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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Columbian_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Pre-Columbian era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Columbian_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Colonial era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spanish_rule_(1492–1625)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_rule_(1492–1625)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Spanish rule (1492–1625) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_rule_(1492–1625)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_rule_(1625–1804)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_rule_(1625–1804)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 French rule (1625–1804) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_rule_(1625–1804)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haitian_Revolution_(1791–1804)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haitian_Revolution_(1791–1804)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haitian_Revolution_(1791–1804)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_Haiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_Haiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Independent Haiti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_Haiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Empire_(1804–1806)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Empire_(1804–1806)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 First Empire (1804–1806) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Empire_(1804–1806)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_of_Haiti,_Kingdom_of_Haiti_and_the_Republic_(1806–1820)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_Haiti,_Kingdom_of_Haiti_and_the_Republic_(1806–1820)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 State of Haiti, Kingdom of Haiti and the Republic (1806–1820) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_Haiti,_Kingdom_of_Haiti_and_the_Republic_(1806–1820)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unification_of_Hispaniola_(1821–1844)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unification_of_Hispaniola_(1821–1844)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Unification of Hispaniola (1821–1844) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unification_of_Hispaniola_(1821–1844)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loss_of_the_Spanish_portion_of_the_island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_of_the_Spanish_portion_of_the_island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Loss of the Spanish portion of the island </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_of_the_Spanish_portion_of_the_island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Empire_(1849–1859)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Empire_(1849–1859)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.5 Second Empire (1849–1859) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Empire_(1849–1859)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_19th_century–early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_19th_century–early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.6 Late 19th century–early 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_19th_century–early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_occupation_(1915–1934)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_occupation_(1915–1934)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.7 United States occupation (1915–1934) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_occupation_(1915–1934)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-occupation_era_(1934–1957)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-occupation_era_(1934–1957)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.8 Post-occupation era (1934–1957) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-occupation_era_(1934–1957)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duvalier_dynasty_(1957–1986)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duvalier_dynasty_(1957–1986)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.9 Duvalier dynasty (1957–1986) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duvalier_dynasty_(1957–1986)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Duvalier_era_(1986–2004)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Duvalier_era_(1986–2004)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.10 Post-Duvalier era (1986–2004) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Duvalier_era_(1986–2004)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Aristide_era_(2004–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Aristide_era_(2004–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.11 Post-Aristide era (2004–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Aristide_era_(2004–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement_and_crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Law enforcement and crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haitian_penitentiary_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haitian_penitentiary_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Haitian penitentiary system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haitian_penitentiary_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_aid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_aid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Foreign aid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_aid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Personal income </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Real_estate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Real_estate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Real estate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Real_estate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Currency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caracol_Industrial_Park" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caracol_Industrial_Park"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Caracol Industrial Park </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caracol_Industrial_Park-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Airports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Bus service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Communications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_supply_and_sanitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_supply_and_sanitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Water supply and sanitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_supply_and_sanitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Racial_discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Racial discrimination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Emigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Largest cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Music and dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folklore_and_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folklore_and_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Folklore and mythology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folklore_and_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_holidays_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_holidays_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.9 National holidays and festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_holidays_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.10 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Haiti</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 228 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-228" aria-hidden="true" > 228 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%AFti" title="Haïti – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Haïti" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%83%E1%8B%AD%E1%89%B2" title="ሃይቲ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሃይቲ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="हैती – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हैती" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitieg" title="Haitieg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Haitieg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Ҳаити – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ҳаити" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="هايتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هايتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hait%C3%AD" title="Haití – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Haití" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayiti" title="Hayiti – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Hayiti" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hait%C3%AD" title="Haití – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Haití" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayti" title="Ayti – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Ayti" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="هائیتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هائیتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayiti" title="Ayiti – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Ayiti" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="হাইতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাইতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Гаити Республикаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гаити Республикаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%96%D1%86%D1%96" title="Гаіці – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гаіці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%96%D1%86%D1%96" title="Гаіці – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гаіці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="हैती – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हैती" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Хаити – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хаити" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧའི་ཏི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧའི་ཏི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Haiti" title="Republik Haiti – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Republik Haiti" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Һаити – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Һаити" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hait%C3%AD" title="Haití – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Haití" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Гаити – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гаити" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="هايتي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="هايتي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%AC%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%93%DE%A9" title="ހެއިޓީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހެއިޓީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF" title="हाइटि – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="हाइटि" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%8A%CF%84%CE%AE" title="Αϊτή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αϊτή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Гаити Республикась – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Гаити Республикась" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hait%C3%AD" title="Haití – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Haití" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitio" title="Haitio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Haitio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ait%C3%AD" title="Aití – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Aití" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="هائیتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هائیتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%AFti" title="Haïti – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Haïti" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%AFty" title="Haïty – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Haïty" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayti" title="Hayti – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Hayti" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1%C3%ADt%C3%AD" title="Háítí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Háítí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hait%C3%AD" title="Haití – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Haití" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%88%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%80" title="હૈતી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હૈતી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="हैती – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="हैती" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%ED%8B%B0" title="아이티 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아이티" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiti" title="Heiti – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Heiti" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%AB" title="Հայիթի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հայիթի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="हाइती – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हाइती" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="হাইতি – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="হাইতি" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Гаити – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гаити" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Haiti" title="I-Haiti – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Haiti" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%ADt%C3%AD" title="Haítí – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Haítí" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99" title="האיטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האיטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಹೈತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹೈತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiti" title="Aiti – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Aiti" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ჰაიტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰაიტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Гаити – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гаити" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayti" title="Hayti – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hayti" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayiti" title="Hayiti – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Hayiti" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Гаити – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Гаити" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayiti" title="Ayiti – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Ayiti" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayitia" title="Ayitia – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Ayitia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayiti" title="Ayiti – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ayiti" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%AEt%C3%AE" title="Haîtî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Haîtî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Гаити – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гаити" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Гаити – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Гаити" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayti" title="Ayti – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Ayti" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitia" title="Haitia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Haitia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitis" title="Haitis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Haitis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%AFti" title="Haïti – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Haïti" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayiti" title="Ayiti – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ayiti" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiti" title="Aiti – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Aiti" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiti" title="Gaiti – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Gaiti" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Хаити – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хаити" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hait%E1%BB%B3" title="Haitỳ – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Haitỳ" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="ഹെയ്റ്റി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹെയ്റ്റി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A6aiti" title="Ħaiti – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ħaiti" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="हैती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हैती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ჰაიტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰაიტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%89" title="هاييتى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هاييتى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="هائیتی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هائیتی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯍꯥꯢꯇꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯍꯥꯢꯇꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Гаити – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Гаити" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Хаити – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хаити" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဟေတီနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟေတီနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%AFti" title="Haïti – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Haïti" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%AFti" title="Haïti – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Haïti" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="हाइटी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हाइटी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="हेइटी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हेइटी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%81" title="ハイチ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハイチ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гаити Республика – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гаити Республика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hait%C3%AD_(estat)" title="Haití (estat) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Haití (estat)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Гаити – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Гаити" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyitii" title="Heyitii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Heyitii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiti" title="Gaiti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gaiti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80" title="ਹੈਤੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੈਤੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="हेटी – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="हेटी" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="ہیٹی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہیٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="هايتي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هايتي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieti" title="Ieti – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ieti" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%AFti" title="Haïti – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Haïti" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiti" title="Gaiti – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Gaiti" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayti_(mama_llaqta)" title="Hayti (mama llaqta) – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hayti (mama llaqta)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Гайти – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гайти" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Гаити – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гаити" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%D3%A8%D1%80%D3%A9%D1%81%D0%BF%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Гаити Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Гаити Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiti" title="Aiti – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Aiti" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92" title="හෙයිටි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හෙයිටි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%BD%D9%8A" title="هيٽي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هيٽي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHayithi" title="IHayithi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IHayithi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti_(%C5%A1t%C3%A1t)" title="Haiti (štát) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Haiti (štát)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajiti" title="Hajiti – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Hajiti" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayti" title="Hayti – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Hayti" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ھایتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھایتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Хаити – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хаити" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="எயிட்டி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எயிட்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayiti" title="Hayiti – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Hayiti" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayti" title="Hayti – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Hayti" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%82%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းႁေးတီႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းႁေးတီႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%80" title="హైతీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హైతీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hait%C3%AD" title="Haití – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Haití" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="ประเทศเฮติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเฮติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D3%A3" title="Ҳоитӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳоитӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гаити Республика – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Гаити Республика" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%97%D1%82%D1%96" title="Гаїті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гаїті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="ہیٹی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہیٹی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%89" title="ھايتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھايتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitiy%C3%A4n" title="Haitiyän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Haitiyän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayiti" title="Ayiti – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ayiti" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0" title="海地 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="海地" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayiti" title="Ayiti – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Ayiti" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0" title="海地 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="海地" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99" title="האיטי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="האיטי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0%C3%ADt%C3%AC" title="Hàítì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Hàítì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0" title="海地 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="海地" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%AFti" title="Haïti – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Haïti" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C4%97tis" title="Haėtis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Haėtis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0" title="海地 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="海地" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Haiti" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Haiti&params=19_00_N_72_25_W_">19°00′N 72°25′W / 19.000°N 72.417°W / 19.000; -72.417</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in the Caribbean</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hayti" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Haiti_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Haiti (disambiguation)">Haiti (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hayti_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hayti (disambiguation)">Hayti (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive 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.infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Haiti</div><div class="ib-country-names">République d'Haïti (<a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">French</a>) Repiblik d Ayiti (<a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Creole language">Haitian Creole</a>)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Haiti.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Haiti"><img alt="Flag of Haiti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/125px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/188px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/250px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Haiti" title="Flag of Haiti">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Haiti"><img alt="Coat of arms of Haiti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="716" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti" title="Coat of arms of Haiti"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div style="padding-bottom:0.3em;">"<a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a>" (French)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> "Libète, Egalite, Fratènite" (Haitian Creole) "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"</div> Motto on traditional coat of arms: "<a href="/wiki/Unity_makes_strength" title="Unity makes strength">L'union fait la force</a>" (French) "Inite se fòs" (Haitian Creole)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> "Union makes strength"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/La_Dessalinienne" title="La Dessalinienne">La Dessalinienne</a> (French) Desalinyèn (Haitian Creole) "The Dessalines Song"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="37" data-mwtitle="Haiti_National_Anthem.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Haiti_National_Anthem.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/Haiti_National_Anthem.ogg/Haiti_National_Anthem.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHaiti_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHaiti_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHaiti_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHaiti_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=hu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hu" label="magyar ‪(hu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHaiti_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHaiti_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHaiti_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div> <a href="/wiki/File:Haiti_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Haiti_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Haiti_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Haiti_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Haiti_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Haiti_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Haiti_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> Location in the Western Hemisphere</div><div> <a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Haiti_and_the_neighboring_countries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Map_of_Haiti_and_the_neighboring_countries.jpg/220px-Map_of_Haiti_and_the_neighboring_countries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Map_of_Haiti_and_the_neighboring_countries.jpg/330px-Map_of_Haiti_and_the_neighboring_countries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Map_of_Haiti_and_the_neighboring_countries.jpg/440px-Map_of_Haiti_and_the_neighboring_countries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a> Haiti and its neighbors</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Haiti&params=18_35_39_N_72_18_26_W_type:city">18°35′39″N 72°18′26″W / 18.59417°N 72.30722°W / 18.59417; -72.30722</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">95% <a href="/wiki/Afro-Haitians" title="Afro-Haitians">Black</a> 5% <a href="/wiki/Mulatto_Haitians" title="Mulatto Haitians">Mixed</a> or <a href="/wiki/White_Haitians" title="White Haitians">White</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_20110303-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">87.0% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Haiti" title="Christianity in Haiti">Christianity</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">10.7% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">2.1% <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religions</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.2% others</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Haitians" title="Haitians">Haitian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Haiti" title="Politics of Haiti">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">semi-presidential republic</a> under an <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">interim government</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Presidential_Council" title="Transitional Presidential Council">Transitional Presidential Council</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Voltaire" title="Leslie Voltaire">Leslie Voltaire</a> (Chairman)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Leblanc_Fils" title="Edgard Leblanc Fils">Edgard Leblanc Fils</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Jean" title="Fritz Jean">Fritz Jean</a></li><li>Laurent St Cyr</li><li>Emmanuel Vertilaire</li><li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Augustin" title="Smith Augustin">Smith Augustin</a></li><li>Louis Gérald Gilles</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Haiti" title="Prime Minister of Haiti">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alix_Didier_Fils-Aim%C3%A9" title="Alix Didier Fils-Aimé">Alix Didier Fils-Aimé</a> (acting)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Haiti)" title="National Assembly (Haiti)">National Assembly</a><a href="#cite_note-vacantleg-7">[a]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Haiti)" title="Senate (Haiti)">Senate</a><a href="#cite_note-vacantleg-7">[a]</a> (vacant)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Haiti)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Haiti)">Chamber of Deputies</a><a href="#cite_note-vacantleg-7">[a]</a> (vacant)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Independence from France</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence declared </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1804</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence recognized </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 April 1825</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 September 1804</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/State_of_Haiti" title="State of Haiti">Southern Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 March 1806</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/State_of_Haiti" title="State of Haiti">Northern State</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 October 1806</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Haiti" title="Kingdom of Haiti">Kingdom</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 March 1811</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Hispaniola" class="mw-redirect" title="Unification of Hispaniola">Unification of Hispaniola</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 February 1822</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Dissolution </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 February 1844</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 August 1849</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Republic </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 January 1859</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">United States occupation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 July 1915 – 1 August 1934</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence from the United States </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 August 1934</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Haiti" title="Constitution of Haiti">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 March 1987</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Haiti" title="Geography of Haiti">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">27,750<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> km2 (10,710 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">143rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.7</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Haiti" title="Demographics of Haiti">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">11,470,261<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">83rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">382/km2 (989.4/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">32nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $38.952 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.HT-10">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">144th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $3,185<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.HT-10">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">174th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $25.986 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.HT-10">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">139th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $2,125<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.HT-10">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">172nd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2023)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 41<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.552<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-12">[11]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">medium (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">158th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Haitian_gourde" title="Haitian gourde">Gourde</a> (G) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">HTG</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>−5 (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>−4 (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EDT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Haiti" title="Telephone numbers in Haiti">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Haiti" title="Telephone numbers in Haiti">+509</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:HT" title="ISO 3166-2:HT">HT</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.ht" title=".ht">.ht</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Haiti,<a href="#cite_note-13">[b]</a> officially the Republic of Haiti,<a href="#cite_note-15">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hayti-21">[d]</a> is a country on the island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>, east of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, and south of <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a>. It occupies the western three-eighths of the island, which it shares with the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dardik-22">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Current_Affairs-23">[19]</a> Haiti is the third largest country in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, and with an estimated population of 11.4 million, is the most populous Caribbean country.<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-25">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a> The capital and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a>. Haiti was originally inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a> people.<a href="#cite_note-national-geographic-27">[23]</a> In 1492, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> established the first European settlement in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Navidad" title="La Navidad">La Navidad</a>, on its northeastern coast.<a href="#cite_note-Davies1953-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-29">[25]</a> The island was part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> until 1697, when the western portion was <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick" title="Peace of Ryswick">ceded to France</a> and became <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a>, dominated by <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> <a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean" title="Sugar plantations in the Caribbean">plantations</a> worked by enslaved Africans. The 1791-1804 <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a> made Haiti the first <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, the second <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> in the Americas, the first country in the Americas to officially abolish slavery, and the only country in history established by a <a href="/wiki/Slave_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave revolt">slave revolt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a> The 19th century saw political instability, international isolation, <a href="/wiki/Haiti_Independence_Debt" class="mw-redirect" title="Haiti Independence Debt">debt to France</a>, and failed invasions of the Dominican Republic, including <a href="/wiki/Dominican_War_of_Independence" title="Dominican War of Independence">a costly war</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">U.S. forces occupied Haiti</a> from 1915 to 1934,<a href="#cite_note-Haite1934-33">[29]</a> followed by dictatorial rule of the <a href="/wiki/Duvalier_dynasty" title="Duvalier dynasty">Duvalier family</a> (1957–1986). After a <a href="/wiki/2004_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2004 Haitian coup d'état">coup d'état in 2004</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Stabilisation_Mission_in_Haiti" title="United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti">United Nations intervened</a>. In 2010, <a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">a catastrophic earthquake</a> and a <a href="/wiki/2010s_Haiti_cholera_outbreak" title="2010s Haiti cholera outbreak">deadly cholera outbreak</a> devastated the country.<a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a> By 2024, Haiti has faced <a href="/wiki/Haitian_crisis_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Haitian crisis (2018–present)">severe economic and political crises</a>, gang activity,<a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a> and the collapse of its government. With no elected officials remaining, Haiti has been described as a <a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">failed state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a> Haiti is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (OAS),<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a>. In addition to <a href="/wiki/CARICOM" class="mw-redirect" title="CARICOM">CARICOM</a>, it is a member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>,<a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>,<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States</a>. Historically poor and politically unstable, Haiti has the lowest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> in the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> Haiti (also earlier Hayti)<a href="#cite_note-Hayti-21">[d]</a> comes from the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_language" title="Taíno language">Taíno language</a> and means "land of high mountains";<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> it was the native name<a href="#cite_note-47">[e]</a> for the entire island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>. The name was restored by Haitian revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines" title="Jean-Jacques Dessalines">Jean-Jacques Dessalines</a> as the official name of independent Saint-Domingue, as a tribute to the Amerindian predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a> In French, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8F" title="Ï">ï</a> in Haïti has a <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)#French" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diacritical mark</a> (used to show that the second vowel is pronounced separately, as in the word naïve), while the H is silent.<a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a> (In English, this rule for the pronunciation is often disregarded, thus the spelling Haiti is used.) There are different anglicizations for its pronunciation such as HIGH-ti, high-EE-ti and haa-EE-ti, which are still in use, but HAY-ti is the most widespread and best-established.<a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a> In French, Haiti's nickname means the "Pearl of the Antilles" (La Perle des Antilles) because of both its natural beauty<a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a> and the amount of wealth it accumulated for the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>, it is spelled and pronounced with a y but no H: Ayiti. Another theory on the name Haiti is its origin in African tradition; in Fon language, one of the most spoken by the bossales (Haitians born in Africa), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.webster.edu/corbetre/haiti-archive/msg02162.html">Ayiti-Tomè</a> means: "From nowadays this land is our land."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the Haitian community the country has multiple nicknames: Ayiti-Toma (as its origin in Ayiti Tomè), Ayiti-Cheri (Ayiti my Darling), Tè-Desalin (Dessalines' Land) or Lakay (Home).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">History of Haiti</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian_era">Pre-Columbian era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copia_de_Cacicazgos_de_la_Hispaniola.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Copia_de_Cacicazgos_de_la_Hispaniola.png/350px-Copia_de_Cacicazgos_de_la_Hispaniola.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Copia_de_Cacicazgos_de_la_Hispaniola.png/525px-Copia_de_Cacicazgos_de_la_Hispaniola.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Copia_de_Cacicazgos_de_la_Hispaniola.png/700px-Copia_de_Cacicazgos_de_la_Hispaniola.png 2x" data-file-width="2341" data-file-height="1171" /></a><figcaption>The five <a href="/wiki/Cacique" title="Cacique">caciquedoms</a> of Hispaniola at the time of the arrival of Christopher Columbus</figcaption></figure> The island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>, of which Haiti occupies the western three-eighths,<a href="#cite_note-Dardik-22">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Current_Affairs-23">[19]</a> has been inhabited since around 6,000 years ago by Native Americans who are thought to have arrived from Central or northern South America. These Archaic Age people are thought to have been largely hunter gatherers. During the <a href="/wiki/1st_millennium_BC" title="1st millennium BC">1st millennium BC</a>, the Arawakan-speaking ancestors of the Taino people began to migrate into the Caribbean. Unlike the Archaic peoples, they practiced the intensive production of <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> and agriculture. The earliest evidence of the ancestors of the Taino people on Hispaniola is the Ostionoid culture, which dates to around 600 AD.<a href="#cite_note-:132-53">[48]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chiefdoms_of_Hispaniola" title="Chiefdoms of Hispaniola">Chiefdoms of Hispaniola</a></div>In Taíno society the largest unit of political organization was led by a <a href="/wiki/Cacique" title="Cacique">cacique</a>, or chief, as the Europeans understood them. At the time of European contact, the island of Hispaniola was divided among five 'caciquedoms': the Magua in the northeast, the Marien in the northwest, the Jaragua in the southwest, the Maguana in the central regions of Cibao, and the Higüey in the southeast.<a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a> Taíno cultural artifacts include <a href="/wiki/Cave_paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave paintings">cave paintings</a> in several locations in the country. These have become national symbols of Haiti and tourist attractions. Modern-day <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9og%C3%A2ne" title="Léogâne">Léogâne</a>, started as a French colonial town in the southwest, is beside the former capital of the caciquedom of Xaragua.<a href="#cite_note-royal-56">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spanish_rule_(1492–1625)">Spanish rule (1492–1625)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian Viceroyalty</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Captaincy General of Santo Domingo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbus_landing_on_Hispaniola_adj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Columbus_landing_on_Hispaniola_adj.jpg/260px-Columbus_landing_on_Hispaniola_adj.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Columbus_landing_on_Hispaniola_adj.jpg/390px-Columbus_landing_on_Hispaniola_adj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Columbus_landing_on_Hispaniola_adj.jpg/520px-Columbus_landing_on_Hispaniola_adj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Artist%27s_impression" title="Artist's impression">Artist's impression</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> landing on <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>, engraving by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_de_Bry" title="Theodor de Bry">Theodor de Bry</a></figcaption></figure> Navigator <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> landed in Haiti on 6 December 1492, in an area that he named <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4le-Saint-Nicolas" title="Môle-Saint-Nicolas">Môle-Saint-Nicolas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a> and claimed the island for the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a>. Nineteen days later, his ship the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(ship)" title="Santa María (ship)">Santa María</a> ran aground near the present site of <a href="/wiki/Cap-Ha%C3%AFtien" title="Cap-Haïtien">Cap-Haïtien</a>. Columbus left 39 men on the island, who founded the settlement of <a href="/wiki/La_Navidad" title="La Navidad">La Navidad</a> on 25 December 1492.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> Relations with the native peoples, initially good, broke down and the settlers were later killed by the Taíno.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt10-59">[54]</a> The sailors carried endemic Eurasian <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious diseases</a>, causing <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemics</a> that killed a large number of native people.<a href="#cite_note-60">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a> The first recorded <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> epidemic in the Americas erupted on Hispaniola in 1507.<a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a> Their numbers were further reduced by the harshness of the <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a> system, in which the Spanish forced natives to work in gold mines and plantations.<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bradt10-59">[54]</a> The Spanish passed the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_Burgos" title="Laws of Burgos">Laws of Burgos</a> (1512–1513), which forbade the maltreatment of natives, endorsed their <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">conversion</a> to Catholicism,<a href="#cite_note-64">[59]</a> and gave legal framework to encomiendas. The natives were brought to these sites to work in specific plantations or industries.<a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a> As the Spanish re-focused their colonization efforts on the greater riches of mainland Central and South America, Hispaniola became reduced largely to a trading and refueling post. As a result <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">piracy</a> became widespread, encouraged by European powers hostile to Spain such as France (based on <a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Île de la Tortue</a>) and England.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt10-59">[54]</a> The Spanish largely abandoned the western third of the island, focusing their colonization effort on the eastern two-thirds.<a href="#cite_note-66">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> The western part of the island was thus gradually settled by French <a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">buccaneers</a>; among them was Bertrand d'Ogeron, who succeeded in growing <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> and recruited many French colonial families from <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a> In 1697 <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Spain">Spain</a> settled their hostilities on the island by way of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ryswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Ryswick">Treaty of Ryswick</a> of 1697, which divided Hispaniola between them.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt11-68">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_rule_(1625–1804)">French rule (1625–1804)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French West Indies</a></div> France received the western third and subsequently named it Saint-Domingue, the French equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>, the Spanish colony on <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>.<a href="#cite_note-firstcolony-69">[64]</a> The French set about creating sugar and coffee plantations, worked by vast numbers of those enslaved imported from <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, and Saint-Domingue grew to become their richest colonial possession,<a href="#cite_note-Bradt11-68">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> generating 40% of France’s foreign trade and doubling the wealth generation of all of England’s colonies, combined.<a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a> The French settlers were outnumbered by enslaved persons by almost 10 to 1.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt11-68">[63]</a> According to the 1788 Census, Haiti's population consisted of nearly 25,000 Europeans, 22,000 free coloreds and 700,000 Africans in slavery.<a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a> In contrast, by 1763 the white population of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">French Canada</a>, a far larger territory, had numbered only 65,000.<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> In the north of the island, those enslaved were able to retain many ties to African cultures, religion and language; these ties were continually being renewed by newly imported Africans. Some West Africans in slavery held on to their traditional <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a> beliefs by secretly syncretizing it with Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> The French enacted the <a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a> ("Black Code"), prepared by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert">Jean-Baptiste Colbert</a> and ratified by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, which established rules on slave treatment and permissible freedoms.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt12-73">[68]</a> Saint-Domingue has been described as one of the most brutally efficient slave colonies; at the end of the eighteenth century it was supplying two-thirds of Europe's tropical produce while one-third of newly imported Africans died within a few years.<a href="#cite_note-Farmer-LROB-74">[69]</a> Many enslaved persons died from diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a> They had low <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rates</a>,<a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a> and there is evidence that some women <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">aborted</a> fetuses rather than give birth to children within the bonds of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a> The colony's environment also suffered, as forests were cleared to make way for plantations and the land was overworked so as to extract maximum profit for French plantation owners.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fire_in_Saint-Domingo_1791,_German_copper_engraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Fire_in_Saint-Domingo_1791%2C_German_copper_engraving.jpg/220px-Fire_in_Saint-Domingo_1791%2C_German_copper_engraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Fire_in_Saint-Domingo_1791%2C_German_copper_engraving.jpg/330px-Fire_in_Saint-Domingo_1791%2C_German_copper_engraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Fire_in_Saint-Domingo_1791%2C_German_copper_engraving.jpg/440px-Fire_in_Saint-Domingo_1791%2C_German_copper_engraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Saint-Domingue <a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">slave revolt</a> in 1791</figcaption></figure> As in its <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana colony</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">French colonial</a> government allowed some rights to <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a> (gens de couleur), the <a href="/wiki/Mixed-race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-race">mixed-race</a> descendants of European male colonists and African enslaved females (and later, mixed-race women).<a href="#cite_note-Bradt11-68">[63]</a> Over time, many were released from slavery and they established a separate <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a>. White French <a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">Creole</a> fathers frequently sent their mixed-race sons to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> for their education. Some men of color were admitted into the military. More of the free people of color lived in the south of the island, near <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a>, and many intermarried within their community.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt11-68">[63]</a> They frequently worked as artisans and tradesmen, and began to own some property, including enslaved persons of their own.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bradt11-68">[63]</a> The free people of color petitioned the <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">colonial</a> government to expand their rights.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt11-68">[63]</a> The brutality of slave life led many people in bondage to escape to mountainous regions, where they set up their own autonomous communities and became known as <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Maroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Maroon">maroons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> One maroon leader, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mackandal" title="François Mackandal">François Mackandal</a>, led a rebellion in the 1750s; however, he was later captured and executed by the French.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt11-68">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Haitian_Revolution_(1791–1804)">Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Toussaint_Louverture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Toussaint_Louverture.jpg/170px-G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Toussaint_Louverture.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Toussaint_Louverture.jpg/255px-G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Toussaint_Louverture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Toussaint_Louverture.jpg/340px-G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Toussaint_Louverture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>General Toussaint Louverture</figcaption></figure> Inspired by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> of 1789 and principles of the <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Rights of man">rights of man</a>, the French settlers and free people of color pressed for greater political freedom and more <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt12-73">[68]</a> Tensions between these two groups led to conflict, as a militia of free-coloreds was set up in 1790 by <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Og%C3%A9" title="Vincent Ogé">Vincent Ogé</a>, resulting in his capture, torture and execution.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> Sensing an opportunity, in August 1791 the first slave armies were established in northern Haiti under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture" title="Toussaint Louverture">Toussaint Louverture</a> inspired by the Vodou houngan (priest) Boukman, and backed by the Spanish in Santo Domingo – soon a full-blown slave rebellion had broken out across the entire colony.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> In 1792, the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French</a> government sent three commissioners with troops to re-establish control; to build an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Gens_de_couleur" class="mw-redirect" title="Gens de couleur">gens de couleur</a> and enslaved persons commissioners <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9ger-F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_Sonthonax" title="Léger-Félicité Sonthonax">Léger-Félicité Sonthonax</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Polverel" title="Étienne Polverel">Étienne Polverel</a> abolished slavery in the colony.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt12-73">[68]</a> Six months later, the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_de_Robespierre" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilien de Robespierre">Maximilien de Robespierre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin Club">Jacobins</a>, endorsed <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_slavery_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolition of slavery timeline">abolition</a> and extended it to all the French colonies.<a href="#cite_note-78">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, which was a new republic itself, oscillated between supporting or not supporting <a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture" title="Toussaint Louverture">Toussaint Louverture</a> and the emerging country of Haiti, depending on who was President of the US. Washington, who was a slave holder and isolationist, kept the United States neutral, although private US citizens at times provided aid to French <a href="/wiki/Planter_(plantation_owner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Planter (plantation owner)">planters</a> trying to put down the revolt. <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, a vocal opponent of slavery, fully supported the slave revolt by providing diplomatic recognition, financial support, munitions and warships (including the <a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS Constitution</a>) beginning in 1798. This support ended in 1801 when Jefferson, another slave-holding president, took office and recalled the US Navy.<a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[76]</a> With slavery abolished, Toussaint Louverture pledged allegiance to France, and he fought off the British and Spanish forces who had taken advantage of the situation and invaded Saint-Domingue.<a href="#cite_note-Latin_America's_Wars:_Volume_1-82">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a> The Spanish were later forced to cede their part of the island to France under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Peace of Basel</a> in 1795, uniting the island under one government. However, an insurgency against French rule broke out in the east, and in the west there was fighting between Louverture's forces and the free people of color led by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rigaud" title="André Rigaud">André Rigaud</a> in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Knives" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Knives">War of the Knives</a> (1799–1800).<a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a> The United States' support for the blacks in the war contributed to their victory over the mulattoes.<a href="#cite_note-YPT-86">[81]</a> More than 25,000 whites and free blacks left the island as refugees.<a href="#cite_note-87">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_for_Palm_Tree_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Battle_for_Palm_Tree_Hill.jpg/220px-Battle_for_Palm_Tree_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Battle_for_Palm_Tree_Hill.jpg/330px-Battle_for_Palm_Tree_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Battle_for_Palm_Tree_Hill.jpg/440px-Battle_for_Palm_Tree_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>Battle between <a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_(Napoleonic_period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)">Polish troops</a> in French service and the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian rebels</a>. The majority of Polish soldiers eventually deserted the French army and fought alongside the Haitians.</figcaption></figure> After Louverture created a separatist constitution and proclaimed himself governor-general for life, <a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoléon Bonaparte">Napoléon Bonaparte</a> in 1802 sent an <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue_expedition" title="Saint-Domingue expedition">expedition</a> of 20,000 soldiers and as many sailors<a href="#cite_note-88">[83]</a> under the command of his brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Leclerc_(general,_born_1772)" title="Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)">Charles Leclerc</a>, to reassert French control. The French achieved some victories, but within a few months most of their <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">army</a> had died from <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[84]</a> Ultimately more than 50,000 French troops died in an attempt to retake the colony, including 18 generals.<a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a> The French managed to capture Louverture, transporting him to France for trial. He was imprisoned at <a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Joux" title="Fort de Joux">Fort de Joux</a>, where he died in 1803 of exposure and possibly <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Farmer-LROB-74">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bradt13-91">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Revenge_taken_by_the_Black_Army_for_the_Cruelties_practised_on_them_by_the_French.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Revenge_taken_by_the_Black_Army_for_the_Cruelties_practised_on_them_by_the_French.png/220px-Revenge_taken_by_the_Black_Army_for_the_Cruelties_practised_on_them_by_the_French.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Revenge_taken_by_the_Black_Army_for_the_Cruelties_practised_on_them_by_the_French.png/330px-Revenge_taken_by_the_Black_Army_for_the_Cruelties_practised_on_them_by_the_French.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Revenge_taken_by_the_Black_Army_for_the_Cruelties_practised_on_them_by_the_French.png/440px-Revenge_taken_by_the_Black_Army_for_the_Cruelties_practised_on_them_by_the_French.png 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="1179" /></a><figcaption>Haitians hanging French soldiers</figcaption></figure> The enslaved persons, along with free gens de couleur and allies, continued their fight for independence, led by generals <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines" title="Jean-Jacques Dessalines">Jean-Jacques Dessalines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_P%C3%A9tion" title="Alexandre Pétion">Alexandre Pétion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Christophe" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Christophe">Henry Christophe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt13-91">[86]</a> The rebels finally managed to decisively defeat the French troops at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verti%C3%A8res" title="Battle of Vertières">Battle of Vertières</a> on 18 November 1803, establishing the first state ever to successfully gain independence through a slave revolt.<a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a> Under the overall command of Dessalines, the Haitian armies avoided open battle, and instead conducted a successful guerrilla campaign against the Napoleonic forces, working with diseases such as yellow fever to reduce the numbers of French soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-93">[88]</a> Later that year France withdrew its remaining 7,000 troops from the island and Napoleon gave up his idea of re-establishing a North American empire, selling <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana (New France)</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt13-91">[86]</a> Throughout the revolution, an estimated 20,000 French troops succumbed to yellow fever, while another 37,000 were <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">killed in action</a>,<a href="#cite_note-94">[89]</a> exceeding the total French soldiers killed in action across various 19th-century colonial campaigns in Algeria, Mexico, Indochina, Tunisia, and West Africa, which resulted in approximately 10,000 French soldiers killed in action combined.<a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a> The British sustained 45,000 dead.<a href="#cite_note-Scheina-96">[91]</a> Additionally, 350,000 ex-enslaved Haitians died.<a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a> In the process, Dessalines became arguably the most successful military commander in the struggle against Napoleonic France.<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_Haiti">Independent Haiti</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Empire_(1804–1806)">First Empire (1804–1806)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First Empire of Haiti</a> and <a href="/wiki/1804_Haiti_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="1804 Haiti massacre">1804 Haiti massacre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Serment_des_Anc%C3%AAtres,_1823.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Le_Serment_des_Anc%C3%AAtres%2C_1823.jpg/220px-Le_Serment_des_Anc%C3%AAtres%2C_1823.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Le_Serment_des_Anc%C3%AAtres%2C_1823.jpg/330px-Le_Serment_des_Anc%C3%AAtres%2C_1823.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Le_Serment_des_Anc%C3%AAtres%2C_1823.jpg/440px-Le_Serment_des_Anc%C3%AAtres%2C_1823.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="1950" /></a><figcaption>Pétion and Dessalines swearing allegiance to each other before God; painting by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Guillon-Lethi%C3%A8re" title="Guillaume Guillon-Lethière">Guillon-Lethière</a></figcaption></figure> The independence of Saint-Domingue was proclaimed under the native name 'Haiti' by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines" title="Jean-Jacques Dessalines">Jean-Jacques Dessalines</a> on 1 January 1804 in <a href="/wiki/Gona%C3%AFves" title="Gonaïves">Gonaïves</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-99">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bradt209-100">[95]</a> and he was proclaimed "Emperor for Life" as Emperor Jacques I by his troops.<a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a> Dessalines at first offered protection to the white planters and others.<a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a> However, once in power, he ordered the <a href="/wiki/1804_Haiti_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="1804 Haiti Massacre">genocide</a> of nearly all the remaining white men, women, children; between January and April 1804, 3,000 to 5,000 whites were killed, including those who had been friendly and sympathetic to the black population.<a href="#cite_note-Davies2008-103">[98]</a> Only <a href="/wiki/1804_Haiti_massacre#Aftermath" class="mw-redirect" title="1804 Haiti massacre">three categories of white people</a> were selected out as exceptions and spared: <a href="/wiki/Polish_Haitian" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Haitian">Polish</a> soldiers, the majority of whom had deserted from the French army and fought alongside the Haitian rebels; the small group of <a href="/wiki/German_Haitian" class="mw-redirect" title="German Haitian">German</a> colonists invited to the <a href="/wiki/Nord-Ouest_(department)" title="Nord-Ouest (department)">north-west region</a>; and a group of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">medical doctors</a> and professionals.<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a> Reportedly, people with connections to officers in the Haitian army were also spared, as well as the women who agreed to marry non-white men.<a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a> Fearful of the potential impact the slave rebellion could have in the <a href="/wiki/Slave_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave states">slave states</a>, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> refused to recognize the new republic. The Southern politicians who were a powerful voting bloc in the American Congress prevented U.S. recognition for decades until they withdrew in 1861 to form the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a> The revolution led to a wave of emigration.<a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> In 1809, 9,000 refugees from Saint-Domingue, both white planters and people of color, settled en masse in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, doubling the city's population, having been expelled from their initial refuge in Cuba by Spanish authorities.<a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a> In addition, the newly arrived enslaved persons added to the city's African population.<a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a> The plantation system was re-established in Haiti, albeit for wages; however, many Haitians were marginalized and resented the heavy-handed manner in which this was enforced in the new nation's politics.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt13-91">[86]</a> The rebel movement splintered, and Dessalines was assassinated by rivals on 17 October 1806.<a href="#cite_note-Haiti-110">[105]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Deep_linking" title="Deep linking">Link to precise page</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Bradt13-91">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_of_Haiti,_Kingdom_of_Haiti_and_the_Republic_(1806–1820)">State of Haiti, Kingdom of Haiti and the Republic (1806–1820)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/State_of_Haiti" title="State of Haiti">State of Haiti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Haiti" title="Kingdom of Haiti">Kingdom of Haiti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citadelle_Laferri%C3%A8re_Aerial_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Citadelle_Laferri%C3%A8re_Aerial_View.jpg/220px-Citadelle_Laferri%C3%A8re_Aerial_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Citadelle_Laferri%C3%A8re_Aerial_View.jpg/330px-Citadelle_Laferri%C3%A8re_Aerial_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Citadelle_Laferri%C3%A8re_Aerial_View.jpg/440px-Citadelle_Laferri%C3%A8re_Aerial_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3022" data-file-height="2015" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Citadelle_Laferri%C3%A8re" title="Citadelle Laferrière">Citadelle Laferrière</a>, built 1805–1822, is the largest <a href="/wiki/Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress">fortress</a> in the Americas, and is considered locally to be an <a href="/wiki/Eighth_wonder_of_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth wonder of the world">eighth wonder of the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reading_Eagle-111">[106]</a></figcaption></figure> After Dessalines' death Haiti became split into two, with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Haiti" title="Kingdom of Haiti">Kingdom of Haiti</a> in the north directed by Henri Christophe, later declaring himself <a href="/wiki/Henri_Christophe" title="Henri Christophe">Henri I</a>, and a republic in the south centered on Port-au-Prince, directed by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_P%C3%A9tion" title="Alexandre Pétion">Alexandre Pétion</a>, an homme de couleur.<a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a> Pétion's republic was less absolutist, and he initiated a series of land reforms which benefited the peasant class.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt13-91">[86]</a> President Pétion also gave military and financial assistance to the revolutionary leader <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>, which were critical in enabling him to liberate the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Viceroyalty of New Granada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a> Meanwhile, the French, who had managed to maintain a precarious control of eastern Hispaniola, were <a href="/wiki/Spanish_reconquest_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo">defeated</a> by insurgents led by <a href="/wiki/Juan_S%C3%A1nchez_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Juan Sánchez Ramírez">Juan Sánchez Ramírez</a>, with the area returning to Spanish rule in 1809 following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palo_Hincado" title="Battle of Palo Hincado">Battle of Palo Hincado</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RECONQUEST-117">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unification_of_Hispaniola_(1821–1844)">Unification of Hispaniola (1821–1844)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1820%E2%80%931849)" title="Republic of Haiti (1820–1849)">Republic of Haiti (1820–1849)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haitian_occupation_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo">Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Jean-Pierre_Boyer_of_Haiti_(Hispaniola_Unification_Regime)_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/President_Jean-Pierre_Boyer_of_Haiti_%28Hispaniola_Unification_Regime%29_Portrait.jpg/220px-President_Jean-Pierre_Boyer_of_Haiti_%28Hispaniola_Unification_Regime%29_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/President_Jean-Pierre_Boyer_of_Haiti_%28Hispaniola_Unification_Regime%29_Portrait.jpg/330px-President_Jean-Pierre_Boyer_of_Haiti_%28Hispaniola_Unification_Regime%29_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/President_Jean-Pierre_Boyer_of_Haiti_%28Hispaniola_Unification_Regime%29_Portrait.jpg/440px-President_Jean-Pierre_Boyer_of_Haiti_%28Hispaniola_Unification_Regime%29_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Jean-Pierre Boyer, ruler of Haiti 1818–1843</figcaption></figure> Beginning in 1821, President <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Boyer" title="Jean-Pierre Boyer">Jean-Pierre Boyer</a>, also an homme de couleur and successor to Pétion, reunified the island following the suicide of Henry Christophe.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Spanish_Haiti" title="Republic of Spanish Haiti">Santo Domingo</a> declared its independence from Spain on 30 November 1821, Boyer invaded, seeking to <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Hispaniola" class="mw-redirect" title="Unification of Hispaniola">unite the entire island</a> by force and ending slavery in Santo Domingo.<a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> Struggling to revive the agricultural economy to produce <a href="/wiki/Commodity_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodity crops">commodity crops</a>, Boyer passed the Code Rural, which denied peasant laborers the right to leave the land, enter the towns, or start farms or shops of their own, causing much resentment as most peasants wished to have their own farms rather than work on plantations.<a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> Starting in September 1824, more than 6,000 <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> migrated to Haiti, with transportation paid by an American philanthropic group similar in function to the <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a> and its efforts in <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a> Many found the conditions too harsh and returned to the United States.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In July 1825, <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">King Charles X</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, during a period of restoration of the <a href="/wiki/French_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="French monarchy">French monarchy</a>, sent a <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">fleet</a> to reconquer Haiti. Under pressure, President Boyer agreed to a treaty by which France formally recognized the independence of the state in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Haiti_indemnity_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Haiti indemnity controversy">a payment</a> of 150 million <a href="/wiki/Francs" class="mw-redirect" title="Francs">francs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> By an order of 17 April 1826, the King of France renounced his rights of sovereignty and formally recognized the independence of Haiti.<a href="#cite_note-FrenchEmbassy-123">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> The enforced payments to France hampered Haiti's economic growth for years, exacerbated by the fact that many <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> states continued to refuse formal <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomatic</a> recognition to Haiti; Britain recognized Haitian independence in 1833, and the United States not until 1862.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> Haiti borrowed heavily from Western banks at extremely high interest rates to repay the debt. Although the amount of the reparations was reduced to 90 million in 1838, by 1900 80% of Haiti's government spending was debt repayment and the country did not finish repaying it until 1947.<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bradt13-91">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Loss_of_the_Spanish_portion_of_the_island">Loss of the Spanish portion of the island</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dominican_War_of_Independence" title="Dominican War of Independence">Dominican War of Independence</a></div> After losing the support of Haiti's elite, Boyer was ousted in 1843, with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rivi%C3%A8re-H%C3%A9rard" title="Charles Rivière-Hérard">Charles Rivière-Hérard</a> replacing him as president.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> Nationalist Dominican forces in eastern Hispaniola led by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Duarte" title="Juan Pablo Duarte">Juan Pablo Duarte</a> seized control of Santo Domingo on 27 February 1844.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> The Haitian forces, unprepared for a significant uprising, capitulated to the rebels, effectively ending Haitian rule of eastern Hispaniola. In March Rivière-Hérard attempted to reimpose his authority, but the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominicans</a> inflicted heavy losses.<a href="#cite_note-Bethell-127">[122]</a> Rivière-Hérard was removed from office by the mulatto hierarchy and replaced with the aged general <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Guerrier" title="Philippe Guerrier">Philippe Guerrier</a>, who assumed the presidency on 3 May 1844.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Guerrier died in April 1845, and was succeeded by General <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Pierrot" title="Jean-Louis Pierrot">Jean-Louis Pierrot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-leger197-128">[123]</a> Pierrot's most pressing duty as the new president was to check the incursions of the Dominicans, who were harassing the Haitian troops.<a href="#cite_note-leger197-128">[123]</a> Dominican gunboats were also making depredations on Haiti's coasts.<a href="#cite_note-leger197-128">[123]</a> President Pierrot decided to open a campaign against the Dominicans, whom he considered merely as insurgents; however, the Haitian offensive of 1845 was stopped on the frontier.<a href="#cite_note-Bethell-127">[122]</a> On 1 January 1846 Pierrot announced a fresh campaign to reimpose Haitian suzerainty over eastern Hispaniola, but his officers and men greeted this fresh summons with contempt.<a href="#cite_note-Bethell-127">[122]</a> Thus, a month later – February 1846 – when Pierrot ordered his troops to march against the Dominicans, the Haitian army mutinied, and its soldiers proclaimed his overthrow as president of the republic.<a href="#cite_note-Bethell-127">[122]</a> With the war against the Dominicans having become very unpopular in Haiti, it was beyond the power of the new president, General <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Rich%C3%A9" title="Jean-Baptiste Riché">Jean-Baptiste Riché</a>, to stage another invasion.<a href="#cite_note-Bethell-127">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Empire_(1849–1859)">Second Empire (1849–1859)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second Empire of Haiti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faustin_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Faustin_I.jpg/220px-Faustin_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Faustin_I.jpg/330px-Faustin_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Faustin_I.jpg/440px-Faustin_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Faustin I, from <a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News" title="The Illustrated London News">The Illustrated London News</a>, 16 February 1856</figcaption></figure> On 27 February 1847, President Riché died after only a year in power and was replaced by an obscure officer, General <a href="/wiki/Faustin_Soulouque" title="Faustin Soulouque">Faustin Soulouque</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> During the first two years of Soulouque's administration the conspiracies and opposition he faced in retaining power were so manifold that the Dominicans were given a further breathing space in which to consolidate their independence.<a href="#cite_note-Bethell-127">[122]</a> But, when in 1848 France finally recognized the Dominican Republic as a free and independent state and provisionally signed a treaty of peace, friendship, commerce and navigation, Haiti immediately protested, claiming the treaty was an attack upon their own security.<a href="#cite_note-Bethell-127">[122]</a> Soulouque decided to invade the new Republic before the French Government could ratify the treaty.<a href="#cite_note-Bethell-127">[122]</a> On 21 March 1849, Haitian soldiers attacked the Dominican garrison at <a href="/wiki/Las_Matas_de_Farf%C3%A1n" title="Las Matas de Farfán">Las Matas</a>. The demoralized defenders offered almost no resistance before abandoning their weapons. Soulouque pressed on, capturing <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Province_(Dominican_Republic)" title="San Juan Province (Dominican Republic)">San Juan</a>. This left only the town of <a href="/wiki/Azua,_Dominican_Republic" title="Azua, Dominican Republic">Azua</a> as the remaining Dominican stronghold between the Haitian army and the capital. On 6 April, Azua fell to the 18,000-strong Haitian army, with a 5,000-man Dominican counterattack failing to oust them.<a href="#cite_note-Latin_America's_Wars:_Volume_1-82">[77]</a> The way to <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> was now clear. But the news of discontent existing at Port-au-Prince, which reached Soulouque, arrested his further progress and caused him to return with the army to his capital.<a href="#cite_note-Jacques-129">[124]</a> Emboldened by the sudden retreat of the Haitian army, the Dominicans counter-attacked. Their flotilla went as far as <a href="/wiki/Dame-Marie,_Grand%27Anse" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame-Marie, Grand'Anse">Dame-Marie</a> on the west coast of Haiti, which they plundered and set on fire.<a href="#cite_note-Jacques-129">[124]</a> After another Haitian campaign in 1855, Britain and France intervened and obtained an armistice on behalf of the Dominicans, who declared independence as the Dominican Republic.<a href="#cite_note-Jacques-129">[124]</a> The sufferings endured by the soldiers during the campaign of 1855, and the losses and sacrifices inflicted on the country without yielding any compensation or any practical results provoked great discontent.<a href="#cite_note-Jacques-129">[124]</a> In 1858 a revolution began, led by General <a href="/wiki/Fabre_Geffrard" title="Fabre Geffrard">Fabre Geffrard</a>, Duke of Tabara. In December of that year, Geffrard defeated the Imperial Army and seized control of most of the country.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> As a result, the Emperor abdicated his throne on 15 January 1859. Faustin was taken into exile and General Geffrard succeeded him as president.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_19th_century–early_20th_century">Late 19th century–early 20th century</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luders_Affair,_Germany,_Haiti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Luders_Affair%2C_Germany%2C_Haiti.jpg/220px-Luders_Affair%2C_Germany%2C_Haiti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Luders_Affair%2C_Germany%2C_Haiti.jpg/330px-Luders_Affair%2C_Germany%2C_Haiti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Luders_Affair%2C_Germany%2C_Haiti.jpg/440px-Luders_Affair%2C_Germany%2C_Haiti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>German Captain Thiele of the Charlotte handing over the German Ultimatum on 6 December 1897 during the Lüders Affair</figcaption></figure> The period following Soulouque's overthrow down to the turn of the century was a turbulent one for Haiti, with repeated bouts of political instability. President Geffrard was overthrown in a coup in 1867,<a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> as was his successor, <a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Salnave" title="Sylvain Salnave">Sylvain Salnave</a>, in 1869.<a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a> Under the Presidency of <a href="/wiki/Michel_Domingue" title="Michel Domingue">Michel Domingue</a> (1874–76) relations with the Dominican Republic were dramatically improved by the signing of a treaty, in which both parties acknowledged the independence of the other. Some modernisation of the economy and infrastructure also occurred in this period, especially under the Presidencies of <a href="/wiki/Lysius_Salomon" title="Lysius Salomon">Lysius Salomon</a> (1879–1888) and <a href="/wiki/Florvil_Hyppolite" title="Florvil Hyppolite">Florvil Hyppolite</a> (1889–1896).<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> Haiti's relations with outside powers were often strained. In 1889 the United States attempted to <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4le_Saint-Nicolas_affair" title="Môle Saint-Nicolas affair">force Haiti</a> to permit the building of a naval base at <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4le_Saint-Nicolas" class="mw-redirect" title="Môle Saint-Nicolas">Môle Saint-Nicolas</a>, which was firmly resisted by President Hyppolite.<a href="#cite_note-leger245-133">[128]</a> In 1892 the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German government</a> supported suppression of the reform movement of <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A9nor_Firmin" title="Anténor Firmin">Anténor Firmin</a>, and in 1897, the Germans used <a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">gunboat diplomacy</a> to intimidate and then humiliate the Haitian government of President <a href="/wiki/Tir%C3%A9sias_Simon_Sam" title="Tirésias Simon Sam">Tirésias Simon Sam</a> (1896–1902) during the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCders_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Lüders Affair">Lüders Affair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> In the first decades of the 20th century, Haiti experienced great political instability and was heavily in debt to France, Germany and the United States. A series of short lived presidencies came and went: President <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Nord_Alexis" title="Pierre Nord Alexis">Pierre Nord Alexis</a> was forced from power in 1908,<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a> as was his successor <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_C._Antoine_Simon" title="François C. Antoine Simon">François C. Antoine Simon</a> in 1911;<a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Cincinnatus_Leconte" title="Cincinnatus Leconte">Cincinnatus Leconte</a> (1911–12) was killed in a (possibly deliberate) explosion at the National Palace;<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Oreste" title="Michel Oreste">Michel Oreste</a> (1913–14) was ousted in a coup, as was his successor <a href="/wiki/Oreste_Zamor" title="Oreste Zamor">Oreste Zamor</a> in 1914.<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_occupation_(1915–1934)">United States occupation (1915–1934)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">United States occupation of Haiti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Marines_and_guide_in_search_of_bandits._Haiti,_circa_1919.,_1927_-_1981_-_NARA_-_532584.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/U.S._Marines_and_guide_in_search_of_bandits._Haiti%2C_circa_1919.%2C_1927_-_1981_-_NARA_-_532584.tif/lossy-page1-220px-U.S._Marines_and_guide_in_search_of_bandits._Haiti%2C_circa_1919.%2C_1927_-_1981_-_NARA_-_532584.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/U.S._Marines_and_guide_in_search_of_bandits._Haiti%2C_circa_1919.%2C_1927_-_1981_-_NARA_-_532584.tif/lossy-page1-330px-U.S._Marines_and_guide_in_search_of_bandits._Haiti%2C_circa_1919.%2C_1927_-_1981_-_NARA_-_532584.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/U.S._Marines_and_guide_in_search_of_bandits._Haiti%2C_circa_1919.%2C_1927_-_1981_-_NARA_-_532584.tif/lossy-page1-440px-U.S._Marines_and_guide_in_search_of_bandits._Haiti%2C_circa_1919.%2C_1927_-_1981_-_NARA_-_532584.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2599" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Marines and guide in search of Haitian <a href="/wiki/Cacos_(military_group)" title="Cacos (military group)">Cacos</a> fighters against the <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">U.S. occupation of Haiti</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1919</figcaption></figure> Germany increased its influence in Haiti in this period, with a small community of German settlers wielding disproportionate influence in Haiti's economy.<a href="#cite_note-state-140">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bradt15-141">[136]</a> The German influence prompted anxieties in the United States, who had also invested heavily in the country, and whose government defended their right to oppose foreign interference in the Americas under the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bradt15-141">[136]</a> In December 1914, the Americans removed $500,000 from the Haitian National Bank, but rather than seize it to help pay the debt, it was removed for safe-keeping in New York, thus giving the United States control of the bank and preventing other powers from doing so. This gave a stable financial base on which to build the economy, and to enable the debt to be repaid.<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> In 1915, Haiti's new President <a href="/wiki/Vilbrun_Guillaume_Sam" title="Vilbrun Guillaume Sam">Vilbrun Guillaume Sam</a> sought to strengthen his tenuous rule by a mass execution of 167 political prisoners. Outrage at the killings led to riots, and Sam was captured and killed by a lynch mob.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt15-141">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> Fearing possible foreign intervention, or the emergence of a new government led by the anti-American Haitian politician <a href="/wiki/Rosalvo_Bobo" title="Rosalvo Bobo">Rosalvo Bobo</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> sent U.S. Marines into Haiti in July 1915. The <a href="/wiki/USS_Washington_(ACR-11)" title="USS Washington (ACR-11)">USS Washington</a>, under Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_Banks_Caperton" title="William Banks Caperton">Caperton</a>, arrived in Port-au-Prince in an attempt to restore order and protect U.S. interests. Within days, the Marines had taken control of the capital city and its banks and customs house. The Marines declared martial law and severely censored the press. Within weeks, a new pro-U.S. Haitian president, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Sudr%C3%A9_Dartiguenave" title="Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave">Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave</a>, was installed and a new constitution written that was favorable to the interests of the United States. The constitution (written by future US President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>) included a clause that allowed, for the first time, foreign ownership of land in Haiti, which was bitterly opposed by the Haitian legislature and citizenry.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt15-141">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corps_de_Charlemagne_P%C3%A9ralte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Corps_de_Charlemagne_P%C3%A9ralte.jpg/175px-Corps_de_Charlemagne_P%C3%A9ralte.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Corps_de_Charlemagne_P%C3%A9ralte.jpg/263px-Corps_de_Charlemagne_P%C3%A9ralte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Corps_de_Charlemagne_P%C3%A9ralte.jpg/350px-Corps_de_Charlemagne_P%C3%A9ralte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The body of caco leader Charlemagne Péralte on display after his execution by US forces; the image was counterproductive, with the resemblance to the <a href="/wiki/Descent_from_the_Cross" title="Descent from the Cross">deposition of Jesus</a> gaining Péralte the status of national martyr.</figcaption></figure> The occupation improved some of Haiti's <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> and centralized power in Port-au-Prince.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt15-141">[136]</a> 1700 km of roads were made usable, 189 bridges were built, many irrigation canals were rehabilitated, hospitals, schools, and public buildings were constructed, and drinking water was brought to the main cities.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Agricultural education was organized, with a central school of agriculture and 69 farms in the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinl1996454–455-145">[140]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">incomplete short citation</a>] However, many infrastructure projects were built using the <a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">corvée</a> system that allowed the government/occupying forces to take people from their homes and farms, at gunpoint if necessary, to build roads, bridges etc. by force, a process that was deeply resented by ordinary Haitians.<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bradt15-141">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">Sisal</a> was also introduced to Haiti, and sugarcane and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> became significant exports, boosting prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-Henl,_pp._454–455-147">[142]</a> Haitian traditionalists, based in rural areas, were highly resistant to U.S.-backed changes, while the urban elites, typically mixed-race, welcomed the growing economy, but wanted more political control.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> Together they helped secure an end to the occupation in 1934, under the Presidency of <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9nio_Vincent" title="Sténio Vincent">Sténio Vincent</a> (1930–1941).<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> The debts were still outstanding, though less due to increased prosperity, and the U.S. financial advisor-general receiver handled the budget until 1941.<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> The U.S. Marines were instilled with a special brand of paternalism towards Haitians "expressed in the metaphor of a father's relationship with his children."<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> Armed opposition to the US presence was led by the <a href="/wiki/Cacos_(military_group)" title="Cacos (military group)">cacos</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_P%C3%A9ralte" title="Charlemagne Péralte">Charlemagne Péralte</a>; his capture and execution in 1919 earned him the status of a national martyr.<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bradt15-141">[136]</a> During Senate hearings in 1921, the commandant of the Marine Corps reported that, in the 20 months of active unrest, 2,250 Haitians had been killed. However, in a report to the Secretary of the Navy, he reported the death toll as being 3,250.<a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a> Haitian historians have claimed the true number was much higher, but this is not supported by most historians outside Haiti.<a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-occupation_era_(1934–1957)">Post-occupation era (1934–1957)</h4></div> After U.S. forces left in 1934, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican</a> dictator <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Rafael Trujillo</a> used <a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">anti-Haitian</a> sentiment as a nationalist tool. In an event that became known as the <a href="/wiki/Parsley_massacre" title="Parsley massacre">Parsley Massacre</a>, he ordered his army to kill Haitians living on the Dominican side of the border.<a href="#cite_note-Farmer180-154">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-wucker-155">[150]</a> Few bullets were used; instead, 20,000–30,000 Haitians were bludgeoned and bayoneted, then herded into the sea, where sharks finished what Trujillo had begun.<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> The indiscriminate massacre occurred over a period of five days. As Haiti President <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9nio_Vincent" title="Sténio Vincent">Vincent</a> became increasingly dictatorial, let he resigned under U.S. pressure in 1941, being replaced by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Lescot" title="Élie Lescot">Élie Lescot</a> (1941–46).<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> In 1941, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Lescot declared war on <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> (8 December), <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> (12 December), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> (12 December), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (24 December), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920-46)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920-46)">Hungary</a> (24 December) and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> (24 December).<a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a> Out of these six <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis</a> countries, only Romania reciprocated, declaring war on Haiti on the same day (24 December 1941).<a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a> On 27 September 1945,<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a> Haiti became a <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">founding member</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (the successor to the <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Member states of the League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, of which Haiti was also a founding member).<a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a> In 1946 Lescot was overthrown by the military, with <a href="/wiki/Dumarsais_Estim%C3%A9" title="Dumarsais Estimé">Dumarsais Estimé</a> later becoming the new president (1946–50).<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> He sought to improve the economy and education, and to boost the role of black Haitians; however, as he sought to consolidate his rule he too was overthrown in a coup led by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Magloire" title="Paul Magloire">Paul Magloire</a>, who replaced him as president (1950–56).<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a> Firmly anti-Communist, he was supported by the United States; with greater political stability tourists started to visit Haiti.<a href="#cite_note-guardiantourism-164">[159]</a> The waterfront area of <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a> was redeveloped to allow cruise ship passengers to walk to cultural attractions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Duvalier_dynasty_(1957–1986)">Duvalier dynasty (1957–1986)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Duvalier_dynasty" title="Duvalier dynasty">Duvalier dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duvalier_crop2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Duvalier_crop2.jpg/170px-Duvalier_crop2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Duvalier_crop2.jpg/255px-Duvalier_crop2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Duvalier_crop2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>"Papa Doc" <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duvalier" title="François Duvalier">Duvalier</a> in 1968</figcaption></figure> In 1956–57 Haiti underwent severe political turmoil; Magloire was forced to resign and leave the country in 1956 and he was followed by four short-lived presidencies.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_presidential_election,_1957" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian presidential election, 1957">September 1957 election</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duvalier" title="François Duvalier">François Duvalier</a> was elected President of Haiti. Known as 'Papa Doc' and initially popular, Duvalier remained President until his death in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt17-165">[160]</a> He advanced black interests in the public sector, where over time, people of color had predominated as the educated urban elite.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-bryan-166">[161]</a> Not trusting the army, despite his frequent purges of officers deemed disloyal, Duvalier created a private militia known as <a href="/wiki/Tonton_Macoute" title="Tonton Macoute">Tontons Macoutes</a> ("Bogeymen"), which maintained order by terrorizing the populace and political opponents.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt17-165">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> In 1964 Duvalier proclaimed himself 'President for Life'; <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%A9mie_Vespers" title="Jérémie Vespers">an uprising</a> against his rule that year in <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%A9mie" title="Jérémie">Jérémie</a> was violently suppressed, with the ringleaders publicly executed and hundreds of mixed-raced citizens in the town killed.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt17-165">[160]</a> The bulk of the educated and professional class began leaving the country, and corruption became widespread.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bradt17-165">[160]</a> Duvalier sought to create a personality cult, identifying himself with <a href="/wiki/Baron_Samedi" title="Baron Samedi">Baron Samedi</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Loa" class="mw-redirect" title="Loa">loa</a> (or lwa), or spirits, of <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Haitian Vodou</a>. Despite the well-publicized abuses under his rule, Duvalier's firm anti-Communism earned him the support of the Americans, who furnished the country with aid.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt17-165">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-Štraus-168">[163]</a> In 1971 Duvalier died, and he was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Duvalier" title="Jean-Claude Duvalier">Jean-Claude Duvalier</a>, nicknamed 'Baby Doc', who ruled until 1986.<a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bradt17-165">[160]</a> He largely continued his father's policies, though curbed some of the worst excesses in order to court international respectability.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> Tourism, which had nosedived in Papa Doc's time, again became a growing industry.<a href="#cite_note-Clammer,_Paul-170">[165]</a> However, as the economy continued to decline, Baby Doc's grip on power began to weaken. Haiti's pig population was slaughtered following an outbreak of swine fever in the late 1970s, causing hardship to rural communities who used them as an investment.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a> The opposition became more vocal, bolstered by a visit to the country by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> in 1983, who publicly lambasted the president.<a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a> Demonstrations occurred in Gonaïves in 1985 which then spread across the country; under pressure from the United States, Duvalier left the country for France in February 1986.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In total, roughly 40,000 to 60,000 Haitians are estimated to have been killed during the reign of the Duvaliers.<a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a> Through the use of his intimidation tactics and executions, many intellectual Haitians had fled, leaving the country with a massive brain-drain from which it has yet to recover.<a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Duvalier_era_(1986–2004)">Post-Duvalier era (1986–2004)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DD-SD-99-03743.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/DD-SD-99-03743.jpg/220px-DD-SD-99-03743.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/DD-SD-99-03743.jpg/330px-DD-SD-99-03743.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/DD-SD-99-03743.jpg/440px-DD-SD-99-03743.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="1490" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</a> returns to Haiti following the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">U.S.-led invasion</a> in 1994 designed to remove the <a href="/wiki/Raoul_C%C3%A9dras" title="Raoul Cédras">regime</a> installed by the <a href="/wiki/1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Haitian coup d'état">1991 Haitian coup d'état</a></figcaption></figure> Following Duvalier's departure, army leader General <a href="/wiki/Henri_Namphy" title="Henri Namphy">Henri Namphy</a> headed a new <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Government_(Haiti)" title="National Council of Government (Haiti)">National Governing Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Haitian_presidential_election,_1987" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian presidential election, 1987">Elections</a> scheduled for November 1987 were aborted after dozens of inhabitants were shot in the capital by soldiers and Tontons Macoutes.<a href="#cite_note-Whitney-175">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> Fraudulent <a href="/wiki/Haitian_presidential_election,_1988" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian presidential election, 1988">elections followed</a> in 1988, in which only 4% of the citizenry voted.<a href="#cite_note-JC-176">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> The newly elected president, <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Manigat" title="Leslie Manigat">Leslie Manigat</a>, was then overthrown some months later in the <a href="/wiki/June_1988_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="June 1988 Haitian coup d'état">June 1988 Haitian coup d'état</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-IACHR-177">[172]</a> Another <a href="/wiki/September_1988_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="September 1988 Haitian coup d'état">coup followed</a> in September 1988, after the <a href="/wiki/St._Jean_Bosco_massacre" title="St. Jean Bosco massacre">St. Jean Bosco massacre</a> in which approximately 13 to 50 people attending a mass led by prominent government critic and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> priest <a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</a> were killed.<a href="#cite_note-IACHR-177">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW2-178">[173]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Prosper_Avril" title="Prosper Avril">Prosper Avril</a> subsequently led a military regime until March 1990.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rohter-179">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a> Avril transferred power to the army chief of staff, Gen. <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rard_Abraham" title="Hérard Abraham">Hérard Abraham</a>, on March 10, 1990. Abraham gave up power three days later, becoming the only military leader in Haiti during the twentieth century to voluntarily give up power. Abraham later helped to secure the <a href="/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_Haitian_general_election" title="1990–91 Haitian general election">1990–91 Haitian general election</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In December 1990, Jean-Bertrand Aristide was elected president in the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_general_election,_1990%E2%80%9391" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian general election, 1990–91">Haitian general election</a>. However, his ambitious reformist agenda worried the elites, and in September of the following year he was overthrown by the military, led by <a href="/wiki/Raoul_C%C3%A9dras" title="Raoul Cédras">Raoul Cédras</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Haitian coup d'état">1991 Haitian coup d'état</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> Amidst the continuing turmoil many Haitians attempted to flee the country.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt17-165">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> In September 1994, the United States negotiated the departure of Haiti's military leaders and the peaceful entry of 20,000 US troops under <a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">Operation Uphold Democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt17-165">[160]</a> This enabled the restoration of the democratically elected Jean-Bertrand Aristide as president, who returned to Haiti in October to complete his term.<a href="#cite_note-CCHaiti-182">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> As part of the deal Aristide had to implement free market reforms in an attempt to improve the Haitian economy, with mixed results.<a href="#cite_note-Bell-184">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> In November 1994, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Gordon_(1994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Gordon (1994)">Hurricane Gordon</a> brushed Haiti, dumping heavy <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a> and creating <a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">flash flooding</a> that triggered mudslides. Gordon killed an estimated 1,122 people, although some estimates go as high as 2,200.<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/1995_Haitian_general_election" title="1995 Haitian general election">Elections</a> were held in 1995 which were won by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pr%C3%A9val" title="René Préval">René Préval</a>, gaining 88% of the popular vote, albeit on a low turnout.<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> Aristide subsequently formed his own party, <a href="/wiki/Fanmi_Lavalas" title="Fanmi Lavalas">Fanmi Lavalas</a>, and political deadlock ensued; the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_presidential_election,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian presidential election, 2000">November 2000 election</a> returned Aristide to the presidency with 92% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a> The election had been boycotted by the opposition, then organized into the <a href="/wiki/Convergence_D%C3%A9mocratique" title="Convergence Démocratique">Convergence Démocratique</a>, over a dispute in the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_legislative_election,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian legislative election, 2000">May legislative elections</a>. In subsequent years, there was increasing violence between rival political factions and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights abuse">human rights abuses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt19-190">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-bussandgardner-191">[186]</a> Aristide spent years negotiating with the Convergence Démocratique on new elections, but the Convergence's inability to develop a sufficient electoral base made elections unattractive.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2004 <a href="/wiki/2004_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2004 Haitian coup d'état">an anti-Aristide revolt began</a> in northern Haiti. The rebellion eventually reached the capital, and Aristide was forced into exile.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt19-190">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> The precise nature of the events are disputed; some, including Aristide and his bodyguard, Franz Gabriel, stated that he was the victim of a "new <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> or modern kidnapping" by U.S. forces.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt19-190">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> These charges were denied by the US government.<a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bradt19-190">[185]</a> As political violence and crime continued to grow, a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Stabilisation_Mission_in_Haiti" title="United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti">United Nations Stabilisation Mission (MINUSTAH)</a> was brought in to maintain order.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt20-195">[190]</a> However, MINUSTAH proved controversial, since their periodically heavy-handed approach to maintaining law and order and several instances of abuses, including the alleged sexual abuse of civilians, provoked resentment and distrust among ordinary Haitians.<a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boniface_Alexandre" title="Boniface Alexandre">Boniface Alexandre</a> assumed interim authority until 2006, when René Préval was re-elected President following <a href="/wiki/Haitian_general_election,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian general election, 2006">elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt20-195">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-thompson2006-198">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Aristide_era_(2004–present)">Post-Aristide era (2004–present)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Haitian_crisis_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Haitian crisis (2018–present)">Haitian crisis (2018–present)</a></div> Amidst the continuing political chaos, a series of natural disasters hit Haiti. In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Jeanne#Haiti" title="Hurricane Jeanne">Tropical Storm Jeanne</a> skimmed the north coast, leaving 3,006 people dead in flooding and <a href="/wiki/Mudslide" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudslide">mudslides</a>, mostly in the city of <a href="/wiki/Gona%C3%AFves" title="Gonaïves">Gonaïves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> In 2008, Haiti was again struck by tropical storms; <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Fay_(2008)" title="Tropical Storm Fay (2008)">Tropical Storm Fay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Gustav" title="Hurricane Gustav">Hurricane Gustav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Hanna_(2008)" title="Hurricane Hanna (2008)">Hurricane Hanna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ike" title="Hurricane Ike">Hurricane Ike</a> all produced heavy winds and rain, resulting in 331 deaths and about 800,000 in need of humanitarian aid.<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> The state of affairs produced by these storms was intensified by already high food and fuel prices that had caused a food crisis and political unrest in April 2008.<a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haitian_national_palace_earthquake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Haitian_national_palace_earthquake.jpg/350px-Haitian_national_palace_earthquake.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Haitian_national_palace_earthquake.jpg/525px-Haitian_national_palace_earthquake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Haitian_national_palace_earthquake.jpg/700px-Haitian_national_palace_earthquake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_(Haiti)" title="National Palace (Haiti)">Haitian National Palace</a>, located in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, heavily damaged after the <a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">earthquake of 2010</a>. This was originally a two-story structure; the second story completely collapsed.</figcaption></figure> On 12 January 2010, at 4:53 pm local time, Haiti was struck by a <a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale">magnitude</a>-7.0 <a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">earthquake</a>. This was the country's most severe earthquake in over 200 years.<a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a> The earthquake was reported to have left between 160,000 and 300,000 people dead and up to 1.6 million homeless, making it one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">deadliest natural disasters ever recorded</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a> It is also one of the deadliest earthquakes ever recorded.<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> The situation was exacerbated by a subsequent massive <a href="/wiki/Haiti_cholera_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="Haiti cholera outbreak">cholera outbreak</a> that was triggered when cholera-infected waste from a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> peacekeeping station contaminated the country's main river, the <a href="/wiki/Artibonite_River" title="Artibonite River">Artibonite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt20-195">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a> In 2017, it was reported that roughly 10,000 Haitians had died and nearly a million had been made ill. After years of denial, the United Nations apologized in 2016, but as of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haiti&action=edit">[update]</a>, they have refused to acknowledge fault, thus avoiding financial responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a> General elections had been planned for January 2010 but were postponed due to the earthquake.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Haitian_general_election" title="2010–11 Haitian general election">Elections were held on 28 November 2010</a> for the senate, the parliament and the first round of the presidential elections. The run-off between <a href="/wiki/Michel_Martelly" title="Michel Martelly">Michel Martelly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mirlande_Manigat" title="Mirlande Manigat">Mirlande Manigat</a> took place on 20 March 2011, and preliminary results, released on 4 April, named Michel Martelly the winner.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt21-210">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> In 2011, both former dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier and Jean-Bertrand Aristide returned to Haiti; attempts to try Duvalier for crimes committed under his rule were shelved following his death in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kushner2011-214">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bradt21-210">[205]</a> In 2013, the Haitian government called for European governments to pay <a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">reparations for slavery</a> and establish an official commission for the settlement of past wrongdoings.<a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a> Meanwhile, after continuing political wrangling with the opposition and allegations of electoral fraud, Martelly agreed to step down in 2016 without a successor in place.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt21-210">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a> After numerous postponements, partly owing to the effects of devastating <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Matthew" title="Hurricane Matthew">Hurricane Matthew</a>, <a href="/wiki/November_2016_Haitian_presidential_election" title="November 2016 Haitian presidential election">elections</a> were held in November 2016.<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a> The victor, <a href="/wiki/Jovenel_Mo%C3%AFse" title="Jovenel Moïse">Jovenel Moïse</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_T%C3%A8t_Kale_Party" title="Haitian Tèt Kale Party">Haitian Tèt Kale Party</a>, was sworn in as president in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Haitian_crisis_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Haitian crisis (2018–present)">Protests began</a> on 7 July 2018, in response to increased fuel prices. Over time these protests evolved into demands for the resignation of president Moïse.<a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a> On 7 July 2021, President Moïse was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Jovenel_Mo%C3%AFse" title="Assassination of Jovenel Moïse">assassinated</a> in an attack on his private residence, and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Martine_Mo%C3%AFse" title="Martine Moïse">Martine Moïse</a> was hospitalized.<a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a> Amid the political crisis, the government of Haiti installed <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Henry" title="Ariel Henry">Ariel Henry</a> as the acting prime minister on 20 July 2021.<a href="#cite_note-haitifactbook-224">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a> On 14 August 2021, Haiti suffered <a href="/wiki/2021_Haiti_earthquake" title="2021 Haiti earthquake">another huge earthquake</a>, with many casualties.<a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> The earthquake has also damaged Haiti's economic conditions and led to a rise in <a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">gang violence</a> which by September 2021 had escalated to a long-lasting full-blown <a href="/wiki/Gang_war_in_Haiti" title="Gang war in Haiti">gang war</a> and other violent crimes within the country.<a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a> As of March 2022, Haiti still had no president, no parliamentary quorum, and a dysfunctional high court due to a lack of judges.<a href="#cite_note-haitifactbook-224">[219]</a> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/2022_Haitian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Haitian crisis">protests</a> against the government and <a href="/wiki/Global_energy_crisis_(2021%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global energy crisis (2021–present)">rising fuel prices</a> intensified.<a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a> In 2023, kidnapping jumped 72% from the first quarter of the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a> Doctors, lawyers, and other wealthy members of society were kidnapped and held for ransom.<a href="#cite_note-kidnapping-232">[227]</a> Many victims were killed when ransom demands were not met, leading those with the means to do so to flee the country, further hampering efforts to pull the country out of the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-kidnapping-232">[227]</a> It is estimated that amidst the crisis up to 20% of qualified medical staff had left Haiti by the end of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-medical_crisis-233">[228]</a> In March 2024, Ariel Henry was prevented by gangs from returning to Haiti, following a visit to <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a> Henry agreed to resign once a transitional government had been formed. As of that month, nearly half of Haiti's population was living under <a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">acute food insecurity</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-29">[25]</a> On April 25, 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Presidential_Council" title="Transitional Presidential Council">Transitional Presidential Council</a> took over the Governance of Haiti and is scheduled to stay in power until 2026.<a href="#cite_note-sworn_in-235">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Patrick_Boisvert" title="Michel Patrick Boisvert">Michel Patrick Boisvert</a> was named interim prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-sworn_in-235">[230]</a> On 3 June 2024, the conseil appointed <a href="/wiki/Garry_Conille" title="Garry Conille">Garry Conille</a> as acting prime minister. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Haiti" title="Geography of Haiti">Geography of Haiti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haiti_topographic_map-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Haiti_topographic_map-fr.svg/350px-Haiti_topographic_map-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Haiti_topographic_map-fr.svg/525px-Haiti_topographic_map-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Haiti_topographic_map-fr.svg/700px-Haiti_topographic_map-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1739" data-file-height="1299" /></a><figcaption>Topographical map of Haiti</figcaption></figure> Haiti forms the western three-eighths of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>, the second largest island in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</a>. At 27,750 km2 (10,710 sq mi) Haiti is the third largest country in the Caribbean behind <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, the latter sharing a 360-kilometer (224 mi) <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Haiti_border" title="Dominican Republic–Haiti border">border</a> with Haiti. The country has a roughly horseshoe shape and because of this it has a disproportionately long coastline, second in length (1,771 km or 1,100 mi) behind Cuba in the Greater Antilles.<a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a> Haiti is the most mountainous country in the Caribbean, its terrain consists of mountains interspersed with small coastal plains and river valleys.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-238">[233]</a> The climate is tropical, with some variation depending on altitude. The highest point is <a href="/wiki/Pic_la_Selle" title="Pic la Selle">Pic la Selle</a>, at 2,680 meters (8,793 ft).<a href="#cite_note-NgCheong-Lum,_Roseline_19-239">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-238">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> The northern region or Marien Region consists of the <a href="/wiki/Massif_du_Nord" title="Massif du Nord">Massif du Nord</a> (Northern Massif) and the <a href="/wiki/Plaine_du_Nord" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaine du Nord">Plaine du Nord</a> (Northern Plain). The Massif du Nord is an extension of the Cordillera Central in the Dominican Republic.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> It begins at Haiti's eastern border, north of the <a href="/wiki/Guayamouc_River" title="Guayamouc River">Guayamouc River</a>, and extends to the northwest through the northern peninsula. The lowlands of the Plaine du Nord lie along the northern border with the Dominican Republic, between the Massif du Nord and the North Atlantic Ocean. The central region or Artibonite Region consists of two plains and two sets of mountain ranges. The Plateau Central (Central Plateau) extends along both sides of the Guayamouc River, south of the Massif du Nord. It runs from the southeast to the northwest. To the southwest of the Plateau Central are the <a href="/wiki/Montagnes_Noires,_Haiti" title="Montagnes Noires, Haiti">Montagnes Noires</a>, whose most northwestern part merges with the Massif du Nord. Haiti's most important valley in terms of crops is the Plaine de l'Artibonite, which lies between the Montagnes Noires and the Chaîne des Matheux.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> This region supports the country's longest river, the <a href="/wiki/Artibonite_River" title="Artibonite River">Riviere l'Artibonite</a>, which begins in the western region of the Dominican Republic and continues for most of its length through central Haiti, where it then empties into the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Gon%C3%A2ve" title="Gulf of Gonâve">Golfe de la Gonâve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> Also in this valley lies Haiti's second largest lake, <a href="/wiki/Lac_de_P%C3%A9ligre" class="mw-redirect" title="Lac de Péligre">Lac de Péligre</a>, formed as a result of the construction of the <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ligre_Dam" title="Péligre Dam">Péligre Dam</a> in the mid-1950s.<a href="#cite_note-Wells-240">[235]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_2.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Aerial_2.jpeg/220px-Aerial_2.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Aerial_2.jpeg/330px-Aerial_2.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Aerial_2.jpeg/440px-Aerial_2.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Saint-Marc Arrondissement, <a href="/wiki/Artibonite_(department)" title="Artibonite (department)">Artibonite Department</a></figcaption></figure> The southern region or Xaragua Region consists of the <a href="/wiki/Plaine_du_Cul-de-Sac" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaine du Cul-de-Sac">Plaine du Cul-de-Sac</a> (the southeast) and the mountainous southern peninsula (the <a href="/wiki/Tiburon_Peninsula,_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiburon Peninsula, Haiti">Tiburon Peninsula</a>). The Plaine du Cul-de-Sac is a natural depression that harbors the country's saline lakes, such as <a href="/wiki/Trou_Ca%C3%AFman" title="Trou Caïman">Trou Caïman</a> and Haiti's largest lake, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tang_Saumatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Étang Saumatre">Étang Saumatre</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AEne_de_la_Selle" title="Chaîne de la Selle">Chaîne de la Selle</a> mountain range – an extension of the southern mountain chain of the Dominican Republic (the Sierra de Baoruco) – extends from the Massif de la Selle in the east to the <a href="/wiki/Massif_de_la_Hotte" title="Massif de la Hotte">Massif de la Hotte</a> in the west.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> Haiti also includes several offshore islands. The island of <a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Tortuga</a> is located off the coast of northern Haiti. The <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Haiti" title="Arrondissements of Haiti">arrondissement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A2ve_Island" title="Gonâve Island">La Gonâve</a> is located on the island of the same name, in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Gon%C3%A2ve" title="Gulf of Gonâve">Golfe de la Gonâve</a>; Haiti's largest island, Gonâve is moderately populated by rural villagers. <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_%C3%A0_Vache" class="mw-redirect" title="Île à Vache">Île à Vache</a> is located off the southwest coast; also part of Haiti are the <a href="/wiki/Cayemites" class="mw-redirect" title="Cayemites">Cayemites</a>, located in the Gulf of Gonâve north of <a href="/wiki/Pestel,_Grand%27Anse" class="mw-redirect" title="Pestel, Grand'Anse">Pestel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a>, located 40 nautical miles (46 mi; 74 km) west of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%A9mie" title="Jérémie">Jérémie</a> on the south west <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a> of Haiti,<a href="#cite_note-241">[236]</a> is subject to an ongoing territorial dispute with the United States, who currently administer the island.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-242">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haiti_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Haiti_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/220px-Haiti_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Haiti_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-Haiti_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Haiti_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/440px-Haiti_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="828" /></a><figcaption>Köppen climate types of Haiti</figcaption></figure> Haiti's climate is tropical with some variation depending on altitude.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-238">[233]</a> Port-au-Prince ranges in January from an average minimum of 23 °C (73.4 °F) to an average maximum of 31 °C (87.8 °F); in July, from 25–35 °C (77–95 °F). The rainfall pattern is varied, with rain heavier in some of the lowlands and the northern and eastern slopes of the mountains. Haiti's dry season occurs from November to January. Port-au-Prince receives an average annual rainfall of 1,370 mm (53.9 in). There are two rainy seasons, April–June and October–November. Haiti is subject to periodic droughts and floods, made more severe by deforestation. Hurricanes are a menace, and the country is also prone to flooding and earthquakes.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-238">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haiti_Saut-d%27Eau.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Haiti_Saut-d%27Eau.JPG/220px-Haiti_Saut-d%27Eau.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Haiti_Saut-d%27Eau.JPG/330px-Haiti_Saut-d%27Eau.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Haiti_Saut-d%27Eau.JPG/440px-Haiti_Saut-d%27Eau.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saut-d%27Eau" title="Saut-d'Eau">Saut-d'Eau</a> waterfall</figcaption></figure> There are <a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault#Blind_thrust_faults" title="Thrust fault">blind thrust faults</a> associated with the <a href="/wiki/Enriquillo-Plantain_Garden_fault_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone">Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault system</a> over which Haiti lies.<a href="#cite_note-USGSHaiti2-243">[238]</a> After the earthquake of 2010, there was no evidence of <a href="/wiki/Surface_rupture" title="Surface rupture">surface rupture</a> and geologists' findings were based on seismological, geological and ground deformation data.<a href="#cite_note-Hayes-244">[239]</a> The northern boundary of the fault is where the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Plate">Caribbean</a> <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">tectonic plate</a> shifts eastwards by about 20 mm (0.79 inches) per year in relation to the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Plate">North American Plate</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Strike-slip_fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike-slip fault">strike-slip fault</a> system in the region has two branches in Haiti, the <a href="/wiki/Septentrional-Oriente_fault_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Septentrional-Oriente fault zone">Septentrional-Oriente fault</a> in the north and the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault in the south.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A 2007 earthquake hazard study, noted that the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone could be at the end of its seismic cycle and concluded that a worst-case forecast would involve a 7.2 Mw earthquake, similar in size to the <a href="/wiki/1692_Jamaica_earthquake" title="1692 Jamaica earthquake">1692 Jamaica earthquake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DeMets-245">[240]</a> A study team performing a hazard assessment of the fault system recommended "high priority" historical geologic rupture studies, as the fault was fully locked and had recorded few earthquakes in the preceding 40 years.<a href="#cite_note-18cgc-246">[241]</a> The magnitude 7.0 <a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">2010 Haiti earthquake</a> happened on this fault zone on 12 January 2010.<a href="#cite_note-247">[242]</a> Haiti also has rare elements such as <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, which can be found at The <a href="/wiki/Mont_Organis%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Organisé">Mont Organisé</a> <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">gold mine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[243]</a> Haiti has no currently active volcanoes. "In the Terre-Neuve Mountains, about 12 kilometers from the Eaux Boynes, small intrusions at least as late as <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> and probably of <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> age are known. No other volcanic activity of as late a date is known near any of the other warm springs."<a href="#cite_note-249">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Haiti" title="Environment of Haiti">Environment of Haiti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Haiti" title="Deforestation in Haiti">Deforestation in Haiti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haiti_deforestation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Haiti_deforestation.jpg/220px-Haiti_deforestation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Haiti_deforestation.jpg/330px-Haiti_deforestation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Haiti_deforestation.jpg/440px-Haiti_deforestation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Haiti's border with the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> in 2002, showing the extent of deforestation on the Haitian side (left)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">soil erosion</a> released from the upper <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">catchments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> have caused periodic and severe flooding, as experienced, for example, on 17 September 2004. Earlier in May that year, floods had killed over 3,000 people on Haiti's southern border with the Dominican Republic.<a href="#cite_note-250">[245]</a> Haiti's forests covered 60% of the country as recently as 50 years ago, but that has been halved to a current estimate of 30% tree cover. This estimate poses a stark difference from the erroneous figure of 2% which has been oft-cited in discourse concerning the country's environmental condition.<a href="#cite_note-251">[246]</a> Haiti had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 4.01/10, ranking it 137th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-252">[247]</a> Scientists at the <a href="/wiki/The_Earth_Institute#Center_for_International_Earth_Science_Information_Network_(CIESIN)Earth_Institute" title="The Earth Institute">Columbia University's Center for International Earth Science Information Network</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> are working on the Haiti Regenerative Initiative, an initiative aiming to reduce poverty and natural disaster vulnerability through ecosystem restoration and sustainable resource management.<a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Haiti" title="Wildlife of Haiti">Wildlife of Haiti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hispaniolan_Solenodon_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Hispaniolan_Solenodon_crop.jpg/220px-Hispaniolan_Solenodon_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Hispaniolan_Solenodon_crop.jpg/330px-Hispaniolan_Solenodon_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Hispaniolan_Solenodon_crop.jpg/440px-Hispaniolan_Solenodon_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>The endangered Hispaniolan solenodon, endemic to the island</figcaption></figure> Haiti is home to four ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Hispaniolan_moist_forests" title="Hispaniolan moist forests">Hispaniolan moist forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispaniolan_dry_forests" title="Hispaniolan dry forests">Hispaniolan dry forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispaniolan_pine_forests" title="Hispaniolan pine forests">Hispaniolan pine forests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles_mangroves" title="Greater Antilles mangroves">Greater Antilles mangroves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-254">[249]</a> Despite its small size, Haiti's mountainous terrain and resultant multiple climatic zones has resulted in a wide variety of plant life.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt6-255">[250]</a> Notable tree species include the <a href="/wiki/Breadfruit_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Breadfruit tree">breadfruit tree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mango_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Mango tree">mango tree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">acacia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut palm">coconut palm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal palm">royal palm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cedrela_odorata" title="Cedrela odorata">West Indian cedar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt6-255">[250]</a> The forests were formerly much more extensive, but have been subject to severe deforestation.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> Most mammal species are not native, having been brought to the island since colonial times.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt6-255">[250]</a> However, there are various native <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bat</a> species, as well as the endemic <a href="/wiki/Hispaniolan_hutia" title="Hispaniolan hutia">Hispaniolan hutia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hispaniolan_solenodon" title="Hispaniolan solenodon">Hispaniolan solenodon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt6-255">[250]</a> Whale and dolphin species can also be found off Haiti's coast. There are over 260 species of birds, 31 endemic to Hispaniola.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt4-256">[251]</a> Notable endemic species include the <a href="/wiki/Hispaniolan_trogon" title="Hispaniolan trogon">Hispaniolan trogon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispaniolan_parakeet" title="Hispaniolan parakeet">Hispaniolan parakeet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grey-crowned_tanager" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey-crowned tanager">grey-crowned tanager</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hispaniolan_Amazon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispaniolan Amazon">Hispaniolan Amazon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt4-256">[251]</a> There are also several <a href="/wiki/Raptor_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raptor (bird)">raptors</a>, as well as pelicans, ibis, hummingbirds and ducks. Reptiles are common, with species such as the <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_iguana" title="Rhinoceros iguana">rhinoceros iguana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chilabothrus_fordii" title="Chilabothrus fordii">Haitian boa</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_crocodile" title="American crocodile">American crocodile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gecko" title="Gecko">gecko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt5-257">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Haiti" title="Politics of Haiti">Politics of Haiti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jovenel_Moise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Jovenel_Moise.jpg/220px-Jovenel_Moise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Jovenel_Moise.jpg/330px-Jovenel_Moise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Jovenel_Moise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jovenel_Mo%C3%AFse" title="Jovenel Moïse">Jovenel Moïse</a> was the 43rd <a href="/wiki/President_of_Haiti" title="President of Haiti">president of Haiti</a> from 7 February 2017 until his <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Jovenel_Mo%C3%AFse" title="Assassination of Jovenel Moïse">assassination on 7 July 2021</a>.</figcaption></figure> The government of Haiti is a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential</a> republic, a multiparty system wherein the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Haiti" title="President of Haiti">president of Haiti</a> is head of state and elected directly by popular <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Haiti" title="Elections in Haiti">elections</a> held every five years.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Haiti">prime minister of Haiti</a> acts as head of government and is appointed by the president, chosen from the majority party in the National Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> Executive power is exercised by the president and prime minister who together constitute the government.<a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a> Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Haiti">National Assembly of Haiti</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_(Haiti)" title="Senate (Haiti)">Senate</a> (Sénat) and the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Haiti)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Haiti)">Chamber of Deputies</a> (Chambre des Députés).<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-238">[233]</a> The government is organized <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitarily</a>, thus the central government delegates powers to the departments without a constitutional need for consent. The current structure of Haiti's political system was set forth in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Haiti" title="Constitution of Haiti">Constitution of Haiti</a> on 29 March 1987.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-238">[233]</a> Haitian politics have been contentious: since independence, Haiti has suffered 32 <a href="/wiki/List_of_revolutions_and_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_Haiti" title="List of revolutions and coups d'état in Haiti">coups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[255]</a> Haiti is the only country in the Western Hemisphere to undergo a successful <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">slave revolution</a>; however, a long history of oppression by dictators such as <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duvalier" title="François Duvalier">François Duvalier</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Duvalier" title="Jean-Claude Duvalier">Jean-Claude Duvalier</a> has markedly affected the republic's governance and society. Since the end of the Duvalier era Haiti has been transitioning to a democratic system.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Haiti" title="Administrative divisions of Haiti">Administrative divisions of Haiti</a></div> Administratively, Haiti is divided into ten <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Haiti" title="Departments of Haiti">departments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-238">[233]</a> The departments are listed below, with the departmental capital cities in parentheses. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haiti,_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Haiti%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg/350px-Haiti%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Haiti%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg/525px-Haiti%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Haiti%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg/700px-Haiti%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1057" /></a><figcaption>Departments of Haiti</figcaption></figure> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Nord-Ouest_(department)" title="Nord-Ouest (department)">Nord-Ouest</a> (<a href="/wiki/Port-de-Paix" title="Port-de-Paix">Port-de-Paix</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nord_(Haitian_department)" title="Nord (Haitian department)">Nord</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cap-Ha%C3%AFtien" title="Cap-Haïtien">Cap-Haïtien</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nord-Est_(department)" title="Nord-Est (department)">Nord-Est</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fort-Libert%C3%A9" title="Fort-Liberté">Fort-Liberté</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artibonite_(department)" title="Artibonite (department)">Artibonite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gona%C3%AFves" title="Gonaïves">Gonaïves</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_(department)" title="Centre (department)">Centre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hinche" title="Hinche">Hinche</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouest_(department)" title="Ouest (department)">Ouest</a> (<a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand%27Anse_(department)" title="Grand'Anse (department)">Grand'Anse</a> (<a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%A9mie" title="Jérémie">Jérémie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippes" title="Nippes">Nippes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mirago%C3%A2ne" title="Miragoâne">Miragoâne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sud_(department)" title="Sud (department)">Sud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Les_Cayes" title="Les Cayes">Les Cayes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sud-Est_(department)" title="Sud-Est (department)">Sud-Est</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacmel" title="Jacmel">Jacmel</a>)</li></ol> The departments are further divided into 42 <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Haiti" title="Arrondissements of Haiti">arrondissements</a>, 145 <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Communes of Haiti">communes</a> and 571 <a href="/wiki/Communal_section" title="Communal section">communal sections</a>. These serve as, respectively, second- and third-level administrative divisions.<a href="#cite_note-261">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Haiti" title="Foreign relations of Haiti">Foreign relations of Haiti</a></div> Haiti is a member of a wide range of international and regional organizations, such as the United Nations, CARICOM, <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_American_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation of American States">Organisation of American States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a>, <a href="/wiki/OPANAL" title="OPANAL">OPANAL</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-238">[233]</a> In February 2012, Haiti signaled it would seek to upgrade its observer status to full associate member status of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> (AU).<a href="#cite_note-264">[259]</a> The AU was reported to be planning to upgrade Haiti's status from observer to associate at its June 2013 summit<a href="#cite_note-haitics-265">[260]</a> but the application had still not been ratified by May 2016.<a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Haiti" title="Armed Forces of Haiti">Armed Forces of Haiti</a></div> Haiti has a strong military history dating to the pre-independence struggle. The <a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_Indig%C3%A8ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Armée Indigène">Indigenous Army</a> is essential in the construction of the state the management of land and public finances. Up to the 20th century, every Haitian president was an officer in the army. During the US intervention, the army was remodeled as Gendarmerie d'Haiti and later on as Force Armée d'Haiti (FAdH). In the early 1990s, the army was unconstitutionally decommissioned and replaced by the Haitian National Police (PNH). In 2018, Président Jovenel Moise reactivated the FAdH.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Haiti's Ministry of Defense is the main body of the armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a> The former <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Haiti" title="Armed Forces of Haiti">Haitian Armed Forces</a> were demobilized in 1995; however, <a href="/wiki/Defence_Force_of_Haiti" title="Defence Force of Haiti">efforts to reconstitute it are currently underway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a> The current defense force for Haiti is the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_National_Police" title="Haitian National Police">Haitian National Police</a>, which has a highly trained SWAT team, and works alongside the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Coast_Guard" title="Haitian Coast Guard">Haitian Coast Guard</a>. In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_National_Police" title="Haitian National Police">Haitian National Police</a> force numbered 7,000.<a href="#cite_note-269">[264]</a> As of 2023, the Haitian army includes one infantry battalion that is in the process of being formed, with 700 personnel.<a href="#cite_note-270">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement_and_crime">Law enforcement and crime</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Haitian_National_Police" title="Haitian National Police">Haitian National Police</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Haiti" title="Crime in Haiti">Crime in Haiti</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Members_of_the_Haitian_National_Police_Force_marching_band_stand_at_parade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Members_of_the_Haitian_National_Police_Force_marching_band_stand_at_parade.jpg/300px-Members_of_the_Haitian_National_Police_Force_marching_band_stand_at_parade.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Members_of_the_Haitian_National_Police_Force_marching_band_stand_at_parade.jpg/450px-Members_of_the_Haitian_National_Police_Force_marching_band_stand_at_parade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Members_of_the_Haitian_National_Police_Force_marching_band_stand_at_parade.jpg/600px-Members_of_the_Haitian_National_Police_Force_marching_band_stand_at_parade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Members of the Haitian National Police Force marching band stand at parade</figcaption></figure> The legal system is based on a modified version of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Code</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> Haiti has consistently ranked among the most corrupt countries in the world on the <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[267]</a> According to a 2006 report by the <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a>, there is a strong correlation between corruption and poverty in Haiti. The republic ranked first of all countries surveyed for levels of perceived domestic corruption.<a href="#cite_note-273">[268]</a> It is estimated that President <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Duvalier" title="Jean-Claude Duvalier">"Baby Doc" Duvalier</a>, his wife <a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Bennett" title="Michèle Bennett">Michele</a>, and their agents stole US $504 million from the treasury between 1971 and 1986.<a href="#cite_note-274">[269]</a> Similarly, after the Haitian Army folded in 1995, the Haitian National Police (HNP) gained sole power of authority on the Haitian citizens. Many Haitians as well as observers believe that this monopolized power could have given way to a corrupt police force.<a href="#cite_note-Haiti:_Police_and_Law_Enforcement-275">[270]</a> Some media outlets alleged that millions were stolen by former president <a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-American_Spectator_Vol_1994-276">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[274]</a> The BBC also described <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_scheme" title="Pyramid scheme">pyramid schemes</a>, in which Haitians lost hundreds of millions in 2002, as the "only real economic initiative" of the Aristide years.<a href="#cite_note-basketcase-280">[275]</a> Conversely, according to the 2013 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a> (<a href="/wiki/UNODC" class="mw-redirect" title="UNODC">UNODC</a>) report, murder rates (10.2 per 100,000) are far below the regional average (26 per 100,000); less than <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>⁠1/4⁠ that of Jamaica (39.3 per 100,000) and nearly <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠1/2⁠ that of the Dominican Republic (22.1 per 100,000), making it among the safer countries in the region.<a href="#cite_note-281">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[277]</a> In large part, this is due to the country's ability to fulfil a pledge by increasing its national police yearly by 50%, a four-year initiative that was started in 2012. In addition to the yearly recruits, the Haitian National Police (HNP) has been using innovative technologies to crack down on crime. A notable bust in recent years[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] led to the dismantlement of the largest kidnapping ring in the country with the use of an advanced software program developed by a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">West Point</a>-trained Haitian official that proved to be so effective that it has led to its foreign advisers to make inquiries.<a href="#cite_note-283">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[279]</a> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">New York City Police Department</a> (NYPD) sent a team of officers to Haiti to assist in the rebuilding of its police force with special training in investigative techniques, anti-kidnapping strategies and community outreach. It has also helped the HNP set up a police unit in <a href="/wiki/Delmas,_Ouest" class="mw-redirect" title="Delmas, Ouest">Delmas</a>, a neighborhood of Port-au-Prince.<a href="#cite_note-285">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-USAID-286">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[283]</a> In 2012 and 2013, 150 HNP officers received specialized training funded by the US government, which also contributed to the infrastructure and communications support by upgrading radio capacity and constructing new police stations from the most violent-prone neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_Soleil" title="Cité Soleil">Cité Soleil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grande_Ravine" title="Grande Ravine">Grande Ravine</a> in Port-au-Prince to the new northern industrial park at <a href="/wiki/Caracol,_Nord-Est" class="mw-redirect" title="Caracol, Nord-Est">Caracol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USAID-286">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haitian_penitentiary_system">Haitian penitentiary system</h3></div> Port-au-Prince <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">penitentiary</a> is home to half of Haiti's prisoners. The prison has a capacity of 1,200 <a href="/wiki/Detention_(imprisonment)" title="Detention (imprisonment)">detainees</a> but as of November 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haiti&action=edit">[update]</a> the penitentiary was obliged to keep 4,359 detainees, a 363% occupancy level.<a href="#cite_note-auto-289">[284]</a> The inability to receive sufficient funds has caused deadly cases of <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>, combined with the tight living conditions, increases the risk of infectious diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-289">[284]</a> Haitian law states that once arrested, one must go before a judge within 48 hours; however, this is very rare.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Unless families are able to provide the necessary funds for inmates to appear before a judge, there is a very slim chance the inmate would have a trial, on average, within 10 years.<a href="#cite_note-290">[285]</a> In confined living spaces for 22–23 hours a day, inmates are not provided with latrines and are forced to <a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">defecate</a> into plastic bags. These conditions were considered inhumane by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-prison-291">[286]</a> On 3 March 2024, armed gangs stormed the main prison in Port-au-Prince and around 3700 inmates escaped, while 12 people were killed.<a href="#cite_note-292">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti" title="Economy of Haiti">Economy of Haiti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_develoment_of_Haiti.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/GDP_per_capita_develoment_of_Haiti.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_develoment_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/GDP_per_capita_develoment_of_Haiti.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_develoment_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/GDP_per_capita_develoment_of_Haiti.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_develoment_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Historical GDP per capita development</figcaption></figure> Haiti's per capita <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> is $1,800 and its GDP is $19.97 billion (2017 estimates).<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-238">[233]</a> The country uses the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_gourde" title="Haitian gourde">Haitian gourde</a> as its currency. Despite its tourism industry, Haiti is one of the poorest countries in the Americas, with corruption, political instability, poor infrastructure, lack of health care and lack of education cited as the main causes.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-238">[233]</a> Unemployment is high and many Haitians seek to emigrate. Trade declined dramatically after the 2010 earthquake and subsequent <a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_cholera_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Haiti cholera outbreak">outbreak of cholera</a>, with the country's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product#Cross-border_comparison_and_purchasing_power_parity" title="Gross domestic product">purchasing power parity GDP</a> falling by 8% (from US$12.15 billion to US$11.18 billion).<a href="#cite_note-CIA_20110303-4">[4]</a> Haiti ranked 145th of 182 countries in the 2010 United Nations <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>, with 57.3% of the population being deprived in at least three of the HDI's poverty measures.<a href="#cite_note-UNDP_2010-293">[288]</a> Following the disputed 2000 election and accusations about President Aristide's rule,<a href="#cite_note-294">[289]</a> US aid to the Haitian government was cut off between 2001 and 2004.<a href="#cite_note-295">[290]</a> After Aristide's departure in 2004, aid was restored and the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian army">Brazilian army</a> led a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Stabilization_Mission_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti">United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti</a> peacekeeping operation. After almost four years of recession, the economy grew by 1.5% in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-296">[291]</a> In September 2009, Haiti met the conditions set out by the <a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Heavily_Indebted_Poor_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavily Indebted Poor Countries">Heavily Indebted Poor Countries</a> program to qualify for cancellation of its external debt.<a href="#cite_note-297">[292]</a> In 2015, more than 90 percent of the government's budget came from an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Petrocaribe" title="Petrocaribe">Petrocaribe</a>, a Venezuela-led oil alliance.<a href="#cite_note-298">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_aid">Foreign aid</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Haiti" title="Foreign aid to Haiti">Foreign aid to Haiti</a></div> Haiti received more than US$4 billion in aid from 1990 to 2003, including US$1.5 billion from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-299">[294]</a> The largest donor is the US, followed by <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-300">[295]</a> In January 2010, following the earthquake, US President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> promised US$1.15 billion in assistance.<a href="#cite_note-301">[296]</a> The European Union pledged more than €400 million (US$616 million).<a href="#cite_note-302">[297]</a> Neighboring <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> has also provided extensive humanitarian aid to Haiti, including the funding and construction of a public university,<a href="#cite_note-303">[298]</a> human capital, free healthcare services in the border region, and logistical support after the 2010 earthquake.<a href="#cite_note-304">[299]</a> The United Nations states that US$13.34 billion has been earmarked for post-earthquake reconstruction through 2020, though two years after the 2010 quake, less than half of that amount had actually been released. As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haiti&action=edit">[update]</a>, the US government has allocated US$4 billion, US$3 billion has already been spent, and the rest is dedicated to longer-term projects.<a href="#cite_note-305">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3></div> According to the 2015 CIA <a href="/wiki/World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="World Factbook">World Factbook</a>, Haiti's main import partners are: Dominican Republic 35%, US 26.8%, Netherlands Antilles 8.7%, China 7% (est. 2013). Haiti's main export partner is the US 83.5% (est. 2013).<a href="#cite_note-306">[301]</a> Haiti had a trade deficit of US$3 billion in 2011, or 41% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-ammart-307">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Haiti" title="Electricity sector in Haiti">Electricity sector in Haiti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haiti_electricity_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Haiti_electricity_production.svg/220px-Haiti_electricity_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Haiti_electricity_production.svg/330px-Haiti_electricity_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Haiti_electricity_production.svg/440px-Haiti_electricity_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>Haiti electricity production by source</figcaption></figure> Haiti relies heavily on an oil alliance with <a href="/wiki/Petrocaribe" title="Petrocaribe">Petrocaribe</a> for much of its energy requirements. In recent years, hydroelectric, solar and wind energy have been explored as possible sustainable energy sources.<a href="#cite_note-308">[303]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Power_plant_in_Port-au-Prince.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Power_plant_in_Port-au-Prince.JPEG/220px-Power_plant_in_Port-au-Prince.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Power_plant_in_Port-au-Prince.JPEG/330px-Power_plant_in_Port-au-Prince.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Power_plant_in_Port-au-Prince.JPEG/440px-Power_plant_in_Port-au-Prince.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="1197" /></a><figcaption>Power plant in Port-au-Prince</figcaption></figure> As of 2017, among all the countries in the Americas, Haiti is producing the least energy. Less than a quarter of the country has electric coverage.<a href="#cite_note-309">[304]</a> Most regions of Haiti that do have energy are powered by generators. These generators are often expensive and produce a lot of pollution. The areas that do get electricity experience power cuts on a daily basis, and some areas are limited to 12 hours of electricity a day. Electricity is provided by a small number of independent companies: Sogener, E-power, and Haytrac.<a href="#cite_note-310">[305]</a> There is no <a href="/wiki/National_electricity_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="National electricity grid">national electricity grid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-311">[306]</a> The most common source of energy is wood, along with charcoal. About 4 million metric tons of wood products are consumed yearly.<a href="#cite_note-312">[307]</a> Like charcoal and wood, petroleum is also an important source of energy. Since Haiti cannot produce its own fuel, all fuel is imported. Yearly, around 691,000 tons of oil is imported into the country.<a href="#cite_note-:02-311">[306]</a> In 2018, a 24-hour electricity project was announced; for this purpose 236 MW needs to installed in Port-au-Prince alone, with an additional 75 MW needed in all other regions. Presently only 27.5% of the population has access to electricity; moreover, the national energy agency l'Électricité d'Haïti (Ed'H) is only able to meet 62% of overall electricity demand.<a href="#cite_note-313">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_income">Personal income</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CapHaitienMarche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/CapHaitienMarche.jpg/290px-CapHaitienMarche.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/CapHaitienMarche.jpg/435px-CapHaitienMarche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/CapHaitienMarche.jpg/580px-CapHaitienMarche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1771" data-file-height="1189" /></a><figcaption>A market in <a href="/wiki/Cap-Ha%C3%AFtien" title="Cap-Haïtien">Cap-Haïtien</a></figcaption></figure> Haiti suffers from a shortage of skilled labor, widespread unemployment, and underemployment. Most Haitians in the labor force have informal jobs. Three-quarters of the population lives on US$2 or less per day.<a href="#cite_note-:0-314">[309]</a> <a href="/wiki/Remittances" class="mw-redirect" title="Remittances">Remittances</a> from Haitians living abroad are the primary source of foreign exchange, equaling one-fifth (20%) of GDP and more than five times the earnings from exports as of 2012.<a href="#cite_note-315">[310]</a> In 2004, 80% or more of college graduates from Haiti were living abroad.<a href="#cite_note-316">[311]</a> Occasionally, families who are unable to care for children may send them to live with a wealthier family as a <a href="/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek">restavek</a>, or <a href="/wiki/House_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="House servant">house servant</a>. In return the family are supposed to ensure that the child is educated and provided with food and shelter; however, the system is open to abuse and has proved controversial, with some likening it to child slavery.<a href="#cite_note-kennedy14-317">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[313]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Real_estate">Real estate</h3></div> In rural areas, people often live in wooden huts with corrugated iron roofs. Outhouses are located in back of the huts. In Port-au-Prince, colorful <a href="/wiki/Shantytowns" class="mw-redirect" title="Shantytowns">shantytowns</a> surround the central city and go up the mountainsides.<a href="#cite_note-c151222-319">[314]</a> The middle and upper classes live in suburbs, or in the central part of the bigger cities in apartments, where there is urban planning. Many of the houses they live in are like miniature fortresses, located behind walls embedded with metal spikes, barbed wire, broken glass, and sometimes all three. The houses have backup generators, because the electrical grid is unreliable. Some even have rooftop reservoirs for water.<a href="#cite_note-c151222-319">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Haiti" title="Agriculture in Haiti">Agriculture in Haiti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amid_rows_of_cabbage,_Haiti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Amid_rows_of_cabbage%2C_Haiti.jpg/220px-Amid_rows_of_cabbage%2C_Haiti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Amid_rows_of_cabbage%2C_Haiti.jpg/330px-Amid_rows_of_cabbage%2C_Haiti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Amid_rows_of_cabbage%2C_Haiti.jpg/440px-Amid_rows_of_cabbage%2C_Haiti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1328" /></a><figcaption>Rows of cabbage, Haiti</figcaption></figure> Haiti is the world's leading producer of <a href="/wiki/Chrysopogon_zizanioides" title="Chrysopogon zizanioides">vetiver</a>, a root plant used to make luxury perfumes, essential oils and fragrances, providing for half the world's supply.<a href="#cite_note-320">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[317]</a> Roughly 40–50% of Haitians work in the agricultural sector.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-238">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-feedh-323">[318]</a> However, according to soil surveys by the United States Department of Agriculture in the early 1980s, only 11.3 percent of the land was highly suitable for crops. Haiti relies upon imports for half its food needs and 80% of its rice.<a href="#cite_note-feedh-323">[318]</a> Haiti exports crops such as <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mangoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cacao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papaya" title="Papaya">papayas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a> nuts, <a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Watercress" title="Watercress">watercress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ute.gouv.ht-324">[319]</a> Agricultural products constitute 6% of all exports.<a href="#cite_note-ammart-307">[302]</a> In addition, local agricultural products include <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">pistachios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_pea" title="Pigeon pea">pigeon peas</a>, sugarcane, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ute.gouv.ht-324">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[320]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currency">Currency</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haitian_gourde" title="Haitian gourde">Haitian gourde</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Haitian_gourde" title="Haitian gourde">Haitian gourde</a> (HTG) is the national currency. The "<a href="/wiki/Haitian_gourde" title="Haitian gourde">Haitian dollar</a>" equates to 5 gourdes (goud).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The vast majority of the business sector and individuals will also accept US dollars, though at the outdoor markets gourdes may be preferred. Locals may refer to the USD as "dollar américain" (dola ameriken) or "dollar US" (pronounced oo-es).<a href="#cite_note-326">[321]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Haiti" title="Tourism in Haiti">Tourism in Haiti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labadee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Labadee.jpg/290px-Labadee.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Labadee.jpg/435px-Labadee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Labadee.jpg/580px-Labadee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2244" data-file-height="1011" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Labadee" title="Labadee">Labadee</a>, a cruise ship destination</figcaption></figure> The tourism market in Haiti is undeveloped and the government is heavily promoting this sector. Haiti has many of the features that attract tourists to other Caribbean destinations, such as white sand beaches, mountainous scenery and a year-round warm climate. However, the country's poor image overseas, at times exaggerated, has hampered the development of this sector.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> In 2014, the country received 1,250,000 tourists (mostly from cruise ships), and the industry generated US$200 million in 2014.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Several hotels were opened in 2014, including an upscale <a href="/wiki/Best_Western#Differentiation" title="Best Western">Best Western Premier</a>,<a href="#cite_note-327">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[323]</a> a five-star Royal Oasis hotel by Occidental Hotel and Resorts in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9tion-Ville" title="Pétion-Ville">Pétion-Ville</a>,<a href="#cite_note-329">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[326]</a> a four-star <a href="/wiki/Marriott_International" title="Marriott International">Marriott Hotel</a> in the Turgeau area of Port-au-Prince<a href="#cite_note-332">[327]</a> and other new hotel developments in Port-au-Prince, <a href="/wiki/Les_Cayes" title="Les Cayes">Les Cayes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cap-Ha%C3%AFtien" title="Cap-Haïtien">Cap-Haïtien</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacmel" title="Jacmel">Jacmel</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caracol_Industrial_Park">Caracol Industrial Park</h3></div> On 21 October 2012, Haitian President <a href="/wiki/Michel_Martelly" title="Michel Martelly">Michel Martelly</a>, US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, Bill Clinton, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson">Richard Branson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Stiller" title="Ben Stiller">Ben Stiller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sean_Penn" title="Sean Penn">Sean Penn</a> inaugurated the 240-hectare (600-acre) Caracol industrial park, the largest in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-usatoday.com-333">[328]</a> The project cost US$300 million and included a 10-megawatt <a href="/wiki/Power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plant">power plant</a>, a water-treatment plant and worker housing.<a href="#cite_note-usatoday.com-333">[328]</a> The plan for the park pre-dated the 2010 earthquake but was fast-tracked as part of US foreign aid strategy to help Haiti recover.<a href="#cite_note-bostonreview-334">[329]</a> The park was part of a "master plan" for Haiti's North and North-East departments, including the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Cap-Ha%C3%AFtien_International_Airport" title="Cap-Haïtien International Airport">Cap-Haïtien International Airport</a> to accommodate large international flights, the construction of an international seaport in <a href="/wiki/Fort-Libert%C3%A9" title="Fort-Liberté">Fort-Liberté</a> and the opening of the $50 million Roi Henri Christophe Campus of a new university in Limonade (near Cap-Haïtien) on 12 January 2012.<a href="#cite_note-335">[330]</a> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">USAID</a> believed the park had the potential to create as many as 65,000 jobs once fully developed.<a href="#cite_note-336">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[332]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korean</a> clothing manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Sae-A_Trading_Co._Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sae-A Trading Co. Ltd">Sae-A Trading Co. Ltd</a>, the park's only major tenant, created 5,000 permanent jobs out of the 20,000 it had projected and promised to build 5,000 houses yet only 750 homes had been built near Caracol by 2014.<a href="#cite_note-bostonreview-334">[329]</a> Ten years later, the park was considered to have failed to uphold its promise to deliver the transformation the Clintons had promised.<a href="#cite_note-guardiancaracol-338">[333]</a> The US invested tens of millions of dollars into the port project but eventually abandoned it.<a href="#cite_note-guardiancaracol-338">[333]</a> In order to establish the park, hundreds of families of small farmers had to be removed from the land, approximately 3,500 people overall.<a href="#cite_note-buzzfeed-339">[334]</a> An audit by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Accountability_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Accountability Office">United States Government Accountability Office</a> uncovered that the port project lacked "staff with technical expertise in planning, construction, and oversight of a port" and revealed that <a href="/wiki/USAid" class="mw-redirect" title="USAid">USAid</a> hadn't constructed a port anywhere since the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-guardiancaracol-338">[333]</a> A USAid feasibility study in 2015 found that "a new port was not viable for a variety of technical, environmental and economic reasons", that the US was short US$72m in funds to cover the majority of the projected costs, and that private companies USAid had wanted to attract "had no interest in supporting the construction of a new port in northern Haiti".<a href="#cite_note-guardiancaracol-338">[333]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Haiti" title="Transport in Haiti">Transport in Haiti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haiti_rail_map_1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Haiti_rail_map_1925.jpg/290px-Haiti_rail_map_1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Haiti_rail_map_1925.jpg/435px-Haiti_rail_map_1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Haiti_rail_map_1925.jpg/580px-Haiti_rail_map_1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Rail map as of 1925</figcaption></figure> Haiti has two main highways that run from one end of the country to the other. The northern highway, Route Nationale No. 1 (National Highway One), originates in Port-au-Prince, winding through the coastal towns of <a href="/wiki/Montrouis" title="Montrouis">Montrouis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gona%C3%AFves" title="Gonaïves">Gonaïves</a>, before reaching its terminus at the northern port <a href="/wiki/Cap-Ha%C3%AFtien" title="Cap-Haïtien">Cap-Haïtien</a>. The southern highway, Route Nationale No. 2, links Port-au-Prince with <a href="/wiki/Les_Cayes" title="Les Cayes">Les Cayes</a> via <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9og%C3%A2ne" title="Léogâne">Léogâne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petit-Go%C3%A2ve" title="Petit-Goâve">Petit-Goâve</a>. The state of Haiti's roads are generally poor, many being potholed and becoming impassable in rough weather.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica_-_Haiti-58">[53]</a> The port at Port-au-Prince, <a href="/wiki/Port_international_de_Port-au-Prince" title="Port international de Port-au-Prince">Port international de Port-au-Prince</a>, has more registered shipping than any of the other dozen ports in the country. The port's facilities include <a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)" title="Crane (machine)">cranes</a>, large <a href="/wiki/Berth_(moorings)" title="Berth (moorings)">berths</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">warehouses</a>, but these facilities are not in good condition. The port is underused, possibly due to the substantially high port fees. The port of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Marc" title="Saint-Marc">Saint-Marc</a> is currently the preferred port of entry for consumer goods.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the past, Haiti used rail transport; however, the rail infrastructure was poorly maintained when in use and cost of rehabilitation is beyond the means of the Haitian economy. In 2018 the Regional Development Council of the Dominican Republic proposed a "trans-Hispaniola" railway between both countries.<a href="#cite_note-340">[335]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toussaint_Louverture_International_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Toussaint_Louverture_International_Airport.jpg/220px-Toussaint_Louverture_International_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Toussaint_Louverture_International_Airport.jpg/330px-Toussaint_Louverture_International_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Toussaint_Louverture_International_Airport.jpg/440px-Toussaint_Louverture_International_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3373" data-file-height="1940" /></a><figcaption>Toussaint L'Ouverture International Airport</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Haiti" title="List of airports in Haiti">List of airports in Haiti</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture_International_Airport" title="Toussaint Louverture International Airport">Toussaint Louverture International Airport</a>, located ten kilometers (six miles) north-northeast of Port-au-Prince proper in the commune of <a href="/wiki/Tabarre" title="Tabarre">Tabarre</a>, is the primary hub for entry and exit into the country. It has Haiti's main <a href="/wiki/Jetway" class="mw-redirect" title="Jetway">jetway</a>, and along with <a href="/wiki/Cap-Ha%C3%AFtien_International_Airport" title="Cap-Haïtien International Airport">Cap-Haïtien International Airport</a> handles the vast majority of the country's international flights. Cities such as Jacmel, Jérémie, Les Cayes, and Port-de-Paix have smaller, less accessible airports that are serviced by <a href="/wiki/Regional_airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional airlines">regional airlines</a> and private aircraft.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2013, plans for the development of an international airport on Île-à-Vache were introduced by the prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-341">[336]</a> In May 2024, the airport reopened following three months closure following violence, and is expected to help ease a shortage of medications and basic supplies.<a href="#cite_note-342">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus_service">Bus service</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tap_tap_public_transportation_Haiti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tap_tap_public_transportation_Haiti.jpg/220px-Tap_tap_public_transportation_Haiti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tap_tap_public_transportation_Haiti.jpg/330px-Tap_tap_public_transportation_Haiti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tap_tap_public_transportation_Haiti.jpg/440px-Tap_tap_public_transportation_Haiti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>A "tap tap" bus in <a href="/wiki/Port-Salut" title="Port-Salut">Port-Salut</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Tap_tap" title="Tap tap">Tap tap</a> buses are colorfully painted buses or pick-up trucks that serve as shared taxis. The "tap tap" name comes from the sound of passengers tapping on the metal bus body to indicate they want off.<a href="#cite_note-344">[339]</a> These vehicles for hire are often privately owned and extensively decorated. They follow fixed routes, do not leave until filled with passengers, and riders can usually disembark at any point. The decorations are a typically Haitian form of art.<a href="#cite_note-345">[340]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communications">Communications</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Haiti" title="Telecommunications in Haiti">Telecommunications in Haiti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Haiti" title="Television in Haiti">Television in Haiti</a></div> In Haiti, communications include the radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet. Haiti ranked last among North American countries in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI) – an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. Haiti ranked number 143 out of 148 overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, down from 141 in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-346">[341]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_supply_and_sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Haiti" title="Water supply and sanitation in Haiti">Water supply and sanitation in Haiti</a></div> Haiti faces key challenges in the <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> sector. Notably, access to public services is very low, their quality is inadequate and public institutions remain very weak despite foreign aid and the government's declared intent to strengthen the sector's institutions. Foreign and Haitian <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGOs</a> play an important role in the sector, especially in rural and urban slum areas.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Haiti" title="Demographics of Haiti">Demographics of Haiti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haiti-demographie.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Haiti-demographie.png/290px-Haiti-demographie.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Haiti-demographie.png/435px-Haiti-demographie.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Haiti-demographie.png/580px-Haiti-demographie.png 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Haiti's population (1800–2021)</figcaption></figure> In 2018, Haiti's population was estimated to be about 10,788,000.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-238">[233]</a> In 2006, half of the population was younger than age 20.<a href="#cite_note-347">[342]</a> In 1950, the first formal census gave a total population of 3.1 million.<a href="#cite_note-348">[343]</a> Haiti averages approximately 350 people per square kilometer (910 people/sq mi), with its population concentrated most heavily in urban areas, coastal plains, and valleys. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EscombrosBelAir7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/EscombrosBelAir7.jpg/220px-EscombrosBelAir7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/EscombrosBelAir7.jpg/330px-EscombrosBelAir7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/EscombrosBelAir7.jpg/440px-EscombrosBelAir7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>People in Port-au-Prince</figcaption></figure> Most Haitians are descendants of black <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Africa">Africans</a> who were <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">enslaved</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">trafficked</a> from Africa during the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>. Many are also descendants of <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Mulattoes</a> who are <a href="/wiki/Multiracial" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial">mixed-race</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-238">[233]</a> Millions of Haitian descent live abroad in the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Cuban" title="Haitian Cuban">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (primarily <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>), <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">the Bahamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Antilles" class="mw-redirect" title="French Antilles">French Antilles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks and Caicos">Turks and Caicos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>. There were an estimated 881,500 people of Haitian ancestry in the United States in 2015,<a href="#cite_note-349">[344]</a> while in the Dominican Republic there were an estimated 800,000 in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-pinadep-350">[345]</a> There were 300,000 in Cuba in 2013,<a href="#cite_note-351">[346]</a> 100,000 in Canada in 2006,<a href="#cite_note-352">[347]</a> 80,000 in Metropolitan France (2010),<a href="#cite_note-353">[348]</a> and up to 80,000 in the Bahamas (2009).<a href="#cite_note-354">[349]</a> In 2018, the life expectancy at birth was 63.66 years.<a href="#cite_note-355">[350]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial_discrimination">Racial discrimination</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gens_de_couleur" class="mw-redirect" title="Gens de couleur">Gens de couleur</a></div> Under colonial rule, <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Haitian mulattoes</a> were generally privileged above the black majority, though they possessed fewer rights than the white population. Following the country's independence, they became the nation's social elite. Numerous leaders throughout Haiti's history have been mulattoes. During this time, the enslaved persons and the <a href="/wiki/Affranchi" title="Affranchi">affranchis</a> were given limited opportunities toward education, income, and occupations, but even after gaining independence, the social structure remains a legacy today as the disparity between the upper and lower classes have not been reformed significantly since the colonial days.<a href="#cite_note-356">[351]</a> Making up 5% of the nation's population, mulattoes have retained their preeminence, evident in the political, economic, social and cultural hierarchy in Haiti.<a href="#cite_note-357">[352]</a> As a result, the elite class today consists of a small group of influential people who are generally light in color.<a href="#cite_note-358">[353]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Religion in Haiti</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Red; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 524.21835811132px; border-left-color:gray"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:gray"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:gray"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 87.051316381041px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:41.437558099328px 91.0105970685px 0 0; border-top-color:purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:purple"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Haiti according to the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> (2010)<a href="#cite_note-359">[354]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Catholicism (56.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Protestantism (29.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Unaffiliated (10.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other (3%)</div> </div> </div></div> The 2018 <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a> reported that 55% of Haitians were <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Haiti">Catholics</a> and 29% were <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Haiti" title="Protestantism in Haiti">Protestants</a> (Baptist 15.4%, Pentecostal 7.9%, <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventist">Seventh-day Adventist</a> 3%, Methodist 1.5%, other 0.7%). Other sources put the Protestant population higher, suggesting that it might have formed one-third of the population in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-ReyStepick2013-360">[355]</a> Like other countries in Latin America, Haiti has witnessed a general Protestant expansion, which is largely <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestant">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> in nature.<a href="#cite_note-361">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[358]</a> Haitian <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">Cardinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Chibly_Langlois" title="Chibly Langlois">Chibly Langlois</a> is president of the National Bishops Conference of the Catholic Church.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Haitian_vodou" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian vodou">Vodou</a>, a religion with West African roots similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, is formally practiced by 2.1% of the population; however, it is estimated that 50-80% of Haitians incorporate some elements of Vodou belief or practices into their religion, particularly with Catholicism. This reflect Vodou's colonial origins, when enslaved persons were obliged to disguise their traditional <a href="/wiki/Loa" class="mw-redirect" title="Loa">loa</a> (lwa), or spirits, as <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> saints, as part of a process called <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a>. As such, it is difficult to estimate the number of Vodouists in Haiti,<a href="#cite_note-364">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[360]</a> especially given the legacy of historic persecution and misrepresentation in popular media and culture, as well as modern stigmatization among segments of the growing Protestant population. Nonetheless, Vodou was officially recognized by the Haitian government in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-238">[233]</a> Reflecting the ubiquity of Vodou culture and beliefs, while many Catholics and Protestants in Haiti denounce Vodou as <a href="/wiki/Theistic_Satanism" title="Theistic Satanism">devil worship</a>, they do not deny the power or existence of its spirits; rather, they are regarded as "<a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">satanic</a>" adversaries that require intervention through <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Christian prayer</a>. Protestants view Catholic veneration of saints as <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idol worship</a>, and some Protestants would often destroy statues and other Catholic paraphernalia.<a href="#cite_note-366">[361]</a> Minority religions in Haiti include <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Haiti" title="Islam in Haiti">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í Faith in Haiti">Bahá'í Faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Judaism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_20110303-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> The two official languages of Haiti are <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>. French is the principal written and administratively authorized language (as well as the main language of the press) and is spoken by 42% of <a href="/wiki/Haitians" title="Haitians">Haitians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-367">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-368">[363]</a> It is spoken by all educated Haitians, is the medium of instruction in most schools, and is used in the business sector. It is also used in ceremonial events such as weddings, graduations and church Masses. Haiti is one of two independent nations in the Americas (along with Canada) to designate French as an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>; the other French-speaking areas are all <a href="/wiki/French_overseas_departments_and_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="French overseas departments and territories">overseas</a> <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">départements</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">collectivités</a>, of France, such as <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>. Haitian Creole is spoken by nearly all of the Haitian population. French, the base language for Haitian Creole, is popular among the Haitian elite and upper classes. French is also popular in the business sector, and to a far lesser degree, English due to <a href="/wiki/Haiti%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Haiti–United States relations">American influence</a>. Spanish is spoken by some Haitians who live along the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Haiti_border" title="Dominican Republic–Haiti border">Haitian-Dominican border</a>.<a href="#cite_note-369">[364]</a> English and Spanish may also be spoken by Haitian deportees from the United States and various Latin American countries. Overall, about 90–95% of Haitians only speak Haitian Creole and French fluently, with over half only knowing Creole.<a href="#cite_note-370">[365]</a> Haitian Creole,<a href="#cite_note-371">[366]</a> locally called Kreyòl,<a href="#cite_note-372">[367]</a> has recently undergone standardization and is spoken by virtually the entire population.<a href="#cite_note-373">[368]</a> One of the <a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French-based creole languages</a>, Haitian Creole has a vocabulary overwhelmingly derived from French, but its grammar resembles that of some West African languages. It also has influences from <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-374">[369]</a> Haitian Creole is related to the other French creoles, and in particular to the <a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Antillean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana Creole French">Louisiana Creole</a> variants.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emigration">Emigration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haitian_diaspora" title="Haitian diaspora">Haitian diaspora</a></div> There is a large Haitian diaspora community, predominantly based in the US and Canada, France, and the wealthier Caribbean islands.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Emigrants from Haiti have constituted a segment of American and Canadian society since before <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">the independence of Haiti from France</a> in 1804.<a href="#cite_note-HammondCanadaHaiti2010-375">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-PBSResourceBank-376">[371]</a> Many influential early American settlers and black freemen, including <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Point_du_Sable" title="Jean Baptiste Point du Sable">Jean Baptiste Point du Sable</a> and <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>, were of Haitian origin.<a href="#cite_note-Kinzie_1856_190-377">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meehan_1963_445-378">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cohn2009-379">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-380">[375]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Haiti" title="Education in Haiti">Education in Haiti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Universite_henrichristophe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Universite_henrichristophe.jpg/220px-Universite_henrichristophe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Universite_henrichristophe.jpg/330px-Universite_henrichristophe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Universite_henrichristophe.jpg/440px-Universite_henrichristophe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Universite Roi Henri Christophe in <a href="/wiki/Limonade" title="Limonade">Limonade</a></figcaption></figure> The educational system of Haiti is based on the <a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">French system</a>. Higher education, under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education,<a href="#cite_note-381">[376]</a> is provided by universities and other public and private institutions.<a href="#cite_note-382">[377]</a> More than 80% of primary schools are privately managed by nongovernmental organizations, churches, communities, and for-profit operators, with minimal government oversight.<a href="#cite_note-383">[378]</a> According to the 2013 Millennium Development Goals Report, Haiti has steadily boosted net enrollment rate in primary education from 47% in 1993 to 88% in 2011, achieving equal participation of boys and girls in education.<a href="#cite_note-384">[379]</a> Charity organizations, including <a href="/wiki/Food_for_the_Poor" title="Food for the Poor">Food for the Poor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Health_Foundation" title="Haitian Health Foundation">Haitian Health Foundation</a>, are building schools for children and providing necessary school supplies. According to the 2015 <a href="/wiki/World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="World Factbook">World Factbook</a>, Haiti's literacy rate is 60.7%.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Many reformers have advocated the creation of a free, public and universal education system for all primary school-age students in Haiti. The <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Development_Bank" title="Inter-American Development Bank">Inter-American Development Bank</a> estimates that the government will need at least US$3 billion to create an adequately funded system.<a href="#cite_note-385">[380]</a> Upon successful graduation of secondary school, students may continue into <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>. The higher education schools in Haiti include the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Haiti">University of Haiti</a>. There are also <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of medical schools in the Caribbean">medical schools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legal_education" title="Legal education">law schools</a> offered at both the University of Haiti and abroad. <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> is cooperating with L'Hôpital Saint-Damien in Haiti to coordinate a <a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">pediatric health care</a> curriculum.<a href="#cite_note-386">[381]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Haiti" title="Health in Haiti">Health in Haiti</a></div> As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haiti&action=edit">[update]</a>, 60% of children in Haiti under the age of 10 were <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccinated</a>,<a href="#cite_note-387">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[383]</a> compared to 93–95% in other countries.<a href="#cite_note-389">[384]</a> Recently there have been mass vaccination campaigns claiming to vaccinate as many as 91% of a target population against specific diseases (measles and rubella in this case).<a href="#cite_note-390">[385]</a> Most people have no transportation or access to <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Haiti" title="List of hospitals in Haiti">Haitian hospitals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-391">[386]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> cites <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrheal</a> diseases, <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>, and respiratory infections as common causes of death in Haiti.<a href="#cite_note-392">[387]</a> Ninety percent of Haiti's children suffer from <a href="/wiki/Waterborne_disease" title="Waterborne disease">waterborne diseases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal parasite">intestinal parasites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-393">[388]</a> HIV infection is found in 1.71% of Haiti's population (est. 2015).<a href="#cite_note-394">[389]</a> Per a 2017 report, incidence of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> (TB) in Haiti is the highest in the region with an estimated 200 cases per 100,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-395">[390]</a> Approximately 30,000 Haitians fall ill with <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> each year.<a href="#cite_note-396">[391]</a> Roughly 75% of Haitian households lack running water. Unsafe water, along with inadequate housing and unsanitary living conditions, contributes to the high incidence of infectious diseases. There is a chronic shortage of health care personnel and hospitals lack resources, a situation that became readily apparent after the January 2010 earthquake.<a href="#cite_note-397">[392]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant mortality rate">infant mortality rate</a> in Haiti in 2019 was 48.2 deaths per 1,000 live births, compared to 5.6 per 1,000 in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-398">[393]</a> After the 2010 earthquake, <a href="/wiki/Partners_In_Health" title="Partners In Health">Partners In Health</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4pital_Universitaire_de_Mirebalais" title="Hôpital Universitaire de Mirebalais">Hôpital Universitaire de Mirebalais</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar-powered</a> hospital in the world.<a href="#cite_note-399">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-400">[395]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Haiti" title="List of cities in Haiti">List of cities in Haiti</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Haiti <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geonames.org/HT/largest-cities-in-haiti.html">geonames.org</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Haiti" title="List of cities in Haiti">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Haiti" title="Departments of Haiti">Department</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_100221-N-5787K-002_An_aerial_view_of_the_logistical_area_near_the_port_in_Port-au-Prince_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Port-au-Prince"><img alt="Port-au-Prince" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/US_Navy_100221-N-5787K-002_An_aerial_view_of_the_logistical_area_near_the_port_in_Port-au-Prince_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-US_Navy_100221-N-5787K-002_An_aerial_view_of_the_logistical_area_near_the_port_in_Port-au-Prince_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/US_Navy_100221-N-5787K-002_An_aerial_view_of_the_logistical_area_near_the_port_in_Port-au-Prince_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-US_Navy_100221-N-5787K-002_An_aerial_view_of_the_logistical_area_near_the_port_in_Port-au-Prince_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/US_Navy_100221-N-5787K-002_An_aerial_view_of_the_logistical_area_near_the_port_in_Port-au-Prince_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-US_Navy_100221-N-5787K-002_An_aerial_view_of_the_logistical_area_near_the_port_in_Port-au-Prince_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1832" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a> <a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Cap-Haitien.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cap-Haïtien"><img alt="Cap-Haïtien" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/View_of_Cap-Haitien.jpg/120px-View_of_Cap-Haitien.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/View_of_Cap-Haitien.jpg/180px-View_of_Cap-Haitien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/View_of_Cap-Haitien.jpg/240px-View_of_Cap-Haitien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cap-Ha%C3%AFtien" title="Cap-Haïtien">Cap-Haïtien</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ouest_(department)" title="Ouest (department)">Ouest</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,234,742 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Carrefour,_Haiti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carrefour (in Metro P.P.)"><img alt="Carrefour (in Metro P.P.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Carrefour%2C_Haiti.jpg/120px-Carrefour%2C_Haiti.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Carrefour%2C_Haiti.jpg/180px-Carrefour%2C_Haiti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Carrefour%2C_Haiti.jpg/240px-Carrefour%2C_Haiti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Carrefour,_Ouest" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrefour, Ouest">Carrefour (<abbr title="The city is located inside the Port-au-Prince's metropolitan area">in Metro P.P.</abbr>)</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Delmas_48_Haiti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Delmas (in Metro P.P.)"><img alt="Delmas (in Metro P.P.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Delmas_48_Haiti.jpg/120px-Delmas_48_Haiti.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Delmas_48_Haiti.jpg/180px-Delmas_48_Haiti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Delmas_48_Haiti.jpg/240px-Delmas_48_Haiti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Delmas,_Ouest" class="mw-redirect" title="Delmas, Ouest">Delmas (<abbr title="The city is located inside the Port-au-Prince's metropolitan area">in Metro P.P.</abbr>)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cap-Ha%C3%AFtien" title="Cap-Haïtien">Cap-Haïtien</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nord_(Haitian_department)" title="Nord (Haitian department)">Nord</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">534,815 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Carrefour,_Ouest" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrefour, Ouest">Carrefour (<abbr title="The city is located inside the Port-au-Prince's metropolitan area">in Metro P.P.</abbr>)</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ouest_(department)" title="Ouest (department)">Ouest</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">442,156 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Delmas,_Ouest" class="mw-redirect" title="Delmas, Ouest">Delmas (<abbr title="The city is located inside the Port-au-Prince's metropolitan area">in Metro P.P.</abbr>)</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ouest_(department)" title="Ouest (department)">Ouest</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">382,920 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9tion-Ville" title="Pétion-Ville">Pétion-Ville (<abbr title="The city is located inside the Port-au-Prince's metropolitan area">in Metro P.P.</abbr>)</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ouest_(department)" title="Ouest (department)">Ouest</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">283,052 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Port-de-Paix" title="Port-de-Paix">Port-de-Paix</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nord-Ouest_(department)" title="Nord-Ouest (department)">Nord-Ouest</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">250,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Croix-des-Bouquets" title="Croix-des-Bouquets">Croix des Bouquets (<abbr title="The city is located inside the Port-au-Prince's metropolitan area">in Metro P.P.</abbr>)</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ouest_(department)" title="Ouest (department)">Ouest</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">229,127 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jacmel" title="Jacmel">Jacmel</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sud-Est_(department)" title="Sud-Est (department)">Sud-Est</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">137,966 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9og%C3%A2ne" title="Léogâne">Léogâne</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ouest_(department)" title="Ouest (department)">Ouest</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">134,190 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Les_Cayes" title="Les Cayes">Les Cayes</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sud_(department)" title="Sud (department)">Sud</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">125,799 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Haiti" title="Culture of Haiti">Culture of Haiti</a></div> Haiti has a lasting and unique cultural identity, blending traditional French and African customs, mixed with sizable acquirements from the Spanish and indigenous Taíno cultures.<a href="#cite_note-Yurnet-Thomas-401">[396]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haitian_art" title="Haitian art">Haitian art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swearing-in_ceremony_of_Diaspora_Gw%C3%A8t%C3%B2De_by_Konfederasyon_Nasyonal_Vodou_Ayisyen_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Swearing-in_ceremony_of_Diaspora_Gw%C3%A8t%C3%B2De_by_Konfederasyon_Nasyonal_Vodou_Ayisyen_09.jpg/220px-Swearing-in_ceremony_of_Diaspora_Gw%C3%A8t%C3%B2De_by_Konfederasyon_Nasyonal_Vodou_Ayisyen_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Swearing-in_ceremony_of_Diaspora_Gw%C3%A8t%C3%B2De_by_Konfederasyon_Nasyonal_Vodou_Ayisyen_09.jpg/330px-Swearing-in_ceremony_of_Diaspora_Gw%C3%A8t%C3%B2De_by_Konfederasyon_Nasyonal_Vodou_Ayisyen_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Swearing-in_ceremony_of_Diaspora_Gw%C3%A8t%C3%B2De_by_Konfederasyon_Nasyonal_Vodou_Ayisyen_09.jpg/440px-Swearing-in_ceremony_of_Diaspora_Gw%C3%A8t%C3%B2De_by_Konfederasyon_Nasyonal_Vodou_Ayisyen_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2439" data-file-height="2439" /></a><figcaption>Swearing-in ceremony of Haitian Diaspora GwètòDe</figcaption></figure> Haitian art is <a href="/wiki/Haitian_art" title="Haitian art">distinctive</a>, particularly through its paintings and sculptures.<a href="#cite_note-Yurnet-Thomas-401">[396]</a><a href="#cite_note-402">[397]</a><a href="#cite_note-403">[398]</a> Brilliant colors, <a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">naïve</a> perspectives, and sly humor characterize <a href="/wiki/Haitian_art" title="Haitian art">Haitian art</a>. Frequent subjects in Haitian art include big, foods, landscapes, market activities, jungle animals, rituals, dances, and gods. As a result of a deep history and strong African ties, symbols take on great meaning within Haitian society. Many artists cluster in 'schools' of painting, such as the Cap-Haïtien school, which features depictions of daily life in the city, the Jacmel School, which reflects the steep mountains and bays of that coastal town, or the Saint-Soleil School, which is characterized by abstracted human forms and is heavily influenced by Vodou symbolism.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 1920s the indigéniste movement gained international acclaim, with its expressionist paintings inspired by Haiti's culture and African roots. Notable painters of this movement include <a href="/wiki/Hector_Hyppolite" title="Hector Hyppolite">Hector Hyppolite</a>, Philomé Oban and <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9f%C3%A8te_Duffaut" title="Préfète Duffaut">Préfète Duffaut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt36-404">[399]</a> Some notable artists of more recent times include <a href="/wiki/Edouard_Duval-Carri%C3%A9" title="Edouard Duval-Carrié">Edouard Duval-Carrié</a>, Frantz Zéphirin, Leroy Exil, <a href="/wiki/Prosper_Pierre_Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosper Pierre Louis">Prosper Pierre Louis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisiane_Saint_Fleurant" title="Louisiane Saint Fleurant">Louisiane Saint Fleurant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt36-404">[399]</a> Sculpture is also practiced in Haiti; noted artists in this form include George Liautaud and <a href="/wiki/Serge_Jolimeau" title="Serge Jolimeau">Serge Jolimeau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt37-405">[400]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Music of Haiti</a></div> Haitian music combines a wide range of influences drawn from the many people who have settled here. It reflects French, African and Spanish elements and others who have inhabited the island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>, and minor native <a href="/wiki/Taino" class="mw-redirect" title="Taino">Taino</a> influences. Styles of music unique to Haitian culture include music derived from <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a> ceremonial traditions, <a href="/wiki/Rara_music" title="Rara music">Rara</a> parading music, <a href="/wiki/Twoubadou" title="Twoubadou">Twoubadou</a> ballads, <a href="/wiki/Mini-jazz" title="Mini-jazz">mini-jazz</a> rock bands, <a href="/wiki/Rasin" title="Rasin">Rasin</a> movement, <a href="/wiki/Haitian_hip_hop" title="Haitian hip hop">Hip hop</a> kreyòl, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ringue" title="Méringue">méringue</a>,<a href="#cite_note-406">[401]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compas" title="Compas">compas</a>. Youth attend parties at nightclubs called <a href="/wiki/Nightlife" title="Nightlife">discos</a>, and attend Bal (ball, as in a formal dance). <a href="/wiki/Compas" title="Compas">Compas</a> (konpa)<a href="#cite_note-407">[402]</a> is a complex, ever-changing music that arose from African rhythms and European ballroom dancing, mixed with Haiti's bourgeois culture. It is a refined music, with <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ringue" title="Méringue">méringue</a> as its basic rhythm. Haiti had no recorded music until 1937 when <a href="/wiki/Jazz_Guignard" title="Jazz Guignard">Jazz Guignard</a> was recorded non-commercially.<a href="#cite_note-408">[403]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haitian_literature" title="Haitian literature">Haitian literature</a></div> Haiti has always been a literary nation that has produced poetry, novels, and plays of international recognition. The <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">French colonial experience</a> established the French language as the venue of culture and prestige, and since then it has dominated the literary circles and the literary production. However, since the 18th century there has been a sustained effort to write in <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>. The recognition of Creole as an official language has led to an expansion of novels, poems, and plays in Creole.<a href="#cite_note-409">[404]</a> In 1975, <a href="/wiki/Franketienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Franketienne">Franketienne</a> was the first to break with the French tradition in fiction with the publication of Dezafi, the first novel written entirely in Haitian Creole.<a href="#cite_note-410">[405]</a> Other well known Haitian authors include <a href="/wiki/Jean_Price-Mars" title="Jean Price-Mars">Jean Price-Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roumain" title="Jacques Roumain">Jacques Roumain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Stephen_Alexis" title="Jacques Stephen Alexis">Jacques Stephen Alexis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Vieux-Chauvet" title="Marie Vieux-Chauvet">Marie Vieux-Chauvet</a>, Pierre Clitandre, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Depestre" title="René Depestre">René Depestre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwidge_Danticat" title="Edwidge Danticat">Edwidge Danticat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyonel_Trouillot" title="Lyonel Trouillot">Lyonel Trouillot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dany_Laferri%C3%A8re" title="Dany Laferrière">Dany Laferrière</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> Haiti has a small though growing cinema industry. Well-known directors working primarily in documentary film-making include <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Peck" title="Raoul Peck">Raoul Peck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Antonin" title="Arnold Antonin">Arnold Antonin</a>. Directors producing fictional films include <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Benoit_(director)" title="Patricia Benoit (director)">Patricia Benoît</a>, Wilkenson Bruna and Richard Senecal. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Haitian cuisine</a></div> Haiti is famous for its <a href="/wiki/Creole_cuisine" title="Creole cuisine">creole cuisine</a> (related to <a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun cuisine</a>), and its <a href="/wiki/Soup_joumou" title="Soup joumou">soup joumou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-411">[406]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sans-Souci_Palace,_National_History_Park,_Haiti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sans-Souci_Palace%2C_National_History_Park%2C_Haiti.jpg/350px-Sans-Souci_Palace%2C_National_History_Park%2C_Haiti.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sans-Souci_Palace%2C_National_History_Park%2C_Haiti.jpg/525px-Sans-Souci_Palace%2C_National_History_Park%2C_Haiti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sans-Souci_Palace%2C_National_History_Park%2C_Haiti.jpg/700px-Sans-Souci_Palace%2C_National_History_Park%2C_Haiti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4443" data-file-height="2962" /></a><figcaption>Sans-Souci Palace, National History Park, Haiti</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Caribbean">List of World Heritage Sites in the Caribbean</a></div> Monuments include the <a href="/wiki/Sans-Souci_Palace" title="Sans-Souci Palace">Sans-Souci Palace</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Citadelle_Laferri%C3%A8re" title="Citadelle Laferrière">Citadelle Laferrière</a>, inscribed as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-412">[407]</a> Situated in the Northern <a href="/wiki/Massif_du_Nord" title="Massif du Nord">Massif du Nord</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/National_History_Park" title="National History Park">National History Park</a>, the structures date from the early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-heritage-413">[408]</a> The buildings were among the first built after Haiti's independence from France. The <a href="/wiki/Citadelle_Laferri%C3%A8re" title="Citadelle Laferrière">Citadelle Laferrière</a>, the largest fortress in the Americas, is located in northern Haiti. It was built between 1805 and 1820 and is today referred to by some Haitians as the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_wonder_of_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth wonder of the world">eighth wonder of the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reading_Eagle-111">[106]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Sauvegarde_du_Patrimoine_National" title="Institut de Sauvegarde du Patrimoine National">Institute for the Protection of National Heritage</a> has preserved 33 historical monuments and the historic center of Cap-Haïtien.<a href="#cite_note-414">[409]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacmel" title="Jacmel">Jacmel</a>, a colonial city that was tentatively accepted as a World Heritage Site, was extensively damaged by the 2010 earthquake.<a href="#cite_note-heritage-413">[408]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Maria_Anchor.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Santa_Maria_Anchor.JPG/170px-Santa_Maria_Anchor.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Santa_Maria_Anchor.JPG/255px-Santa_Maria_Anchor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Santa_Maria_Anchor.JPG/340px-Santa_Maria_Anchor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="3776" /></a><figcaption>Santa María's anchor on display</figcaption></figure> The anchor of Christopher Columbus's largest ship, the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(ship)" title="Santa María (ship)">Santa María</a> rests in the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Panth%C3%A9on_National_Ha%C3%AFtien" title="Musée du Panthéon National Haïtien">Musée du Panthéon National Haïtien</a> (MUPANAH), in Port-au-Prince.<a href="#cite_note-415">[410]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folklore_and_mythology">Folklore and mythology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haitian_mythology" title="Haitian mythology">Haitian mythology</a></div> Haiti is known for its <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> traditions.<a href="#cite_note-416">[411]</a> Much of this is rooted in <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Haitian Vodou</a> tradition. Belief in <a href="/wiki/Zombies" class="mw-redirect" title="Zombies">zombies</a> is also common.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt35-417">[412]</a> Other folkloric creatures include the <a href="/wiki/Soucouyant" title="Soucouyant">lougarou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt35-417">[412]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_holidays_and_festivals">National holidays and festivals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Haiti" title="Public holidays in Haiti">Public holidays in Haiti</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Carnival" title="Haitian Carnival">Haitian Carnival</a> has been one of the most popular carnivals in the Caribbean. In 2010, the government decided to stage the event in a different city outside Port-au-Prince every year.<a href="#cite_note-haitilibre.com-418">[413]</a><a href="#cite_note-419">[414]</a> The National Carnival follows the popular Jacmel Carnival, which takes place a week earlier in February or March.<a href="#cite_note-haitilibre.com-418">[413]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rara_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Rara festival">Rara</a> is a festival celebrated before <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>. The festival has generated a style of <a href="/wiki/Carnival_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnival music">Carnival music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-420">[415]</a><a href="#cite_note-421">[416]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Haiti#Sports" title="Culture of Haiti">Culture of Haiti § Sports</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haiti_national_football_team_training_in_Port-au-Prince_2004-08-16_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Haiti_national_football_team_training_in_Port-au-Prince_2004-08-16_2.jpg/220px-Haiti_national_football_team_training_in_Port-au-Prince_2004-08-16_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Haiti_national_football_team_training_in_Port-au-Prince_2004-08-16_2.jpg/330px-Haiti_national_football_team_training_in_Port-au-Prince_2004-08-16_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Haiti_national_football_team_training_in_Port-au-Prince_2004-08-16_2.jpg/440px-Haiti_national_football_team_training_in_Port-au-Prince_2004-08-16_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1923" data-file-height="1241" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Haiti_national_football_team" title="Haiti national football team">Haiti national football team</a> training in Port-au-Prince, 2004</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> (soccer) is the most popular sport in Haiti with hundreds of small clubs competing at the local level. Basketball and baseball are growing in popularity.<a href="#cite_note-422">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-sport-423">[418]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stade_Sylvio_Cator" title="Stade Sylvio Cator">Stade Sylvio Cator</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Multi-purpose_stadium" title="Multi-purpose stadium">multi-purpose stadium</a> in Port-au-Prince, currently used mostly for <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> matches. In <a href="/wiki/1974_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1974 FIFA World Cup">1974</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Haiti_national_football_team" title="Haiti national football team">Haiti national football team</a> were only the second <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> team to make the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">World Cup</a>. The national team won the <a href="/wiki/2007_Caribbean_Nations_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Caribbean Nations Cup">2007 Caribbean Nations Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-424">[419]</a> Haiti has participated in the <a href="/wiki/Haiti_at_the_Olympics" title="Haiti at the Olympics">Olympic Games</a> since the year 1900 and won a number of medals. Haitian footballer <a href="/wiki/Joe_Gaetjens" title="Joe Gaetjens">Joe Gaetjens</a> played for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team" title="United States men's national soccer team">United States national team</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1950_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1950 FIFA World Cup">1950 FIFA World Cup</a>, scoring the winning goal in the 1–0 upset of <a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-425">[420]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Haiti-related_articles" title="Index of Haiti-related articles">Index of Haiti-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Sara" title="Madan Sara">Madan Sara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Haiti" title="Outline of Haiti">Outline of Haiti</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/21px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/32px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/42px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Haiti" title="Portal:Haiti">Haiti</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/21px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/32px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/42px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="561" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Caribbean" title="Portal:Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Latin_America" title="Portal:Latin America">Latin America</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/21px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/32px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/42px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="561" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Caribbean" title="Portal:Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-vacantleg-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vacantleg_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vacantleg_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vacantleg_7-2">c</a> The National Assembly currently has zero members, with all 30 seats in the Senate and all 119 seats in the Chamber of Deputies vacant since all previous members have served their terms as prescribed by the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Constitution">Haitian Constitution</a> and no election has been held to fill those vacated seats. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈheɪti/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bb\/En-us-Haiti.ogg\/En-us-Haiti.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Haiti.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/En-us-Haiti.ogg/En-us-Haiti.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Haiti.ogg" title="File:En-us-Haiti.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">HAY-tee</a>; <a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">French</a>: Haïti <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[a.iti]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/ac\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-Ha%C3%AFti.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-Ha%C3%AFti.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Ha\u00efti.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-Ha%C3%AFti.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-Ha%C3%AFti.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-GrandCelinien-Ha%C3%AFti.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Haïti.wav">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Creole language">Haitian Creole</a>: Ayiti <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Haitian_Creole" title="Help:IPA/Haitian Creole">[ajiti]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: République d'Haïti; <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Creole language">Haitian Creole</a>: Repiblik d Ayiti<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayti-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hayti_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayti_21-1">b</a> The nation was officially founded as Hayti in its Declaration of Independence and early prints,<a href="#cite_note-auto5-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto3-17">[14]</a> constitutions,<a href="#cite_note-auto2-18">[15]</a> and imperial declarations.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-19">[16]</a> Published writings of 1802–1919 in the United States commonly used the name Hayti (e.g. The Blue Book of Hayti (1919), a book with official standing in Haiti). By 1873 Haiti was common among titles of US published books as well as in US congressional publications. In all of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>' publications after 1890, he used Haiti. As late as 1949, the name Hayti continued to be used in books published in England (e.g. Hayti: 145 Years of Independence—The Bi-Centenary of Port-au-Prince published in London, England in 1949) but by 1950, usage in England had shifted to Haiti.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-20">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> The Taínos may have used Bohío as another name for the island.<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haiti.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/konstitisyon.pdf">"Konstitisyon Repiblik d Ayiti"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801110700/http://www.haiti.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/konstitisyon.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2020. 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Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 140 (1): 22–48. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-049X">0003-049X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/987274">987274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Jefferson+and+the+Nonrecognition+of+Haiti&rft.volume=140&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-48&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F987274%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0003-049X&rft.aulast=Matthewson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1202772.stm">"Country profile: Haiti"</a>. BBC News. 19 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220901044854/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1202772.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Country+profile%3A+Haiti&rft.date=2010-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2Fcountry_profiles%2F1202772.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haite1934-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Haite1934_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin_Beede1994" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin Beede (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanrevoluti0000unse_o8w2/page/784">The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898–1934: An Encyclopedia</a> (May 1, 1994 ed.). Routledge; 1 edition. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanrevoluti0000unse_o8w2/page/784">784</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-5624-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-5624-8"><bdi>0-8240-5624-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+1898+and+U.S.+Interventions%2C+1898%E2%80%931934%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=784&rft.edition=May+1%2C+1994&rft.pub=Routledge%3B+1+edition&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8240-5624-8&rft.au=Benjamin+Beede&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanrevoluti0000unse_o8w2%2Fpage%2F784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> - p 223 The Haitian and U.S. governments reached a mutually satisfactory agreement in the Executive Accord of August 7, 1933, and on August 15, the last marines departed. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShellenberger2022" class="citation web cs1">Shellenberger, Michael (22 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelshellenberger/2022/09/22/haiti-riots-triggered-by-imf-advice-to-cut-fuel-subsidies/?sh=406676905169">"Haiti Riots Triggered By IMF Advice To Cut Fuel Subsidies"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221022000112/https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelshellenberger/2022/09/22/haiti-riots-triggered-by-imf-advice-to-cut-fuel-subsidies/?sh=406676905169">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Haiti+Riots+Triggered+By+IMF+Advice+To+Cut+Fuel+Subsidies&rft.date=2022-09-22&rft.aulast=Shellenberger&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fmichaelshellenberger%2F2022%2F09%2F22%2Fhaiti-riots-triggered-by-imf-advice-to-cut-fuel-subsidies%2F%3Fsh%3D406676905169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2022" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Luke (18 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/18/haiti-un-talks-gangs-hunger-cholera">"Haiti on verge of collapse, NGOs warn as UN talks on restoring order continue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114025039/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/18/haiti-un-talks-gangs-hunger-cholera">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Haiti+on+verge+of+collapse%2C+NGOs+warn+as+UN+talks+on+restoring+order+continue&rft.date=2022-10-18&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Foct%2F18%2Fhaiti-un-talks-gangs-hunger-cholera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2023" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Luke (11 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/10/haiti-no-elected-officials-anarchy-failed-state">"Haiti left with no elected government officials as it spirals towards anarchy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208113432/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/10/haiti-no-elected-officials-anarchy-failed-state">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Haiti+left+with+no+elected+government+officials+as+it+spirals+towards+anarchy&rft.date=2023-01-11&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fjan%2F10%2Fhaiti-no-elected-officials-anarchy-failed-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles2023" class="citation news cs1">Charles, Jacqueline (3 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/violence-haiti-worsens-canada-bets-153056650.html">"As violence in Haiti worsens, Canada bets on assistance to police"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Miami_Herald" title="Miami Herald">Miami Herald</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230503212914/https://news.yahoo.com/violence-haiti-worsens-canada-bets-153056650.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=As+violence+in+Haiti+worsens%2C+Canada+bets+on+assistance+to+police&rft.date=2023-05-03&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fviolence-haiti-worsens-canada-bets-153056650.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oas.org/en/member_states/member_state.asp?sCode=HAI">"OAS – Member State: Haiti"</a>. oas.org. OAS – Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development. 1 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922060853/http://www.oas.org/en/member_states/member_state.asp?sCode=HAI">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oas.org&rft.atitle=OAS+%E2%80%93+Member+State%3A+Haiti&rft.date=2009-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oas.org%2Fen%2Fmember_states%2Fmember_state.asp%3FsCode%3DHAI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acs-aec.org/sites/default/files/english_ebook_acs_20_low_res.pdf">"Association of Caribbean States (1994–2014)"</a> (PDF). 2014. p. 46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220811112704/http://www.acs-aec.org/sites/default/files/english_ebook_acs_20_low_res.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Association+of+Caribbean+States+%281994%E2%80%932014%29&rft.pages=46&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acs-aec.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fenglish_ebook_acs_20_low_res.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/memdate.htm">"International Monetary Fund: List of Members"</a>. imf.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074955/https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/memdate.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=imf.org&rft.atitle=International+Monetary+Fund%3A+List+of+Members&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fnp%2Fsec%2Fmemdir%2Fmemdate.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm">"WTO ¦ World Trade Organization: Members and Observers"</a>. wto.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629193816/http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wto.org&rft.atitle=WTO+%C2%A6+World+Trade+Organization%3A+Members+and+Observers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fthewto_e%2Fwhatis_e%2Ftif_e%2Forg6_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/country-insights#/ranks">"United Nations Human Development Insights"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712063231/https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/country-insights#/ranks">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Human+Development+Insights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fdata-center%2Fcountry-insights%23%2Franks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaydnVincent1860" class="citation book cs1">Haydn, Joseph; Vincent, Benjamin (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HOE8AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA321">A Dictionary of Dates Relating to All Ages and Nations: For Universal Reference Comprehending Remarkable Occurrences, Ancient and Modern, The Foundation, Laws, and Governments of Countries-Their Progress In Civilization, Industry, Arts and Science-Their Achievements In Arms-And Their Civil, Military, And Religious Institutions, And Particularly of the British Empire</a>. p. 321. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115064744/https://books.google.com/books?id=HOE8AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA321">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Dates+Relating+to+All+Ages+and+Nations%3A+For+Universal+Reference+Comprehending+Remarkable+Occurrences%2C+Ancient+and+Modern%2C+The+Foundation%2C+Laws%2C+and+Governments+of+Countries-Their+Progress+In+Civilization%2C+Industry%2C+Arts+and+Science-Their+Achievements+In+Arms-And+Their+Civil%2C+Military%2C+And+Religious+Institutions%2C+And+Particularly+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=321&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Haydn&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Vincent%2C+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHOE8AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuitarFerbel-AzcárateEstevez2006" class="citation book cs1">Guitar, Lynne; Ferbel-Azcárate, Pedro; Estevez, Jorge (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qXZeQZMDpgYC&pg=PA41">"iii: Ocama-Daca Taíno (Hear me, I am Taíno)"</a>. Indigenous Resurgence in the Contemporary Caribbean. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-7488-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-7488-5"><bdi>978-0-8204-7488-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2005012816">2005012816</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144430/https://books.google.com/books?id=qXZeQZMDpgYC&pg=PA41">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=iii%3A+Ocama-Daca+Ta%C3%ADno+%28Hear+me%2C+I+am+Ta%C3%ADno%29&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Resurgence+in+the+Contemporary+Caribbean&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2005012816&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-7488-5&rft.aulast=Guitar&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rft.au=Ferbel-Azc%C3%A1rate%2C+Pedro&rft.au=Estevez%2C+Jorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqXZeQZMDpgYC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmond2010" class="citation book cs1">Edmond, Louisket (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_1wDXEB1fOUC&pg=PA42">The Tears of Haiti</a>. <a href="/wiki/Xlibris" title="Xlibris">Xlibris</a>. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4535-1770-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4535-1770-3"><bdi>978-1-4535-1770-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2010908468">2010908468</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144430/https://books.google.com/books?id=_1wDXEB1fOUC&pg=PA42">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tears+of+Haiti&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Xlibris&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2010908468&rft.isbn=978-1-4535-1770-3&rft.aulast=Edmond&rft.aufirst=Louisket&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_1wDXEB1fOUC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenauth2011" class="citation book cs1">Senauth, Frank (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QBdccuwnqY8C&pg=PA1">The Making and Destruction of Haiti</a>. Bloomington, Indiana, US: <a href="/wiki/AuthorHouse" title="AuthorHouse">AuthorHouse</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4567-5384-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4567-5384-9"><bdi>978-1-4567-5384-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2011907203">2011907203</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144431/https://books.google.com/books?id=QBdccuwnqY8C&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+and+Destruction+of+Haiti&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana%2C+US&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2011907203&rft.isbn=978-1-4567-5384-9&rft.aulast=Senauth&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQBdccuwnqY8C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartineau2010" class="citation book cs1">Martineau, Harriet (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lp54N7g2CYQC&pg=PA12">The Hour and the Man: A Fictional Account of the Haitian Revolution and the life of Toussaint L'Ouverture</a>. Aruba Heritage Foundation. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99904-1-167-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-99904-1-167-6"><bdi>978-99904-1-167-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115071324/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp54N7g2CYQC&pg=PA12">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hour+and+the+Man%3A+A+Fictional+Account+of+the+Haitian+Revolution+and+the+life+of+Toussaint+L%27Ouverture&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Aruba+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-99904-1-167-6&rft.aulast=Martineau&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlp54N7g2CYQC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2003" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Gail (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zaT3kj55aTcC&pg=PA18">The Complete Idiot's Guide to Learning French</a>. Alpha Books. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59257-055-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59257-055-3"><bdi>978-1-59257-055-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Idiot%27s+Guide+to+Learning+French&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Alpha+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59257-055-3&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Gail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzaT3kj55aTcC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141119070029/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/legacy/magazinemonitor/2010/01/how_to_say_haiti_and_portaupri.shtml">"How to Say: Haiti and Port-au-Prince"</a>. BBC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/legacy/magazinemonitor/2010/01/how_to_say_haiti_and_portaupri.shtml">the original</a> on 19 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Say%3A+Haiti+and+Port-au-Prince&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fblogs%2Flegacy%2Fmagazinemonitor%2F2010%2F01%2Fhow_to_say_haiti_and_portaupri.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEldin1878" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eldin, F. (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3xAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA33">"Haïti, 13 ans de séjour aux Antilles"</a> [Haiti, 13 years of stay in the Antilles] (in French). p. 33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115071326/https://books.google.com/books?id=3xAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA33">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ha%C3%AFti%2C+13+ans+de+s%C3%A9jour+aux+Antilles&rft.pages=33&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Eldin&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3xAIAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voyagesaintdomin00wimp">"Voyage a Saint-Domingue, pendant les années 1788, 1789 et 1790"</a> [Travel to Santo Domingo, during the years 1788, 1789 and 1790] (in French). 1797. 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Nature. 590 (7844): 103–110. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.590..103F">2021Natur.590..103F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-020-03053-2">10.1038/s41586-020-03053-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7864882">7864882</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33361817">33361817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+genetic+history+of+the+pre-contact+Caribbean&rft.volume=590&rft.issue=7844&rft.pages=103-110&rft.date=2021-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7864882%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Natur.590..103F&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33361817&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-020-03053-2&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.aulast=Fernandes&rft.aufirst=Daniel+M.&rft.au=Sirak%2C+Kendra+A.&rft.au=Ringbauer%2C+Harald&rft.au=Sedig%2C+Jakob&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft.au=Cheronet%2C+Olivia&rft.au=Mah%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Mallick%2C+Swapan&rft.au=Olalde%2C+I%C3%B1igo&rft.au=Culleton%2C+Brendan+J.&rft.au=Adamski%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Bernardos%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Bravo%2C+Guillermo&rft.au=Broomandkhoshbacht%2C+Nasreen&rft.au=Callan%2C+Kimberly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7864882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassá1992" class="citation book cs1">Cassá, Roberto (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oJ-wJ49cNwAC&pg=PA126">Los Indios de Las Antillas</a>. Editorial Abya Yala. pp. 126–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7100-375-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7100-375-1"><bdi>978-84-7100-375-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240111004223/https://books.google.com/books?id=oJ-wJ49cNwAC&pg=PA126#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2024. 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Faculty.marianopolis.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216101207/http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/QuebecHistory/encyclopedia/ImmigrationHistoryofCanada.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2007. Retrieved 24 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immigration+History+of+Canada&rft.pub=Faculty.marianopolis.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.marianopolis.edu%2Fc.belanger%2FQuebecHistory%2Fencyclopedia%2FImmigrationHistoryofCanada.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradt12-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt12_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt12_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt12_73-2">c</a> Clammer, Paul (2016), Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-Farmer-LROB-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farmer-LROB_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farmer-LROB_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmer2004" class="citation web cs1">Farmer, Paul (15 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080608222428/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v26/n08/farm01_.html">"Who removed Aristide?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v26/n08/farm01_.html">the original</a> on 8 June 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+removed+Aristide%3F&rft.date=2004-04-15&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv26%2Fn08%2Ffarm01_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiple2002" class="citation book cs1">Kiple, Kenneth F. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=veMLoyrX0BEC">The Caribbean Slave: A Biological History</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52470-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52470-4"><bdi>978-0-521-52470-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628033520/https://books.google.com/books?id=veMLoyrX0BEC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caribbean+Slave%3A+A+Biological+History&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52470-4&rft.aulast=Kiple&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DveMLoyrX0BEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStinchcombe1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Stinchcombe" title="Arthur Stinchcombe">Stinchcombe, Arthur L.</a> (11 December 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6K-DocgDY6gC&pg=PA119">Sugar Island Slavery in the Age of Enlightenment: The Political Economy of the Caribbean World</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2200-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2200-3"><bdi>978-1-4008-2200-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628033520/https://books.google.com/books?id=6K-DocgDY6gC&pg=PA119#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sugar+Island+Slavery+in+the+Age+of+Enlightenment%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+the+Caribbean+World&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995-12-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2200-3&rft.aulast=Stinchcombe&rft.aufirst=Arthur+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6K-DocgDY6gC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_z17AAAAMAAJ">Journal of Haitian Studies</a>. Haitian Studies Association. 2001. p. 67. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628033540/https://books.google.com/books?id=_z17AAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Haitian+Studies&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Haitian+Studies+Association&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_z17AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110603234817/http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/291/">"Decree of the National Convention of 4 February 1794, Abolishing Slavery in all the Colonies"</a>. Chnm.gmu.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/291/">the original</a> on 3 June 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decree+of+the+National+Convention+of+4+February+1794%2C+Abolishing+Slavery+in+all+the+Colonies&rft.pub=Chnm.gmu.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchnm.gmu.edu%2Frevolution%2Fd%2F291%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130920081517/http://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/HaitianRev">"1784–1800 – The United States and the Haitian Revolution"</a>. History.state.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/HaitianRev">the original</a> on 20 September 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1784%E2%80%931800+%E2%80%93+The+United+States+and+the+Haitian+Revolution&rft.pub=History.state.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1784-1800%2FHaitianRev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph1987" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Joseph" title="Raymond Joseph">Joseph, Raymond A.</a> (22 March 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/22/books/poles-in-haiti.html">"Poles in Haiti"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220914152856/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/22/books/poles-in-haiti.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Poles+in+Haiti&rft.date=1987-03-22&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Raymond+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F03%2F22%2Fbooks%2Fpoles-in-haiti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/john-adams-supports-toussaint-louverture-horrifies-jefferson/">"John Adams Supports Toussaint Louverture, Horrifies Jefferson"</a>. 29 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921232453/https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/john-adams-supports-toussaint-louverture-horrifies-jefferson/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Adams+Supports+Toussaint+Louverture%2C+Horrifies+Jefferson&rft.date=2017-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com%2Fjohn-adams-supports-toussaint-louverture-horrifies-jefferson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Latin_America's_Wars:_Volume_1-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Latin_America's_Wars:_Volume_1_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Latin_America's_Wars:_Volume_1_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheina2003" class="citation book cs1">Scheina, Robert L. (2003). Latin America's Wars: Volume 1. Potomac Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America%27s+Wars%3A+Volume+1&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Scheina&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. 2009. p. 182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avengers+of+the+New+World%3A+The+Story+of+the+Haitian+Revolution&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbett" class="citation web cs1">Corbett, Bob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/history/revolution/revolution3.htm">"The Haitian Revolution of 1791–1803"</a>. Webster University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910102328/http://www2.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/history/revolution/revolution3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Haitian+Revolution+of+1791%E2%80%931803&rft.pub=Webster+University&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.webster.edu%2F~corbetre%2Fhaiti%2Fhistory%2Frevolution%2Frevolution3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmucker1989" class="citation book cs1">Smucker, Glenn R. (December 1989). Richard A. Haggerty (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/httoc.html">A Country Study: Haiti</a>. Library of Congress Federal Research Division. Toussaint Louverture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090502055615/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/httoc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Country+Study%3A+Haiti&rft.pages=Toussaint+Louverture&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Federal+Research+Division&rft.date=1989-12&rft.aulast=Smucker&rft.aufirst=Glenn+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fhttoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-YPT-86"><a href="#cite_ref-YPT_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youngpioneertours.com/haitian-revolution-ypt-guide/">"Haitian Revolution: A YPT Guide"</a>. Young Pioneer Tours. 7 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703155758/https://www.youngpioneertours.com/haitian-revolution-ypt-guide/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Young+Pioneer+Tours&rft.atitle=Haitian+Revolution%3A+A+YPT+Guide&rft.date=2020-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youngpioneertours.com%2Fhaitian-revolution-ypt-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/history-united-states-first-refugee-crisis-180957717/">"The History of the United States' First Refugee Crisis"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220610130041/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/history-united-states-first-refugee-crisis-180957717/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022. <q>In spite of all this paranoia, however, South Carolina actually lifted its ban on foreign slaves in 1804, and all those who arrived from Saint-Domingue eventually settled there. According to Dessens, many were even welcomed quite warmly. This was especially true for the 8,000 or so of the 25,000 refugees who shared both skin color and a common religion with their American counterparts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+United+States%27+First+Refugee+Crisis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fhistory-united-states-first-refugee-crisis-180957717%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrasier2009" class="citation book cs1">Frasier, Flora (2009). Venus of Empire:The Life of Pauline Bonaparte. John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venus+of+Empire%3AThe+Life+of+Pauline+Bonaparte&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Frasier&rft.aufirst=Flora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207060224/http://entomology.montana.edu/historybug/napoleon/yellow_fever_haiti.htm">"The Haitian Debacle: Yellow Fever and the Fate of the French"</a>. Montana State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entomology.montana.edu/historybug/napoleon/yellow_fever_haiti.htm">the original</a> on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Haitian+Debacle%3A+Yellow+Fever+and+the+Fate+of+the+French&rft.pub=Montana+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fentomology.montana.edu%2Fhistorybug%2Fnapoleon%2Fyellow_fever_haiti.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Hochschild2004" class="citation news cs1">Adam Hochschild (30 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2004/05/30/CMGKG6F3UV1.DTL">"Birth of a Nation / Has the bloody 200-year history of Haiti doomed it to more violence?"</a>. San Francisco Chronicle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304221956/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2004/05/30/CMGKG6F3UV1.DTL">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Birth+of+a+Nation+%2F+Has+the+bloody+200-year+history+of+Haiti+doomed+it+to+more+violence%3F&rft.date=2004-05-30&rft.au=Adam+Hochschild&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ffile%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F2004%2F05%2F30%2FCMGKG6F3UV1.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradt13-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt13_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt13_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt13_91-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt13_91-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt13_91-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt13_91-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt13_91-6">g</a> Clammer, Paul (2016), Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonBacon2010" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Maurice; Bacon, Jacqueline (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dZDcAAAAQBAJ&q=African%20American%20and%20the%20Haitian%20Revolution&pg=PT14">"Fever and Fret: The Haitian Revolution and African American Responses"</a>. In Jackson, Maurice; Bacon, Jacqueline (eds.). African Americans and the Haitian Revolution: Selected Essays and Historical Documents. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-72613-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-72613-4"><bdi>978-1-134-72613-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628033521/https://books.google.com/books?id=dZDcAAAAQBAJ&q=African%20American%20and%20the%20Haitian%20Revolution&pg=PT14#v=snippet&q=African%20American%20and%20the%20Haitian%20Revolution&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2018. <q>...the momentous struggle that began in 1791 and yielded the first post-colonial independent black nation and the only nation to gain independence through slave rebellion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fever+and+Fret%3A+The+Haitian+Revolution+and+African+American+Responses&rft.btitle=African+Americans+and+the+Haitian+Revolution%3A+Selected+Essays+and+Historical+Documents&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-134-72613-4&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.au=Bacon%2C+Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdZDcAAAAQBAJ%26q%3DAfrican%2520American%2520and%2520the%2520Haitian%2520Revolution%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> C.L.R. James, Black Jacobins (London: Seckur & Warburg, 1938) </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gazette.com/woodmenedition/jefferson-the-haitian-revolution-and-the-louisiana-purchase-get-out-of-town/article_e5b9a5de-88b2-11ea-9b22-1f1cf7020e1f.amp.html">"The Haitian Revolution and the Louisiana Purchase"</a>. The Gazette. 10 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703173841/https://gazette.com/woodmenedition/jefferson-the-haitian-revolution-and-the-louisiana-purchase-get-out-of-town/article_e5b9a5de-88b2-11ea-9b22-1f1cf7020e1f.amp.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gazette&rft.atitle=The+Haitian+Revolution+and+the+Louisiana+Purchase&rft.date=2021-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgazette.com%2Fwoodmenedition%2Fjefferson-the-haitian-revolution-and-the-louisiana-purchase-get-out-of-town%2Farticle_e5b9a5de-88b2-11ea-9b22-1f1cf7020e1f.amp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, Micheal (23 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8urEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA199">Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786474707" title="Special:BookSources/9780786474707"><bdi>9780786474707</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628033542/https://books.google.com/books?id=8urEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA199#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2023. <q>French losses from 1830–51 were 3,336 killed in battle and 92,329 died of wounds or from all other causes. Between 1830 and 1870, 411 French officers were killed and 1,360 were wounded. The toll for the ranks was an estimated 10,000 killed and 35,000 wounded in all French colonial campaigns. A few thousand from this number died in Mexico or Indochina, but the great bulk met their deaths in Algeria. Disease took an even greater toll. One estimate puts total French and Foreign Legion deaths from battle and disease for the entire century at 110,000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492%E2%80%932015%2C+4th+ed.&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017-05-23&rft.isbn=9780786474707&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8urEDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scheina-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Scheina_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheina" class="citation book cs1">Scheina. Latin America's Wars. Potomac Books. p. 1772.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America%27s+Wars&rft.pages=1772&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.au=Scheina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonWilson2015" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Colin; Wilson, Damon (2015). An End To Murder: Human beings have always been cruel, savage and murderous. Is all that about to change?.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+End+To+Murder%3A+Human+beings+have+always+been+cruel%2C+savage+and+murderous.+Is+all+that+about+to+change%3F&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Damon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Christer Petley, White Fury: A Jamaican Slaveholder and the Age of REvolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-99"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051228150910/http://www.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/history/earlyhaiti/dessalines.htm">""A Brief History of Dessalines", 1825 Missionary Journal"</a>. Webster University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/history/earlyhaiti/dessalines.htm">the original</a> on 28 December 2005. Retrieved 24 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22A+Brief+History+of+Dessalines%22%2C+1825+Missionary+Journal&rft.pub=Webster+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webster.edu%2F~corbetre%2Fhaiti%2Fhistory%2Fearlyhaiti%2Fdessalines.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradt209-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Bradt209_100-0">^</a> Clammer, Paul (2016), Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Constitution of Haiti [ [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>]] New-York Evening Post 15 July 1805. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YVEoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA335">Monthly Magazine and British Register</a>. Vol. XLVIII. R. Phillips. 1819. p. 335. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628033521/https://books.google.com/books?id=YVEoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA335#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monthly+Magazine+and+British+Register&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=R.+Phillips&rft.date=1819&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYVEoAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies2008-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Davies2008_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce_Davies2008" class="citation book cs1">Boyce Davies, Carole (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mb6SDKfWftYC&pg=PA380">Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture. A-C. Volume 1</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-700-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-700-5"><bdi>978-1-85109-700-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+African+Diaspora%3A+Origins%2C+Experiences%2C+and+Culture.+A-C.+Volume+1&rft.pages=380&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-700-5&rft.aulast=Boyce+Davies&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmb6SDKfWftYC%26pg%3DPA380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopkin2010" class="citation book cs1">Popkin, Jeremy D. (15 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VSeLGtVm0iIC&pg=PA363">Facing Racial Revolution: Eyewitness Accounts of the Haitian Insurrection</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-67585-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-67585-5"><bdi>978-0-226-67585-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facing+Racial+Revolution%3A+Eyewitness+Accounts+of+the+Haitian+Insurrection&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010-02-15&rft.isbn=978-0-226-67585-5&rft.aulast=Popkin&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVSeLGtVm0iIC%26pg%3DPA363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopkin2011" class="citation book cs1">Popkin, Jeremy D. (11 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=03XSP22p3kgC">The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence, 1801–1804</a>. University of Alabama Press. p. 322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1732-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1732-4"><bdi>978-0-8173-1732-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slaves+Who+Defeated+Napoleon%3A+Toussaint+Louverture+and+the+Haitian+War+of+Independence%2C+1801%E2%80%931804&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2011-02-11&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-1732-4&rft.aulast=Popkin&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D03XSP22p3kgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/haitian-rev">"The United States and the Haitian Revolution, 1791–1804"</a>. history.state.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210220133250/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/haitian-rev">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=The+United+States+and+the+Haitian+Revolution%2C+1791%E2%80%931804&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1784-1800%2Fhaitian-rev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225063309/http://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/topic.cfm;jsessionid=f8303469141230638453792?migration=5&topic=2&bhcp=1">"From Saint-Domingue to Louisiana, The African-American Migration Experience"</a>. Inmotionaame.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/topic.cfm;jsessionid=f8303469141230638453792?migration=5&topic=2&bhcp=1">the original</a> on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Saint-Domingue+to+Louisiana%2C+The+African-American+Migration+Experience&rft.pub=Inmotionaame.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inmotionaame.org%2Fmigrations%2Ftopic.cfm%3Bjsessionid%3Df8303469141230638453792%3Fmigration%3D5%26topic%3D2%26bhcp%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180914132009/http://www.thenation.com/article/congo-square-colonial-new-orleans?page=0,1">"In Congo Square: Colonial New Orleans"</a>. Thenation.com. 10 December 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/article/congo-square-colonial-new-orleans?page=0,1">the original</a> on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Congo+Square%3A+Colonial+New+Orleans&rft.pub=Thenation.com&rft.date=2008-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fcongo-square-colonial-new-orleans%3Fpage%3D0%2C1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccet.louisiana.edu/tourism/cultural/The_People/haitian.html">"Haitians"</a>. Center for Cultural & Eco-Tourism, University of Louisiana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725115213/http://ccet.louisiana.edu/tourism/cultural/The_People/haitian.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haitians&rft.pub=Center+for+Cultural+%26+Eco-Tourism%2C+University+of+Louisiana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccet.louisiana.edu%2Ftourism%2Fcultural%2FThe_People%2Fhaitian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haiti-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Haiti_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSontag" class="citation news cs1">Sontag, Deborah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/haiti/index.html">"News about Haiti, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160219053844/http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/haiti/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=News+about+Haiti%2C+including+commentary+and+archival+articles+published+in+The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopics.nytimes.com%2Ftop%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Fcountriesandterritories%2Fhaiti%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reading_Eagle-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reading_Eagle_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reading_Eagle_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19780129&id=BN4hAAAAIBAJ&pg=5745,4456684">"Haiti's Citadelle Described As 8th Wonder of the World"</a>. United Press International. 29 January 1978. p. 40. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory0000beth/page/267">267–69</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Latin+America%3A+Volume+3&rft.pages=267-69&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Bethell&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehistory0000beth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-leger197-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leger197_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leger197_128-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leger197_128-2">c</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLéger1907" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Nicolas_L%C3%A9ger" title="Jacques Nicolas Léger">Léger, Jacques Nicolas</a> (1907). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Haiti:_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors">Haiti: Her History and Her Detractors</a>. <a href="/wiki/Neale_Publishing_Company" title="Neale Publishing Company">Neale Publishing Company</a>. pp. 197–198. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221218182403/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Haiti:_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haiti%3A+Her+History+and+Her+Detractors&rft.pages=197-198&rft.pub=Neale+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9ger&rft.aufirst=Jacques+Nicolas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FHaiti%3A_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacques-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jacques_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacques_129-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacques_129-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacques_129-3">d</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLéger1907" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Nicolas_L%C3%A9ger" title="Jacques Nicolas Léger">Léger, Jacques Nicolas</a> (1907). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Haiti:_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors">Haiti: Her History and Her Detractors</a>. <a href="/wiki/Neale_Publishing_Company" title="Neale Publishing Company">Neale Publishing Company</a>. pp. 202–204. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221218182403/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Haiti:_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haiti%3A+Her+History+and+Her+Detractors&rft.pages=202-204&rft.pub=Neale+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9ger&rft.aufirst=Jacques+Nicolas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FHaiti%3A_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogozinski1999" class="citation book cs1">Rogozinski, Jan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofca00rogo_0/page/220">A Brief History of the Caribbean</a> (Revised ed.). New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofca00rogo_0/page/220">220</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-3811-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-3811-2"><bdi>0-8160-3811-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Caribbean&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=220&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Facts+on+File%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8160-3811-2&rft.aulast=Rogozinski&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofca00rogo_0%2Fpage%2F220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLéger1907" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Nicolas_L%C3%A9ger" title="Jacques Nicolas Léger">Léger, Jacques Nicolas</a> (1907). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Haiti:_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors/Part_I:_Chapter_XVI">"Chapter XVI"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haiti:_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors" title="Haiti: Her History and Her Detractors">Haiti: Her History and Her Detractors</a>. <a href="/wiki/Neale_Publishing_Company" title="Neale Publishing Company">Neale Publishing Company</a>. pp. 211–216. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221109021148/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Haiti:_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors/Part_I:_Chapter_XVI">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XVI&rft.btitle=Haiti%3A+Her+History+and+Her+Detractors&rft.pages=211-216&rft.pub=Neale+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9ger&rft.aufirst=Jacques+Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FHaiti%3A_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors%2FPart_I%3A_Chapter_XVI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Haiti:_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors" title="Haiti: Her History and Her Detractors">Haiti: Her History and Her Detractors</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Nicolas_L%C3%A9ger" title="Jacques Nicolas Léger">Jacques Nicolas Léger</a>, University of Michigan, 2006, 235–236 </li> <li id="cite_note-leger245-133"><a href="#cite_ref-leger245_133-0">^</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLéger1907" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Nicolas_L%C3%A9ger" title="Jacques Nicolas Léger">Léger, Jacques Nicolas</a> (1907). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Haiti:_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors/Part_I:_Chapter_XXII">"Chapter XXII"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haiti:_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors" title="Haiti: Her History and Her Detractors">Haiti: Her History and Her Detractors</a>. New York; Washington: <a href="/wiki/Neale_Publishing_Company" title="Neale Publishing Company">Neale Publishing Company</a>. pp. 245–247. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221112113317/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Haiti:_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors/Part_I:_Chapter_XXII">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XXII&rft.btitle=Haiti%3A+Her+History+and+Her+Detractors&rft.place=New+York%3B+Washington&rft.pages=245-247&rft.pub=Neale+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9ger&rft.aufirst=Jacques+Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FHaiti%3A_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors%2FPart_I%3A_Chapter_XXII&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacques_Nicolas_Léger1907" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Nicolas_L%C3%A9ger" title="Jacques Nicolas Léger">Jacques Nicolas Léger</a> (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/haitiherhistory00lggoog">Haiti, Her History and Her Detractors</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Neale_Publishing_Company" title="Neale Publishing Company">Neale Publishing Company</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/haitiherhistory00lggoog/page/n271">249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haiti%2C+Her+History+and+Her+Detractors&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Neale+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Jacques+Nicolas+L%C3%A9ger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhaitiherhistory00lggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/12/08/104772140.pdf">"Hurry Election Of Simon In Haiti; Followers Fear Delay May Cause Disorders And Invite Intervention From United States"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304034010/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/12/08/104772140.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> New York Times 8 December 1908 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/12/18/105016384.pdf">"Simon Elected President; Following Action by Haitian Congress, He Is Recognized By The United States"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309073618/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/12/18/105016384.pdf">Archived</a> 9 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The New York Times 18 December 1908 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/08/08/104873360.pdf">"Leconte in Haiti's Capital; Revolutionary Leader Takes Possession of National Palace"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. 8 August 1911. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304140706/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/08/08/104873360.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Leconte+in+Haiti%27s+Capital%3B+Revolutionary+Leader+Takes+Possession+of+National+Palace&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1911-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1911%2F08%2F08%2F104873360.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayesEdward_M._Sait1912" class="citation journal cs1">Hayes, Carlton H.; Edward M. Sait (December 1912). "Record of Political Events". Political Science Quarterly. 27 (4): 752. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2141264">10.2307/2141264</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2141264">2141264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Record+of+Political+Events&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=752&rft.date=1912-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2141264&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2141264%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Carlton+H.&rft.au=Edward+M.+Sait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Kaplan, U.S. Imperialism in Latin America, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-state-140"><a href="#cite_ref-state_140-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwi/88275.htm">Occupation of Haiti, 1915–34</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211223011822/https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwi/88275.htm">Archived</a> 23 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, US Department of State </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradt15-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt15_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt15_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt15_141-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt15_141-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt15_141-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt15_141-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt15_141-6">g</a> Clammer, Paul (2016), Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Office of the Historian, U.S. Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1914-1920/haiti">U.S. Invasion and Occupation of Haiti, 1915–34</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160104004131/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1914-1920/haiti">Archived</a> 4 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillett1991" class="citation book cs1">Millett, Allan Reed (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sgkbAbwcLfAC">Semper Fidelis: The History of the United States Marine Corps</a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780029215968" title="Special:BookSources/9780029215968"><bdi>9780029215968</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628034129/https://books.google.com/books?id=sgkbAbwcLfAC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semper+Fidelis%3A+The+History+of+the+United+States+Marine+Corps&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780029215968&rft.aulast=Millett&rft.aufirst=Allan+Reed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsgkbAbwcLfAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1971" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Hans (1971). The United States Occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813522036" title="Special:BookSources/9780813522036"><bdi>9780813522036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Occupation+of+Haiti%2C+1915%E2%80%931934&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780813522036&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinl1996454–455-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinl1996454–455_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeinl1996">Heinl 1996</a>, pp. 454–455. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Danticat, Edwidge (28 July 2015), New Yorker Magazine. </li> <li id="cite_note-Henl,_pp._454–455-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Henl,_pp._454–455_147-0">^</a> Henl, pp. 454–455. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngulo2010" class="citation journal cs1">Angulo, A. J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historicalstudiesineducation.ca/index.php/edu_hse-rhe/article/view/2357">"Education During the American Occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934"</a>. Historical Studies in Education. 22 (2): 1–17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922014340/https://historicalstudiesineducation.ca/index.php/edu_hse-rhe/article/view/2357">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2022. 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Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/takinghaiti00mary/page/15">15</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taking+Haiti%3A+Military+Occupation+and+the+Culture+of+U.S.+Imperialism+1915%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Chapel+Hill+and+London&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Renda&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftakinghaiti00mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/culture/photo-booth/haiti-u-s-occupation-charlemagne-peralte">"An Iconic Image of Haitian Liberty"</a>. The New Yorker. 28 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922012747/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/photo-booth/haiti-u-s-occupation-charlemagne-peralte">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=An+Iconic+Image+of+Haitian+Liberty&rft.date=2015-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fculture%2Fphoto-booth%2Fhaiti-u-s-occupation-charlemagne-peralte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1971">Schmidt 1971</a>, p. 102 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmer2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Farmer" title="Paul Farmer">Farmer, Paul</a> (2003). The Uses of Haiti. 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California University Press. pp. 180–181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24839-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24839-7"><bdi>978-0-520-24839-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AIDS+and+Accusation%3A+Haiti+and+the+Geography+of+Blame&rft.pages=180-181&rft.pub=California+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24839-7&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wucker-155"><a href="#cite_ref-wucker_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWucker" class="citation web cs1">Wucker, Michele. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_2003/ling001/wucker.html">"Why the Cocks Fight: Dominicans, Haitians and the Struggle for Hispaniola"</a>. 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Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829483-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829483-2"><bdi>978-0-19-829483-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628034131/https://books.google.com/books?id=wadg8bm9_8oC&pg=PA198#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. 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Scarecrow Press. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7810-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7810-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-7810-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628034058/https://books.google.com/books?id=3RbzX4PjxtgC&pg=PA255#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. 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Bradt Travel Guides. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841629230" title="Special:BookSources/9781841629230"><bdi>9781841629230</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628034059/https://books.google.com/books?id=e6AyDQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 9 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haiti&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781841629230&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De6AyDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardiantourism-164"><a href="#cite_ref-guardiantourism_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond2013" class="citation news cs1">Raymond, Prospery (26 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2013/jul/26/haiti-tourism-caribbean-redevelopment">"Tourism can help Haiti return to its halcyon days"</a>. guardian.co.uk. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220923052338/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2013/jul/26/haiti-tourism-caribbean-redevelopment">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=guardian.co.uk&rft.atitle=Tourism+can+help+Haiti+return+to+its+halcyon+days&rft.date=2013-07-26&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Prospery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2Fpoverty-matters%2F2013%2Fjul%2F26%2Fhaiti-tourism-caribbean-redevelopment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradt17-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt17_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt17_165-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt17_165-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt17_165-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt17_165-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt17_165-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt17_165-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt17_165-7">h</a> Clammer, Paul (2016), Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-bryan-166"><a href="#cite_ref-bryan_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan1984" class="citation book cs1">Bryan, Patrick E. 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Praha: Metafora. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-7359-002-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-7359-002-4"><bdi>978-80-7359-002-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+Mad%21&rft.place=Praha&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Metafora&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-80-7359-002-4&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clammer,_Paul-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Clammer,_Paul_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClammer2014" class="citation news cs1">Clammer, Paul (1 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://huffingtonpost.com/paul-clammer/haiti-caribbean-destination_b_2593487.html">"Is Haiti The Caribbean's Best New Destination?"</a>. The Huffington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103094114/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/paul-clammer/haiti-caribbean-destination_b_2593487.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Is+Haiti+The+Caribbean%27s+Best+New+Destination%3F&rft.date=2014-02-01&rft.aulast=Clammer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhuffingtonpost.com%2Fpaul-clammer%2Fhaiti-caribbean-destination_b_2593487.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrams2014" class="citation journal cs1">Abrams, Elliott (November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180811200020/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/getting-rid-of-baby-doc/">"Getting Rid of Baby Doc"</a>. Commentary. 138: 27–30. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-2601">0010-2601</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/getting-rid-of-baby-doc/">the original</a> on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commentary&rft.atitle=Getting+Rid+of+Baby+Doc&rft.volume=138&rft.pages=27-30&rft.date=2014-11&rft.issn=0010-2601&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.aufirst=Elliott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentarymagazine.com%2Farticles%2Fgetting-rid-of-baby-doc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6tkvAAAAIBAJ&pg=7222,4661909">"'Things in Haiti must change,' pope tells Duvalier"</a>. The Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. Associated Press. 10 March 1983. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1064-7317">1064-7317</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163105/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6tkvAAAAIBAJ&pg=7222,4661909">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2019. <q>The Roman Catholic pontiff responded with a stern lecture to the island country's tiny moneyed elite, telling the 31-year-old president-for-life of the Western Hemisphere's poorest country, 'Things must change in Haiti.' ... 'I call on all those who have power, riches and culture so that they can understand the serious and urgent responsibility to help their brothers and sisters,' [<a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>] said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=%27Things+in+Haiti+must+change%2C%27+pope+tells+Duvalier&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1983-03-10&rft.issn=1064-7317&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D6tkvAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D7222%2C4661909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValbrun2011" class="citation news cs1">Valbrun, Marjorie (28 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/28/AR2011012803142.html">"'Baby Doc' Duvalier missed Haiti. That's why he came back"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190720062039/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/28/AR2011012803142.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=%27Baby+Doc%27+Duvalier+missed+Haiti.+That%27s+why+he+came+back&rft.date=2011-01-28&rft.aulast=Valbrun&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2011%2F01%2F28%2FAR2011012803142.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilentz,_Amy2013" class="citation book cs1">Wilentz, Amy, ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l8Nrdxzi-lkC">Farewell, Fred Voodoo: A Letter from Haiti</a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451643978" title="Special:BookSources/9781451643978"><bdi>9781451643978</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Farewell%2C+Fred+Voodoo%3A+A+Letter+from+Haiti&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781451643978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl8Nrdxzi-lkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitney-175"><a href="#cite_ref-Whitney_175-0">^</a> Whitney, Kathleen Marie (1996), "Sin, Fraph, and the CIA: U.S. Covert Action in Haiti", Southwestern Journal of Law and Trade in the Americas, Vol. 3, Issue 2 (1996), pp. 303–32, esp. p. 319. </li> <li id="cite_note-JC-176"><a href="#cite_ref-JC_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1990" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter, Jimmy</a> (30 September 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cartercenter.org/news/documents/doc1379.html">"Haiti's Election Needs Help"</a>. 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(15 November 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180206104600/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/15/news/ex-ruler-of-haiti-faces-human-rights-suit-in-us.html">"Ex-Ruler of Haiti Faces Human Rights Suit in U.S."</a> The New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/15/news/ex-ruler-of-haiti-faces-human-rights-suit-in-us.html">the original</a> on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ex-Ruler+of+Haiti+Faces+Human+Rights+Suit+in+U.S.&rft.date=1991-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F11%2F15%2Fnews%2Fex-ruler-of-haiti-faces-human-rights-suit-in-us.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Anthony Payne and Paul K. Sutton (1993), Modern Caribbean politics. JHU Press, 1993. p90 </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Collins, Edward Jr., Cole, Timothy M. (1996), "Regime Legitimation in Instances of Coup-Caused Governments-in-Exile: The Cases of Presidents Makarios and Aristide", Journal of International Law & Practice 5(2), p 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-CCHaiti-182"><a href="#cite_ref-CCHaiti_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cartercenter.org/countries/haiti.html">"Activities by Country: Haiti"</a>. The Carter Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173124/http://www.cartercenter.org/countries/haiti.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Activities+by+Country%3A+Haiti&rft.pub=The+Carter+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cartercenter.org%2Fcountries%2Fhaiti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManegol1994" class="citation news cs1">Manegol, Catherine S. (16 October 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/16/world/mission-haiti-scene-for-aristide-s-followers-every-step-dance-every-cheer-song.html">"For Aristide's Followers, Every Step Is a Dance, Every Cheer a Song"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922090800/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/16/world/mission-haiti-scene-for-aristide-s-followers-every-step-dance-every-cheer-song.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=For+Aristide%27s+Followers%2C+Every+Step+Is+a+Dance%2C+Every+Cheer+a+Song&rft.date=1994-10-16&rft.aulast=Manegol&rft.aufirst=Catherine+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F10%2F16%2Fworld%2Fmission-haiti-scene-for-aristide-s-followers-every-step-dance-every-cheer-song.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bell-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Bell_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2013" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Beverly (2013). Fault Lines: Views across Haiti's Divide. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 30–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7769-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7769-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-7769-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fault+Lines%3A+Views+across+Haiti%27s+Divide&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=30-38&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-7769-0&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Beverly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hurricanecentral.freeservers.com/Prelim_Reports/1994_Gordon.htm">"Hurricane Gordon 1994"</a>. Hurricane Central. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922111011/http://hurricanecentral.freeservers.com/Prelim_Reports/1994_Gordon.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hurricane+Gordon+1994&rft.pub=Hurricane+Central&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhurricanecentral.freeservers.com%2FPrelim_Reports%2F1994_Gordon.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161007062220/http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/gordon94.html">"Hurricane Gordon 1994"</a>. NOAA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/gordon94.html">the original</a> on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hurricane+Gordon+1994&rft.pub=NOAA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publicaffairs.noaa.gov%2Fgordon94.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2137_95.htm">Haiti: Elections held in 1995</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305135914/http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2137_95.htm">Archived</a> 5 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Inter-Parliamentary Union </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Nohlen" title="Dieter Nohlen">Nohlen, D</a> (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I, p392 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928357-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928357-6">978-0-19-928357-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallward2007" class="citation book cs1">Hallward, P. 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Retrieved 12 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.N.+Brought+Cholera+to+Haiti.+Now+It+Is+Fumbling+Its+Effort+to+Atone&rft.date=2017-06-27&rft.aulast=Gladstone&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F06%2F26%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fcholera-haiti-united-nations-peacekeepers-yemen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradt21-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt21_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt21_210-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt21_210-2">c</a> Clammer, Paul (2016), Bradt Travel Guide – Haiti, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-2951-haiti-inauguration-michel-martelly-56th-president-of-haiti.html">"Haiti – Inauguration : Michel Martelly, 56th President of Haiti"</a>. Haitilibre.com. 14 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922004322/https://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-2951-haiti-inauguration-michel-martelly-56th-president-of-haiti.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haiti+%E2%80%93+Inauguration+%3A+Michel+Martelly%2C+56th+President+of+Haiti&rft.pub=Haitilibre.com&rft.date=2011-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haitilibre.com%2Fen%2Fnews-2951-haiti-inauguration-michel-martelly-56th-president-of-haiti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinger_Thompson2011" class="citation news cs1">Ginger Thompson (19 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/20/world/americas/20haiti.html">"Aristide Says He Is Ready to Follow Duvalier Back to Haiti"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/20/world/americas/20haiti.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Aristide+Says+He+Is+Ready+to+Follow+Duvalier+Back+to+Haiti&rft.date=2011-01-19&rft.au=Ginger+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F01%2F20%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F20haiti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/04/jean-claude-duvalier-baby-doc-haiti-dies">"Jean-Claude Duvalier, former Haitian dictator, dies aged 63"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Jean-Claude+Duvalier%2C+former+Haitian+dictator%2C+dies+aged+63&rft.date=2014-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Foct%2F04%2Fjean-claude-duvalier-baby-doc-haiti-dies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kushner2011-214"><a href="#cite_ref-Kushner2011_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKushner2011" class="citation news cs1">Kushner, Jacob (17 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2011/01/17/cb_haiti_ex_dictator_returns/">"Haiti's 'Baby Doc' in surprise return from exile"</a>. Salon. 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Colonialism, Slavery, Reparations and Trade: Remedying The 'Past'?. Routledge. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-59792-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-59792-3"><bdi>978-1-136-59792-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628034613/https://books.google.com/books?id=SofDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT14#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. 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Retrieved 6 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haiti+Libre&rft.atitle=Haiti+%E2%80%93+FLASH+%3A+The+elections+of+October+9+postponed&rft.date=2016-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haitilibre.com%2Fen%2Fnews-18834-haiti-flash-the-elections-of-october-9-postponed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcep_haiti2016" class="citation web cs1">@cep_haiti (28 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/cep_haiti/status/803456135873363968">"Résultats préliminaires des élections présidentielles du 20 Novembre 2016 pic.twitter.com/i9GsrkkU8p"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9sultats+pr%C3%A9liminaires+des+%C3%A9lections+pr%C3%A9sidentielles+du+20+Novembre+2016+pic.twitter.com%2Fi9GsrkkU8p&rft.date=2016-11-28&rft.au=cep_haiti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fcep_haiti%2Fstatus%2F803456135873363968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrice2016" class="citation news cs1">Brice, Makini (29 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807204157/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-haiti-elecion-idUKKBN13O08L">"Businessman Moise wins Haiti election in first round – provisional results"</a>. 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CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210719150004/https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/19/americas/haiti-acting-pm-claude-joseph-to-step-down-intl/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Haiti%27s+acting+prime+minister+Claude+Joseph+to+step+down+amid+power+struggle+after+president%27s+assassination&rft.date=2021-07-19&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=Caitlin&rft.au=Gall%C3%B3n%2C+Natalie&rft.au=Rivers%2C+Matt&rft.au=Dupain%2C+Etant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F07%2F19%2Famericas%2Fhaiti-acting-pm-claude-joseph-to-step-down-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-58215631">"Haiti struck by deadly 7.2-magnitude earthquake"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 14 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814141827/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-58215631">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Haiti+struck+by+deadly+7.2-magnitude+earthquake&rft.date=2021-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-58215631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavalloLaura_Giles_ÁlvarezAndrew_Powell2021" class="citation web cs1">Cavallo, Eduardo; Laura Giles Álvarez; Andrew Powell (28 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.iadb.org/ideas-matter/en/estimating-the-potential-economic-impact-of-haitis-2021-earthquake/">"Estimating the Potential Economic Impact of Haiti's 2021 Earthquake"</a>. IDB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921215202/https://blogs.iadb.org/ideas-matter/en/estimating-the-potential-economic-impact-of-haitis-2021-earthquake/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IDB&rft.atitle=Estimating+the+Potential+Economic+Impact+of+Haiti%27s+2021+Earthquake&rft.date=2021-09-28&rft.aulast=Cavallo&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft.au=Laura+Giles+%C3%81lvarez&rft.au=Andrew+Powell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.iadb.org%2Fideas-matter%2Fen%2Festimating-the-potential-economic-impact-of-haitis-2021-earthquake%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/10/1102062">"Haiti facing stalled elections, kidnapping surge, rampant insecurity"</a>. UN News. United Nations. 4 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921210751/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/10/1102062">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+News&rft.atitle=Haiti+facing+stalled+elections%2C+kidnapping+surge%2C+rampant+insecurity&rft.date=2021-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.un.org%2Fen%2Fstory%2F2021%2F10%2F1102062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/09/17/haiti-suffers-deadly-demonstrations-against-rise-in-fuel-prices_5997305_4.html">"Haiti suffers deadly demonstrations against rise in fuel prices"</a>. Le Monde. 17 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221008194256/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/09/17/haiti-suffers-deadly-demonstrations-against-rise-in-fuel-prices_5997305_4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Haiti+suffers+deadly+demonstrations+against+rise+in+fuel+prices&rft.date=2022-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Finternational%2Farticle%2F2022%2F09%2F17%2Fhaiti-suffers-deadly-demonstrations-against-rise-in-fuel-prices_5997305_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/haiti-reaches-a-breaking-point-as-the-economy-tanks-and-violence-soars">"Haiti reaches a breaking point as the economy tanks and violence soars"</a>. PBS. 4 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221008194256/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/haiti-reaches-a-breaking-point-as-the-economy-tanks-and-violence-soars">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Haiti+reaches+a+breaking+point+as+the+economy+tanks+and+violence+soars&rft.date=2022-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fworld%2Fhaiti-reaches-a-breaking-point-as-the-economy-tanks-and-violence-soars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2023" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Tom (21 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/21/haiti-un-international-specialized-support-force">"UN calls for foreign intervention in Haiti as violence surges"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328164710/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/21/haiti-un-international-specialized-support-force">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 26 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=UN+calls+for+foreign+intervention+in+Haiti+as+violence+surges&rft.date=2023-03-21&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fmar%2F21%2Fhaiti-un-international-specialized-support-force&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kidnapping-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kidnapping_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kidnapping_232-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilentz2023" class="citation news cs1">Wilentz, Amy (17 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/world/haiti-gangs-ariel-henry-biden/">"Haiti, April 2023: Soon There Will Be No One Left to Kidnap"</a>. The Nation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426135431/https://www.thenation.com/article/world/haiti-gangs-ariel-henry-biden/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 26 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Haiti%2C+April+2023%3A+Soon+There+Will+Be+No+One+Left+to+Kidnap&rft.date=2023-04-17&rft.aulast=Wilentz&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fworld%2Fhaiti-gangs-ariel-henry-biden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-medical_crisis-233"><a href="#cite_ref-medical_crisis_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_C.Robles2024" class="citation news cs1">David C., Adams; Robles, Frances (17 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/17/world/americas/haiti-gang-violence-health.html">"Haiti's Hospitals Survived Cholera and Covid. Gangs Are Closing Them"</a>. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240317162256/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/17/world/americas/haiti-gang-violence-health.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Haiti%27s+Hospitals+Survived+Cholera+and+Covid.+Gangs+Are+Closing+Them.&rft.date=2024-03-17&rft.aulast=David+C.&rft.aufirst=Adams&rft.au=Robles%2C+Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F03%2F17%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fhaiti-gang-violence-health.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/haiti-prime-minister-gangs-resign-e583a191a2f800bc63752220a47dec0d">"Haiti's prime minister is locked out of his country and faces pressure to resign"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Associated Press News">Associated Press News</a>. 6 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240306214053/https://apnews.com/article/haiti-prime-minister-gangs-resign-e583a191a2f800bc63752220a47dec0d">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press+News&rft.atitle=Haiti%27s+prime+minister+is+locked+out+of+his+country+and+faces+pressure+to+resign&rft.date=2024-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fhaiti-prime-minister-gangs-resign-e583a191a2f800bc63752220a47dec0d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sworn_in-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sworn_in_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sworn_in_235-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobenson2024" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Robenson, Geffrard (25 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lenouvelliste.com/article/247858/les-membres-du-conseil-presidentiel-de-transition-ont-prete-serment-tot-jeudi-25-avril-2024-au-palais-national">"Les membres du Conseil présidentiel de transition ont prêté serment, tôt jeudi 25 avril 2024, au Palais national"</a>. Le Nouvelliste (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240426122820/https://lenouvelliste.com/article/247858/les-membres-du-conseil-presidentiel-de-transition-ont-prete-serment-tot-jeudi-25-avril-2024-au-palais-national">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Nouvelliste&rft.atitle=Les+membres+du+Conseil+pr%C3%A9sidentiel+de+transition+ont+pr%C3%AAt%C3%A9+serment%2C+t%C3%B4t+jeudi+25+avril+2024%2C+au+Palais+national&rft.date=2024-04-25&rft.aulast=Robenson&rft.aufirst=Geffrard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flenouvelliste.com%2Farticle%2F247858%2Fles-membres-du-conseil-presidentiel-de-transition-ont-prete-serment-tot-jeudi-25-avril-2024-au-palais-national&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/today/placesinthenews/archive/2010arch/20100114_haiti.html">"Geography: Haiti"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809172231/https://www.loc.gov/today/placesinthenews/archive/2010arch/20100114_haiti.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Geography%3A+Haiti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Ftoday%2Fplacesinthenews%2Farchive%2F2010arch%2F20100114_haiti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/caribb/haiti/htland.htm">"Geography: Haiti"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929181413/https://www.worldatlas.com/maps/haiti">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geography%3A+Haiti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Fwebimage%2Fcountrys%2Fnamerica%2Fcaribb%2Fhaiti%2Fhtland.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_238-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_238-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_238-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_238-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_238-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_238-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_238-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_238-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_238-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_238-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_238-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_238-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_–_Haiti_238-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/">"CIA World Factbook – Haiti"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209014627/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Haiti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fhaiti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NgCheong-Lum,_Roseline_19-239"><a href="#cite_ref-NgCheong-Lum,_Roseline_19_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgCheong-Lum2005" class="citation book cs1">NgCheong-Lum, Roseline (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FUSD2v4EQE8C">Haiti (Cultures of the World)</a>. New York: Times Editions. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1968-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1968-6"><bdi>978-0-7614-1968-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144429/https://books.google.com/books?id=FUSD2v4EQE8C">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2023. 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Yes, the Haitians Care"</a>. Port-au-Prince Journal (reprinted in New York Times). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408000212/http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/haiti/rock.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2022. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/haiti#/?affiliations_religion_id=11&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries+Countries&restrictions_year=2015">the original</a> on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=globalreligiousfutures.org&rft.atitle=Religions+in+Haiti+%E2%80%93+PEW-GRF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalreligiousfutures.org%2Fcountries%2Fhaiti%23%2F%3Faffiliations_religion_id%3D11%26affiliations_year%3D2010%26region_name%3DAll%2520Countries%2BCountries%26restrictions_year%3D2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReyStepick2013-360"><a href="#cite_ref-ReyStepick2013_360-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReyStepick2013" class="citation book cs1">Rey, Terry; Stepick, Alex (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=40SIdXeUEhUC&pg=PA6">Crossing the Water and Keeping the Faith: Haitian Religion in Miami</a>. NYU Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-2077-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-2077-1"><bdi>978-1-4798-2077-1</bdi></a>. <q>With no indications of any subsequent decline in Protestant affiliation either in Port-au-Prince or the countryside, one could reasonably estimate that today Haiti is already more than one-third Protestant</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossing+the+Water+and+Keeping+the+Faith%3A+Haitian+Religion+in+Miami&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4798-2077-1&rft.aulast=Rey&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Stepick%2C+Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D40SIdXeUEhUC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2014" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Morgan (13 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2014/november/sorry-pope-francis-protestants-catholics-latin-america-pew.html">"Sorry, Pope Francis: Protestants Are Converting Catholics Across Latin America"</a>. News & Reporting.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+%26+Reporting&rft.atitle=Sorry%2C+Pope+Francis%3A+Protestants+Are+Converting+Catholics+Across+Latin+America&rft.date=2014-11-13&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2Fnovember%2Fsorry-pope-francis-protestants-catholics-latin-america-pew.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/religion-in-latin-america/">"Religion in Latin America"</a>. 13 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+in+Latin+America&rft.date=2014-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2014%2F11%2F13%2Freligion-in-latin-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2006/10/05/overview-pentecostalism-in-latin-america/">"Overview: Pentecostalism in Latin America"</a>. 5 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview%3A+Pentecostalism+in+Latin+America&rft.date=2006-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2006%2F10%2F05%2Foverview-pentecostalism-in-latin-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlier1995" class="citation book cs1">Blier, Suzanne Preston (1995). "Vodun: West African Roots of Vodou". In Donald J., Cosentino (ed.). Sacred Arts of Haitian Vodou. Los Angeles: UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History. pp. 61–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930741-47-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930741-47-1"><bdi>978-0-930741-47-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vodun%3A+West+African+Roots+of+Vodou&rft.btitle=Sacred+Arts+of+Haitian+Vodou&rft.pages=61-87&rft.pub=Los+Angeles%3A+UCLA+Fowler+Museum+of+Cultural+History&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-930741-47-1&rft.aulast=Blier&rft.aufirst=Suzanne+Preston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAlister1998" class="citation book cs1">McAlister, Elizabeth (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.wesleyan.edu/object/relifp-46">"The Madonna of 115th St. Revisited: Vodou and Haitian Catholicism in the Age of Transnationalism"</a>. In Warner, S. (ed.). Gatherings in Diaspora. Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-614-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-614-1"><bdi>978-1-56639-614-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Madonna+of+115th+St.+Revisited%3A+Vodou+and+Haitian+Catholicism+in+the+Age+of+Transnationalism&rft.btitle=Gatherings+in+Diaspora&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Temple+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56639-614-1&rft.aulast=McAlister&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.wesleyan.edu%2Fobject%2Frelifp-46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRey,_TerryStepick,_Alex2013" class="citation book cs1">Rey, Terry; Stepick, Alex, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UT0nAAAAQBAJ">Crossing the Water and Keeping the Faith Haitian Religion in Miami</a>. NYU Press. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814777084" title="Special:BookSources/9780814777084"><bdi>9780814777084</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossing+the+Water+and+Keeping+the+Faith+Haitian+Religion+in+Miami&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780814777084&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUT0nAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150412002239/http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/projet/Rapport-OIF-2014.pdf">La langue française dans le monde 2014</a> (PDF). Nathan. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-09-882654-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-09-882654-0"><bdi>978-2-09-882654-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/projet/Rapport-OIF-2014.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+langue+fran%C3%A7aise+dans+le+monde+2014&rft.pub=Nathan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-09-882654-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.francophonie.org%2FLangue-Francaise-2014%2Fprojet%2FRapport-OIF-2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> À ce propos, voir l'essai Prétendus Créolismes : le couteau dans l'igname, Jean-Robert Léonidas, Cidihca, Montréal 1995 </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-haiti.html">"What Languages Are Spoken in Haiti?"</a>. 29 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Languages+Are+Spoken+in+Haiti%3F&rft.date=2019-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fwhat-languages-are-spoken-in-haiti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalpressjournal.com/americas/haiti/schools-teaching-creole-instead-french-rise-haiti/">"Schools Teaching in Creole Instead of French on the Rise in Haiti"</a>. 13 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schools+Teaching+in+Creole+Instead+of+French+on+the+Rise+in+Haiti&rft.date=2019-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalpressjournal.com%2Famericas%2Fhaiti%2Fschools-teaching-creole-instead-french-rise-haiti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdman" class="citation journal cs1">Valdman, Albert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626233455/http://www.indiana.edu/~creole/creolenatllangofhaiti.html">"Creole: The National Language of Haiti"</a>. Footsteps. 2 (4). Indiana University Creole Institute: 36–39. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~creole/creolenatllangofhaiti.html">the original</a> on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Footsteps&rft.atitle=Creole%3A+The+National+Language+of+Haiti&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=36-39&rft.aulast=Valdman&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~creole%2Fcreolenatllangofhaiti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://celtop.sitehost.iu.edu/portal/Haitian%20Creole/index.html">"Haitian Creole"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a> – Center for Language Technology. Retrieved 4 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indiana+University+%E2%80%93+Center+for+Language+Technology&rft.atitle=Haitian+Creole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fceltop.sitehost.iu.edu%2Fportal%2FHaitian%2520Creole%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdman" class="citation web cs1">Valdman, Albert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626233455/http://www.indiana.edu/~creole/creolenatllangofhaiti.html">"Creole: National Language of Haiti"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~creole/creolenatllangofhaiti.html">the original</a> on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Creole%3A+National+Language+of+Haiti&rft.pub=Indiana+University&rft.aulast=Valdman&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~creole%2Fcreolenatllangofhaiti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonenfant1989" class="citation web cs1">Bonenfant, Jacques L. (December 1989). Haggerty, Richard A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924014030/http://www.fmuniv.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/History_of_haitian_review_of_higher_education.pdf">"History of Haitian-Creole: From Pidgin to Lingua Franca and English Influence on the Language"</a> (PDF). Library of Congress Federal Research Division. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmuniv.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/History_of_haitian_review_of_higher_education.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Haitian-Creole%3A+From+Pidgin+to+Lingua+Franca+and+English+Influence+on+the+Language&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Federal+Research+Division&rft.date=1989-12&rft.aulast=Bonenfant&rft.aufirst=Jacques+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmuniv.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F12%2FHistory_of_haitian_review_of_higher_education.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HammondCanadaHaiti2010-375"><a href="#cite_ref-HammondCanadaHaiti2010_375-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2010" class="citation web cs1">Hammond, Stuart (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202034558/http://canadahaitiaction.ca/canada-haiti-history">"Canada and Haiti: A brief history"</a>. Canada Haiti Action Network. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canadahaitiaction.ca/canada-haiti-history">the original</a> on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada+Haiti+Action+Network&rft.atitle=Canada+and+Haiti%3A+A+brief+history&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcanadahaitiaction.ca%2Fcanada-haiti-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PBSResourceBank-376"><a href="#cite_ref-PBSResourceBank_376-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063339/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3p466.html">"People & Events French West Indian refugees in Philadelphia 1792 – 1800"</a>. PBS.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3p466.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS.org&rft.atitle=People+%26+Events+French+West+Indian+refugees+in+Philadelphia+1792+%E2%80%93+1800&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Faia%2Fpart3%2F3p466.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kinzie_1856_190-377"><a href="#cite_ref-Kinzie_1856_190_377-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKinzie1856">Kinzie 1856</a>, p. 190 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meehan_1963_445-378"><a href="#cite_ref-Meehan_1963_445_378-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeehan1963">Meehan 1963</a>, p. 445 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohn2009-379"><a href="#cite_ref-Cohn2009_379-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn2009" class="citation book cs1">Cohn, Scotti (2009). It Happened in Chicago. Globe Pequot Press. pp. 2–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-5056-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-5056-6"><bdi>978-0-7627-5056-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It+Happened+in+Chicago&rft.pages=2-4&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-5056-6&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Scotti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> Lewis, p. 18.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">incomplete short citation</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181022224755/http://menfp.gouv.ht/">"Ministry of Education"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Doc%3A+Kanaval&rft.date=2014-03-19&rft.aulast=DeGennaro&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmagazine.nd.edu%2Fnews%2F47009-global-doc-kanaval%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-420"><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171117122814/http://www.haitianmusic.net/haitian-folk-music/rara">"Rara | Haitian Music"</a>. Haitian Music. 17 April 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haitianmusic.net/haitian-folk-music/rara">the original</a> on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haitian+Music&rft.atitle=Rara+%7C+Haitian+Music&rft.date=2012-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haitianmusic.net%2Fhaitian-folk-music%2Frara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://music.si.edu/story/rara-vodou-power-and-performance">"Rara: Vodou, Power, and Performance"</a>. Smithsonian Music. 8 March 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Music&rft.atitle=Rara%3A+Vodou%2C+Power%2C+and+Performance&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusic.si.edu%2Fstory%2Frara-vodou-power-and-performance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToman2012" class="citation web cs1">Toman, Chris (13 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mlb.com/news/blue-jays-helping-bring-baseball-to-haiti/c-31222026">"Blue Jays helping bring baseball to Haiti"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blue+Jays+helping+bring+baseball+to+Haiti&rft.pub=Major+League+Baseball&rft.date=2012-05-13&rft.aulast=Toman&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlb.com%2Fnews%2Fblue-jays-helping-bring-baseball-to-haiti%2Fc-31222026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sport-423"><a href="#cite_ref-sport_423-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur2002" class="citation book cs1">Arthur, Charles (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XCi9jFR6v1oC&pg=PA82">Haiti in Focus: A Guide to the People, Politics, and Culture</a>. Interlink Pub Group Inc. pp. 82–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56656-359-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56656-359-8"><bdi>978-1-56656-359-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haiti+in+Focus%3A+A+Guide+to+the+People%2C+Politics%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=82-83&rft.pub=Interlink+Pub+Group+Inc&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-56656-359-8&rft.aulast=Arthur&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXCi9jFR6v1oC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-424"><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caribbeanandco.com/history-caribbean-teams-fifa-world-cup/">"History of Caribbean teams in the FIFA World Cup"</a>. Retrieved 2 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Caribbean+teams+in+the+FIFA+World+Cup&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caribbeanandco.com%2Fhistory-caribbean-teams-fifa-world-cup%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-425"><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwen_MacAskill2010" class="citation news cs1">Ewen MacAskill (10 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2010/jun/10/world-cup-2010-usa-1950-england">"World Cup 2010: How the USA's 1950 amateurs upset England and the odds"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=World+Cup+2010%3A+How+the+USA%27s+1950+amateurs+upset+England+and+the+odds&rft.date=2010-06-10&rft.au=Ewen+MacAskill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffootball%2Fblog%2F2010%2Fjun%2F10%2Fworld-cup-2010-usa-1950-england&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Haiti" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Haiti">Haiti</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Arthur, Charles. Haiti in Focus: A Guide to the People, Politics, and Culture. Interlink Publishing Group (2002). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56656-359-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56656-359-3">1-56656-359-3</a>.</li> <li>Dayan, Colin. Haiti, History, and the Gods. University of California Press (1998).</li> <li>Ferrer, Ada. Freedom's Mirror: Cuba and Haiti in the Age of Revolution. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Geggus, David (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F13822373-90002615">"The Naming of Haiti"</a>. NWIG: New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 71 (1/2): 43–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F13822373-90002615">10.1163/13822373-90002615</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1382-2373">1382-2373</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41849817">41849817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NWIG%3A+New+West+Indian+Guide+%2F+Nieuwe+West-Indische+Gids&rft.atitle=The+Naming+of+Haiti&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=43-68&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=1382-2373&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41849817%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F13822373-90002615&rft.aulast=Geggus&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F13822373-90002615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Girard, Philippe. Haiti: The Tumultuous History (New York: Palgrave, September 2010).</li> <li>Hadden, Robert Lee and Steven G. Minson. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA528274">The Geology of Haiti: An Annotated Bibliography of Haiti's Geology, Geography and Earth Science</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200111034200/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a528274.pdf">Archived</a> 11 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. US Army Corps of Engineers, Army Geospatial Center. July 2010.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinl1996" class="citation book cs1">Heinl, Robert (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761802303">Written in Blood: The History of the Haitian People</a>. Lantham, Md.: University Press of America.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Written+in+Blood%3A+The+History+of+the+Haitian+People&rft.place=Lantham%2C+Md.&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Heinl&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780761802303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinzie1856" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Augusta_Magill_Kinzie" class="mw-redirect" title="Juliette Augusta Magill Kinzie">Kinzie, Juliette</a> (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waubunearlydayin00kinz">Wau-Bun, the "Early Day" in the North-West</a>. Derby and Jackson. Retrieved 25 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wau-Bun%2C+the+%22Early+Day%22+in+the+North-West&rft.pub=Derby+and+Jackson&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Kinzie&rft.aufirst=Juliette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaubunearlydayin00kinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovats-Bernat,_J._Christopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kovats-Bernat, J. Christopher">Kovats-Bernat, J. Christopher</a>. Sleeping Rough in Port-au-Prince: An Ethnography of Street Children and Violence in Haiti. University Press of Florida (2008). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-3302-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-3302-0">978-0-8130-3302-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeehan1963" class="citation journal cs1">Meehan, Thomas A. (1963). "Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, the First Chicagoan". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 56 (3): 439–453. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40190620">40190620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Illinois+State+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Jean+Baptiste+Point+du+Sable%2C+the+First+Chicagoan&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=439-453&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40190620%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meehan&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Prichard, Hesketh. Where Black Rules White: A Journey Across and About Hayti. These are exact reproductions of a book published before 1923: (Nabu Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-146-67652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-146-67652-6">978-1-146-67652-6</a>, 5 March 2010); (Wermod and Wermod Publishing Group, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9561835-8-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9561835-8-3">978-0-9561835-8-3</a>, 15 October 2012).</li> <li>Robinson, Randall. <a href="/wiki/An_Unbroken_Agony:_Haiti,_From_Revolution_to_the_Kidnapping_of_a_President" class="mw-redirect" title="An Unbroken Agony: Haiti, From Revolution to the Kidnapping of a President">An Unbroken Agony: Haiti, From Revolution to the Kidnapping of a President</a>. Basic Civitas (2007). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-07050-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-07050-7">0-465-07050-7</a>.</li> <li>Wilentz, Amy. The Rainy Season: Haiti Since Duvalier. Simon & Schuster (1990). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-70628-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-70628-4">0-671-70628-4</a>.</li> <li>Marquis, John. Papa Doc: Portrait of a Haitian Tyrant (LMH Publishing, 2007)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Haiti at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Haiti" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Haiti">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Haiti" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Haiti">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Haiti" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Haiti">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Haiti" class="extiw" title="q:Haiti">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Haiti" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Haiti">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Haiti" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Haiti">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Haiti" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Haiti">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Haiti" class="extiw" title="voy:Haiti">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> Government <ul><li>(in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://primature.gouv.ht/">Prime Minister of Haiti</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150417051738/http://primature.gouv.ht/">Archived</a> 17 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>(in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180808161437/http://parlementhaitien.ht/">Haitian Parliament</a> (archived 8 August 2018)</li> <li>(in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mspp.gouv.ht/">Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population</a></li></ul> General information <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visithaiti.com/">Visit Haiti</a> Official Tourism Website</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamplin1880" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Denison_Champlin_Jr." title="John Denison Champlin Jr.">Champlin, John Denison</a> (1880). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Hayti">"Hayti" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. XI (9th ed.). pp. 543–546.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hayti&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=543-546&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Champlin&rft.aufirst=John+Denison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Haiti">"Haiti" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 824–827.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Haiti&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=824-827&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaiti" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/">Haiti</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607084933/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/haiti.htm">Haiti</a> at UCB Libraries GovPubs (archived 7 June 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2001023524/">A Country Study: Haiti</a> from the US <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> (December 1989).</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Haiti" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Haiti">Wikimedia Atlas of Haiti</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1202772.stm">Haiti profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newint.org/columns/country/2011/06/01/haiti/">Country Profile</a> at <a href="/wiki/New_Internationalist" title="New Internationalist">New Internationalist</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gvsu.edu/haitiwater">Web Site about Safe and Sustainable Water Solutions for Haiti</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Haiti_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Haiti_topics" title="Template:Haiti topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Haiti_topics" title="Template talk:Haiti topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Haiti_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Haiti topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Haiti_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haiti</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Haiti-related_articles" title="Index of Haiti-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Haitian_history" title="Timeline of Haitian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiefdoms_of_Hispaniola" title="Chiefdoms of Hispaniola">Taíno chiefdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Captaincy General of Santo Domingo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Santo_Domingo" title="List of colonial governors of Santo Domingo">Colonial governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Maroons" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Maroons">Maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick" title="Peace of Ryswick">Peace of Ryswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Saint-Domingue" title="List of colonial governors of Saint-Domingue">Colonial governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Jeune_Case" title="Le Jeune Case">Le Jeune Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_Haiti_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="1804 Haiti massacre">1804 massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Haiti" title="State of Haiti">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Haiti" title="Kingdom of Haiti">Kingdom</a></li> <li>Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1806%E2%80%931820)" title="Republic of Haiti (1806–1820)">1806–1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1820%E2%80%931849)" title="Republic of Haiti (1820–1849)">1820–1849</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_occupation_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo">Unification of Hispaniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1859%E2%80%931957)" title="Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)">Post-imperial Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">U.S. occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duvalier_dynasty" title="Duvalier dynasty">Duvalier dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Duvalier_protest_movement" title="Anti-Duvalier protest movement">Anti-Duvalier protest movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Haitian coup d'état">1991 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2004 Haitian coup d'état">2004 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">2010 earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_Haiti_cholera_outbreak" title="2010s Haiti cholera outbreak">2010s cholera outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Matthew_in_Haiti" title="Effects of Hurricane Matthew in Haiti">Hurricane Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_crisis_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Haitian crisis (2018–present)">Crisis (2018–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gang_war_in_Haiti" title="Gang war in Haiti">Gang war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Haitian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Haitian crisis">2022 crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haiti" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Haiti">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Haiti_earthquake" title="2021 Haiti earthquake">2021 earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Haiti" title="List of massacres in Haiti">List of massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revolutions_and_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_Haiti" title="List of revolutions and coups d'état in Haiti">List of revolutions and coups d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Haiti" title="Geography of Haiti">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Haiti" title="Administrative divisions of Haiti">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Haiti" title="Arrondissements of Haiti">Arrondissements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Haiti_border" title="Dominican Republic–Haiti border">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Haiti" title="List of cities in Haiti">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Haiti" title="Deforestation in Haiti">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Haiti" title="Departments of Haiti">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Haiti" title="List of earthquakes in Haiti">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Haiti" title="Environment of Haiti">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Haiti" title="List of islands of Haiti">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Haiti" title="List of national parks of Haiti">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Haiti" title="List of rivers of Haiti">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Haiti" title="Wildlife of Haiti">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Caribbean">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Haiti" title="Politics of Haiti">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Haiti" title="Constitution of Haiti">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Haiti" title="Elections in Haiti">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Haiti" title="Foreign relations of Haiti">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Haiti" title="Government of Haiti">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Haiti" title="Human rights in Haiti">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Haiti">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Haiti" title="Law enforcement in Haiti">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Haiti" title="Armed Forces of Haiti">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commanders-in-chief_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Haiti" title="List of commanders-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Haiti">Commanders-in-chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Haiti)" title="National Assembly (Haiti)">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Haiti)" title="Senate (Haiti)">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Haiti)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Haiti)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in Haiti">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Haiti" title="President of Haiti">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Haiti" title="List of heads of state of Haiti">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Haiti" title="Prime Minister of Haiti">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Haiti" title="List of prime ministers of Haiti">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Haiti" title="Supreme Court of Haiti">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti" title="Economy of Haiti">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Haiti" title="Agriculture in Haiti">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Haiti" title="Bank of the Republic of Haiti">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_debt_of_Haiti" title="External debt of Haiti">External debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Haiti" title="Foreign aid to Haiti">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_gourde" title="Haitian gourde">Gourde (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Haiti" title="Poverty in Haiti">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Haiti" title="Telecommunications in Haiti">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Haiti" title="Tourism in Haiti">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Haiti" title="Transport in Haiti">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Haiti" title="Category:Society of Haiti">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Haiti" title="Crime in Haiti">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Haiti" title="Demographics of Haiti">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Haiti" title="Education in Haiti">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Haiti" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Haiti">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Haiti" title="Health in Haiti">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Haitians" title="List of Haitians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Haiti" title="Squatting in Haiti">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Haiti" title="Water supply and sanitation in Haiti">Water and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Haiti" title="Culture of Haiti">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art" title="Haitian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti" title="Coat of arms of Haiti">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Haiti" title="Cinema of Haiti">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadelle_Laferri%C3%A8re" title="Citadelle Laferrière">Citadelle Laferrière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Haiti" title="Flag of Haiti">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Haiti">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_literature" title="Haitian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Haiti" title="Mass media in Haiti">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_mythology" title="Haitian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Dessalinienne" title="La Dessalinienne">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sans-Souci_Palace" title="Sans-Souci Palace">Sans-Souci Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Haiti" title="Public holidays in Haiti">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Haiti" title="Television in Haiti">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Marron_Inconnu" title="Le Marron Inconnu">The Unknown Maroon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Haiti" title="Outline of Haiti">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Haiti-related_articles" title="Index of Haiti-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Haiti" title="Category:Haiti">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Haiti" title="Portal:Haiti">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23px&#124;Flag_of_Haiti_Departments,_arrondissements_and_communes_of_Haiti" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communes_of_Haiti" title="Template:Communes of Haiti"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communes_of_Haiti" title="Template talk:Communes of Haiti"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communes_of_Haiti" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communes of Haiti"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23px&#124;Flag_of_Haiti_Departments,_arrondissements_and_communes_of_Haiti" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Haiti.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Haiti"><img alt="Flag of Haiti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Haiti" title="Departments of Haiti">Departments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Haiti" title="Arrondissements of Haiti">arrondissements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Communes of Haiti">communes</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haiti</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artibonite_(department)" title="Artibonite (department)">Artibonite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dessalines_Arrondissement" title="Dessalines Arrondissement">Dessalines Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desdunes" title="Desdunes">Desdunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessalines" title="Dessalines">Dessalines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Saline,_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande Saline, Haiti">Grande Saline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petite_Rivi%C3%A8re_de_l%27Artibonite" title="Petite Rivière de l'Artibonite">Petite Rivière de l'Artibonite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gona%C3%AFves_Arrondissement" title="Gonaïves Arrondissement">Gonaïves Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ennery,_Artibonite" title="Ennery, Artibonite">Ennery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Est%C3%A8re" title="L'Estère">L'Estère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gona%C3%AFves" title="Gonaïves">Gonaïves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gros-Morne_Arrondissement" title="Gros-Morne Arrondissement">Gros-Morne Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anse-Rouge" title="Anse-Rouge">Anse-Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gros-Morne,_Haiti" title="Gros-Morne, Haiti">Gros-Morne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre-Neuve,_Artibonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Terre-Neuve, Artibonite">Terre-Neuve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marmelade_Arrondissement" title="Marmelade Arrondissement">Marmelade Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marmelade" title="Marmelade">Marmelade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Michel-de-l%27Atalaye" title="Saint-Michel-de-l'Atalaye">Saint-Michel-de-l'Atalaye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Marc_Arrondissement" title="Saint-Marc Arrondissement">Saint-Marc Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Chapelle,_Artibonite" class="mw-redirect" title="La Chapelle, Artibonite">La Chapelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Marc" title="Saint-Marc">Saint-Marc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrettes" title="Verrettes">Verrettes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Haiti_communes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Haiti_communes.png/150px-Haiti_communes.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Haiti_communes.png/225px-Haiti_communes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Haiti_communes.png/300px-Haiti_communes.png 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="849" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Centre_(department)" title="Centre (department)">Centre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerca-la-Source_Arrondissement" title="Cerca-la-Source Arrondissement">Cerca-la-Source Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerca-la-Source" title="Cerca-la-Source">Cerca-la-Source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomassique" title="Thomassique">Thomassique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hinche_Arrondissement" title="Hinche Arrondissement">Hinche Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerca-Cavajal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerca-Cavajal">Cerca-Cavajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinche" title="Hinche">Hinche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%AFssade" title="Maïssade">Maïssade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomonde" title="Thomonde">Thomonde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lascahobas_Arrondissement" title="Lascahobas Arrondissement">Lascahobas Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellad%C3%A8re" title="Belladère">Belladère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lascahobas" title="Lascahobas">Lascahobas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savanette" title="Savanette">Savanette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mirebalais_Arrondissement" title="Mirebalais Arrondissement">Mirebalais Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boucan-Carr%C3%A9" title="Boucan-Carré">Boucan-Carré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirebalais" title="Mirebalais">Mirebalais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saut-d%27Eau" title="Saut-d'Eau">Saut-d'Eau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand%27Anse_(department)" title="Grand'Anse (department)">Grand'Anse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anse_d%27Hainault_Arrondissement" title="Anse d'Hainault Arrondissement">Anse d'Hainault Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anse-d%27Hainault" title="Anse-d'Hainault">Anse-d'Hainault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dame-Marie,_Grand%27Anse" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame-Marie, Grand'Anse">Dame-Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Irois" title="Les Irois">Les Irois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corail_Arrondissement" title="Corail Arrondissement">Corail Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont,_Grand%27Anse" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaumont, Grand'Anse">Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corail,_Grand%27Anse" class="mw-redirect" title="Corail, Grand'Anse">Corail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pestel,_Grand%27Anse" class="mw-redirect" title="Pestel, Grand'Anse">Pestel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roseaux" title="Roseaux">Roseaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%A9mie_Arrondissement" title="Jérémie Arrondissement">Jérémie Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abricots" title="Abricots">Abricots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonbon,_Grand%27Anse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonbon, Grand'Anse">Bonbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambellan" title="Chambellan">Chambellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%A9mie" title="Jérémie">Jérémie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moron,_Grand%27Anse" class="mw-redirect" title="Moron, Grand'Anse">Moron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nippes" title="Nippes">Nippes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anse-%C3%A0-Veau_Arrondissement" title="Anse-à-Veau Arrondissement">Anse-à-Veau Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anse-%C3%A0-Veau" title="Anse-à-Veau">Anse-à-Veau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Asile" title="L'Asile">L'Asile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barad%C3%A8res" title="Baradères">Baradères</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit-Trou-de-Nippes" title="Petit-Trou-de-Nippes">Petit-Trou-de-Nippes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mirago%C3%A2ne_Arrondissement" title="Miragoâne Arrondissement">Miragoâne Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirago%C3%A2ne" title="Miragoâne">Miragoâne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petite-Rivi%C3%A8re-de-Nippes" title="Petite-Rivière-de-Nippes">Petite-Rivière-de-Nippes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nord_(Haitian_department)" title="Nord (Haitian department)">Nord</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acul-du-Nord_Arrondissement" title="Acul-du-Nord Arrondissement">Acul du Nord Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acul-du-Nord" title="Acul-du-Nord">Acul-du-Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milot,_Haiti" title="Milot, Haiti">Milot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaine-du-Nord" title="Plaine-du-Nord">Plaine-du-Nord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Borgne_Arrondissement" title="Borgne Arrondissement">Borgne Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borgne" title="Borgne">Borgne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port-Margot" title="Port-Margot">Port-Margot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cap-Ha%C3%AFtien_Arrondissement" title="Cap-Haïtien Arrondissement">Cap-Haïtien Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cap-Ha%C3%AFtien" title="Cap-Haïtien">Cap-Haïtien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limonade" title="Limonade">Limonade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartier-Morin" title="Quartier-Morin">Quartier-Morin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grande-Rivi%C3%A8re-du-Nord_Arrondissement" title="Grande-Rivière-du-Nord Arrondissement">Grande-Rivière-du-Nord Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bahon,_Haiti" title="Bahon, Haiti">Bahon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Grande-Rivi%C3%A8re-du-Nord" title="Grande-Rivière-du-Nord">Grande-Rivière-du-Nord</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limb%C3%A9_Arrondissement" title="Limbé Arrondissement">Limbé Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bas-Limb%C3%A9" title="Bas-Limbé">Bas-Limbé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limb%C3%A9,_Nord" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbé, Nord">Limbé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plaisance_Arrondissement" title="Plaisance Arrondissement">Plaisance Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilate,_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilate, Haiti">Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaisance,_Nord" title="Plaisance, Nord">Plaisance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Rapha%C3%ABl_Arrondissement" title="Saint-Raphaël Arrondissement">Saint-Raphaël Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dondon" title="Dondon">Dondon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Victoire,_Haiti" title="La Victoire, Haiti">La Victoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pignon" title="Pignon">Pignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranquitte" title="Ranquitte">Ranquitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Rapha%C3%ABl,_Haiti" title="Saint-Raphaël, Haiti">Saint-Raphaël</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nord-Est_(department)" title="Nord-Est (department)">Nord-Est</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fort-Libert%C3%A9_Arrondissement" title="Fort-Liberté Arrondissement">Fort-Liberté Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort-Libert%C3%A9" title="Fort-Liberté">Fort-Liberté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perches,_Haiti" title="Perches, Haiti">Perches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrier,_Haiti" title="Ferrier, Haiti">Ferrier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ouanaminthe_Arrondissement" title="Ouanaminthe Arrondissement">Ouanaminthe Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capotille" title="Capotille">Capotille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont-Organis%C3%A9" title="Mont-Organisé">Mont-Organisé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouanaminthe" title="Ouanaminthe">Ouanaminthe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trou-du-Nord_Arrondissement" title="Trou-du-Nord Arrondissement">Trou-du-Nord Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caracol,_Haiti" title="Caracol, Haiti">Caracol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Suzanne,_Haiti" title="Sainte-Suzanne, Haiti">Sainte-Suzanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrier-Rouge" title="Terrier-Rouge">Terrier-Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trou-du-Nord" title="Trou-du-Nord">Trou-du-Nord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Valli%C3%A8res_Arrondissement" title="Vallières Arrondissement">Vallières Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carice" title="Carice">Carice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mombin-Crochu" title="Mombin-Crochu">Mombin-Crochu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valli%C3%A8res,_Nord-Est" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallières, Nord-Est">Vallières</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nord-Ouest_(department)" title="Nord-Ouest (department)">Nord-Ouest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4le-Saint-Nicolas_Arrondissement" title="Môle-Saint-Nicolas Arrondissement">Môle-Saint-Nicolas Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baie-de-Henne" title="Baie-de-Henne">Baie-de-Henne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardopolis" title="Bombardopolis">Bombardopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Rabel" title="Jean-Rabel">Jean-Rabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4le-Saint-Nicolas" title="Môle-Saint-Nicolas">Môle-Saint-Nicolas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port-de-Paix_Arrondissement" title="Port-de-Paix Arrondissement">Port-de-Paix Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bassin-Bleu" title="Bassin-Bleu">Bassin-Bleu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chansolme" title="Chansolme">Chansolme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">La Tortue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port-de-Paix" title="Port-de-Paix">Port-de-Paix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis-du-Nord_Arrondissement" title="Saint-Louis-du-Nord Arrondissement">Saint-Louis-du-Nord Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anse-%C3%A0-Foleur" title="Anse-à-Foleur">Anse-à-Foleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis-du-Nord" title="Saint-Louis-du-Nord">Saint-Louis-du-Nord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ouest_(department)" title="Ouest (department)">Ouest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arcahaie_Arrondissement" title="Arcahaie Arrondissement">Arcahaie Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcahaie" title="Arcahaie">Arcahaie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabaret,_Ouest" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabaret, Ouest">Cabaret</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Croix-des-Bouquets_Arrondissement" title="Croix-des-Bouquets Arrondissement">Croix-des-Bouquets Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornillon,_Ouest" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornillon, Ouest">Cornillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croix-des-Bouquets" title="Croix-des-Bouquets">Croix-des-Bouquets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonds-Verrettes" title="Fonds-Verrettes">Fonds-Verrettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganthier" title="Ganthier">Ganthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomazeau" title="Thomazeau">Thomazeau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/La_Gon%C3%A2ve_Arrondissement" class="mw-redirect" title="La Gonâve Arrondissement">La Gonâve Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anse-%C3%A0-Galets" title="Anse-à-Galets">Anse-à-Galets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe-%C3%A0-Raquette" title="Pointe-à-Raquette">Pointe-à-Raquette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9og%C3%A2ne_Arrondissement" title="Léogâne Arrondissement">Léogâne Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand-Go%C3%A2ve" title="Grand-Goâve">Grand-Goâve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9og%C3%A2ne" title="Léogâne">Léogâne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit-Go%C3%A2ve" title="Petit-Goâve">Petit-Goâve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince_Arrondissement" title="Port-au-Prince Arrondissement">Port-au-Prince Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrefour,_Haiti" title="Carrefour, Haiti">Carrefour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmas,_Ouest" class="mw-redirect" title="Delmas, Ouest">Delmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gressier" title="Gressier">Gressier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenscoff" title="Kenscoff">Kenscoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9tion-Ville" title="Pétion-Ville">Pétion-Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarre" title="Tabarre">Tabarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_Soleil" title="Cité Soleil">Cité Soleil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sud-Est_(department)" title="Sud-Est (department)">Sud-Est</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bainet_Arrondissement" title="Bainet Arrondissement">Bainet Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bainet" title="Bainet">Bainet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes-de-Fer" title="Côtes-de-Fer">Côtes-de-Fer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belle-Anse_Arrondissement" title="Belle-Anse Arrondissement">Belle-Anse Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anse-%C3%A0-Pitres" title="Anse-à-Pitres">Anse-à-Pitres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle-Anse" title="Belle-Anse">Belle-Anse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand-Gosier" title="Grand-Gosier">Grand-Gosier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiotte" title="Thiotte">Thiotte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacmel_Arrondissement" title="Jacmel Arrondissement">Jacmel Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayes-Jacmel" title="Cayes-Jacmel">Cayes-Jacmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacmel" title="Jacmel">Jacmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Vall%C3%A9e,_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="La Vallée, Haiti">La Vallée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marigot,_Sud-Est" class="mw-redirect" title="Marigot, Sud-Est">Marigot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sud_(department)" title="Sud (department)">Sud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquin_Arrondissement" title="Aquin Arrondissement">Aquin Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquin" title="Aquin">Aquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavaellon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavaellon">Cavaellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis-du-Sud" title="Saint-Louis-du-Sud">Saint-Louis-du-Sud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Les_Cayes_Arrondissement" title="Les Cayes Arrondissement">Les Cayes Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp-Perrin" title="Camp-Perrin">Camp-Perrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Cayes" title="Les Cayes">Les Cayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal,_Sud" class="mw-redirect" title="Chantal, Sud">Chantal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_%C3%A0_Vache" class="mw-redirect" title="Île à Vache">Île à Vache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maniche,_Sud" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniche, Sud">Maniche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbeck" title="Torbeck">Torbeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chardonni%C3%A8res_Arrondissement" title="Chardonnières Arrondissement">Chardonnières Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Les_Anglais" title="Les Anglais">Les Anglais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonni%C3%A8res" title="Chardonnières">Chardonnières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiburon,_Sud" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiburon, Sud">Tiburon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4teaux_Arrondissement" title="Côteaux Arrondissement">Côteaux Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4teaux,_Haiti" title="Côteaux, Haiti">Côteaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port-%C3%A0-Piment" title="Port-à-Piment">Port-à-Piment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche-%C3%A0-Bateaux" title="Roche-à-Bateaux">Roche-à-Bateaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port-Salut_Arrondissement" title="Port-Salut Arrondissement">Port-Salut Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arniquet" title="Arniquet">Arniquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port-Salut" title="Port-Salut">Port-Salut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-du-Sud" title="Saint-Jean-du-Sud">Saint-Jean-du-Sud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/32px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/48px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/64px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Haiti" title="Portal:Haiti">Haiti portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_North_America" title="Template:Countries of North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_North_America" title="Template talk:Countries of North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_North_America" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">San Andrés and Providencia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">Nueva Esparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal Dependencies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/120px-Location_North_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/180px-Location_North_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/240px-Location_North_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">St. Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">St. Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">St. Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organization_of_American_States_(OAS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organization_of_American_States" title="Template:Organization of American States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organization_of_American_States" title="Template talk:Organization of American States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organization_of_American_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organization of American States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organization_of_American_States_(OAS)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States (OAS)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="Member states of the Organization of American States">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="General Assembly of the Organization of American States">General Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States_Secretariat_for_Political_Affairs" title="Organization of American States Secretariat for Political Affairs">Secretariat for Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Secretary_for_Integral_Development" title="Executive Secretary for Integral Development">Secretariat for Integral Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States_Secretariat_for_Multidimensional_Security" title="Organization of American States Secretariat for Multidimensional Security">Secretariat for Multidimensional Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_of_Women" title="Inter-American Commission of Women">Inter-American Commission of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Commission on Human Rights">Inter-American Commission on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Telecommunication_Commission" title="Inter-American Telecommunication Commission">Inter-American Telecommunication Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Court of Human Rights">Inter-American Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Union_Building" title="Pan American Union Building">Pan American Union Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="Charter of the Organization of American States">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Declaration_of_the_Rights_and_Duties_of_Man" title="American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man">American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="American Convention on Human Rights">American Convention on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Conference" title="Pan-American Conference">Pan-American Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summit_of_the_Americas" title="Summit of the Americas">Summit of the Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this 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style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Caribbean_Community_(CARICOM)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Caribbean_Community_(CARICOM)" title="Template:Caribbean Community (CARICOM)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Caribbean_Community_(CARICOM)" title="Template talk:Caribbean Community (CARICOM)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Caribbean_Community_(CARICOM)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Caribbean Community (CARICOM)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Caribbean_Community_(CARICOM)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community (CARICOM)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Caribbean_Community" title="Secretariat of the Caribbean Community">Secretariat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Caribbean_Community" title="Secretary-General of the Caribbean Community">Secretary-General</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Free_Trade_Association" title="Caribbean Free Trade Association">Caribbean Free Trade Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaguaramas" title="Treaty of Chaguaramas">Treaty of Chaguaramas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARICOM_Single_Market_and_Economy" title="CARICOM Single Market and Economy">Single Market and Economy (CSME)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Caribbean_Community" title="Flag of the Caribbean Community"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_CARICOM.svg/68px-Flag_of_CARICOM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="68" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_CARICOM.svg/102px-Flag_of_CARICOM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_CARICOM.svg/136px-Flag_of_CARICOM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/32px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/48px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/64px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="561" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Caribbean" title="Portal:Caribbean">Caribbean portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haiti</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Meteorological_Organisation" title="Caribbean Meteorological Organisation">Caribbean Meteorological Organisation (CMO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Fund_for_Commodities" title="Common Fund for Commodities">Common Fund for Commodities (CFC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Court_of_Justice" title="Caribbean Court of Justice">Court of Justice (CCJ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Disaster_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency">Disaster Emergency Management (CDEMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Examinations_Council" title="Caribbean Examinations Council">Examinations Council (CXC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Institute_for_Meteorology_and_Hydrology" title="Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology">Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Public_Health_Agency" title="Caribbean Public Health Agency">Public Health Agency (CARPHA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARICOM_Single_Market_and_Economy" title="CARICOM Single Market and Economy">Single Market and Economy (CSME)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CARIFORUM" title="CARIFORUM">CARIFORUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States" title="Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States">Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Member of the Community but not of the <a href="/wiki/CARICOM_Single_Market_and_Economy" title="CARICOM Single Market and Economy">CARICOM Single Market and Economy</a> (CSME)</li> <li>2 <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British overseas territory</a> awaiting entrustment to join the CSME</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000040466965X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/128919997">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205135/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJt8d7gKPv6RfPWf8hppT3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4022974-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79053108">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15304382b">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15304382b">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562822">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134199&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561807605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/cf25d306-7da5-3878-a2b1-a0370f847308">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/aa512bd7-eeb0-45a8-8748-33a26581b818">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/P5XtT3M1">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026583453">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003385">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044783">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=28169">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Haiti&params=19_00_N_72_25_W_">19°00′N 72°25′W / 19.000°N 72.417°W / 19.000; -72.417</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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[\"CITEREFDouglas2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDucoin,_Jacques2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmond2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEldin1878\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEwen_MacAskill2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarah_Stockman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarmer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarmer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarmer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernandesSirakRingbauerSedig2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFirire1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrasier2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGagnon-Joseph2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardiner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGifford2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGinger_Thompson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGladstone2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranthamDuncanEvansJones2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraves2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuitarFerbel-AzcárateEstevez2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuyler_Delva2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall,_Michael_R.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallward2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammond2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaydnVincent1860\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayesBriggs_R.W.Sladen_A.Fielding_E.J.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayesEdward_M._Sait1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeinl1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuGallónRiversDupain2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacksonBacon2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacques_Nicolas_Léger1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosh,_Jagran2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinzie1856\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiple2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlarreich2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoplow2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKushner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLall,_Gay_Nagle2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarry_Rohter1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawler2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeahy2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLegro2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLobb2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLombardo,_Tom2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuxner,_Larry2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLéger1907\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFMajor2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalone1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManegol1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMannCalaisDemetsPrentice2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartineau2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMary_Anastasia_O\u0026#039;Grady2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasurandKoenigJulmaOcheretina2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthewson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAlister1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcFadden2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeehan1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichele_Kelemen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillett1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunro1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunro2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers,_Gay_Nagle2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNgCheong-Lum2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNzengou-Tayo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOber,_Frederick_Albion1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlivier,_Louis-Joseph2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnofre\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParet2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPark2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPauyo2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeguero1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPina2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopkin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopkin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaymond2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenda2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRey,_TerryStepick,_Alex2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReyStepick2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitchieRoser2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobenson2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Lee_HaddenSteven_G._Minson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobles2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobles2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogozinski1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohter,_Larry1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyal1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSadowski2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSagás1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSampson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheina\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheina2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchifferes2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenauth2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShellenberger2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiri_Schubert2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmucker1989\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSommerfelt2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSontag\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStein2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStinchcombe1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutherland2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarter2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson,_Ian2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValbrun2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValdman\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVarner2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalter_E._Kretchik2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatkins2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilentz,_Amy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilentz2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilsonWilson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWingfieldParenton1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWucker\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYurnet-Thomas2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŠtraus\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 18,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 4,\n [\"As of\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bracket\"] = 1,\n [\"Caribbean Community (CARICOM)\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 9,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 23,\n [\"Citation-attribution\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite CIA World Factbook\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB9\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 72,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 30,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 78,\n [\"Cite tweet\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 184,\n [\"Convert\"] = 13,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Countries of North America\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 5,\n [\"Deep link needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Departments of Haiti\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 8,\n [\"Further\"] = 5,\n [\"Haiti topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-ht\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 7,\n [\"In lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Incomplete short citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"La Francophonie\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 8,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Largest cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 40,\n [\"Native name\"] = 3,\n [\"Native phrase\"] = 4,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Organization of American States\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfrac\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Switcher\"] = 1,\n [\"UN Population\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 1,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 11,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","560","18.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","9.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","280","9.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","240","8.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","120","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","100","3.3"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","3.3"],["type","80","2.7"],["[others]","960","32.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-2f5wj","timestamp":"20241123125128","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Haiti","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haiti","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q790","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q790","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-04T14:59:19Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T12:51:23Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/56\/Flag_of_Haiti.svg","headline":"island sovereign state in the Caribbean Sea"}</script> </body> </html>