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<span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographies_of_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographies_of_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geographies of resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographies_of_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy_regarding_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_regarding_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Controversy regarding definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy_regarding_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_fighter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_fighter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Freedom fighter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_fighter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Common weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_resistance_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_resistance_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Examples of resistance movements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples_of_resistance_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples of resistance movements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_resistance_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre–20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre–20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Pre–20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre–20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre–World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre–World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Pre–World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre–World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Post–World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia,_Southeast_Asia,_and_Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia,_Southeast_Asia,_and_Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.2</span> <span>East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia,_Southeast_Asia,_and_Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.4</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.5</span> <span>Indian subcontinent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_hemisphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_hemisphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.6</span> <span>Western hemisphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_hemisphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_individuals_in_resistance_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_individuals_in_resistance_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable individuals in resistance movements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_individuals_in_resistance_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable individuals in resistance movements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_individuals_in_resistance_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_II_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_resistance_movements_and_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_resistance_movements_and_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Other resistance movements and figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_resistance_movements_and_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Resistance movement</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9" title="حركة مقاومة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة مقاومة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moviment_de_resist%C3%A8ncia" title="Moviment de resistència – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Moviment de resistència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modstandsbev%C3%A6gelse" title="Modstandsbevægelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Modstandsbevægelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widerstandsbewegung" title="Widerstandsbewegung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Widerstandsbewegung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_de_resistencia" title="Movimiento de resistencia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Movimiento de resistencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezistomovado" title="Rezistomovado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rezistomovado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B4_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="جنبش مقاومت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنبش مقاومت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_de_r%C3%A9sistance" title="Mouvement de résistance – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mouvement de résistance" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fersetsbeweging" title="Fersetsbeweging – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fersetsbeweging" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%80%ED%95%AD%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="저항운동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="저항운동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokret_otpora" title="Pokret otpora – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pokret otpora" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_perlawanan" title="Gerakan perlawanan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerakan perlawanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_di_resistenza" title="Movimento di resistenza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Movimento di resistenza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpigania_uhuru" title="Mpigania uhuru – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mpigania uhuru" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_penentang" title="Gerakan penentang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gerakan penentang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verzetsbeweging" title="Verzetsbeweging – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verzetsbeweging" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B8%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="レジスタンス運動 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レジスタンス運動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motstandsbevegelse" title="Motstandsbevegelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Motstandsbevegelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruch_oporu" title="Ruch oporu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ruch oporu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_de_resist%C3%AAncia" title="Movimento de resistência – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Movimento de resistência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Движение сопротивления – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Движение сопротивления" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABvizja_e_rezistenc%C3%ABs" title="Lëvizja e rezistencës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lëvizja e rezistencës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Resistance movement" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odbojov%C3%A9_hnutie" title="Odbojové hnutie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Odbojové hnutie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokret_otpora" title="Pokret otpora – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Pokret otpora" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokret_otpora" title="Pokret otpora – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pokret otpora" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vastarintaliike" title="Vastarintaliike – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vastarintaliike" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motst%C3%A5ndsr%C3%B6relse" title="Motståndsrörelse – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Motståndsrörelse" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%98%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82" title="ప్రతిఘటన ఉద్యమం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రతిఘటన ఉద్యమం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direni%C5%9F_hareketi" title="Direniş hareketi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Direniş hareketi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83" title="Рух опору – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рух опору" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%B5%E6%8A%97%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="抵抗运动 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="抵抗运动" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q138796#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Resistance_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Resistance movement">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Resistance_movement" title="Talk:Resistance movement">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resistance_movement&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resistance_movement&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>resistance movement</b> is an organized group of people that tries to resist or try to overthrow a government or an <a href="/wiki/Occupying_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupying power">occupying power</a>, causing disruption and unrest in civil order and stability. Such a movement may seek to achieve its goals through either the use of violent or <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">nonviolent resistance</a> (sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">civil resistance</a>), or the use of force, whether armed or unarmed. In many cases, as for example in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway in the Second World War</a>, a resistance movement may employ both violent and non-violent methods, usually operating under different organizations and acting in different phases or geographical areas within a country.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> records use of the word "resistance" in the sense of organised opposition to an invader from 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern usage of the term "Resistance" became widespread from the self-designation of many movements during World War II, especially the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a>. The term is still strongly linked to the context of the events of 1939–45, and particularly to opposition movements in Axis-occupied countries. Using the term "resistance" to designate a movement meeting the definition prior to World War II might be considered by some to be an <a href="/wiki/Anachronism" title="Anachronism">anachronism</a>. However, such movements existed prior to World War II (albeit often called by different names), and there have been many after it –  for example in struggles against colonialism and foreign military occupations. "Resistance" has become<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2019)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> a generic term that has been used to designate underground resistance movements in any country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Resistance movements can include any <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">irregular armed force</a> that rises up against an enforced or established authority, <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administration</a>. This frequently includes groups that consider themselves to be resisting <a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">tyranny</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a>. Some resistance movements are <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/underground" class="extiw" title="wikt:underground">underground</a> organizations engaged in a struggle for national liberation in a country under <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">military occupation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> domination. Tactics of resistance movements against a constituted <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> range from <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">nonviolent resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, or even <a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">conventional warfare</a> if the resistance movement is powerful enough. Any government facing violent acts from a resistance movement usually condemns such acts as <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, even when such attacks target only the military or security forces. <a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance during World War II</a> was mainly dedicated to fighting the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis</a> occupiers. Germany itself also had an anti-Nazi Hitler, <a href="/wiki/German_resistance_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="German resistance movement">German resistance movement</a> in this period. Although the United Kingdom did not suffer invasion in World War II, preparations were made for a British resistance movement in the event of a German invasion (see <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Units" title="Auxiliary Units">Auxiliary Units</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographies_of_resistance">Geographies of resistance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geographies of resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:30855_Klingenberg_kino_Kampen_om_tungtvannet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/30855_Klingenberg_kino_Kampen_om_tungtvannet.jpg/280px-30855_Klingenberg_kino_Kampen_om_tungtvannet.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/30855_Klingenberg_kino_Kampen_om_tungtvannet.jpg/420px-30855_Klingenberg_kino_Kampen_om_tungtvannet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/30855_Klingenberg_kino_Kampen_om_tungtvannet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Members of the Norwegian resistance movement <a href="/wiki/Milorg" title="Milorg">Milorg</a>, engaged in supply raids, espionage as well as the sabotage of <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_heavy_water_sabotage" title="Norwegian heavy water sabotage">German heavy water production</a> during WW2</figcaption></figure> <p>When geographies of resistance are discussed, it is often taken for granted that resistance takes place where domination, power, or oppression occurs and so resistance is often understood as something that always opposes to power or domination. However, some scholars believe and argue that looking at resistance in relation to only power and domination does not provide a full understanding of the actual nature of resistance. Not all power, domination, or oppression leads to resistance, and not all cases of resistance are against or to oppose what is categorized as "power". In fact, they believe that resistance has its own characteristics and spatialities. In Steve Pile's (1997) "Opposition, Political Identities and Spaces of Resistance", geographies of resistance show: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>That people are positioned differently in unequal and multiple power relationships, that more or less powerful people are active in the constitution of unfolding relationships of authority, meaning and identity, that these activities are contingent, ambiguous and awkwardly situated, but that resistance seeks to occupy, deploy and create alternative spatialities from those defined through oppression and exploitation. From this perspective, assumptions about the domination/resistance couplet become questionable.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Steve Pile, 1996: 3</cite></div></blockquote> <p>We can better understand resistance by accounting different perspectives and by breaking the presumptions that resistance is always against power. In fact, resistance should be understood not only in relations to domination and authority, but also through other experiences, such as "desire and anger, capacity and ability, happiness and fear, dreaming and forgetting",<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning that resistance is not always about the dominated versus the dominator, the exploited versus the exploiter, or the oppressed versus the oppressor. There are various forms of resistance for various reasons, which then can be, again, classified as violent and nonviolent resistance (and "other" which is unclear). </p><p>Different geographical spaces can also make different forms of resistance possible or impossible and more effective or less effective. Furthermore, in order to understand any resistance –  its capacity to achieve its objective effectively, its success or failure –  we need to take closely into account many variables, such as political identities, cultural identities, class, race, gender and so on. The reason is that these variations can define the nature and outcome of resistance. Harvey (1993),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> who looked at resistance in relations to capitalist economic exploitation, took on a fire accident happened in the Imperial Foods chicken processing plant in Hamlet, North Carolina in 1991, in which 20 of 200 workers were killed and 56 were injured due to poor working conditions and protections. He compared this accident with a similar fire accident at Triangle Shirtwaist Company, New York, 1911, killing 146 workers, which caused a labor resistance by 100,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that no resistance took place in response to the fire accident in Hamlet because most of the people who died there were black and women workers, and he believed that not only class but also other identities such as race, gender, and sexuality were important factors in understanding nature and outcome of resistance. For an effective resistance, he proposed that four tasks should be undertaken: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>First, social justice must be defined from the perspective of the oppressed; second, a hierarchy of the oppressions has to be defined…..; third, political actions need to be understood and undertaken in terms of their situatedness and position in dynamic power relations: and finally, an epistemology capable of telling the difference between different differences has to be developed.</p></blockquote> <p>There are many forms of resistance in relations to different power dominations and actors. Some resistance takes place in order to oppose, change, or reform the exploitation of the capitalist economic systems and the capitals, while other resistance takes place against the state or authority in power. Moreover, some other resistance takes place in order to resist or question the social/culture norms or discourse or in order to challenge a global trend called "<a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>". For example, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT movements">LGBT social movements</a> is an example of resistance that challenges and tries to reform the existing cultural norms in many societies. Resistance can also be mapped in various scales ranging from local to national to regional and to global spaces. We can look at a big-scale resistance movement such as <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">anti-globalization movement</a> that tries to resist the global trend of capitalist economic system. Or we can look at the <a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">internal resistance to apartheid</a>, which took place at national level. Most, if not all, <a href="/wiki/Social_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Social movements">social movements</a> can be considered as some forms of resistance. </p><p>Not all resistance takes place in physical spaces or geographies but in "other spaces" as well. Some resistance happens in the form of <a href="/wiki/Protest_art" title="Protest art">Protest Art</a> or in the form of music. Music can be used and has been used as a tool or space to resist certain oppression or domination. Gray-Rosendale, L. (2001) put it this way:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Music acts as a rhetorical force that sanctions the construction of the boys' new black urban subjectivities that both challenge urban experience and yet give voice to it...music contributes a way to avoid physical and psychological immobility and to resist economic and cultural adaptation...and challenges the social injustice prevalent within the Northern economy.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Gray-Rosendale, 2001: 154–56</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the age of advanced IT and mass consumption of <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>, resistance can also occur in the cyberspace.The Aboriginal Health and Medical Research Council of NSW's Tobacco Resistance and Control (A-TRAC) team created a Facebook page to help promote anti-smoking campaign and rise awareness for its members.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, resistance takes place in people's minds and ideology or in people's "inner spaces". For example, sometimes people have to struggle within or fight against their inner spaces, with their consciousness and, sometimes, with their fear before they can resist in the physical spaces. In other cases, people sometimes simply resist to certain ideology, belief, or culture norms within their minds. These kinds of resistance are less visible but very fundamental parts of all forms of resistance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy_regarding_definition">Controversy regarding definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Controversy regarding definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the lawfulness of armed resistance movements in <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, there has been a dispute between states since at least 1899, when the first major codification of the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of war">laws of war</a> in the form of a series of international treaties took place. In the Preamble to the 1899 Hague Convention II on Land War, the <a href="/wiki/Martens_Clause" title="Martens Clause">Martens Clause</a> was introduced as a compromise wording for the dispute between the <a href="/wiki/Great_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Power">Great Powers</a> who considered <a href="/wiki/Francs-tireurs" title="Francs-tireurs">francs-tireurs</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatants" class="mw-redirect" title="Unlawful combatants">unlawful combatants</a> subject to execution on capture and smaller states who maintained that they should be considered lawful combatants.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently the 1977 <a href="/wiki/Protocol_I" title="Protocol I">Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts</a>, referred in <a href="/wiki/Protocol_I#Part_I_GENERAL_PROVISIONS" title="Protocol I">Article 1. Paragraph 4</a> to armed conflicts "... in which peoples are fighting against colonial domination and alien occupation and against racist regimes..." This phraseology, according USA that refused to ratify the Protocol, contains many ambiguities that cloud the issue of who is or is not a legitimate combatant:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ultimately, in US Government opinion the distinction is just a <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a> judgment. </p><p>Some definitions of resistance movement have proved controversial. Hence depending on the perspective of a state's government, a resistance movement may or may not be labelled a <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorist</a> group based on whether the members of a resistance movement are considered lawful or unlawful combatants and whether they are recognized as having a <a href="/wiki/Right_to_resist" title="Right to resist">right to resist</a> occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-Khan_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Joint Publication 1-02, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> defines a resistance movement as "an organized effort by some portion of the civil population of a country to resist the legally established government or an occupying power and to disrupt civil order and stability". In strict military terminology, a resistance movement is simply that; it seeks to resist (change) the policies of a government or occupying power. This may be accomplished through violent or non-violent means. In this view, a resistance movement is specifically limited to changing the nature of current power, not to overthrow it; and the correct<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2011)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> military term for removing or overthrowing a government is an <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a>. However, in reality many resistance movements have aimed to displace a particular ruler, especially if that ruler has gained or retained power illegally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom_fighter">Freedom fighter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Freedom fighter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_fighter" title="Freedom fighter">Freedom fighter</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:October_87_-_Khalis-loyal_Muja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/October_87_-_Khalis-loyal_Muja.jpg/275px-October_87_-_Khalis-loyal_Muja.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/October_87_-_Khalis-loyal_Muja.jpg/413px-October_87_-_Khalis-loyal_Muja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/October_87_-_Khalis-loyal_Muja.jpg/550px-October_87_-_Khalis-loyal_Muja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>A group of <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">Afghan mujahideen</a>, who were considered to be freedom fighters by Western nations, October 1987</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ants_Kaljurand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ants_Kaljurand.jpg/220px-Ants_Kaljurand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ants_Kaljurand.jpg/330px-Ants_Kaljurand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ants_Kaljurand.jpg/440px-Ants_Kaljurand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>Mugshot of <a href="/wiki/Ants_Kaljurand" title="Ants Kaljurand">Ants "the Terrible" Kaljurand</a>, a famous Estonian freedom fighter and Nazi collaborator</figcaption></figure> <p>Freedom fighter is another term for those engaged in a struggle to achieve political freedom for themselves or obtain freedom for others.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the literal meaning of the words could include "anyone who fights for the cause of freedom", in common use it may be restricted to those who are actively involved in an <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces">armed</a> rebellion, rather than those who campaign for freedom by peaceful means, or those who fight violently for the freedom of others outside the context of an uprising (though this title may be applied in its literal sense) </p><p>Generally speaking, freedom fighters are people who use physical force to cause a change in the political and or social order. Notable examples include <a href="/wiki/UMkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="UMkhonto we Sizwe">uMkhonto we Sizwe</a> in South Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_People%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Eritrean People's Liberation Front">Eritrean People's Liberation Front</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Resistance_Army" title="National Resistance Army">National Resistance Army</a> in Uganda, which were considered freedom fighters by supporters. However, a person who is campaigning for freedom through peaceful means may still be classed as a freedom fighter, though in common usage they are called <a href="/wiki/Political_activists" class="mw-redirect" title="Political activists">political activists</a>, as in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black Consciousness Movement</a>. In India, "Freedom fighter" is an officially recognized category by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Indian government</a> covering those who took part in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">country's independence movement</a>; people in this category (can also include dependant family members)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> get pensions and other benefits like special railway counters.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell2009_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People described as freedom fighters are often also called <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insurgents" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgents">insurgents</a> or <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorists</a>. This leads to the <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorism</a> "one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The degree to which this occurs depends on a variety of factors specific to the struggle in which a given freedom fighter group is engaged. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the term <i>freedom fighter</i> was first used with reference to the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian rebels</a> in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-Garthoff-1994_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garthoff-1994-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> picked up the term to explain <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">America's support</a> of rebels in countries controlled by <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist states</a> or otherwise perceived to be under the influence of the Soviet Union, including the <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNITA" title="UNITA">UNITA</a> in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> and the multi-factional <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">mujahideen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garthoff-1994_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garthoff-1994-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the media, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> tries to avoid the phrases "terrorist" or "freedom fighter", except in attributed quotes, in favor of more neutral terms such as "<a href="/wiki/Insurgent" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgent">militant</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Assassin" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassin">assassin</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Insurgent" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgent">insurgent</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebel</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a>", or "<a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_weapons">Common weapons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Common weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_weapons_and_tactics" title="Insurgency weapons and tactics">Insurgency weapons and tactics</a></div> <p>Partisans often use captured weapons taken from their enemies, or weapons that have been stolen or smuggled in. During the Cold War, partisans often received arms from either <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> or <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> member states. Where partisan resources are stretched, <a href="/wiki/Improvised_weapon" title="Improvised weapon">improvised weapons</a> are also deployed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_resistance_movements">Examples of resistance movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Examples of resistance movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_revolutions_and_rebellions" title="List of revolutions and rebellions">List of revolutions and rebellions</a></div> <p>The following examples are of groups that have been considered or would identify themselves as groups. These are mostly, but not exclusively, of armed resistance movements. For movements and phases of activity involving non-violent methods, see <a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">civil resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">nonviolent resistance</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre–20th_century"><span id="Pre.E2.80.9320th_century"></span>Pre–20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pre–20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:En_Vend%C3%A9e-1795_-_%C3%89variste_Carpentier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/En_Vend%C3%A9e-1795_-_%C3%89variste_Carpentier.jpg/220px-En_Vend%C3%A9e-1795_-_%C3%89variste_Carpentier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/En_Vend%C3%A9e-1795_-_%C3%89variste_Carpentier.jpg/330px-En_Vend%C3%A9e-1795_-_%C3%89variste_Carpentier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/En_Vend%C3%A9e-1795_-_%C3%89variste_Carpentier.jpg/440px-En_Vend%C3%A9e-1795_-_%C3%89variste_Carpentier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="811" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">Vendeans revolted</a> against the revolutionary government in France in 1793</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Oulart_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Battle_of_Oulart_Hill.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Oulart_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Battle_of_Oulart_Hill.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Oulart_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Battle_of_Oulart_Hill.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Oulart_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_scene_from_the_Greek_War_of_Independence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Battle_scene_from_the_Greek_War_of_Independence.jpg/220px-Battle_scene_from_the_Greek_War_of_Independence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Battle_scene_from_the_Greek_War_of_Independence.jpg/330px-Battle_scene_from_the_Greek_War_of_Independence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Battle_scene_from_the_Greek_War_of_Independence.jpg/440px-Battle_scene_from_the_Greek_War_of_Independence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a>, (1821–29), rebellion of Greeks within the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, a struggle which resulted in the establishment of an independent <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apache_chieff_Geronimo_(right)_and_his_warriors_in_1886.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Apache_chieff_Geronimo_%28right%29_and_his_warriors_in_1886.jpg/220px-Apache_chieff_Geronimo_%28right%29_and_his_warriors_in_1886.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Apache_chieff_Geronimo_%28right%29_and_his_warriors_in_1886.jpg/330px-Apache_chieff_Geronimo_%28right%29_and_his_warriors_in_1886.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Apache_chieff_Geronimo_%28right%29_and_his_warriors_in_1886.jpg/440px-Apache_chieff_Geronimo_%28right%29_and_his_warriors_in_1886.jpg 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Geronimo" title="Geronimo">Geronimo</a> (right) alongside his fellow <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a> warriors in 1886</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a> were a first-century Jewish movement opposing Roman occupation of the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turbans</a> were peasant rebels against the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jue" title="Zhang Jue">Zhang Jue</a>, was crushed by the lack of co-ordination with other Yellow Turban groups as well as destabilization.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid Revolution">Abbasid Revolution</a> overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyad dynasty</a> under <a href="/wiki/Abu_Muslim" title="Abu Muslim">Abu Muslim</a>, which was caused by <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> against non-<a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> and government corruption.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mamluks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks">Mamluks</a> were <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> slaves who overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a>.</li> <li>In opposition to <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Ireland" title="British rule in Ireland">British rule in Ireland</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">Plantations of Ireland</a>, the native <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> population, at times with and against the <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Normans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiberno-Normans">Hiberno-Normans</a> lords, launched the <a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Bruce campaign in Ireland</a> (1315-1318), the <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a> (1569–1573 & 1579–1583), the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)"> Nine Years' War</a>, also known as Tyrone's Rebellion, (1593-1603), the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion of 1641</a> & the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Irish Confederate Wars</a> (1641-1653), the <a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War in Ireland</a> (1688–1691), the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a>, also known as the United Irishmen Rebellion, and <a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">the Tithe War</a> (1831-1836).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_risings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite risings">Jacobite risings</a> were a series of rebellions, uprisings, and wars to reinstate the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuart dynasty">Stuart dynasty</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">American Continental forces</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> were essentially a resistance movement against the British Empire. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Marion" title="Francis Marion">Francis Marion</a> was an <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> partisan who led a partisan guerrilla movement against Great Britain.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">early history of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemulwuy" title="Pemulwuy">Pemulwuy</a> – An <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian">indigenous Australian</a> who resisted the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">European colonization of Australia</a>. In 1797, a state of <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> existed <a href="/wiki/Hawkesbury_and_Nepean_Wars" title="Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars">between indigenous people and settler communities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>. The Aboriginals were led by Pemulwuy, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Bidjigal" title="Bidjigal">Bidjigal</a> tribe who occupied the land.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pemulwuy was eventually shot and killed by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hacking" title="Henry Hacking">Henry Hacking</a> in 1802.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandamarra" title="Jandamarra">Jandamarra</a> – The first Indigenous Australian to use firearms and conduct organized warfare in battle against settlers; leading a war against Euro-Australian settlers for three years, from 1894 to 1897. The resistance movement ended when Jandamarra was shot dead by an <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_tracker" title="Aboriginal tracker">Aboriginal tracker</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Resistance movements against <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a> also emerged during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> <ul><li>The 1808 invasion of Spain by Bonaparte sparked <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare_in_the_Peninsular_War" title="Guerrilla warfare in the Peninsular War">a resistance movement</a> composed mostly of the lower classes, who felt that the nobility was simply allowing themselves to fall under French control. Lord Wellington remarked that it was extraordinary that the French had managed to remain in the country for so long (about 4 years).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsturm" title="Landsturm">Landsturm</a> – German resistance groups fighting against the French in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Certain <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> during <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsali" title="Tsali">Tsali</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> tribal member who led a small band of Cherokee people against the United States military during the <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a> era. Executed in exchange for the survival of his band, the band were integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians">Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osceola" title="Osceola">Osceola</a> – <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> chief who was very influential. Resisted deportation during the period of <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a>. Led a number of successes until being captured by the United States during faux peace talks, died a few months later in prison.</li></ul></li> <li>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, there were also resistance movements on both sides <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushwhacker" title="Bushwhacker">Bushwhackers</a> were <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> guerrillas who engaged in raids, robberies, and massacres against the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> forces and affiliated citizens. Continued resisting for some years after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> ended. Responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Massacre" title="Lawrence Massacre">Lawrence Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayhawker" title="Jayhawker">Jayhawkers</a> were <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> guerrillas who engaged in the same acts as the bushwhackers did, they were also active during <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a>, most prominent member was <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Pottawatomie_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottawatomie Massacre">Pottawatomie Massacre</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harper%27s_Ferry" class="mw-redirect" title="John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonari" title="Carbonari">Carbonari</a> – 19th-century Italian movement resisting Austrian or <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> rule.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Polish_National_Government_(January_Uprising)" title="Polish National Government (January Uprising)">Polish National Government</a> – Underground Polish supreme authority during the <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a> against <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Russian occupation of Poland</a>. In 1863–1864, it was a real shadow government supported by majority of Poles, who even paid taxes for it, and was a significant problem for the <a href="/wiki/Okhrana" title="Okhrana">Okhrana</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Avelino_C%C3%A1ceres" title="Andrés Avelino Cáceres">Andrés Avelino Cáceres</a>' <a href="/wiki/Resistance_(War_of_the_Pacific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance (War of the Pacific)">resistance movement</a> against invading Chilean forces during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Kataas-Taasang, Ka-Galang-galangang, Katipunan ng mga Anak Ng Bayan</a> (KKK) was an organization in the Philippines that instigated the Philippine Revolution in 1896 against the Spanish colonials and resulted in the dissolution of the <i>Republic of Biak na Bato</i> and the exile of the Philippine Government, headed by Emillo Aguinaldo.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre–World_War_II"><span id="Pre.E2.80.93World_War_II"></span>Pre–World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pre–World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Moros_rebels_hung_in_Jolo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Three_Moros_rebels_hung_in_Jolo.JPG/220px-Three_Moros_rebels_hung_in_Jolo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Three_Moros_rebels_hung_in_Jolo.JPG/330px-Three_Moros_rebels_hung_in_Jolo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Three_Moros_rebels_hung_in_Jolo.JPG/440px-Three_Moros_rebels_hung_in_Jolo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1596" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption>Three Filipino <a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro</a> rebels hanged by the Americans in Jolo during the <a href="/wiki/Moro_Rebellion" title="Moro Rebellion">Moro Rebellion</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Omar_Mukhtar_with_the_Libyan_Mujahideen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Omar_Mukhtar_with_the_Libyan_Mujahideen.jpg/220px-Omar_Mukhtar_with_the_Libyan_Mujahideen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Omar_Mukhtar_with_the_Libyan_Mujahideen.jpg/330px-Omar_Mukhtar_with_the_Libyan_Mujahideen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Omar_Mukhtar_with_the_Libyan_Mujahideen.jpg/440px-Omar_Mukhtar_with_the_Libyan_Mujahideen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Omar_Mukhtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Mukhtar">Omar Mukhtar</a> led Libyan <i><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahidin</a></i> against the imperialist forces of Fascist Italy</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Filipino guerrilla units after official end of <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a> (1902–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Chinese Red Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist-controlled_China_(1927%E2%80%931949)" title="Communist-controlled China (1927–1949)">Communist-controlled China (1927–1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_People%27s_Government" title="Fujian People's Government">Fujian People's Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaan-Gan-Ning_Border_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region">Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_Peralte" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlemagne Peralte">Charlemagne Peralte</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Cacos_(military_group)" title="Cacos (military group)">Cacos</a> rebels who resisted the <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">United States occupation of Haiti</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a></li> <li>Ukrainian forces in the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Ukrainian War of Independence</a> (1917-1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dervish_movement_(Somali)" title="Dervish movement (Somali)">Dervish Movement</a> (1899-1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikhwan" title="Ikhwan">Ikhwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Guerrillas" title="Forest Guerrillas">Forest Guerrillas</a> (1921–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino">Augusto César Sandino</a> led a rebellion against the <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">United States occupation of Nicaragua</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Eaglets" title="Lwów Eaglets">Lwów Eaglets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lions" title="Black Lions">Black Lions</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a> (1918–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish national movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Defense_of_the_Rights_of_Anatolia_and_Rumelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Association for the Defense of the Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia">Association for the Defense of the Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIGR" title="TIGR">TIGR</a> (1927–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> – Croatian nationalist and fascist resistance movement against the Kingdom of Yugoslavia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a> and its organizations in the 1920s–1930s: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Russian_Truth" title="Brotherhood of Russian Truth">Brotherhood of Russian Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_All-Military_Union" title="Russian All-Military Union">Russian All-Military Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_armies" title="Green armies">Green armies</a> (1918–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Independence_of_Georgia" title="Committee for the Independence of Georgia">Committee for the Independence of Georgia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance during World War II</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Albania_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Albania during World War II">Albanian resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austrian resistance</a> movement (O5)</li> <li>Belarusian nationalist resistance movements: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Soviet_resistance_in_Belarus_(1944%E2%80%931950s)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-Soviet resistance in Belarus (1944–1950s) (page does not exist)">Anti-Soviet resistance in Belarus (1944–1950s)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" class="extiw" title="ru:Послевоенное антисоветское движение в БССР">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belarusian_People%27s_Partisans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belarusian People's Partisans (page does not exist)">Belarusian People's Partisans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Белорусское народное партизанское движение">ru</a>]</span>, anti-Soviet and anti-Nazi<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_resistance_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian resistance movement">Belgian resistance movement</a></li> <li>British resistance movements <ul><li>SIS Section D and Section VII (planned Resistance organisations)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_German-occupied_Channel_Islands" title="Resistance in the German-occupied Channel Islands">Resistance in the German-occupied Channel Islands</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Units" title="Auxiliary Units">Auxiliary Units</a>, organized by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Colin_Gubbins" title="Colin Gubbins">Colin Gubbins</a> as a potential British resistance movement against a possible invasion of the British Isles by Nazi forces, note that it was the only resistance movement established prior to invasion, albeit the invasion never came.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian resistance movement">Bulgarian resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Organisation" title="Anti-Fascist Organisation">Burmese resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya" title="1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya">Chechen anti-Soviet resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_resistance_volunteers_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Japanese resistance volunteers in China">Chinese resistance movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_Army_for_the_Salvation_of_the_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Japanese Army for the Salvation of the Country">Anti-Japanese Army for the Salvation of the Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_National_Salvation_Army" title="Chinese People's National Salvation Army">Chinese People's National Salvation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilungkiang_National_Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Heilungkiang National Salvation Army">Heilungkiang National Salvation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin_Self-Defence_Army" title="Jilin Self-Defence Army">Jilin Self-Defence Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_National_Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese National Salvation Army">Northeast Anti-Japanese National Salvation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_People%27s_Anti-Japanese_Volunteer_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast People's Anti-Japanese Volunteer Army">Northeast People's Anti-Japanese Volunteer Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Loyal_and_Brave_Army" title="Northeastern Loyal and Brave Army">Northeastern Loyal and Brave Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_People%27s_Revolutionary_Army" title="Northeastern People's Revolutionary Army">Northeastern People's Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Volunteer_Righteous_%26_Brave_Fighters" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Volunteer Righteous & Brave Fighters">Northeastern Volunteer Righteous & Brave Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Strikes_and_anti-Japanese_activities" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong resistance movements</a> <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Gangjiu dadui</i></span> (Hong Kong-Kowloon big army)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_River_Column" title="East River Column">East River Column</a> (Dongjiang Guerrillas, Southern China and Hong Kong organisation)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Muslims_in_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War">Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War</a> <ul><li>Muslim Detachment (回民義勇隊 Huimin Zhidui)</li> <li>Muslim corps</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">Czech Resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Danish resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Dutch resistance</a> movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Stijkel_Group" title="The Stijkel Group">The Stijkel Group</a>, a Dutch resistance movement, which mainly operated around the S-Gravenhage area.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkenburg_resistance" title="Valkenburg resistance">Valkenburg resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_resistance_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian resistance movement">Estonian resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Brothers">Forest Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French resistance movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_Central_de_Renseignements_et_d%27Action" title="Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action">Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action</a> (BCRA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conseil_National_de_la_R%C3%A9sistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Conseil National de la Résistance">Conseil National de la Résistance</a> (CNR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francs-Tireurs_et_Partisans" title="Francs-Tireurs et Partisans">Francs-Tireurs et Partisans</a> (FTP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">Free French Forces</a> (FFL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Forces_of_the_Interior" title="French Forces of the Interior">French Forces of the Interior</a> (FFI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_(WW2)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maquis (WW2)">Maquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_O%27Leary_Line" title="Pat O'Leary Line">Pat O'Leary Line</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">German resistance to Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4stlein-Jacob-Abshagen_Group" title="Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group">Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessing_Church" title="Confessing Church">Confessing Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edelweiss_Pirates" title="Edelweiss Pirates">Edelweiss Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehrenfeld_Group" title="Ehrenfeld Group">Ehrenfeld Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(resistance_group)" title="European Union (resistance group)">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreisau_Circle" title="Kreisau Circle">Kreisau Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany" title="National Committee for a Free Germany">National Committee for a Free Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany" title="Anti-Fascist Committee for a Free Germany">Anti-Fascist Committee for a Free Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neu_Beginnen" title="Neu Beginnen">Neu Beginnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Orchestra_(spy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Orchestra (spy)">Red Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Uhrig" title="Robert Uhrig">Robert Uhrig Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saefkow-Jacob-B%C3%A4stlein_Organization" title="Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization">Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solf_Circle" title="Solf Circle">Solf Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vierergruppe_(German_Resistance)" title="Vierergruppe (German Resistance)">Vierergruppen in Hamburg, Munich and Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rose" title="White Rose">White Rose</a></li></ul></li> <li>German pro-Nazi resistance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volkssturm" title="Volkssturm">Volkssturm</a> – a German resistance group and militia created by the NSDAP near the end of World War II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werwolf" title="Werwolf">Werwolf</a> – German guerrillas resisting Allied occupation of Germany, 1945</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Resistance">Greek resistance movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_Resistance_organizations" title="List of Greek Resistance organizations">List of Greek Resistance organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_resistance" title="Cretan resistance">Cretan resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Greece)" title="National Liberation Front (Greece)">National Liberation Front</a> (EAM) and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek People's Liberation Army">Greek People's Liberation Army</a> (ELAS), EAM's guerrilla forces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Greek_League" class="mw-redirect" title="National Republican Greek League">National Republican Greek League</a> (EDES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_and_Social_Liberation" title="National and Social Liberation">National and Social Liberation</a> (EKKA)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_resistance_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian resistance movement">Hungarian resistance movement</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Движение Сопротивления (Венгрия)">ru</a>]</span>, anti-fascist anti-Axis movement against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Horthy regime</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)" title="Government of National Unity (Hungary)">Government of National Unity</a></li> <li>Indian resistance movements: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a>, largely <a href="/wiki/Non-violent" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-violent">non-violent</a> anti-British resistance within Indian territory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a>, Indian force fighting alongside <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a> against Allied forces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Free Indian Army</a>, Indian unit in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> fighting against the Allies for India's Independence</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance against fascism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arditi_del_Popolo" title="Arditi del Popolo">Arditi del Popolo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisi_Network" title="Assisi Network">Assisi Network</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brigate_Fiamme_Verdi" title="Brigate Fiamme Verdi">Brigate Fiamme Verdi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comitato_di_Liberazione_Nazionale" class="mw-redirect" title="Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale">Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Concentrazione_Antifascista_Italiana" title="Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana">Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DELASEM" title="DELASEM">DELASEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)"><i>Democrazia Cristiana</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_days_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Four days of Naples">Four days of Naples</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0" title="Giustizia e Libertà">Giustizia e Libertà</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-Belligerent_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Co-Belligerent Army">Italian Co-Belligerent Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-Belligerent_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Co-Belligerent Navy">Navy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-Belligerent_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party (PCI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Partisan_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Partisan Republics">Italian Partisan Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party (PSI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Democratic_Party" title="Labour Democratic Party">Labour Democratic Party (PDL)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Movimento_Comunista_d%27Italia" title="Movimento Comunista d'Italia">Movimento Comunista d'Italia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee_for_Northern_Italy" title="National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy">National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy)" title="Action Party (Italy)"><i>Partito d'Azione</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scintilla_(communist_group)" title="Scintilla (communist group)">Scintilla</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italian pro-fascist resistance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Brigades" title="Black Brigades">Black Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_guerrilla_war_in_Ethiopia" title="Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia">Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dissidence_in_20th-century_Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese dissidence in 20th-century Imperial Japan">Japanese anti-imperial resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissent_in_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Dissent in the Armed Forces of the Empire of Japan">Dissent in the Armed Forces of the Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_the_Chinese_resistance_to_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan">Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party" title="Japanese Communist Party">Japanese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_People%27s_Emancipation_League" title="Japanese People's Emancipation League">Japanese People's Emancipation League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_People%27s_Anti-war_Alliance" title="Japanese People's Anti-war Alliance">Japanese People's Anti-war Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_to_Raise_the_Political_Consciousness_of_Japanese_Troops" title="League to Raise the Political Consciousness of Japanese Troops">League to Raise the Political Consciousness of Japanese Troops</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese pro-imperial resistance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_holdout" title="Japanese holdout">Japanese holdout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Fighting_Corps" title="Volunteer Fighting Corps">Volunteer Fighting Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jewish resistance movement</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish partisans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Anti-Fascist_Committee" title="Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee">Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement_in_Auschwitz" title="Resistance movement in Auschwitz">Resistance movement in Auschwitz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_independence_movement" title="Korean independence movement">Korean resistance movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvian resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuanian resistance</a></li> <li>Lithuanian, Latvian, and Estonian (<a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Forest Brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_partisans" title="Latvian partisans">Latvian national partisans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuanian partisans</a>) resistance movements during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> invasion and occupation of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic countries">Baltic countries</a> (continued after the end of World War II).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourgish resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norwegian resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippine resistance movement</a> (Multiple, often opposing organizations, were active during the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese Occupation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance</a> organizations, such as: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a> (the Home Army), Polish underground army in World War II (400 000 sworn members)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narodowe_Si%C5%82y_Zbrojne" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodowe Siły Zbrojne">Narodowe Siły Zbrojne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataliony_Ch%C5%82opskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataliony Chłopskie">Bataliony Chłopskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa">Gwardia Ludowa</a> (the People's Guard) and <a href="/wiki/Armia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Ludowa">Armia Ludowa</a> (the People's Army)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydowska_Organizacja_Bojowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa">Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa</a> (ZOB, the Jewish Fighting Organisation), Jewish resistance movement that led the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a> in 1943</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zydowski_Zwiazek_Walki" class="mw-redirect" title="Zydowski Zwiazek Walki">Zydowski Zwiazek Walki</a> (ZZW, the Jewish Fighting Union), Jewish resistance movement that led the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a> in 1943</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Vladimirescu_Division" title="Tudor Vladimirescu Division">Tudor Vladimirescu Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horea,_Clo%C8%99ca_%C8%99i_Cri%C8%99an_Division" title="Horea, Cloșca și Crișan Division">Horea, Cloșca și Crișan Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Romanian resistance movement during World War II">Romanian anti-fascist anti-Axis resistance and political opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Vladimirescu_Division" title="Tudor Vladimirescu Division">Tudor Vladimirescu Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horea,_Clo%C8%99ca_%C8%99i_Cri%C8%99an_Division" title="Horea, Cloșca și Crișan Division">Horea, Cloșca și Crișan Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a></li></ul></li> <li>The "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Rossony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republic of Rossony (page does not exist)">Republic of Rossony</a>" formed by a group of Soviet partisans, described as "neither for the Soviets nor the Germans"<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The so-called "<a href="/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Liberation Movement">Russian Liberation Movement</a>" attempted to create an independent (either allied with Germany or opposing both sides) Russian anti-Communist force by means of <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_the_German-occupied_Soviet_Union" title="Collaboration in the German-occupied Soviet Union">collaboration with the Nazis</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Liberation_of_the_Peoples_of_Russia" title="Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia">Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Army" title="Russian Liberation Army">Russian Liberation Army</a> within the Wehrmacht, formally released from German command in January 1945, switched sides in May 1945</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GULAG_Operation" title="GULAG Operation">GULAG Operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaminski_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaminski Brigade">Russian People's Liberation Army</a>, pro-Nazi militia of the <a href="/wiki/Lokot_Autonomy" title="Lokot Autonomy">Lokot Autonomy</a>, later absorbed as a part of the Waffen-SS, reformed as an anti-Soviet partisan movement after the war</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovak resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_resistance_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet resistance movement">Soviet resistance movement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisans</a> and underground which had Moscow-organized and spontaneously-formed cells opposing German occupation. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Belarusian resistance during World War II">Belarusian Soviet partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans_in_Estonia" title="Soviet partisans in Estonia">Estonian Soviet partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans_in_Latvia" title="Soviet partisans in Latvia">Latvian Soviet partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Moldovan resistance during World War II">Moldovan Soviet partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans_in_Finland" title="Soviet partisans in Finland">Soviet partisans in Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans_in_Poland" title="Soviet partisans in Poland">Soviet partisans in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Guard_(Soviet_resistance)" title="Young Guard (Soviet resistance)">Young Guard (Soviet resistance)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thai resistance movement</a></li> <li>Ukrainian resistance movements: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a> (anti-German, anti-Soviet and anti-Polish resistance movement)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Revolutionary_Army" title="Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army">Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army</a> (anti-German, anti-Soviet and anti-Polish resistance movement)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia#Yugoslavia_during_Second_World_War" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslav</a> resistance movements: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Yugoslav Army in the Homeland - the <i>Chetniks</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Guard_(Slovene)" title="Blue Guard (Slovene)">Blue Guard</a> – Slovenian Chetniks</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">National Liberation Army – the <i>Partisans</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Partisans" title="Croatian Partisans">Croatian Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Partisans" title="Macedonian Partisans">Macedonian Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Partisans" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Partisans">Serbian Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Partisans" title="Slovene Partisans">Slovene Partisans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–World_War_II"><span id="Post.E2.80.93World_War_II"></span>Post–World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_movement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post–World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Liberation_Army_Soldiers_(7).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/National_Liberation_Army_Soldiers_%287%29.jpg/220px-National_Liberation_Army_Soldiers_%287%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/National_Liberation_Army_Soldiers_%287%29.jpg/330px-National_Liberation_Army_Soldiers_%287%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/National_Liberation_Army_Soldiers_%287%29.jpg/440px-National_Liberation_Army_Soldiers_%287%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5172" data-file-height="3841" /></a><figcaption>Algerian <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Army (Algeria)">National Liberation Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> against French occupation</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_Citizen_Army_on_Rooftop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Irish_Citizen_Army_on_Rooftop.jpg/220px-Irish_Citizen_Army_on_Rooftop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Irish_Citizen_Army_on_Rooftop.jpg/330px-Irish_Citizen_Army_on_Rooftop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Irish_Citizen_Army_on_Rooftop.jpg/440px-Irish_Citizen_Army_on_Rooftop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1854" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Irish_Citizen_Army" title="Irish Citizen Army">Irish Citizen Army</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-WWII_anti-fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-WWII anti-fascism">Post-WWII anti-fascism</a> (ongoing)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa">Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_movement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Conflict in the Niger Delta">Conflict in the Niger Delta</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_for_the_Liberation_of_the_Enclave_of_Cabinda" title="Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda">Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Front_for_the_Liberation_of_the_Enclave_of_Cabinda" title="Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda">Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda</a>) (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harakat_al-Shabaab_Mujahideen" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat al-Shabaab Mujahideen">Harakat al-Shabaab Mujahideen</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army" title="Lord's Resistance Army">Lord's Resistance Army</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mai-Mai" title="Mai-Mai">Mai-Mai</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">March 23 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mau Mau Rebellion">Mau Mau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPLA" title="MPLA">MPLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front" title="Ogaden National Liberation Front">Ogaden National Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_Liberation_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan Liberation Movement">Sudanese resistance</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbionese_Liberation_Army" title="Symbionese Liberation Army">Symbionese Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe">Umkhonto we Sizwe</a>/<a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ActionSA" title="ActionSA">ActionSA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Resistance_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner Resistance Movement">Afrikaner Resistance Movement</a> in Post-Apartheid South Africa.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF">ZANU–PF</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Asia,_Southeast_Asia,_and_Oceania"><span id="East_Asia.2C_Southeast_Asia.2C_and_Oceania"></span>East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_movement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_Islamic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="East Turkestan Islamic Movement">East Turkestan Islamic Movement</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Papua_Movement" title="Free Papua Movement">Free Papua Movement</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> insurgency in China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Islamic_insurgency" title="Kuomintang Islamic insurgency">Kuomintang Islamic insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_in_Burma" title="Kuomintang in Burma">Kuomintang in Burma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army" title="New People's Army">New People's Army</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_resistance_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan resistance movement">Tibetan resistance movement</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_movement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Albanian insurgency in Yugoslavia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Liberation_Army" title="Kosovo Liberation Army">Kosovo Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Protection_Corps" title="Kosovo Protection Corps">Kosovo Protection Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Macedonia)" title="National Liberation Army (Macedonia)">National Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Army_of_Pre%C5%A1evo,_Medve%C4%91a_and_Bujanovac" title="Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac">Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Anti-communist resistance in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Continuity Irish Republican Army">Continuity Irish Republican Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusaders_(guerrilla)" title="Crusaders (guerrilla)">Crusaders</a> – Croatian <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> guerrilla movement fighting against Yugoslav communist forces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a> Polish anticommunist resistance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Wales_Army" title="Free Wales Army">Free Wales Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek People's Liberation Army">Greek resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">Irish National Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_People%27s_Liberation_Organisation" title="Irish People's Liberation Organisation">Irish People's Liberation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a> (2009-2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudiad_Amddiffyn_Cymru" title="Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru">Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Corsica" title="National Liberation Front of Corsica">National Liberation Front of Corsica</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Corsica" title="National Liberation Front of Corsica">Fronte di Liberazione Naziunale Corsu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93glaigh_na_h%C3%89ireann_(Real_IRA_splinter_group)" title="Óglaigh na hÉireann (Real IRA splinter group)">Óglaigh na hÉireann</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a> (1969–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Real Irish Republican Army">Real Irish Republican Army</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romanian anti-communist resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Maquis" title="Spanish Maquis">Spanish Maquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_resistance_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian resistance during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Ukrainian resistance during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Irishmen" class="mw-redirect" title="United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_movement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_irregular_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian irregular units">Armenian resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Mujahideen" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan Mujahideen">Afghan Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Patriotic_Movement" title="Free Patriotic Movement">Free Patriotic Movement</a> (1988-2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> (2011-2014; Splinter branches and groups who use the name ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_for_the_Liberation_of_the_Golan" title="Front for the Liberation of the Golan">Front for the Liberation of the Golan</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Military_Council_for_Iraqi_Revolutionaries" title="General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries">General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddafi_loyalism" title="Gaddafi loyalism">Gaddafi loyalism</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">2001</a> to <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)" title="Fall of Kabul (2021)">2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic of Afghanistan</a> (ongoing) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Resistance_Front_of_Afghanistan" title="National Resistance Front of Afghanistan">National Resistance Front of Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a><sup id="cite_ref-hez_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hez-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi insurgency in Yemen">Houthis (Ansar Allah)</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Front" title="Lebanese Front">Lebanese Front</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">Lebanese Forces</a> (1975–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">National Liberation Front (Algeria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestinian militants</a> (ongoing) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Aqsa_Martyrs_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade">Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a><sup id="cite_ref-hamas_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamas-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Palestinian Islamic Jihad">Palestinian Islamic Jihad</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a> (ongoing)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_Organization_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Mujahedin Organization of Iran">People's Mujahedin Organization of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_insurgency" title="South Yemen insurgency">South Yemen Movement</a> (ongoing)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_movement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Indian subcontinent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini">Mukti Bahini</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan_Tiger_Force" title="Bhutan Tiger Force">Bhutan Tiger Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Independence movement">Indian Independence movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan movement">Pakistan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalistan">Khalistan</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhudesh">Sindhudesh</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Tamil Tigers</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_hemisphere">Western hemisphere</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_movement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Western hemisphere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Guerrilla_Family" title="Black Guerrilla Family">Black Guerrilla Family</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boricua_Popular_Army" title="Boricua Popular Army">Boricua Popular Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farabundo_Marti_National_Liberation_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front">Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia">Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_de_lib%C3%A9ration_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Front de libération du Québec">Front de libération du Québec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_of_Islam" title="Fruit of Islam">Fruit of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuerzas_Armadas_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_Puertorrique%C3%B1a" title="Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña">Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_National_Revolutionary_Unity" title="Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity">Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Macheteros" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Macheteros">Los Macheteros</a> – Puerto Rican armed independence movement (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOVE_(Philadelphia_organization)" title="MOVE (Philadelphia organization)">MOVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montoneros" title="Montoneros">Montoneros</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Army_(Argentina)" title="People's Revolutionary Army (Argentina)">Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peronist_Armed_Forces" title="Peronist Armed Forces">Peronist Armed Forces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%91ancahuaz%C3%BA_Guerrilla" title="Ñancahuazú Guerrilla">Ñancahuazú Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_People%27s_Army" title="Paraguayan People's Army">Paraguayan People's Army</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Revolutionary_Army" title="Popular Revolutionary Army">Popular Revolutionary Army</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinistas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shining_Path" title="Shining Path">Shining Path</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru_Revolutionary_Movement" title="Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement">Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupamaros" title="Tupamaros">Tupamaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground">Weather Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">Zapatistas</a> (ongoing)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_individuals_in_resistance_movements">Notable individuals in resistance movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_movement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notable individuals in resistance movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_2">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_movement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mordechaj_Anielewicz" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordechaj Anielewicz">Mordechaj Anielewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoljub_%22Dra%C5%BEa%22_Mihailovi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragoljub "Draža" Mihailović">Dragoljub "Draža" Mihailović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Charaszkiewicz" title="Edmund Charaszkiewicz">Edmund Charaszkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Harnack" title="Mildred Harnack">Mildred Harnack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Karski" title="Jan Karski">Jan Karski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Iwa%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Iwański">Henryk Iwański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Louette" title="Marcel Louette">Marcel Louette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Manus" title="Max Manus">Max Manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Moulin" title="Jean Moulin">Jean Moulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Pineau" title="Christian Pineau">Christian Pineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannie_Schaft" title="Hannie Schaft">Hannie Schaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aris_Velouchiotis" title="Aris Velouchiotis">Aris Velouchiotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini">Sandro Pertini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Longo" title="Luigi Longo">Luigi Longo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Parri" title="Ferruccio Parri">Ferruccio Parri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Scholl" title="Sophie Scholl">Sophie Scholl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_S%C3%B8nsteby" title="Gunnar Sønsteby">Gunnar Sønsteby</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_resistance_movements_and_figures">Other resistance movements and figures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_movement&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other resistance movements and figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Chief Mkwawa of Uhehe</li> <li>Chief Kimweri of Tanganyika</li> <li>Kinjekitile Ng'wale</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aoun" title="Michel Aoun">Michel Aoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah" title="Hassan Nasrallah">Hassan Nasrallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Buenaventura Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geronimo" title="Geronimo">Geronimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Ku" title="Kim Ku">Kim Ku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Peron" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Peron">Juan Peron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembitu" title="Lembitu">Lembitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph_Papineau" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Joseph Papineau">Louis Joseph Papineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Nikiforova" title="Maria Nikiforova">Maria Nikiforova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osceola" title="Osceola">Osceola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juba_(sniper)" title="Juba (sniper)">Juba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rummu_J%C3%BCri" title="Rummu Jüri">Rummu Jüri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_Batur" title="Osman Batur">Osman Batur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abdullah_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Abdullah Hassan">Mohammed Abdullah Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale">Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Clo_Voitka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ülo Voitka">Ülo Voitka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa" title="Pancho Villa">Pancho Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata" title="Emiliano Zapata">Emiliano Zapata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Guevara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernesto Guevara">Ernesto Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_al-Musawi" title="Abbas al-Musawi">Abbas al-Musawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russel_Means" class="mw-redirect" title="Russel Means">Russel Means</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Peltier" title="Leonard Peltier">Leonard Peltier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochise" title="Cochise">Cochise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Quantrill" title="William Quantrill">William Quantrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqbool_Bhat" title="Maqbool Bhat">Maqbool Bhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangas_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangas Colorado">Mangas Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Cid" title="El Cid">El Cid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence of Arabia">Lawrence of Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_Peralte" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlemagne Peralte">Charlemagne Peralte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica">Boudica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartacus" title="Spartacus">Spartacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner" title="Nat Turner">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture" title="Toussaint Louverture">Toussaint Louverture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines" title="Jean-Jacques Dessalines">Jean-Jacques Dessalines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sans-Souci" class="mw-redirect" title="Sans-Souci">Sans-Souci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wallace" title="William Wallace">William Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Turtle" title="Little Turtle">Little Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Heemeyer" title="Marvin Heemeyer">Marvin Heemeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Rose_Island" title="Republic of Rose Island">Republic of Rose Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_of_Telegram_in_Russia" title="Blocking of Telegram in Russia">Blocking of Telegram in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_whistleblowers" title="List of whistleblowers">List of whistleblowers</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_movement&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_war" title="People's war">People's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">Civil resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborationism">Collaborationism</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">Collaboration</a>), the opposite of resistance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Covert cell">Covert cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Definitions of terrorism">Definitions of terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensivism" title="Defensivism">Defensivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_resistance_movements_and_groups" title="Fictional resistance movements and groups">Fictional resistance movements and groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a> – clandestine citizen operatives loyal to a foreign government</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_guerrillas" title="List of guerrillas">List of guerrillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revolutions_and_rebellions" title="List of revolutions and rebellions">List of revolutions and rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Opposition to the Iraq War">Opposition to the Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the Vietnam War">Opposition to the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">Partisan (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Secret_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Secret State">Polish Secret State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protesting" class="mw-redirect" title="Protesting">Protesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_the_Streets" title="Reclaim the Streets">Reclaim the Streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_Studies_Magazine" title="Resistance Studies Magazine">Resistance Studies Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sniper" title="Sniper">Sniper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Activities_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Activities Division">Special Activities Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional warfare</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_movement&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-07-04/often-overlooked-nonviolent-roots-american-revolution">"The often-overlooked nonviolent roots of the American Revolution"</a>. <i>pri.org</i>. July 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pri.org&rft.atitle=The+often-overlooked+nonviolent+roots+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.date=2016-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fstories%2F2016-07-04%2Foften-overlooked-nonviolent-roots-american-revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the relation between military and civil resistance in occupied Norway 1940–45, see Magne Skodvin, "Norwegian Non-violent Resistance during the German Occupation", in <a href="/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(scholar)" title="Adam Roberts (scholar)">Adam Roberts</a> (ed.), <i>The Strategy of Civilian Defence: Non-violent Resistance to Aggression</i>, Faber, London, 1967, pp. 136–53. (Also published as <i>Civilian Resistance as a National Defense</i>, Harrisburg, US: Stackpole Books, 1968; and, with a new Introduction on "Czechoslovakia and Civilian Defence", as <i>Civilian Resistance as a National Defence</i>, Harmondsworth, UK/Baltimore, US: Penguin Books, 1969. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-021080-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-021080-6">0-14-021080-6</a>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-_resistance" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=resistance">"resistance"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=resistance&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dresistance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+movement" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span> "W. H. Jervis Hist. France v. §6. 65 Witikind became the hero of the Saxon resistance."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steve Pile (1997), "Opposition, political identities and spaces of resistance", p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pile (1997), "Opposition, political identities and spaces of resistance", pp. 5–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray-Rosendale, L. and Gruber, S. (2001), <i>Alternative Rhetorics: challenges to the rhetorical tradition</i>. New York: State University of New York Press. pp. 154–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michelle Hughes, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.crikey.com.au/croakey/2013/2/28/social-media-and-tobacco-resistance-control/">"Social media and tobacco resistance control"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116105054/http://blogs.crikey.com.au/croakey/2013/2/28/social-media-and-tobacco-resistance-control/">Archived</a> 2014-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 1 September 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rupert Ticehurst (1997) in his footnote 1 cites <i>The life and works of Martens</i> as detailed by V. Pustogarov, "Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens (1845–1909) –  A Humanist of Modern Times", <i>International Review of the Red Cross</i> (IRRC), No. 312, May–June 1996, pp. 300–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ticehurst (1997) in his footnote 2 cites F. Kalshoven, <i>Constraints on the Waging of War</i>, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1987, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardam (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MGT2hJFS9MkC&dq=in+which+peoples+are+fighting+against+colonial+domination+and+alien+occupation&pg=PA91">p. 91.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khan-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Khan_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khan, Ali (<a href="/wiki/Washburn_University" title="Washburn University">Washburn University</a> – School of Law). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=935347">"A Theory of International Terrorism"</a>, <i>Connecticut Law Review</i>, vol. 19, p. 945, 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/freedom%20fighter">Merriam-Webster definition</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPTI2016" class="citation news cs1">PTI (18 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/pension-of-freedom-fighters-hiked-by-rs-5000/article9003109.ece">"Pension of freedom fighters hiked by Rs 5,000"</a>. <i>The Hindu Business Line</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu+Business+Line&rft.atitle=Pension+of+freedom+fighters+hiked+by+Rs+5%2C000&rft.date=2016-08-18&rft.au=PTI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Fnews%2Fpension-of-freedom-fighters-hiked-by-rs-5000%2Farticle9003109.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell2009-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell2009_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisa_Mitchell2009" class="citation book cs1">Lisa Mitchell (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fBchTO0NS0EC&pg=PA193"><i>Language, Emotion, and Politics in South India: The Making of a Mother Tongue</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35301-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35301-6"><bdi>978-0-253-35301-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Emotion%2C+and+Politics+in+South+India%3A+The+Making+of+a+Mother+Tongue&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35301-6&rft.au=Lisa+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfBchTO0NS0EC%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald Seymour, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w5-GR-qtgXsC&dq=%22One+man%27s+terrorist+is+another+man%27s+freedom+fighter%22+%28Gerald+Seymour%2C+%E2%80%9CHarry%27s+Game%E2%80%9D%2C+1975%29&pg=PA669"><i>Harry's Game</i></a>, 1975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garthoff-1994-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garthoff-1994_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garthoff-1994_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarthoff1994" class="citation book cs1">Garthoff, Raymond L. (1994). <i>The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War</i>. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yp01AUkrE-gC&pg=PA18">18–19</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yp01AUkrE-gC&pg=PA270">270–271</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8157-3060-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8157-3060-8"><bdi>0-8157-3060-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Transition%3A+American-Soviet+Relations+and+the+End+of+the+Cold+War&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=18-19%2C+270-271&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8157-3060-8&rft.aulast=Garthoff&rft.aufirst=Raymond+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701115415/https://www.bbc.co.uk/editorialguidelines/guidelines/war-terror-emergencies/accuracy-and-impartiality">"Editorial Guidelines - Section 11: War, Terror and Emergencies: Accuracy and Impartiality"</a>. <i>BBC Editorial Guidelines and Guidance</i>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> Editorial Team. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/editorialguidelines/guidelines/war-terror-emergencies/accuracy-and-impartiality">the original</a> on 1 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Editorial+Guidelines+and+Guidance&rft.atitle=Editorial+Guidelines+-+Section+11%3A+War%2C+Terror+and+Emergencies%3A+Accuracy+and+Impartiality&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Feditorialguidelines%2Fguidelines%2Fwar-terror-emergencies%2Faccuracy-and-impartiality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2011" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Simon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803164317/http://allwhocamebefore.com/"><i>All Who Came Before</i></a>. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-659-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-659-9"><bdi>978-1-60899-659-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allwhocamebefore.com">the original</a> on 2019-08-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Who+Came+Before&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60899-659-9&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allwhocamebefore.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartlett, A Military History of Ireland</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willey, K., <i>When the Sky Fell Down: The Destruction of the Tribes of the Sydney Region, 1788–1850s</i>, Collins, Sydney, 1979</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins, D., <i>An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales</i>, Vol. 1, Cadell and Davies, London, 1798.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/130845/3/Pomiecko_Aleksandra_201811_PhD_thesis.pdf">https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/130845/3/Pomiecko_Aleksandra_201811_PhD_thesis.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sKAeAQAAMAAJ"><i>The People's Avengers: Soviet Partisans, Stalinist Society and the Politics of Resistance, 1941-1944</i></a>. University of Michigan. 1994.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+Avengers%3A+Soviet+Partisans%2C+Stalinist+Society+and+the+Politics+of+Resistance%2C+1941-1944&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsKAeAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catherine Andreyev. Vlasov and the Russian Liberation Movement</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hez-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hez_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hudson.org/research/9801-hezbollah-a-state-within-a-state">"Hezbollah: A State Within a State - by Hussain Abdul-Hussain"</a>. <i>Hudson Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson+Institute&rft.atitle=Hezbollah%3A+A+State+Within+a+State+-+by+Hussain+Abdul-Hussain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hudson.org%2Fresearch%2F9801-hezbollah-a-state-within-a-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hamas-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hamas_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanainiAhmad2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hanaini, Abdalhakim; Ahmad, Abdul Rahim Bin (July 6, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcser.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/9344">"Objectives, Mechanisms and Obstacles of Hamas External Relations - Hanaini - Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences"</a>. <i>Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 485<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterranean+Journal+of+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Objectives%2C+Mechanisms+and+Obstacles+of+Hamas+External+Relations+-+Hanaini+-+Mediterranean+Journal+of+Social+Sciences&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=485&rft.date=2016-07-06&rft.aulast=Hanaini&rft.aufirst=Abdalhakim&rft.au=Ahmad%2C+Abdul+Rahim+Bin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcser.org%2Fjournal%2Findex.php%2Fmjss%2Farticle%2Fview%2F9344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResistance+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_references">General references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_movement&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gardam, Judith Gail (1993). <i>Non-combatant Immunity as a Norm of International Humanitarian</i>, Martinus Nijhoff. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7923-2245-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7923-2245-2">0-7923-2245-2</a>.</li> <li>Ticehurst, Rupert. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/57JNHY">The Martens Clause and the Laws of Armed Conflict</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070415003954/http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/57JNHY">Archived</a> 2007-04-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" 30 April 1997, <i>International Review of the Red Cross</i> no. 317, pp. 125–34. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1560-7755">1560-7755</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resistance_movement&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Resistance_movement" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Resistance movement">Resistance movement</a> at Wikiquote</li></ul> <div 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