALL+20+ACQUITTED+IN+JERSEY+MOB+CASE&rft.date=1988-08-27&rft.aulast=Rangel&rft.aufirst=Jesus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F08%2F27%2Fnyregion%2Fall-20-acquitted-in-jersey-mob-case.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT02nov05-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT02nov05_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT02nov05_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT02nov05_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT02nov05_31-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakin2005" class="citation news cs1">Wakin, Daniel J. (November 2, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/02/politics/politicsspecial1/a-prosecutor-known-for-his-common-sense-and.html">"A Prosecutor Known for His Common Sense and Straightforward Style"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107015153/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/02/politics/politicsspecial1/a-prosecutor-known-for-his-common-sense-and.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Prosecutor+Known+for+His+Common+Sense+and+Straightforward+Style&rft.date=2005-11-02&rft.aulast=Wakin&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F11%2F02%2Fpolitics%2Fpoliticsspecial1%2Fa-prosecutor-known-for-his-common-sense-and.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerhovek1988" class="citation news cs1">Verhovek, Sam Howe (March 22, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/22/nyregion/bogus-threats-suspected-in-indian-case.html">"Bogus Threats Suspected in Indian Case"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180130171506/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/22/nyregion/bogus-threats-suspected-in-indian-case.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved November 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bogus+Threats+Suspected+in+Indian+Case&rft.date=1988-03-22&rft.aulast=Verhovek&rft.aufirst=Sam+Howe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F03%2F22%2Fnyregion%2Fbogus-threats-suspected-in-indian-case.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1989" class="citation news cs1">Schwartz, Ethan (March 11, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/03/11/ex-prosecutor-found-insane-in-case-of-faked-threats/b2ebc90f-0205-4949-847a-46019cc8ff1e/">"EX-PROSECUTOR FOUND INSANE IN CASE OF FAKED THREATS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030408/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/03/11/ex-prosecutor-found-insane-in-case-of-faked-threats/b2ebc90f-0205-4949-847a-46019cc8ff1e/">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=EX-PROSECUTOR+FOUND+INSANE+IN+CASE+OF+FAKED+THREATS&rft.date=1989-03-11&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1989%2F03%2F11%2Fex-prosecutor-found-insane-in-case-of-faked-threats%2Fb2ebc90f-0205-4949-847a-46019cc8ff1e%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanley1989" class="citation news cs1">Hanley, Robert (February 4, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/04/nyregion/us-links-man-with-3-bombs-to-a-terror-plot.html">"U.S. Links Man With 3 Bombs To a Terror Plot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819064937/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/04/nyregion/us-links-man-with-3-bombs-to-a-terror-plot.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2016. Retrieved November 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Links+Man+With+3+Bombs+To+a+Terror+Plot&rft.date=1989-02-04&rft.aulast=Hanley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F02%2F04%2Fnyregion%2Fus-links-man-with-3-bombs-to-a-terror-plot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2021" class="citation book cs1">Unger, C. (2021). American Kompromat. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0593182536" title="Special:BookSources/978-0593182536"><bdi>978-0593182536</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Kompromat&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0593182536&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108151904/https://www.foxnews.com/story/judicial-society-lauds-alito-nomination.amp">"Judicial Society Lauds Alito Nomination"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. November 2, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/judicial-society-lauds-alito-nomination.amp">the original</a> on November 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Judicial+Society+Lauds+Alito+Nomination&rft.date=2005-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fjudicial-society-lauds-alito-nomination.amp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/nomination/101st-congress/1077">"PN1077 — Samuel A. Alito Jr. — The Judiciary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Congress.gov" title="Congress.gov">Congress.gov</a>. April 27, 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308020433/https://www.congress.gov/nomination/101st-congress/1077">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved November 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congress.gov&rft.atitle=PN1077+%E2%80%94+Samuel+A.+Alito+Jr.+%E2%80%94+The+Judiciary&rft.date=1990-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fnomination%2F101st-congress%2F1077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/alito-sworn-in-as-high-court-justice/">"Alito Sworn In As High Court Justice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. February 11, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515152746/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/01/31/politics/main1260362.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Alito+Sworn+In+As+High+Court+Justice&rft.date=2009-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Falito-sworn-in-as-high-court-justice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060217211512/http://vls.law.villanova.edu/locator/3d/Sept2003/002305p.pdf">"Ronald A. Williams v. James Price, Superintendent, SCI-Pittsburgh; D. Michael Fisher, Attorney General"</a> (PDF). September 9, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vls.law.villanova.edu/locator/3d/Sept2003/002305p.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 17, 2006. Retrieved October 31, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ronald+A.+Williams+v.+James+Price%2C+Superintendent%2C+SCI-Pittsburgh%3B+D.+Michael+Fisher%2C+Attorney+General&rft.date=2003-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvls.law.villanova.edu%2Flocator%2F3d%2FSept2003%2F002305p.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkpatrick2005" class="citation news cs1">Kirkpatrick, David D. (October 31, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150121173147/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/31/politics/politicsspecial1/31cnd-court.html">"Parties Set Stage for Showdown on Court Choice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/31/politics/politicsspecial1/31cnd-court.html">the original</a> on January 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Parties+Set+Stage+for+Showdown+on+Court+Choice&rft.date=2005-10-31&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F10%2F31%2Fpolitics%2Fpoliticsspecial1%2F31cnd-court.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025743/http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/migrated/scfedjud/SCpage/Alito_testimony.authcheckdam.pdf">"Statement of Stephen L. Tober, Standing Committee on Federal Judiciary American Bar Association, concerning the Nomination of the Honorable Samuel A. Alito, Jr. (January 12, 2006)"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/migrated/scfedjud/SCpage/Alito_testimony.authcheckdam.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 3, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+of+Stephen+L.+Tober%2C+Standing+Committee+on+Federal+Judiciary+American+Bar+Association%2C+concerning+the+Nomination+of+the+Honorable+Samuel+A.+Alito%2C+Jr.+%28January+12%2C+2006%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanbar.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Faba%2Fmigrated%2Fscfedjud%2FSCpage%2FAlito_testimony.authcheckdam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070817072849/http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2006-01-04-alito_x.htm">"Alito gets 'well-qualified' rating from American Bar Association"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. January 4, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2006-01-04-alito_x.htm">the original</a> on August 17, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Alito+gets+%27well-qualified%27+rating+from+American+Bar+Association&rft.date=2006-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fwashington%2F2006-01-04-alito_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToobin2017" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Toobin" title="Jeffrey Toobin">Toobin, Jeffrey</a> (April 10, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/04/17/the-conservative-pipeline-to-the-supreme-court">"The Conservative Pipeline to the Supreme Court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410000810/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/04/17/the-conservative-pipeline-to-the-supreme-court">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2019. Retrieved October 31, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Conservative+Pipeline+to+the+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2017-04-10&rft.aulast=Toobin&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2017%2F04%2F17%2Fthe-conservative-pipeline-to-the-supreme-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolberg2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheryl_Gay_Stolberg" title="Sheryl Gay Stolberg">Stolberg, Sheryl Gay</a> (January 7, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/07/politics/politicsspecial1/7-federal-appeals-judges-to-testify-to-alitos.html">"7 Federal Appeals Judges to Testify to Alito's Character"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730071059/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/07/politics/politicsspecial1/7-federal-appeals-judges-to-testify-to-alitos.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 30, 2017. Retrieved November 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=7+Federal+Appeals+Judges+to+Testify+to+Alito%27s+Character&rft.date=2006-01-07&rft.aulast=Stolberg&rft.aufirst=Sheryl+Gay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F01%2F07%2Fpolitics%2Fpoliticsspecial1%2F7-federal-appeals-judges-to-testify-to-alitos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Liptak" title="Adam Liptak">Liptak, Adam</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/13/politics/politicsspecial1/few-glimmers-of-how-conservative-judge-alito-is.html">"Few Glimmers of How Conservative Judge Alito Is"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. A1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180212093747/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/13/politics/politicsspecial1/few-glimmers-of-how-conservative-judge-alito-is.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2018. Retrieved November 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Few+Glimmers+of+How+Conservative+Judge+Alito+Is&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F01%2F13%2Fpolitics%2Fpoliticsspecial1%2Ffew-glimmers-of-how-conservative-judge-alito-is.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/dems-slam-alitos-alumni-group">"Dems Slam Alito's Alumni Group"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News Channel">Fox News Channel</a>. January 12, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090904115121/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,181385,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2009. Retrieved July 17, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News+Channel&rft.atitle=Dems+Slam+Alito%27s+Alumni+Group&rft.date=2006-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fdems-slam-alitos-alumni-group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dp-2006-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dp-2006_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dp-2006_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefanski2006" class="citation news cs1">Stefanski, Mark (January 13, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2006/01/13/14235/">"Alito disavows conservative alumni group"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Princetonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Princetonian">Daily Princetonian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120319231040/http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2006/01/13/14235/">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2012. Retrieved August 18, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Princetonian&rft.atitle=Alito+disavows+conservative+alumni+group&rft.date=2006-01-13&rft.aulast=Stefanski&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyprincetonian.com%2F2006%2F01%2F13%2F14235%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrieg2018" class="citation news cs1">Krieg, Gregory (October 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/01/politics/aclu-new-ad-campaign-against-brett-kavanaugh/index.html">"ACLU TV ads compare Kavanaugh to Bill Clinton, Bill Cosby"</a>. CNN. Retrieved January 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=ACLU+TV+ads+compare+Kavanaugh+to+Bill+Clinton%2C+Bill+Cosby&rft.date=2018-10-01&rft.aulast=Krieg&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F10%2F01%2Fpolitics%2Faclu-new-ad-campaign-against-brett-kavanaugh%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/images/asset_upload_file130_23216.pdf">"Report of the American Civil Liberties Union on the Nomination of Third Circuit Court Judge Samuel A. Alito Jr., to be Associate Justice on the United States Supreme Court"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a>. December 9, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310120001/https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/images/asset_upload_file130_23216.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+American+Civil+Liberties+Union+on+the+Nomination+of+Third+Circuit+Court+Judge+Samuel+A.+Alito+Jr.%2C+to+be+Associate+Justice+on+the+United+States+Supreme+Court&rft.pub=American+Civil+Liberties+Union&rft.date=2005-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclu.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fimages%2Fasset_upload_file130_23216.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060112124104/http://www.aclu.org/scotus/alito/">"ACLU Opposes Nomination of Judge Alito"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a>. January 9, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/scotus/alito/">the original</a> on January 12, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ACLU+Opposes+Nomination+of+Judge+Alito&rft.pub=American+Civil+Liberties+Union&rft.date=2006-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclu.org%2Fscotus%2Falito%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5181091">"Alito Confirmed as Newest Supreme Court Justice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. January 31, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314014930/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5181091">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Alito+Confirmed+as+Newest+Supreme+Court+Justice&rft.date=2006-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D5181091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm">Roll Call Vote 109th Congress - 2nd Session (on the confirmation of Samuel Alito of New Jersey)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170321194124/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm">Archived</a> March 21, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, January 31, 2006. Retrieved November 26, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkpatrick2006" class="citation news cs1">Kirkpatrick, David D. (February 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/01/politics/politicsspecial1/alito-sworn-in-as-justice-after-senate-gives.html">"Alito Sworn In as Justice After Senate Gives Approval"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181108232102/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/01/politics/politicsspecial1/alito-sworn-in-as-justice-after-senate-gives.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2018. Retrieved November 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Alito+Sworn+In+as+Justice+After+Senate+Gives+Approval&rft.date=2006-02-01&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F02%2F01%2Fpolitics%2Fpoliticsspecial1%2Falito-sworn-in-as-justice-after-senate-gives.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStout2006" class="citation news cs1">Stout, David (January 31, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/31/politics/politicsspecial1/alito-is-sworn-in-as-justice-after-5842-vote-to.html">"Alito Is Sworn In as Justice After 58-42 Vote to Confirm Him"</a>. The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Alito+Is+Sworn+In+as+Justice+After+58-42+Vote+to+Confirm+Him&rft.date=2006-01-31&rft.aulast=Stout&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F01%2F31%2Fpolitics%2Fpoliticsspecial1%2Falito-is-sworn-in-as-justice-after-5842-vote-to.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabington2006" class="citation news cs1">Babington, Charles (February 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/14/AR2007081401015.html">"Alito Is Sworn In On High Court: Senators Confirm Conservative Judge Largely on Party Lines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125052214/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/14/AR2007081401015.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 25, 2018. Retrieved September 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Alito+Is+Sworn+In+On+High+Court%3A+Senators+Confirm+Conservative+Judge+Largely+on+Party+Lines&rft.date=2006-02-01&rft.aulast=Babington&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F08%2F14%2FAR2007081401015.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110th-56"><a href="#cite_ref-110th_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurt2006" class="citation news cs1">Hurt, Charles (February 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washtimes.com/national/20060201-123419-7856r.htm">"Alito sworn in as 110th justice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070211105916/http://www.washtimes.com/national/20060201-123419-7856r.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2007. Retrieved March 30, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Alito+sworn+in+as+110th+justice&rft.date=2006-02-01&rft.aulast=Hurt&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washtimes.com%2Fnational%2F20060201-123419-7856r.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-number-57"><a href="#cite_ref-number_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/01/31/alito/index.html">"Alito sworn in as nation's 110th Supreme Court justice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. January 31, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060204110153/http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/01/31/alito/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2006. Retrieved February 4, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Alito+sworn+in+as+nation%27s+110th+Supreme+Court+justice&rft.date=2006-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2006%2FPOLITICS%2F01%2F31%2Falito%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-adherents-58"><a href="#cite_ref-adherents_58-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010405054827/http://www.adherents.com/adh_sc.html">Religious affiliation of Supreme Court justices</a> Note: Justice <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton" title="Sherman Minton">Sherman Minton</a> converted to Catholicism after he retired. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/12/politics/alito-supreme-court-tape-analysis">"Analysis: Samuel Alito, caught on tape, reinforces why people are skeptical of the Supreme Court | CNN Politics"</a>. June 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+Samuel+Alito%2C+caught+on+tape%2C+reinforces+why+people+are+skeptical+of+the+Supreme+Court+%26%23124%3B+CNN+Politics&rft.date=2024-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2024%2F06%2F12%2Fpolitics%2Falito-supreme-court-tape-analysis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViolante2017" class="citation web cs1">Violante, Cristina (June 12, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law360.com/articles/933792/behind-a-justice-s-first-opinion-a-tradition-of-unanimity">"Behind A Justice's First Opinion: A Tradition Of Unanimity"</a>. Law360. Retrieved January 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Law360&rft.atitle=Behind+A+Justice%27s+First+Opinion%3A+A+Tradition+Of+Unanimity&rft.date=2017-06-12&rft.aulast=Violante&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law360.com%2Farticles%2F933792%2Fbehind-a-justice-s-first-opinion-a-tradition-of-unanimity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane2006" class="citation news cs1">Lane, Charles (May 2, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/01/AR2006050101271.html">"Justices Reinstate Smith's Claim"</a>. The Washington Post. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Retrieved January 25, 2024. <q>Alito's first opinion came in Holmes v. South Carolina, No. 04-1327. Following Supreme Court tradition for new justices, Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. assigned Alito a unanimous opinion as his first.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Justices+Reinstate+Smith%27s+Claim&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2006-05-02&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F05%2F01%2FAR2006050101271.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/05pdf/04-10566.pdf">"Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon, 04-10566"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813050241/http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/05pdf/04-10566.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 13, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sanchez-Llamas+v.+Oregon%2C+04-10566&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2Fopinions%2F05pdf%2F04-10566.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlito2009" class="citation journal cs1">Alito, Samuel A. Jr. (June 15, 2009). "The Origin of the Baseball Antitrust Exemption: Federal Baseball Club of Baltimore, Inc. v. National League of Professional Baseball Clubs". Journal of Supreme Court History. 34 (2): 183–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5818.2009.01208.x">10.1111/j.1540-5818.2009.01208.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247668532">247668532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Supreme+Court+History&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Baseball+Antitrust+Exemption%3A+Federal+Baseball+Club+of+Baltimore%2C+Inc.+v.+National+League+of+Professional+Baseball+Clubs&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=183-195&rft.date=2009-06-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-5818.2009.01208.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247668532%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Alito&rft.aufirst=Samuel+A.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlito2009" class="citation journal cs1">Alito, Samuel A. Jr. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sabr.org/research/alito-origin-baseball-antitrust-exemption">"The Origin of the Baseball Antitrust Exemption"</a>. Baseball Research Journal. 38 (2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160916053555/http://sabr.org/research/alito-origin-baseball-antitrust-exemption">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baseball+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Baseball+Antitrust+Exemption&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Alito&rft.aufirst=Samuel+A.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsabr.org%2Fresearch%2Falito-origin-baseball-antitrust-exemption&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alberti-2022-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alberti-2022_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alberti-2022_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberti2022" class="citation web cs1">Alberti, Oriana Gonzalez, Danielle (June 24, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axios.com/2019/06/01/supreme-court-justices-ideology">"The political leanings of the Supreme Court justices"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Axios_(website)" title="Axios (website)">Axios</a>. Retrieved January 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Axios&rft.atitle=The+political+leanings+of+the+Supreme+Court+justices&rft.date=2022-06-24&rft.aulast=Alberti&rft.aufirst=Oriana+Gonzalez%2C+Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2F2019%2F06%2F01%2Fsupreme-court-justices-ideology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/1323015/supreme-court-justices-ideological-scores-us/">"Supreme Court justices ideological scores U.S. 2021"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statista" title="Statista">Statista</a>. Retrieved January 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+justices+ideological+scores+U.S.+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F1323015%2Fsupreme-court-justices-ideological-scores-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMears2006" class="citation web cs1">Mears, Bill (February 2, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091004020547/http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/02/01/alito/index.html">"Justice Alito casts his first vote"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/02/01/alito/index.html">the original</a> on October 4, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Justice+Alito+casts+his+first+vote&rft.date=2006-02-02&rft.aulast=Mears&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2006%2FPOLITICS%2F02%2F01%2Falito%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927135744/http://www.scotusblog.com/movabletype/archives/June28VotingStats.pdf">"SCOTUS Blog"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/movabletype/archives/June28VotingStats.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 27, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SCOTUS+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotusblog.com%2Fmovabletype%2Farchives%2FJune28VotingStats.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-talbot_alito-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-talbot_alito_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-talbot_alito_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2022" class="citation news cs1">Talbot, Margaret (August 28, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230209215031/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/09/05/justice-alitos-crusade-against-a-secular-america-isnt-over">"Justice Alito's Crusade Against a Secular America Isn't Over"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/09/05/justice-alitos-crusade-against-a-secular-america-isnt-over">the original</a> on February 9, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Justice+Alito%27s+Crusade+Against+a+Secular+America+Isn%27t+Over&rft.date=2022-08-28&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2022%2F09%2F05%2Fjustice-alitos-crusade-against-a-secular-america-isnt-over&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAriane_de_VogueChandelis_Duster2020" class="citation web cs1">Ariane de Vogue; Chandelis Duster (October 5, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/05/politics/clarence-thomas-samuel-alito/index.html">"Justices Thomas and Alito lash out at the decision that cleared way for same-sex marriage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201005170032/https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/05/politics/clarence-thomas-samuel-alito/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Justices+Thomas+and+Alito+lash+out+at+the+decision+that+cleared+way+for+same-sex+marriage&rft.date=2020-10-05&rft.au=Ariane+de+Vogue&rft.au=Chandelis+Duster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F10%2F05%2Fpolitics%2Fclarence-thomas-samuel-alito%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyle_Balluck2020" class="citation news cs1">Kyle Balluck (October 5, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/519636-supreme-court-rejects-bid-by-ex-kentucky-clerk-who-defied-gay">"Supreme Court rejects bid by ex-Kentucky clerk who defied gay marriage ruling to block lawsuit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201005183101/https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/519636-supreme-court-rejects-bid-by-ex-kentucky-clerk-who-defied-gay">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2020. Retrieved October 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+rejects+bid+by+ex-Kentucky+clerk+who+defied+gay+marriage+ruling+to+block+lawsuit&rft.date=2020-10-05&rft.au=Kyle+Balluck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fregulation%2Fcourt-battles%2F519636-supreme-court-rejects-bid-by-ex-kentucky-clerk-who-defied-gay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/supreme-court-rejects-appeal-county-clerk-who-wouldn-t-issue-n1242124">"Supreme Court rejects appeal from county clerk who wouldn't issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. October 5, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231434/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/supreme-court-rejects-appeal-county-clerk-who-wouldn-t-issue-n1242124">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+rejects+appeal+from+county+clerk+who+wouldn%27t+issue+marriage+licenses+to+same-sex+couples&rft.date=2020-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fsupreme-court%2Fsupreme-court-rejects-appeal-county-clerk-who-wouldn-t-issue-n1242124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeidig2020" class="citation news cs1">Neidig, Harper (June 15, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/502729-supreme-court-rules-lgbt-workers-protected-by-civil-rights-law">"Workers can't be fired for being gay or transgender, Supreme Court rules"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615144030/https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/502729-supreme-court-rules-lgbt-workers-protected-by-civil-rights-law">Archived</a> from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Workers+can%27t+be+fired+for+being+gay+or+transgender%2C+Supreme+Court+rules&rft.date=2020-06-15&rft.aulast=Neidig&rft.aufirst=Harper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fregulation%2Fcourt-battles%2F502729-supreme-court-rules-lgbt-workers-protected-by-civil-rights-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGersteinRainey2020" class="citation news cs1">Gerstein, Josh; Rainey, Rebecca (June 15, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2020/06/15/supreme-court-lgbt-rights-decision-319693">"Supreme Court finds federal law bars LGBT discrimination in workplace"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200616080113/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/06/15/supreme-court-lgbt-rights-decision-319693">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+finds+federal+law+bars+LGBT+discrimination+in+workplace&rft.date=2020-06-15&rft.aulast=Gerstein&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft.au=Rainey%2C+Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F06%2F15%2Fsupreme-court-lgbt-rights-decision-319693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes" class="citation news cs1">Barnes, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/11/12/samuel-alito-federalist-society-speech/">"Justice Alito says pandemic has resulted in 'unimaginable' restrictions on individual liberty"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201119071544/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/11/12/samuel-alito-federalist-society-speech/">Archived</a> from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved November 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Justice+Alito+says+pandemic+has+resulted+in+%27unimaginable%27+restrictions+on+individual+liberty&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnation%2F2020%2F11%2F12%2Fsamuel-alito-federalist-society-speech%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-YLJ2017.1-76"><a href="#cite_ref-YLJ2017.1_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorod2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gorod, Brianne J. (January 24, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/GorodforWebsite_kry8ep3n.pdf">"Sam Alito: The Court's Most Consistent Conservative"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Yale_Law_Journal" title="The Yale Law Journal">The Yale Law Journal</a>. 126: 362–373.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Sam+Alito%3A+The+Court%27s+Most+Consistent+Conservative&rft.volume=126&rft.pages=362-373&rft.date=2017-01-24&rft.aulast=Gorod&rft.aufirst=Brianne+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yalelawjournal.org%2Fpdf%2FGorodforWebsite_kry8ep3n.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpsteinMartinSegalWesterland2007" class="citation journal cs1">Epstein, Lee; Martin, Andrew D.; Segal, Jeffrey A.; Westerland, Chad (2007). "The Judicial Common Space". Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization. 23 (2): 303–325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjleo%2Fewm024">10.1093/jleo/ewm024</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/8756-6222">8756-6222</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40058180">40058180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Law%2C+Economics%2C+%26+Organization&rft.atitle=The+Judicial+Common+Space&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=303-325&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=8756-6222&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40058180%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjleo%2Fewm024&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft.au=Martin%2C+Andrew+D.&rft.au=Segal%2C+Jeffrey+A.&rft.au=Westerland%2C+Chad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberti2022" class="citation web cs1">Alberti, Oriana González, Danielle (June 24, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axios.com/2019/06/01/supreme-court-justices-ideology">"The political leanings of the Supreme Court justices"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Axios_(website)" title="Axios (website)">Axios</a>. Retrieved April 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Axios&rft.atitle=The+political+leanings+of+the+Supreme+Court+justices&rft.date=2022-06-24&rft.aulast=Alberti&rft.aufirst=Oriana+Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2F2019%2F06%2F01%2Fsupreme-court-justices-ideology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-alitorecordabc-79"><a href="#cite_ref-alitorecordabc_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Associated_Press" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">The Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/justice-alito-questions-possibility-political-compromise-secret-recordings-111005038">"Justice Alito questions possibility of political compromise in secret recording"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. <q>Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito is heard questioning whether compromise between the left and right is possible in a conversation posted on social media</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Justice+Alito+questions+possibility+of+political+compromise+in+secret+recording&rft.au=The+Associated+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2FwireStory%2Fjustice-alito-questions-possibility-political-compromise-secret-recordings-111005038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-alitorecordguardian-80"><a href="#cite_ref-alitorecordguardian_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTait2024" class="citation web cs1">Tait, Robert (June 11, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/jun/11/samuel-martha-ann-alito-recording">"Alito doubts US right and left can co-exist and wife criticizes Pride flag in secret recording"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved June 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Alito+doubts+US+right+and+left+can+co-exist+and+wife+criticizes+Pride+flag+in+secret+recording&rft.date=2024-06-11&rft.aulast=Tait&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2Farticle%2F2024%2Fjun%2F11%2Fsamuel-martha-ann-alito-recording&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruzel2024" class="citation web cs1">Kruzel, John (June 11, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/us/supreme-courts-alito-appears-back-us-return-godliness-secret-recording-2024-06-11/">"Supreme Court's Alito appears to back US return to 'godliness' in secret recording"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved November 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court%27s+Alito+appears+to+back+US+return+to+%27godliness%27+in+secret+recording&rft.date=2024-06-11&rft.aulast=Kruzel&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fus%2Fsupreme-courts-alito-appears-back-us-return-godliness-secret-recording-2024-06-11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGersteinWard2022" class="citation news cs1">Gerstein, Josh; Ward, Alexander (May 2, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/05/02/supreme-court-abortion-draft-opinion-00029473">"Supreme Court has voted to overturn abortion rights, draft opinion shows"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. Retrieved May 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+has+voted+to+overturn+abortion+rights%2C+draft+opinion+shows&rft.date=2022-05-02&rft.aulast=Gerstein&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft.au=Ward%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F05%2F02%2Fsupreme-court-abortion-draft-opinion-00029473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2022" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Liptak" title="Adam Liptak">Liptak, Adam</a> (June 24, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/24/us/roe-wade-overturned-supreme-court.html">"In 6-to-3 Ruling, Supreme Court Ends Nearly 50 Years of Abortion Rights"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved June 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+6-to-3+Ruling%2C+Supreme+Court+Ends+Nearly+50+Years+of+Abortion+Rights&rft.date=2022-06-24&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F06%2F24%2Fus%2Froe-wade-overturned-supreme-court.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerstein2022" class="citation web cs1">Gerstein, Josh (July 28, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/07/28/alito-mocks-foreign-critics-of-ruling-00048607">"Alito mocks foreign critics of Supreme Court abortion ruling"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. Retrieved July 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Alito+mocks+foreign+critics+of+Supreme+Court+abortion+ruling&rft.date=2022-07-28&rft.aulast=Gerstein&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F07%2F28%2Falito-mocks-foreign-critics-of-ruling-00048607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vogue2022" class="citation web cs1">de Vogue, Ariane (July 28, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/28/politics/samuel-alito-religious-liberty-notre-dame-rome/index.html">"Samuel Alito mocks foreign critics of repealing Roe v. Wade in Rome speech"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Retrieved July 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Samuel+Alito+mocks+foreign+critics+of+repealing+Roe+v.+Wade+in+Rome+speech&rft.date=2022-07-28&rft.aulast=de+Vogue&rft.aufirst=Ariane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2022%2F07%2F28%2Fpolitics%2Fsamuel-alito-religious-liberty-notre-dame-rome%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn2022" class="citation web cs1">Quinn, Melissa (October 26, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/alito-supreme-court-abortion-opinion-leak-targets-for-assassination/">"Alito says leak of Supreme Court abortion opinion made some justices 'targets for assassination'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. Retrieved October 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Alito+says+leak+of+Supreme+Court+abortion+opinion+made+some+justices+%27targets+for+assassination%27&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Falito-supreme-court-abortion-opinion-leak-targets-for-assassination%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/abortion-us-supreme-court-elena-kagan-samuel-alito-government-and-politics-10bf92ae6830573054da5f756a029d1c">"Supreme Court justices spar over court legitimacy comments"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. October 26, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+justices+spar+over+court+legitimacy+comments&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fabortion-us-supreme-court-elena-kagan-samuel-alito-government-and-politics-10bf92ae6830573054da5f756a029d1c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nytimes_Schenck-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nytimes_Schenck_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nytimes_Schenck_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nytimes_Schenck_88-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nytimes_Schenck_88-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKantorBecker2022" class="citation news cs1">Kantor, Jodi; Becker, Jo (November 19, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221119211756/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/19/us/supreme-court-leak-abortion-roe-wade.html">""Former Anti-Abortion Leader Alleges Another Supreme Court Breach""</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/19/us/supreme-court-leak-abortion-roe-wade.html">the original</a> on November 19, 2022. Retrieved November 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%22Former+Anti-Abortion+Leader+Alleges+Another+Supreme+Court+Breach%22&rft.date=2022-11-19&rft.aulast=Kantor&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rft.au=Becker%2C+Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F11%2F19%2Fus%2Fsupreme-court-leak-abortion-roe-wade.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/samuel-alito-abortion-pill-dissent-calls-out-3-justices-expert-2023-4">"Samuel Alito used his dissent in the abortion pill ruling to call out 3 justices in an act of judiciary 'theater,' SCOTUS expert says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. April 21, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Samuel+Alito+used+his+dissent+in+the+abortion+pill+ruling+to+call+out+3+justices+in+an+act+of+judiciary+%27theater%2C%27+SCOTUS+expert+says&rft.date=2023-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fsamuel-alito-abortion-pill-dissent-calls-out-3-justices-expert-2023-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/apr/21/abortion-pill-ruling-mifepristone-supreme-court-explained">"Abortion pill case: what does the supreme court order mean and what comes next?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. April 21, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Abortion+pill+case%3A+what+does+the+supreme+court+order+mean+and+what+comes+next%3F&rft.date=2023-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2023%2Fapr%2F21%2Fabortion-pill-ruling-mifepristone-supreme-court-explained&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/22a901_3d9g.pdf">"22a901_3d9g.pdf"</a> (PDF). supremecourt.gov. April 21, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=supremecourt.gov&rft.atitle=22a901_3d9g.pdf&rft.date=2023-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2Fopinions%2F22pdf%2F22a901_3d9g.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/facts-and-case-summary-snyder-v-phelps">"Facts and Case Summary - Snyder v. Phelps"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160318001424/http://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/facts-and-case-summary-snyder-v-phelps">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+and+Case+Summary+-+Snyder+v.+Phelps&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscourts.gov%2Feducational-resources%2Feducational-activities%2Ffacts-and-case-summary-snyder-v-phelps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/video/samuel-alito/?start=3350&end=4117">"Samuel Alito on Conversations with Bill Kristol"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329044015/http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/video/samuel-alito/?start=3350&end=4117">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samuel+Alito+on+Conversations+with+Bill+Kristol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconversationswithbillkristol.org%2Fvideo%2Fsamuel-alito%2F%3Fstart%3D3350%26end%3D4117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/who-is-martha-ann-alito-flags-supreme-court-b2560504.html">"Martha-Ann Alito: Wife of Supreme Court justice at heart of flag and secret recording controversies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. June 11, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Martha-Ann+Alito%3A+Wife+of+Supreme+Court+justice+at+heart+of+flag+and+secret+recording+controversies&rft.date=2024-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fus-politics%2Fwho-is-martha-ann-alito-flags-supreme-court-b2560504.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101001205542/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4982475">"Alito's Supreme Court Nomination Confirmed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4982475">the original</a> on October 1, 2010. Retrieved September 20, 2007. <q>Alito and his wife, Martha-Ann Bomgardner, live in West Caldwell, N.J. His sister Rosemary Alito is a labor attorney.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Alito%27s+Supreme+Court+Nomination+Confirmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D4982475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVu2022" class="citation news cs1">Vu, Nancy (May 9, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/amp/news/2022/05/09/samuel-alito-home-protest-abortion-rights-00031285">"Alito's home draws latest abortion-rights demonstration after Roe opinion breach"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. Retrieved May 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Alito%27s+home+draws+latest+abortion-rights+demonstration+after+Roe+opinion+breach&rft.date=2022-05-09&rft.aulast=Vu&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Famp%2Fnews%2F2022%2F05%2F09%2Fsamuel-alito-home-protest-abortion-rights-00031285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2022" class="citation web cs1">Preston, Matthew (April 15, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/columnist/2022/04/15/supreme-court-ketanji-brown-jackson-veteran/9510328002/">"Ketanji Brown Jackson's Historic Rise Leaves Just One Military Veteran on the Supreme Court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220415131417/https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/columnist/2022/04/15/supreme-court-ketanji-brown-jackson-veteran/9510328002/">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Ketanji+Brown+Jackson%27s+Historic+Rise+Leaves+Just+One+Military+Veteran+on+the+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2022-04-15&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnist%2F2022%2F04%2F15%2Fsupreme-court-ketanji-brown-jackson-veteran%2F9510328002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/video/samuel-alito/">"Samuel Alito on Conversations with Bill Kristol"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324164851/http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/video/samuel-alito/">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samuel+Alito+on+Conversations+with+Bill+Kristol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconversationswithbillkristol.org%2Fvideo%2Fsamuel-alito%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss" class="citation web cs1">Weiss, Debra Cassens. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abajournal.com/news/article/a_better_smelling_philly_phanatic_helped_welcome_alito_to_supreme_court">"A Better-Smelling Phillie Phanatic Helped Welcome Alito to Supreme Court"</a>. ABA Journal. Retrieved July 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABA+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Better-Smelling+Phillie+Phanatic+Helped+Welcome+Alito+to+Supreme+Court&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Debra+Cassens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abajournal.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fa_better_smelling_philly_phanatic_helped_welcome_alito_to_supreme_court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/government_programs-july-dec13-whistleblowers_08-01/">"I held in my hand Judge Alito's targeting information for his phones and his staff and his family"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170314040049/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/government_programs-july-dec13-whistleblowers_08-01/">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=I+held+in+my+hand+Judge+Alito%27s+targeting+information+for+his+phones+and+his+staff+and+his+family.&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fbb%2Fgovernment_programs-july-dec13-whistleblowers_08-01%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6m1XbWOfVk&t=181s">NSA Blackmailing Obama? | Interview with Whistleblower Russ Tice, Breaking the Set, Abby Martin</a>. July 9, 2013 – via YouTube. <q>I held Judge Alito's paperwork in my hand.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NSA+Blackmailing+Obama%3F+%7C+Interview+with+Whistleblower+Russ+Tice%2C+Breaking+the+Set%2C+Abby+Martin&rft.date=2013-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dd6m1XbWOfVk%26t%3D181s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supremecourtreview.com/default/justice/index/id/36">"The Justices of the United States Supreme Court"</a>. Supreme Court Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425133554/http://supremecourtreview.com/default/justice/index/id/36">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supreme+Court+Review&rft.atitle=The+Justices+of+the+United+States+Supreme+Court&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupremecourtreview.com%2Fdefault%2Fjustice%2Findex%2Fid%2F36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108151905/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-05-26-alito-seton-hall_N.htm">"Alito speaks to Seton Hall grads"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. May 27, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-05-26-alito-seton-hall_N.htm">the original</a> on November 8, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Alito+speaks+to+Seton+Hall+grads&rft.date=2007-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fwashington%2F2007-05-26-alito-seton-hall_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.duke.edu/fac/alito">"Associate Justice Samuel A. Alito"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_School_of_Law" title="Duke University School of Law">Duke University School of Law</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120919011004/http://law.duke.edu/fac/alito/">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2012. Retrieved July 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Associate+Justice+Samuel+A.+Alito&rft.pub=Duke+University+School+of+Law&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.duke.edu%2Ffac%2Falito&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ProP-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ProP_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ProP_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMierjeskiElliottKaplan2023" class="citation web cs1">Mierjeski, Justin; Elliott, Joshua; Kaplan, Alex (June 20, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.propublica.org/article/samuel-alito-luxury-fishing-trip-paul-singer-scotus-supreme-court">"Justice Samuel Alito Took Luxury Fishing Vacation With GOP Billionaire Who Later Had Cases Before the Court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a>. Retrieved June 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ProPublica&rft.atitle=Justice+Samuel+Alito+Took+Luxury+Fishing+Vacation+With+GOP+Billionaire+Who+Later+Had+Cases+Before+the+Court&rft.date=2023-06-20&rft.aulast=Mierjeski&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft.au=Elliott%2C+Joshua&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.propublica.org%2Farticle%2Fsamuel-alito-luxury-fishing-trip-paul-singer-scotus-supreme-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethics-106"><a href="#cite_ref-ethics_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPengelly2023" class="citation news cs1">Pengelly, Martin (June 21, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/law/2023/jun/21/samuel-alito-undisclosed-gifts-billionaire-paul-singer-supreme-court">"Samuel Alito did not declare gifts from billionaire with case before US supreme court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved June 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Samuel+Alito+did+not+declare+gifts+from+billionaire+with+case+before+US+supreme+court&rft.date=2023-06-21&rft.aulast=Pengelly&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flaw%2F2023%2Fjun%2F21%2Fsamuel-alito-undisclosed-gifts-billionaire-paul-singer-supreme-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alito-2023-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alito-2023_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alito-2023_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlito2023" class="citation news cs1">Alito, Samuel A. Jr. (June 20, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/propublica-misleads-its-readers-alito-gifts-disclosure-alaska-singer-23b51eda">"Opinion | Justice Samuel Alito: ProPublica Misleads Its Readers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. Retrieved June 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Opinion+%7C+Justice+Samuel+Alito%3A+ProPublica+Misleads+Its+Readers&rft.date=2023-06-20&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Alito&rft.aufirst=Samuel+A.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fpropublica-misleads-its-readers-alito-gifts-disclosure-alaska-singer-23b51eda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBazail-EimilBerg2023" class="citation web cs1">Bazail-Eimil, Eric; Berg, Matt (June 21, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/justice-samuel-alito-faces-scrutiny-over-trips-with-gop-donor-pens-defensive-op-ed/ar-AA1cQuI1">"Justice Samuel Alito faces scrutiny over trips with GOP donor, pens defensive op-ed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. Retrieved June 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Justice+Samuel+Alito+faces+scrutiny+over+trips+with+GOP+donor%2C+pens+defensive+op-ed&rft.date=2023-06-21&rft.aulast=Bazail-Eimil&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Berg%2C+Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fjustice-samuel-alito-faces-scrutiny-over-trips-with-gop-donor-pens-defensive-op-ed%2Far-AA1cQuI1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engelberg-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engelberg_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engelberg_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelberg2023" class="citation web cs1">Engelberg, Jesse Eisinger, Stephen (June 25, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.propublica.org/article/behind-scenes-alito-wall-street-journal-prebuttal-editorial">"Behind the Scenes of Justice Alito's Unprecedented Wall Street Journal Pre-buttal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a>. Retrieved June 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ProPublica&rft.atitle=Behind+the+Scenes+of+Justice+Alito%27s+Unprecedented+Wall+Street+Journal+Pre-buttal&rft.date=2023-06-25&rft.aulast=Engelberg&rft.aufirst=Jesse+Eisinger%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.propublica.org%2Farticle%2Fbehind-scenes-alito-wall-street-journal-prebuttal-editorial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2023" class="citation news cs1">Robertson, Katie (June 21, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/21/business/media/alito-propublica-wall-street-journal.html">"Alito's Reply in a Rival Publication Surprises ProPublica"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved June 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Alito%27s+Reply+in+a+Rival+Publication+Surprises+ProPublica&rft.date=2023-06-21&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F06%2F21%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2Falito-propublica-wall-street-journal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRimmer2023" class="citation news cs1">Rimmer, Morgan (July 20, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/20/politics/supreme-court-ethics-bill-senate-judiciary/index.html">"Senate Judiciary Committee advances Supreme Court ethics bill on party lines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Retrieved July 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Senate+Judiciary+Committee+advances+Supreme+Court+ethics+bill+on+party+lines&rft.date=2023-07-20&rft.aulast=Rimmer&rft.aufirst=Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2023%2F07%2F20%2Fpolitics%2Fsupreme-court-ethics-bill-senate-judiciary%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivkin_Jr.Taranto2023" class="citation news cs1">Rivkin Jr., David B.; Taranto, James (July 28, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/samuel-alito-the-supreme-courts-plain-spoken-defender-precedent-ethics-originalism-5e3e9a7">"Samuel Alito, the Supreme Court's Plain-Spoken Defender"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. Retrieved July 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Samuel+Alito%2C+the+Supreme+Court%27s+Plain-Spoken+Defender&rft.date=2023-07-28&rft.aulast=Rivkin+Jr.&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft.au=Taranto%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fsamuel-alito-the-supreme-courts-plain-spoken-defender-precedent-ethics-originalism-5e3e9a7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeBlanc2023" class="citation web cs1">LeBlanc, Paul (July 30, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/30/politics/chris-murphy-samuel-alito-supreme-court-ethics-cnntv/index.html">"Democratic senator calls Samuel Alito 'stunningly wrong' on Supreme Court ethics controversy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. Retrieved July 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Democratic+senator+calls+Samuel+Alito+%27stunningly+wrong%27+on+Supreme+Court+ethics+controversy&rft.date=2023-07-30&rft.aulast=LeBlanc&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2023%2F07%2F30%2Fpolitics%2Fchris-murphy-samuel-alito-supreme-court-ethics-cnntv%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKantor2024" class="citation news cs1">Kantor, Jodi (May 16, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/16/us/justice-alito-upside-down-flag.html">"At Justice Alito's House, a 'Stop the Steal' Symbol on Display"</a>. The New York Times. New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=At+Justice+Alito%27s+House%2C+a+%27Stop+the+Steal%27+Symbol+on+Display&rft.date=2024-05-16&rft.aulast=Kantor&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F05%2F16%2Fus%2Fjustice-alito-upside-down-flag.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Title_4_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 4 of the United States Code">4 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/4/8">§ 8</a> (United States Flag Code) "The flag should never be displayed with the union down, except as a signal of dire distress in instances of extreme danger to life or property." </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKantorTolerTate2024" class="citation news cs1">Kantor, Jodi; Toler, Aric; Tate, Julie (May 22, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/22/us/justice-alito-flag-appeal-to-heaven.html">"Another Provocative Flag Was Flown At Another Alito Home"</a>. The New York Times. New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Another+Provocative+Flag+Was+Flown+At+Another+Alito+Home&rft.date=2024-05-22&rft.aulast=Kantor&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rft.au=Toler%2C+Aric&rft.au=Tate%2C+Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F05%2F22%2Fus%2Fjustice-alito-flag-appeal-to-heaven.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenner2017" class="citation web cs1">Benner, Dave (April 16, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310102741/https://tenthamendmentcenter.com/2017/04/16/john-lockes-appeal-to-heaven-its-continuing-relevance/">"John Locke's Appeal to Heaven: Its Continuing Relevance"</a>. Tenth Amendment Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tenthamendmentcenter.com/2017/04/16/john-lockes-appeal-to-heaven-its-continuing-relevance/">the original</a> on March 10, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tenth+Amendment+Center&rft.atitle=John+Locke%27s+Appeal+to+Heaven%3A+Its+Continuing+Relevance&rft.date=2017-04-16&rft.aulast=Benner&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftenthamendmentcenter.com%2F2017%2F04%2F16%2Fjohn-lockes-appeal-to-heaven-its-continuing-relevance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Examiner-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Examiner_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox2024" class="citation web cs1">Knox, Brady (May 23, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240525165742/https://gazette.com/news/wex/what-are-the-flags-alito-is-under-fire-for/article_2b8e993e-34f8-50fc-a7c8-2df36ff84072.html">"What are the flags Alito is under fire for?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado Springs Gazette">Colorado Springs Gazette</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gazette.com/news/wex/what-are-the-flags-alito-is-under-fire-for/article_2b8e993e-34f8-50fc-a7c8-2df36ff84072.html">the original</a> on May 25, 2024. Retrieved May 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colorado+Springs+Gazette&rft.atitle=What+are+the+flags+Alito+is+under+fire+for%3F&rft.date=2024-05-23&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=Brady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgazette.com%2Fnews%2Fwex%2Fwhat-are-the-flags-alito-is-under-fire-for%2Farticle_2b8e993e-34f8-50fc-a7c8-2df36ff84072.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hahner-2024-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Hahner-2024_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahnerVarda2024" class="citation web cs1">Hahner, Leslie; Varda, Scott J. (May 30, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/outside-supreme-court-justices-home-a-revolution-era-flag-now-a-call-for-christian-nationalism-231142">"Outside Supreme Court justice's home, a Revolution-era flag, now a call for Christian nationalism"</a>. The Conversation. Retrieved June 16, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Outside+Supreme+Court+justice%27s+home%2C+a+Revolution-era+flag%2C+now+a+call+for+Christian+nationalism&rft.date=2024-05-30&rft.aulast=Hahner&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft.au=Varda%2C+Scott+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Foutside-supreme-court-justices-home-a-revolution-era-flag-now-a-call-for-christian-nationalism-231142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times-120"><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKantorTolerTate2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Kantor" title="Jodi Kantor">Kantor, Jodi</a>; Toler, Aric; Tate, Julie (May 22, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/22/us/justice-alito-flag-appeal-to-heaven.html">"Another Provocative Flag Was Flown at Another Alito Home"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved May 26, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Another+Provocative+Flag+Was+Flown+at+Another+Alito+Home&rft.date=2024-05-22&rft.aulast=Kantor&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rft.au=Toler%2C+Aric&rft.au=Tate%2C+Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F05%2F22%2Fus%2Fjustice-alito-flag-appeal-to-heaven.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-vansickle-24-121"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-vansickle-24_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanSickle2024" class="citation news cs1">VanSickle, Abbie (June 10, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/10/us/politics/alito-pride-flag.html">"Justice Alito's Wife, in Secretly Recorded Conversation, Complains About Pride Flag"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Justice+Alito%27s+Wife%2C+in+Secretly+Recorded+Conversation%2C+Complains+About+Pride+Flag&rft.date=2024-06-10&rft.aulast=VanSickle&rft.aufirst=Abbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F06%2F10%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Falito-pride-flag.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2024" class="citation web cs1">Weaver, Al (May 17, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/4670536-durbin-calls-for-alito-recusal-from-jan-6-cases-over-upside-down-flag-flew-at-his-home/">"Durbin calls for Alito recusal from Jan. 6 cases over upside-down flag that flew at his home"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hill (magazine)">The Hill</a>. Retrieved May 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Durbin+calls+for+Alito+recusal+from+Jan.+6+cases+over+upside-down+flag+that+flew+at+his+home&rft.date=2024-05-17&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Al&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fsenate%2F4670536-durbin-calls-for-alito-recusal-from-jan-6-cases-over-upside-down-flag-flew-at-his-home%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSforza2024" class="citation web cs1">Sforza, Lauren (May 22, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4679261-democrat-steve-cohen-introduces-justice-samuel-alito-censure-resolution-over-upside-down-flag/">"Democrat introduces Alito censure resolution over upside-down flag"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hill (magazine)">The Hill</a>. Retrieved May 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Democrat+introduces+Alito+censure+resolution+over+upside-down+flag&rft.date=2024-05-22&rft.aulast=Sforza&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fhouse%2F4679261-democrat-steve-cohen-introduces-justice-samuel-alito-censure-resolution-over-upside-down-flag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJouvenalMarimow2024" class="citation news cs1">Jouvenal, Justin; Marimow, Ann (May 21, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/05/21/alito-wife-flag-recuse-clarence-thomas/">"House Democrats call on Justice Alito to recuse after flag controversy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved May 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=House+Democrats+call+on+Justice+Alito+to+recuse+after+flag+controversy&rft.date=2024-05-21&rft.aulast=Jouvenal&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft.au=Marimow%2C+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2024%2F05%2F21%2Falito-wife-flag-recuse-clarence-thomas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehurst2024" class="citation web cs1">Whitehurst, Lindsay (May 17, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/supreme-court-flag-stop-steal-alito-trump-9a32d658f5c5baa2bacba25bce7c48cd">"Justice Alito's home flew a US flag upside down after Trump's 'Stop the Steal' claims, a report says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Retrieved May 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justice+Alito%27s+home+flew+a+US+flag+upside+down+after+Trump%27s+%27Stop+the+Steal%27+claims%2C+a+report+says&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft.date=2024-05-17&rft.aulast=Whitehurst&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fsupreme-court-flag-stop-steal-alito-trump-9a32d658f5c5baa2bacba25bce7c48cd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimotija2024" class="citation web cs1">Timotija, Filip (May 21, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/4676700-lindsey-graham-says-upside-down-flag-at-alito-home-not-good-judgement/">"Graham on upside-down flag at Alito home: 'Not good judgment'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hill (magazine)">The Hill</a>. Retrieved May 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Graham+on+upside-down+flag+at+Alito+home%3A+%27Not+good+judgment%27&rft.date=2024-05-21&rft.aulast=Timotija&rft.aufirst=Filip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fsenate%2F4676700-lindsey-graham-says-upside-down-flag-at-alito-home-not-good-judgement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter_from_Justice_Alito_to_Senators_Durbin_and_Whitehouse-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Letter_from_Justice_Alito_to_Senators_Durbin_and_Whitehouse_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlito2024" class="citation web cs1">Alito, Samuel (May 29, 2024). <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Letter_from_Justice_Alito_to_Senators_Durbin_and_Whitehouse.pdf">"Letter from Justice Alito to Senators Durbin and Whitehouse"</a> (PDF). Supreme Court of the United States.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+from+Justice+Alito+to+Senators+Durbin+and+Whitehouse&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft.date=2024-05-29&rft.aulast=Alito&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ALetter_from_Justice_Alito_to_Senators_Durbin_and_Whitehouse.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USATodayInfoAlexandria-128"><a href="#cite_ref-USATodayInfoAlexandria_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroppe2024" class="citation web cs1">Groppe, Maureen (May 17, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/05/17/justice-alito-upside-down-flag-outside-house/73730575007/">"Alito and the upside down flag: What the symbol means to 'stop the steal' crowd"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. Retrieved May 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Alito+and+the+upside+down+flag%3A+What+the+symbol+means+to+%27stop+the+steal%27+crowd&rft.date=2024-05-17&rft.aulast=Groppe&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Felections%2F2024%2F05%2F17%2Fjustice-alito-upside-down-flag-outside-house%2F73730575007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TNRDoubt-129"><a href="#cite_ref-TNRDoubt_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJane2024" class="citation magazine cs1">Jane, Talia (May 17, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/post/181725/samuel-alito-upside-down-flag-explanation">"Samuel Alito Can't Even Lie Properly About That Upside-Down Flag"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a>. Retrieved May 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Samuel+Alito+Can%27t+Even+Lie+Properly+About+That+Upside-Down+Flag&rft.date=2024-05-17&rft.aulast=Jane&rft.aufirst=Talia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Fpost%2F181725%2Fsamuel-alito-upside-down-flag-explanation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAveryMcLaughlin2021" class="citation book cs1">Avery, M.; McLaughlin, D. (2021). The Federalist Society: How Conservatives Took the Law Back from Liberals. Vanderbilt University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-0339-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-0339-8"><bdi>978-0-8265-0339-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Federalist+Society%3A+How+Conservatives+Took+the+Law+Back+from+Liberals&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-8265-0339-8&rft.aulast=Avery&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=McLaughlin%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBazelon2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Bazelon, Emily (October 31, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511063923/http://www.slate.com/id/2129096/nav/tap1/">"Alito v. O'Connor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2129096/nav/tap1/">the original</a> on May 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Alito+v.+O%27Connor&rft.date=2005-10-31&rft.aulast=Bazelon&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2129096%2Fnav%2Ftap1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060316202221/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4392540.stm">"Bush choice sets up court battle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. October 31, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4392540.stm">the original</a> on March 16, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Bush+choice+sets+up+court+battle&rft.date=2005-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F4392540.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsHudson2005" class="citation web cs1">Collins, Ronald K.L.; Hudson, David L. Jr. (October 31, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swap.stanford.edu/20080725132649/http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/analysis.aspx?id=16003">"Judge Alito: fairly strong on free expression"</a>. <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_Center" title="First Amendment Center">First Amendment Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/analysis.aspx?id=16003">the original</a> on July 25, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=First+Amendment+Center&rft.atitle=Judge+Alito%3A+fairly+strong+on+free+expression&rft.date=2005-10-31&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Ronald+K.L.&rft.au=Hudson%2C+David+L.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstamendmentcenter.org%2Fanalysis.aspx%3Fid%3D16003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2005" class="citation web cs1">Collins, Ronald K.L. (November 3, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swap.stanford.edu/20080725130639/http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/analysis.aspx?id=16018">"Alito as government lawyer: '84 broadcast-regulation case"</a>. <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_Center" title="First Amendment Center">First Amendment Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/analysis.aspx?id=16018">the original</a> on July 25, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=First+Amendment+Center&rft.atitle=Alito+as+government+lawyer%3A+%2784+broadcast-regulation+case&rft.date=2005-11-03&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Ronald+K.L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstamendmentcenter.org%2Fanalysis.aspx%3Fid%3D16018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2007" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Elliott M. (Summer 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160928235942/http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/jlpp/Vol30_No3_Davisonline.pdf">"The Newer Textualism: Justice Alito's Statutory Interpretation"</a> (PDF). Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy. 30 (3). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/jlpp/Vol30_No3_Davisonline.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Law+%26+Public+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Newer+Textualism%3A+Justice+Alito%27s+Statutory+Interpretation&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Elliott+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.harvard.edu%2Fstudents%2Forgs%2Fjlpp%2FVol30_No3_Davisonline.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickerson2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Dickerson, John (October 31, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110217190031/http://www.slate.com/id/2129101/nav/tap1/">"Ready To Rumble"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2129101/nav/tap1/">the original</a> on February 17, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Ready+To+Rumble&rft.date=2005-10-31&rft.aulast=Dickerson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2129101%2Fnav%2Ftap1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibsonCaldeira2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gibson, James L.; Caldeira, Gregory A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024235739/https://pages.wustl.edu/files/pages/imce/jlgibson/ajps2009.pdf">"Confirmation politics and the legitimacy of the US Supreme Court: Institutional loyalty, positivity bias, and the Alito nomination"</a> (PDF). American Journal of Political Science. 53 (1): 139–155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5907.2008.00362.x">10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00362.x</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pages.wustl.edu/files/pages/imce/jlgibson/ajps2009.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Confirmation+politics+and+the+legitimacy+of+the+US+Supreme+Court%3A+Institutional+loyalty%2C+positivity+bias%2C+and+the+Alito+nomination&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=139-155&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-5907.2008.00362.x&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft.au=Caldeira%2C+Gregory+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpages.wustl.edu%2Ffiles%2Fpages%2Fimce%2Fjlgibson%2Fajps2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHook2005" class="citation news cs1">Hook, Janet (November 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-nov-01-na-profile1-story.html">"Bush's Supreme Court Nominee: A Phillies Fan With Blue-Chip Legal Stats"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. p. A1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Bush%27s+Supreme+Court+Nominee%3A+A+Phillies+Fan+With+Blue-Chip+Legal+Stats&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2005-11-01&rft.aulast=Hook&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2005-nov-01-na-profile1-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070109145353/http://air.fjc.gov/servlet/tGetInfo?jid=26">"Judges of the United States"</a>. Federal Judicial Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://air.fjc.gov/servlet/tGetInfo?jid=26">the original</a> on January 9, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Judicial+Center&rft.atitle=Judges+of+the+United+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fair.fjc.gov%2Fservlet%2FtGetInfo%3Fjid%3D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Alito" class="Z3988"> (official curriculum vitae).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Samuel Alito at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Samuel_Alito" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Samuel Alito">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Samuel_A._Alito,_Jr." class="extiw" title="c:Samuel A. Alito, Jr.">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Samuel_Alito" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Samuel Alito">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Samuel_Alito" class="extiw" title="q:Samuel Alito">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Samuel_Anthony_Alito" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Samuel Anthony Alito">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Samuel_Alito" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Samuel Alito">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Samuel_Alito" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Samuel Alito">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fjc.gov/node/1377101">Samuel A. Alito Jr.</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges" title="Biographical Directory of Federal Judges">Biographical Directory of Federal Judges</a>, a publication of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center" title="Federal Judicial Center">Federal Judicial Center</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/Samuel_Alito">Samuel Alito</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ballotpedia" title="Ballotpedia">Ballotpedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?1017027">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/advocates/samuel_a_alito_jr">Appearances at the U.S. Supreme Court</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Oyez_Project" title="Oyez Project">Oyez Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/law/find/alito.php">The Nomination of Samuel A. Alito</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Law_Library_of_Congress" title="Law Library of Congress">Law Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/future/robes_alito.html">Fox, John, Capitalism and Conflict, Biographies of the Robes, Samuel Anthony Alito, Jr.</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/31/AR2005103100227.html">Washington Post Profile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060207033836/http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/archives/2005/10/28/news/13656.shtml">Daily Princetonian profile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.OnTheIssues.org/Samuel_Alito.htm">Issue positions and quotes</a> at <a href="/wiki/OnTheIssues" class="mw-redirect" title="OnTheIssues">OnTheIssues</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Samuel_A._Alito%2C_Jr.">Profile</a> at <a href="/wiki/SourceWatch" class="mw-redirect" title="SourceWatch">SourceWatch</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.pfaw.org/stc/AlitoPreliminary.pdf">"The Record of Samuel Alito: A Preliminary Review"</a>. <a href="/wiki/People_For_the_American_Way" class="mw-redirect" title="People For the American Way">People For the American Way</a>. 2005.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071118070649/http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search.tkl?q=alito&search_crit=title&search=Search&date1=Anytime&date2=Anytime&type=form">Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Alito</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jurist.org/?s=alito">Alito</a> at Jurist.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/news/samuel-alito/">National Archives Alito links</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/judicialnominees/alito.html">The White House Judicial Nominations page on Alito</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CHRG-ALITO/pdf/GPO-CHRG-ALITO.pdf">Supreme Court Justice Nomination Hearings on Samuel Anthony Alito, Jr. in January 2006</a> United States Government Publishing Office</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Greelish" title="Thomas W. Greelish">Thomas Grenlish</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey" title="United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey">United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey</a> 1987–1990 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Gibbons" title="John Joseph Gibbons">John Gibbons</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit</a> 1990–2006 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Greenaway_Jr." title="Joseph A. Greenaway Jr.">Joseph Greenaway</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a> 2006–present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Incumbent </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></div>as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence of the United States</a> as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a></div>as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Template talk:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Chief_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jay_Court" title="Jay Court">1789–1795</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Jay_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Jay Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rutledge_Court" title="Rutledge Court">1795</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rutledge_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rutledge Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth" title="Oliver Ellsworth">Oliver Ellsworth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Court" title="Ellsworth Court">1796–1800</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Ellsworth_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Ellsworth Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marshall_Court" title="Marshall Court">1801–1835</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Marshall_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Marshall Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">1836–1864</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taney_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taney Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chase_Court" title="Chase Court">1864–1873</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Chase_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Chase Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Waite" title="Morrison Waite">Morrison Waite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waite_Court" title="Waite Court">1874–1888</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Waite_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Waite Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Fuller" title="Melville Fuller">Melville Fuller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuller_Court" title="Fuller Court">1888–1910</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Fuller_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Fuller Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">Edward Douglass White</a> (<a href="/wiki/White_Court_(justices)" title="White Court (justices)">1910–1921</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_White_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the White Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taft_Court" title="Taft Court">1921–1930</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hughes_Court" title="Hughes Court">1930–1941</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Hughes_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Hughes Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Court" title="Stone Court">1941–1946</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Stone_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Stone Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vinson_Court" title="Vinson Court">1946–1953</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Vinson_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Vinson Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">1953–1969</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Warren_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burger_Court" title="Burger Court">1969–1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Burger_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Burger Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rehnquist_Court" title="Rehnquist Court">1986–2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rehnquist_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roberts_Court" title="Roberts Court">2005–present</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Roberts_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Roberts Court">cases</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Associate_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">J. Rutledge</a>* (1790–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cushing" title="William Cushing">Cushing</a> (1790–1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">Wilson</a> (1789–1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_Jr." title="John Blair Jr.">Blair</a> (1790–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Iredell" title="James Iredell">Iredell</a> (1790–1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(judge)" title="Thomas Johnson (judge)">T. Johnson</a> (1792–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">Paterson</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">S. Chase</a> (1796–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushrod_Washington" title="Bushrod Washington">Washington</a> (1798–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Moore" title="Alfred Moore">Moore</a> (1800–1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Johnson_(judge)" title="William Johnson (judge)">W. Johnson</a> (1804–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brockholst_Livingston" title="Henry Brockholst Livingston">Livingston</a> (1807–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Todd" title="Thomas Todd">Todd</a> (1807–1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Duvall" title="Gabriel Duvall">Duvall</a> (1811–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Story</a> (1812–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Thompson</a> (1823–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trimble" title="Robert Trimble">Trimble</a> (1826–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">McLean</a> (1829–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baldwin_(judge)" title="Henry Baldwin (judge)">Baldwin</a> (1830–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Moore_Wayne" class="mw-redirect" title="James Moore Wayne">Wayne</a> (1835–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Barbour</a> (1836–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Catron" title="John Catron">Catron</a> (1837–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McKinley" title="John McKinley">McKinley</a> (1838–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_V._Daniel" title="Peter V. Daniel">Daniel</a> (1842–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nelson" title="Samuel Nelson">Nelson</a> (1845–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a> (1845–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooper_Grier" title="Robert Cooper Grier">Grier</a> (1846–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robbins_Curtis" title="Benjamin Robbins Curtis">Curtis</a> (1851–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Campbell" title="John Archibald Campbell">Campbell</a> (1853–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Clifford</a> (1858–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Haynes_Swayne" title="Noah Haynes Swayne">Swayne</a> (1862–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Miller</a> (1862–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">Davis</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field" title="Stephen Johnson Field">Field</a> (1863–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Strong_(Pennsylvania_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Strong (Pennsylvania judge)">Strong</a> (1870–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Bradley" title="Joseph P. Bradley">Bradley</a> (1870–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hunt" title="Ward Hunt">Hunt</a> (1873–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">J. M. Harlan</a> (1877–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burnham_Woods" title="William Burnham Woods">Woods</a> (1881–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Matthews</a> (1881–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Gray" title="Horace Gray">Gray</a> (1882–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford" title="Samuel Blatchford">Blatchford</a> (1882–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar" title="Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar">L. Lamar</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Brewer" title="David J. Brewer">Brewer</a> (1890–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Billings_Brown" title="Henry Billings Brown">Brown</a> (1891–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shiras_Jr." title="George Shiras Jr.">Shiras</a> (1892–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_E._Jackson" title="Howell E. Jackson">H. Jackson</a> (1893–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">E. White</a>* (1894–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_W._Peckham" title="Rufus W. Peckham">Peckham</a> (1896–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">McKenna</a> (1898–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Holmes</a> (1902–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a> (1903–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">Moody</a> (1906–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Harmon_Lurton" title="Horace Harmon Lurton">Lurton</a> (1910–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>* (1910–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Van_Devanter" title="Willis Van Devanter">Van Devanter</a> (1911–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rucker_Lamar" title="Joseph Rucker Lamar">J. Lamar</a> (1911–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Pitney" title="Mahlon Pitney">Pitney</a> (1912–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">McReynolds</a> (1914–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a> (1916–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hessin_Clarke" title="John Hessin Clarke">Clarke</a> (1916–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a> (1922–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(judge)" title="Pierce Butler (judge)">Butler</a> (1923–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a> (1923–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Stone</a>* (1925–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Roberts" title="Owen Roberts">O. Roberts</a> (1930–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a> (1932–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Black</a> (1937–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Forman_Reed" title="Stanley Forman Reed">Reed</a> (1938–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Frankfurter</a> (1939–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a> (1939–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Murphy</a> (1940–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a> (1941–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">R. Jackson</a> (1941–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Rutledge" title="Wiley Rutledge">W. Rutledge</a> (1943–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_H._Burton" title="Harold H. Burton">Burton</a> (1945–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Clark</a> (1949–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton" title="Sherman Minton">Minton</a> (1949–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">J. M. Harlan II</a> (1955–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan</a> (1956–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a> (1957–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Stewart</a> (1958–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">B. White</a> (1962–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Goldberg</a> (1962–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abe_Fortas" title="Abe Fortas">Fortas</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">T. Marshall</a> (1967–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun</a> (1970–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell_Jr." title="Lewis F. Powell Jr.">Powell</a> (1972–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a>* (1972–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens</a> (1975–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a> (1981–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a> (1986–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1988–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a> (1991–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a> (1993–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer</a> (1994–2022)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alito</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">K. Jackson</a> (2022–present)</li></ol> </div> <div style="text-align: center;">*Also served as Chief Justice of the United States</div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Judicial_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Samuel_Alito_opinions" title="Template:Samuel Alito opinions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Samuel_Alito_opinions" title="Template talk:Samuel Alito opinions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Samuel_Alito_opinions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Samuel Alito opinions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Judicial_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Judicial opinions of Samuel Alito</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#EEE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit</a> (April 30, 1990 – January 31, 2006); by calendar year</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:white;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit opinions of Samuel Alito (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1991 United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit opinions of Samuel Alito (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit opinions of Samuel Alito (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1993 United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit opinions of Samuel Alito (page does not exist)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1994_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1994 United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit opinions of Samuel Alito (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1995_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1995 United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit opinions of Samuel Alito (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1996_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1996 United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit opinions of Samuel Alito (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1997_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1997 United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit opinions of Samuel Alito (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit opinions of Samuel Alito (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito" title="1999 United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit opinions of Samuel Alito">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2000 United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit opinions of Samuel Alito (page does not exist)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2001_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2001 United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit opinions of Samuel Alito (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2002_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2002 United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit opinions of Samuel Alito (page does not exist)">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2003_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2003 United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit opinions of Samuel Alito (page does not exist)">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2004 United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit opinions of Samuel Alito (page does not exist)">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2005_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2005 United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit opinions of Samuel Alito (page does not exist)">2005</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#EEE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> (January 31, 2006 – present); by term</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:white;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito" title="2005 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Samuel Alito">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito" title="2006 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Samuel Alito">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito" title="2007 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Samuel Alito">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito" title="2008 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Samuel Alito">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito" title="2009 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Samuel Alito">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito" title="2010 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Samuel Alito">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito" title="2011 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Samuel Alito">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito" title="2012 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Samuel Alito">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito" title="2013 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Samuel Alito">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito" title="2014 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Samuel Alito">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito" title="2015 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Samuel Alito">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito" title="2016 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Samuel Alito">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito" title="2017 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Samuel Alito">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito" title="2018 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Samuel Alito">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito" title="2019 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Samuel Alito">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito" title="2020 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Samuel Alito">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito" title="2021 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Samuel Alito">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito" title="2022 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Samuel Alito">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Samuel_Alito" title="2023 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Samuel Alito">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Attorneys_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USAttNJ" title="Template:USAttNJ"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USAttNJ" title="Template talk:USAttNJ"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USAttNJ" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USAttNJ"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Attorneys_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Attorneys_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Attorneys for the District of New Jersey">United States Attorneys for the District of New Jersey</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stockton_(U.S._senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Stockton (U.S. senator)">R. Stockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ogden" title="Abraham Ogden">Ogden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Horatio_Stockton" title="Lucius Horatio Stockton">L.H. Stockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Frelinghuysen_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Frelinghuysen (senator)">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Maxwell" title="George C. Maxwell">Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sanford_Pennington" title="William Sanford Pennington">Pennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McIlvaine" title="Joseph McIlvaine">McIlvaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Elmer" title="Lucius Elmer">Elmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret_D._Wall" title="Garret D. Wall">Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Green_(New_Jersey_lawyer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James S. Green (New Jersey lawyer)">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Halstead" title="William Halstead">Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret_S._Cannon" title="Garret S. Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Quinton_Keasbey" title="Anthony Quinton Keasbey">Keasbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_H._Lippincott" title="Job H. Lippincott">Lippincott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_F._Bigelow" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel F. Bigelow">Bigelow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Duryee" title="George S. Duryee">Duryee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._White" title="Henry S. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_W._Beekman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John W. Beekman (page does not exist)">Beekman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Kearney_Rice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Kearney Rice (page does not exist)">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ogden_Watkins" title="David Ogden Watkins">Watkins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortlander_Parker_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cortlander Parker Jr. (page does not exist)">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Beam_Vreeland" title="John Beam Vreeland">Vreeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warren_Davis_(judge)" title="John Warren Davis (judge)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Lynch" title="Charles Francis Lynch">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lamb_Bodine" title="Joseph Lamb Bodine">Bodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_H._Geran" title="Elmer H. Geran">Geran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_G._Winne" title="Walter G. Winne">Winne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Forman" title="Phillip Forman">Forman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harlan_Besson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harlan Besson (page does not exist)">Besson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_J._Quinn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John J. Quinn (page does not exist)">Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Smith" title="William Francis Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_M._Phillips&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles M. Phillips (page does not exist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorn_Lord" title="Thorn Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_H._Rossbach" title="Edgar H. Rossbach">Rossbach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaiah_Matlack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaiah Matlack (page does not exist)">Matlack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Egidio_Modarelli" title="Alfred Egidio Modarelli">Modarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_C._Richman_Jr." title="Grover C. Richman Jr.">Richman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Tompkins_(New_Jersey_politician)" title="William F. Tompkins (New Jersey politician)">Tompkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Del_Tufo_Jr." title="Raymond Del Tufo Jr.">R. Del Tufo Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herman_Scott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herman Scott (page does not exist)">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Weidenburner" title="Chester A. Weidenburner">Weidenburner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Satz_Jr." title="David M. Satz Jr.">Satz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Horowitz_(New_Jersey_lawyer)" title="Donald Horowitz (New Jersey lawyer)">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Bernard_Lacey" title="Frederick Bernard Lacey">Lacey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Jay_Stern" title="Herbert Jay Stern">Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_L._Goldstein" title="Jonathan L. Goldstein">Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Del_Tufo" title="Robert Del Tufo">R. Del Tufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Robertson" title="William W. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Hunt_Dumont" title="W. Hunt Dumont">Dumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Greelish" title="Thomas W. Greelish">Greelish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Chertoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_S._Hochberg" title="Faith S. Hochberg">Hochberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Cleary" title="Robert J. Cleary">Cleary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Christie" title="Chris Christie">Christie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_J._Marra_Jr." title="Ralph J. Marra Jr.">Marra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Fishman" title="Paul J. Fishman">Fishman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Carpenito" title="Craig Carpenito">Carpenito</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11138#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11138#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11138#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000004387389X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/44041062">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1626624/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvtdQqYkdCvgJf9h3vGpP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1260009149">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2005102615">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub20211131532&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007375762505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/137157894">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6z19d6x">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Alito&oldid=1260717172">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Alito&oldid=1260717172</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1950_births" title="Category:1950 births">1950 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people">Living people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_judges" title="Category:20th-century American judges">20th-century American judges</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:20th-century Roman Catholics">20th-century Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_judges" title="Category:21st-century American judges">21st-century American judges</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:21st-century Roman Catholics">21st-century Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Italian_descent" title="Category:American people of Italian descent">American people of Italian descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Assistant_United_States_Attorneys" title="Category:Assistant United States Attorneys">Assistant United States Attorneys</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholics_from_New_Jersey" title="Category:Catholics from New Jersey">Catholics from New Jersey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Competitive_debaters" title="Category:Competitive debaters">Competitive debaters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Duke_University_School_of_Law_faculty" title="Category:Duke University School of Law faculty">Duke University School of Law faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judges_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit" title="Category:Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit">Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic">Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Hamilton_Township,_Mercer_County,_New_Jersey" title="Category:People from Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey">People from Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Category:People from Trenton, New Jersey">People from Trenton, New Jersey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_West_Caldwell,_New_Jersey" title="Category:People from West Caldwell, New Jersey">People from West Caldwell, New Jersey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_Calabrian_descent" title="Category:People of Calabrian descent">People of Calabrian descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Princeton_School_of_Public_and_International_Affairs_alumni" title="Category:Princeton School of Public and International Affairs alumni">Princeton School of Public and International Affairs alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reagan_administration_personnel" title="Category:Reagan administration personnel">Reagan administration personnel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Seton_Hall_University_School_of_Law_faculty" title="Category:Seton Hall University School of Law faculty">Seton Hall University School of Law faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Steinert_High_School_alumni" title="Category:Steinert High School alumni">Steinert High School alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_officers" title="Category:United States Army officers">United States Army officers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Attorneys_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey" title="Category:United States Attorneys for the District of New Jersey">United States Attorneys for the District of New Jersey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_court_of_appeals_judges_appointed_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="Category:United States court of appeals judges appointed by George H. W. Bush">United States court of appeals judges appointed by George H. W. Bush</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_W._Bush" title="Category:United States federal judges appointed by George W. Bush">United States federal judges appointed by George W. Bush</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yale_Law_School_alumni" title="Category:Yale Law School alumni">Yale Law School alumni</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from May 2024">Articles with failed verification from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_February_2022" title="Category:Use American English from February 2022">Use American English from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_January_2016" title="Category:Use mdy dates from January 2016">Use mdy dates from January 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:BLP_articles_lacking_sources_from_October_2023" title="Category:BLP articles lacking sources from October 2023">BLP articles lacking sources from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_BLP_articles_lacking_sources" title="Category:All BLP articles lacking sources">All BLP articles lacking sources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_May_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from July 2024">Articles with failed verification from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_October_2023" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from October 2023">Articles lacking reliable references from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:FJC_Bio_template_with_ID_same_as_Wikidata" title="Category:FJC Bio template with ID same as Wikidata">FJC Bio template with ID same as Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_appearing_on_C-SPAN" title="Category:People appearing on C-SPAN">People appearing on C-SPAN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 December 2024, at 06:11 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Alito&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6dfcdd5ff5-4spcj","wgBackendResponseTime":184,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.834","walltime":"3.321","ppvisitednodes":{"value":21308,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":458907,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":20766,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":19,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":526525,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2716.016 1 -total"," 36.70% 996.645 2 Template:Reflist"," 18.25% 495.743 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 16.97% 460.800 61 Template:Cite_web"," 15.34% 416.740 54 Template:Cite_news"," 6.99% 189.922 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 6.58% 178.779 1 Template:Conservatism_US"," 4.05% 110.032 34 Template:Main_other"," 3.77% 102.301 1 Template:Short_description"," 3.65% 99.203 1 Template:SCOTUS_Justices"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.561","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":13704020,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"nowrap\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","21.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","18.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","180","9.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","140","7.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","6.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","6.5"],["type","80","4.3"],["\u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","3.3"],["gsub","60","3.3"],["(for generator) \u003Cmw.lua:684\u003E","60","3.3"],["[others]","280","15.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5857dfdcd6-9vclg","timestamp":"20241203070121","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Samuel Alito","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samuel_Alito","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11138","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11138","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-11-22T23:05:49Z","dateModified":"2024-12-02T06:11:08Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/ac\/Samuel_Alito_official_photo.jpg","headline":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States since 2006"}</script> </body> </html>