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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Dern</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Termeenologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Termeenologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Termeenologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Termeenologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graimmateecal_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graimmateecal_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Graimmateecal properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graimmateecal_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classifeecation_bi_poseetion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classifeecation_bi_poseetion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classifeecation bi poseetion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classifeecation_bi_poseetion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Straundin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Straundin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Straundin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Straundin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seemple,_complex_an_improper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seemple,_complex_an_improper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Seemple, complex an improper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seemple,_complex_an_improper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differt_forms_o_complement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differt_forms_o_complement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Differt forms o complement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differt_forms_o_complement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semanteec_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semanteec_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Semanteec functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semanteec_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Owerlaps_wi_ither_categeries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Owerlaps_wi_ither_categeries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Owerlaps wi ither categeries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Owerlaps_wi_ither_categeries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Owerlaps wi ither categeries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Owerlaps_wi_ither_categeries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adverbs_an_pairticles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverbs_an_pairticles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Adverbs an pairticles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverbs_an_pairticles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conjunctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conjunctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Conjunctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conjunctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Case_affixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case_affixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Case affixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case_affixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_an_aw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_an_aw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See an aw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_an_aw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibleeographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibleeographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibleeographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibleeographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ootby_airtins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ootby_airtins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Ootby airtins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ootby_airtins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Preposeetion an postposeetion</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 leids</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A5%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9" title="حرف إضافة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرف إضافة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adposici%C3%B3n" title="Adposición – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Adposición" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%BB%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Бәйләүес – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бәйләүес" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%86_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रीपोजीशन आ पोस्टपोजीशन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्रीपोजीशन आ पोस्टपोजीशन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="অনুসর্গ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অনুসর্গ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adstagenn" title="Adstagenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Adstagenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81%C4%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Çумсăмах – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çумсăмах" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adposition" title="Adposition – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adposition" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Πρόθεση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρόθεση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adposition" title="Adposition – Inglis" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Adposition" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inglis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adpozicio" title="Adpozicio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Adpozicio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adposici%C3%B3n" title="Adposición – Spainish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Adposición" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spainish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaass%C3%B5na" title="Kaassõna – Eastlands" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaassõna" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Eastlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%87" title="حرف اضافه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حرف اضافه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adpositio" title="Adpositio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Adpositio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adposition" title="Adposition – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Adposition" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1" title="מילת יחס – Ebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מילת יחס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%95" title="संबंधबोधक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संबंधबोधक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Նախադրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նախադրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepoziciono_e_postpoziciono" title="Prepoziciono e postpoziciono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Prepoziciono e postpoziciono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%A5%E7%BD%AE%E8%A9%9E" title="接置詞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="接置詞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="თანდებული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თანდებული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%B9%98%EC%82%AC%EC%99%80_%ED%9B%84%EC%B9%98%EC%82%AC" title="전치사와 후치사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전치사와 후치사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praepositio_et_postpositio" title="Praepositio et postpositio – Laitin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Praepositio et postpositio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Laitin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aposada" title="Aposada – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Aposada" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="ഗതി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗതി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata_sendi_nama" title="Kata sendi nama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kata sendi nama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adpositie" title="Adpositie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Adpositie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adposisjon" title="Adposisjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Adposisjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%C3%A6%D0%B2%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Разæвæрд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Разæвæрд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%95" title="ਸੰਬੰਧਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਬੰਧਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Adposição – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Adposição" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Адлог – Roushien" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Адлог" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Roushien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="حرف جر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="حرف جر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predlo%C5%BEka" title="Predložka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Predložka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafjala" title="Parafjala – Albainien" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Parafjala" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adposition" title="Adposition – Swaidish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Adposition" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swaidish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihusishi" title="Kihusishi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kihusishi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="இடைச்சொல் வேற்றுமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடைச்சொல் வேற்றுமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D2%B3%D0%BE_(%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Пешоянд ва пасояндҳо (дастури забон) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пешоянд ва пасояндҳо (дастури забон)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BB%9Bi_t%E1%BB%AB" title="Giới từ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giới từ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">Dern</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Frae Wikipedia, the free beuk o knawledge</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sco" dir="ltr"><p><b>Preposeetions</b> an <b>postposeetions</b>, or <b>adposeetions</b> whan taen thegather, or juist prepositions in Ingles),<sup id="cite_ref-Huddleston_2002_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huddleston_2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ar ae <a href="/wiki/Pairts_o_speech" title="Pairts o speech">claiss o wirds</a> that speak o sibness in space an time (<i>in</i>, <i>unner</i>, <i>thewards</i>, <i>afore</i>) or maurk sindrie <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semanteec_roles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semanteec roles (page disna exeest)">semanteec roles</a> (<i>o</i>, <i>fer</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Huddleston_2002_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huddleston_2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ae preposeetion or postposeetion normalie combines wi ae <a href="/wiki/Noon" title="Noon">noon</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pronoon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pronoon (page disna exeest)">pronoon</a>, or mair geeneralie ae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noon_phrase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noon phrase (page disna exeest)">noon phrase</a>, this is cawed its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Complement_(grammar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Complement (grammar) (page disna exeest)">complement</a>, or whilies its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Object_(grammar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Object (grammar) (page disna exeest)">object</a>. Ae preposeetion comes afore its complement; an ae postposeetion comes efter its complement. Scots generalie haes preposeetions insteid o postposeetions – wirds lik <i>in</i>, <i>unner</i> an <i>o</i> precede (or comm afore) thair objects, aes in <i>in Scotland</i>, <i>unner the buird</i>, <i>o Jane</i> – awthou thaur's ae smaa haunnfu o ceptions inclaedin "syne" , lik in "three days syne" . Somm leids, that uise ae differt wird order, hae postposeetions insteid, or hae baith types. The <a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrase</a> formed bi ae preposeetion or postposeetion thegather wi its complement is cawed ae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetional_phrase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preposeetional phrase (page disna exeest)">preposeetional phrase</a> (or postposeetional phrase, adposeetional phrase, etc.) – sic phrases normalie hae aen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adverbial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adverbial (page disna exeest)">adverbial</a> role in ae sentence. </p><p>Ae less common type o adposeetion is the <b>circumposeetion</b>, this conseests o twa pairts that appear oan baith sides o the complement. <a href="#Classifeecation_bi_poseetion">Ither terms</a> whilies uised fer parteecular types o adposeetion inclaed <i>ambiposeetion</i>, <i>inposeetion</i> and <i>interposeetion</i>. Some lingueests uise the wird <i>preposeetion</i> in the steid o <i>adposeetion</i> regairdless o hou the appleecable adposeetion is uised.<sup id="cite_ref-HP602_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HP602-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Termeenologie">Termeenologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Eedit section: Termeenologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Termeenologie"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The wird <i>preposeetion</i> comes fae <a href="/wiki/Laitin_leid" class="mw-redirect" title="Laitin leid">Laitin</a>: <i lang="la">prae</i> ("afore") an <a href="/wiki/Laitin_leid" class="mw-redirect" title="Laitin leid">Laitin</a>: <i lang="la">ponere</i> ("tae pit"). This speaks o the situation in Laitin an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Greek grammar (page disna exeest)">Greek</a> (an in <a href="/wiki/Scots_leid" title="Scots leid">Scots</a>), whaur sic wirds ar steided afore the <a href="/wiki/Noon" title="Noon">noon</a> that they modifie (cept whilies in Ancient Greek), an hence ar "pre-poseetioned". </p><p>In somm leids, inclaedin <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_leid" title="Sindhi leid">Sindhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkis_leid" title="Turkis leid">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_leid" title="Korean leid">Korean</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Japanese_leid" title="Japanese leid">Japanese</a>, the same kinn o wirds affen come efter thair complement. Tae shaw this, they ar cawed <i>postposeetions</i> (uisin the prefix <i>post-</i>, fae the Laitin <i>post</i> that means "ahint, efter"). Thaur's some cases an aw whaur the job is duin bi twa pairts comin afore an efter the complement; this is cawed ae <i>circumposetion</i> (fae the Laitin <i>circum</i> "aroond"). </p><p>Preposeetions, postposeetions an circumposeetions ar kent aes <i>adposeetions</i> aes ae groop (uisin the Laitin prefix <i>ad-</i>, meanin "tae"). Houniver, somm lingueests prefer tae uise the weel-kent an langer estableeshed term <i>preposeetion</i> insteid o <i>adposeetion</i>, regairdless o the poseetion compared tae the complement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Graimmateecal_properties">Graimmateecal properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Eedit section: Graimmateecal properties" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Graimmateecal properties"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aen adposeetion affen combines wi exactlie the ae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Complement_(lingueesteecs)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Complement (lingueesteecs) (page disna exeest)">complement</a>, maist affen ae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noon_phrase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noon phrase (page disna exeest)">noon phrase</a> (or, in ae differt analysees, ae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Determiner_phrase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Determiner phrase (page disna exeest)">determiner phrase</a>). In Scots, this is aft times ae noon (or sommit that wirks lik ae noon, e.g., ae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerund (page disna exeest)">gerund</a>), thegather wi its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Specifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Specifier (page disna exeest)">specifier</a> an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modifier_(grammar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modifier (grammar) (page disna exeest)">modifiers</a> lik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Airticle_(grammar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Airticle (grammar) (page disna exeest)">airticles</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjecteeve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adjecteeve (page disna exeest)">adjecteeves</a>, etc. The complement is whilies cawed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Object_(grammar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Object (grammar) (page disna exeest)">object</a> o the adposeetion. The ootcomin <a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrase</a>, creatit wi the adposeetion thegather wi its complement, is cawed aen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adposeetional_phrase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adposeetional phrase (page disna exeest)">adposeetional phrase</a> or preposeetional phrase (PP) (or fer tea be speceefeec, ae postposeetional or circumposeetional phrase). </p><p>Aen adposeetion establishes ae <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammateecal</a> relationship that airts its complement tae anither wird or phrase in the context. It aft times establishes an aw ae <a href="/wiki/Semanteecs" title="Semanteecs">semanteec</a> relationship, that micht be spatial (<i>in</i>, <i>on</i>, <i>unner</i>, ...), temporal (<i>efter</i>, ...), or o somm ither type (<i>o</i>, <i>fer</i>, <i>bi waa o</i>, ...). The <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Atlas_of_Language_Structures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Atlas of Language Structures (page disna exeest)">World Atlas of Language Structures</a> treats ae wird aes aen adposeetion gif it taks ae noon phrase aes complement an shaws the grammateecal or semanteec relationship o that phrase tae the verb in the clause that hauds it.<sup id="cite_ref-Mignon_Fogarty_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mignon_Fogarty-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some exaumples o hou the Scots uises its preposeetions ar shawen ablo. In ilka case, the preposeetional phrase kyths in <i>italeecs</i>, an the preposeetion wiin kyths in <i><b>bold</b></i>. The wird that the phrase speaks o ae relation wi – that is, the wird that the preposeetional phrase is aen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjunct_(grammar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adjunct (grammar) (page disna exeest)">adjunct</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Complement_(grammar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Complement (grammar) (page disna exeest)">complement</a> tae – is <u>unnerlined</u>. In somm o the exaumples, the same wird haes twa preposeetional phrases aes adjuncts. </p> <ul><li>Aes aen adjunct tae ae noon: <ul><li>the <u>wather</u> <i><b>in</b> Mairch</i></li> <li><u>cheese</u> <i><b>fae</b> Fraunce</i> <i><b>wi</b> live bacteria</i></li></ul></li> <li>Aes ae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Predicateeve_expression&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predicateeve expression (page disna exeest)">predicateeve expression</a> (complement o ae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Copula_(lingueesteecs)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copula (lingueesteecs) (page disna exeest)">copula</a>) <ul><li>The key <u>is</u> <i><b>unner</b> the stane</i>.</li></ul></li> <li>Aes aen adjunct tae aae verb: <ul><li><u>sleep</u> <i><b>throuoot</b> the winter</i></li> <li><u>danced</u> <i><b>atap</b> the buirds <b>fer</b> hoors</i></li> <li><u>dispense</u> <i><b>wi</b> the formalities</i> (see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposition_and_postposition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preposition and postposition (page disna exeest)">Semanteec functions</a>, below)</li></ul></li> <li>As an adjunct to an adjective: <ul><li><u>happie</u> <i><b>fer</b> thaim</i></li> <li><u>sick</u> <i><b>ontil</b> recentlie</i></li></ul></li></ul> <p>In the hainmaist o thir exaumples the complement haes the form o aen adverb that's bin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nominalisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nominalisation (page disna exeest)">nominalised</a> fer tae serve aes ae noon phrase; see <a href="#Differt_forms_o_complement">Differt forms o complement</a>, doon ablow. Preposeetional phrases thirsels ar whilies nomeenalised: </p> <ul><li><i><b>In</b> the cellar</i> wis chaisen aes the best steid fer tae skalk the bodies.</li></ul> <p>Aen adposeetion can determine the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_(grammar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Case (grammar) (page disna exeest)">grammateecal case</a> o its complement. In Scots, the complements o preposeetions tak the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Objecteev_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Objecteev case (page disna exeest)">objecteev case</a> whaur it can (<i>fae him</i>, no *<i>fae he</i>). In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koine_Greek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koine Greek (page disna exeest)">Koine Greek</a>, aes aen exaumple, certain preposeetions aye tak thair objects in ae certain case (e.g., ἐν aye taks its object in the dateeve), while ither preposeetions coud tak thair object in ane o twa or mair cases, dependin oan the meanin o the preposeetion (e.g., διά taks its object in the geniteev or in the accusateev, dependin oan the meanin). Somm leids hae cases that ar uised excluiseevlie efter preposeetions (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetional_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preposeetional case (page disna exeest)">preposeetional case</a>), or byordinair forms o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pronoon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pronoon (page disna exeest)">pronoons</a> fer uiss efter preposeetions (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetional_pronoon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preposeetional pronoon (page disna exeest)">preposeetional pronoon</a>). </p><p>The functions o adposeetions owerlap wi the functions o case maurkins (aes aen exaumple, the meanin o the Scots preposeetion <i>o</i> is expressed in monie leids bi ae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geniteev_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geniteev case (page disna exeest)">geniteev case</a> endin), bit adposeetions ar claissed aes <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntacteec</a> elements, while case maurkins ar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morphologie_(lingueesteecs)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morphologie (lingueesteecs) (page disna exeest)">morphaelogeecal</a>. </p><p>Adposeetions thirsels ar aft times <a href="/w/index.php?title=No-inflectit_wird&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No-inflectit wird (page disna exeest)">non-inflectin</a> ("invariant"): they dinna hae paradigms o form (lik tense, case, gender, etc.) the same waa that verbs, adjecteeves, an noons can. Thaur's ceptions tae this, mind, lik preposeetions that hae fuisit wi ae pronominal object fer tae form <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inflectit_preposeetion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inflectit preposeetion (page disna exeest)">inflected preposeetions</a>. </p><p>The follaein properties ar charactereestic o maist adposeetional systems: </p> <ul><li>Adposeetions ar among the maist frequentlie occurrin wirds in leidss that hae thaim.</li> <li>The maist common adposeetions ar single, <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">monaemorpheemic</a> wirds.</li> <li>Adposeetions form ae <a href="/wiki/Pairts_o_speech" title="Pairts o speech">claised claiss</a> o lexeecal eetems an canna be producteevlie derived fae wirds belangin tae ither categeries.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classifeecation_bi_poseetion">Classifeecation bi poseetion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Eedit section: Classifeecation bi poseetion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Classifeecation bi poseetion"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aes mynded abuin, adposeetions ar referred tae by sindrie terms, dependin oan thair poseetion reelateev tae the complement. </p><p>While the term <i>preposeetion</i> is whilies uised fer the name o onie adposeetion, in its  mair streect meanin it refers anely tae the ane that comes afore its complement. Exaumples o this, fae the Ingles, hae bin shawen abuin; siclik exaumples can be foond in monie leids o Europ an the world, lik in: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German grammar (page disna exeest)">German</a>: <i><b>mit</b> einer Frau</i> ("<b>wi</b> ae wiman")</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French grammar (page disna exeest)">Franch</a>: <i><b>sur</b> la table</i> ("<b>oan</b> the buird")</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish grammar (page disna exeest)">Polish</a>: <i><b>na</b> stole</i> ("<b>oan</b> the buird")</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian grammar (page disna exeest)">Russian</a>: <i><b>у</b> меня</i> ("<b>in the possession o</b> me" [I hae])</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khmer grammar (page disna exeest)">Khmer</a>: <b>លើ</b>ក្តារខៀន [<b>ləː</b> kdaːkʰiən] ("<b>oan</b> (the) blaickbuird")</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigrinya_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tigrinya grammar (page disna exeest)">Tigrinya</a>: <b>አብ ልዕሊ</b> ጣውላ [<b>abː</b> <b>l:ali</b> tawla] ("<b>at/oan</b> <b>tap o</b> buird"); <b>አብ ትሕቲ</b> ጣውላ [<b>abː</b> <b>t:hti</b> tawla] ("<b>at/oan</b> <b>unner</b> buird")</li></ul> <p>In certain grammateecal constructions, the complement o ae preposeetion michtna be thair or micht hae bin muived fae its poseetion directlie efter the preposeetion. This micht be spaken o aes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_straundin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preposeetion straundin (page disna exeest)">preposeetion straundin</a> (see <a href="#Straundin">ablo</a> an aw), lik in "Wham did ye gae <b>wi</b>?" an "Thau's anely the ae thing worse than bein blathered <b>anent</b>." Thaur's somm (maistlie colloqueeal) expressions an aw whaurin ae preposeetion's complement micht be left oot, lik "Ah'm heidin aff tae the pairk. Dae ye wannae com <b>wi</b>?", an the Fraunch <i>Il fait trop froid, je ne suis pas habillée <b>pour</b></i> ("It's ower caud, Ah'm no dressed <b>fer</b> [the seetuation].") The boldened wirds in thir exaumples ar still maistlie thocht o aes preposeetions, cause whan thay form ae phrase wi ae complement (in mair ordinair constructions) they maun kyth first. </p><p>Ae <i>postposeetion</i> follaes its complement fer tae form ae postposeetional phrase. Somm exaumples inclaed: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laitin" title="Laitin">Laitin</a>: <i>me<b>cum</b></i> ("<b>wi</b> me", leeteralie "me <b>wi</b>")</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish grammar (page disna exeest)">Turkish</a>: <i>benim<b>le</b></i> or <i>benim <b>ile</b></i> ("<b>with</b> me", literally "my <b>with</b>")</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_leid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese leid (page disna exeest)">Chinese</a>: 桌子<b>上</b> <i>zhuōzi <b>shàng</b></i> (lit. "buird <b>oan</b>"); this is ae nominal form that aft times needs aen addeetional preposeetion fer tae form aen adverbial phrase (see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese grammar (page disna exeest)">Chinese locateev phrases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglis_leid" title="Inglis leid">Inglis</a>: <i>ten months <b>ago</b></i> (<i>ago</i> is maistly thocht o aes aen adverb, bit is whilies analyzed aes ae postposeetion)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Somm adposeetions can kyth either afore or efter thair complement: </p> <ul><li>Inglis: He slept <i><b>through</b> the whole night</i> OR <i>the whole night <b>through</b></i>. (He slept aw nicht)</li> <li>German: <i>meiner Meinung <b>nach</b></i> OR <i><b>nach</b> meiner Meinung</i> ("<b>in</b> ma opeenion")</li> <li>German: <i>die Straße <b>entlang</b></i> OR <i><b>entlang</b> der Straße</i> ("<b>alang</b> the road"; here ae differt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammateecal_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammateecal case (page disna exeest)">case</a> is uised whan <i>entlang</i> kyths afore the noon)</li></ul> <p>Aen adposeetion lik the abuin, that can be ae preposeetion or ae postposeetion, can be cawed aen <b>ambeeposeetion</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Houniver, <i>ambeposeetion</i> can be uised fer tae speak o ae circumposeetion an aw (see ablo),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or o ae wird that seems tae function aes ae preposeetion an postposeetion at the same time, lik in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedic_Sanskrit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vedic Sanskrit (page disna exeest)">Vedic Sanskrit</a> construction (noon-1) <i>ā</i> (noon-2), meanin "fae (noon-1) tae (noon-2)".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whather ae leid haes maistlie preposeetions or postposeetions is seen aes aen aspect o its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingueesteec_typolaegie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingueesteec typolaegie (page disna exeest)">typologeecal</a> classification, an tends tae correlate wi ither properties relatit tae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heid_directionalitie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heid directionalitie (page disna exeest)">heid directionalitie</a>. Cause aen adposeetion is seen aes the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heid_(lingueestics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heid (lingueestics) (page disna exeest)">heid</a> o its phrase, preposeetional phrases ar heid-ineetial (or richt-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunchin_(lingueesteecs)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braunchin (lingueesteecs) (page disna exeest)">braunchin</a>), while postposeetional phrases ar heid-final (or cair-braunchin). Thaur's ae tendencie fer leidss that featur postposeetions tae hae ither heid-final featurs, lik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subject–object–verb (page disna exeest)">verbs that follae thair objects</a>; an fer leids that featur preposeetions tae hae ither heid-ineetial featurs, lik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subject–verb–object (page disna exeest)">verbs that comm afore thair objects</a>. Houniver, this is anely ae tendencie; ae exaumple o ae leid that behaves differt is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laitin_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laitin grammar (page disna exeest)">Laitin</a>, that maistlie maks uiss o preposeetions, een thou it aft times steids verbs efter thair objects. </p><p>Ae <i>circumposeetion</i> is makit up o twa or mair pairts, poseetioned oan baith sides o the complement. Circumposeetions ar fair common in <a href="/wiki/Pashto_leid" title="Pashto leid">Pashto</a> an <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_leid" title="Kurdish leid">Kurdish</a>. The follaein ar exaumples fae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Kurdish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Kurdish (page disna exeest)">Northern Kurdish</a> (Kurmanji): </p> <ul><li><i>bi ... re</i> ("wi")</li> <li><i>di ... de</i> ("in", fer things, no steids)</li> <li><i>di ... re</i> ("bi waa o, throo")</li> <li><i>ji ... re</i> ("fer")</li> <li><i>ji ... ve</i> ("sine")</li></ul> <p>Syndrie constructions in ither leids micht be analysed aes circumposeetional an aw, fer tae gie exaumples: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inglis_leid" title="Inglis leid">Inglis</a>: <b><i>from'</i> now </b>on ("seirtin richt nou", lit. "fae nou oan")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_leid" title="Dutch leid">Dutch</a>: <i><b>naar</b> het einde <b>toe</b></i> ("thewairds the end", lit. "tae the end tae")</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staundart_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Staundart Chinese (page disna exeest)">Chinese</a>: <b>從</b>冰箱<b>裡</b> <i><b>cóng</b> bīngxiāng <b>lǐ</b></i> ("fae inside the freedge", lit. "fae freedge inside")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_leid" title="French leid">French</a>: <i><b>à</b> un détail <b>près</b></i> ("apairt fae the ae detail", lit. "at ane detail near")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadish_leid" title="Swadish leid">Swedish</a>: <i><b>för</b> tre timmar <b>sedan</b></i> ("three hoors syne", lit. "fur three oor sine")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_leid" title="German leid">German</a>: <i><b>aus</b> dem Zimmer <b>heraus</b></i> ("oot o the ruim", lit. "fae the ruim oot")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_leid" title="Tigrinya leid">Tigrinya</a>: <i><b>ካብ </b> ሕጂ '</i><b>ን</b>ደሓር ("seirtin richt nou", lit. "fae nou ontae later")</li></ul> <p>Houniver, maist o thir phrases, can be analysed aes haein ae differt hierarcheecal structur (lik ae preposeetional phrase that modifies ae follaein adverb). The Chinese exaumple coud be analysed tae be ae preposeetional phrase heidit bi <i>cóng</i> ("from"), cause it take the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese grammar (page disna exeest)">locateev noon phrase</a> <i>bīngxīang lǐ</i> ("freedge inside") aes its complement. </p><p>Aen <b>inposeetion</b> is ae rare type o adposeetion that kyths atween pairts o ae complex complement. Fer tae gie aen exaumple, in the naiteev Californian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timbisha_lleid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timbisha lleid (page disna exeest)">Timbisha lleid</a>, the phrase "fae ae mean caud" can be owerset bi uisin the wird order "caud fae mean"—the inposeetion follaes the noon bit comms afore onie follaein <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modifier_(grammar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modifier (grammar) (page disna exeest)">modifiers</a> that ar pairt o the samm <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noon_phrase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noon phrase (page disna exeest)">noon phrase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <b>interposeetion</b> haes bin uised<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fer adposeetions in structurs lik <i>wird <b>fer</b> wird</i>, (French) <i>coup <b>sur</b> coup</i> ("ane efter anither, repeatinlie"), (Russian) друг <b>с</b> другом ("ane wi the ither"). This is no ae case o aen adposeetion kyth inside o its complement, cause the twa noons dinna form ae single phrase (thaur's nae phrase *<i>wird wird</i>, fer aen exaumple); thir uisses hae mair o ae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coordination_(lingueesteecs)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coordination (lingueesteecs) (page disna exeest)">coordinatin</a> ilk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Straundin">Straundin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Eedit section: Straundin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Straundin"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Preposeetion straundin is ae <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntacteec</a> construct whaurin ae preposeetion happens sommwhaur ither than richt afore its complement. Fer tae gie aen exaumple, in the Scots sentence "Whit did ye seet oan?" the preposeetion <i>oan</i> haes <i>whit</i> fer its complement, bit <i>whit</i> haes bin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wh-frontin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wh-frontin (page disna exeest)">muivit tae the stairt</a> o the sentence, cause it's aen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interrogateeve_wird&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interrogateeve wird (page disna exeest)">interrogateeve wird</a>. This sentence is ae lot mair common an naitural soondin than the equeevalent sentence wioot the straundin: "Oan whit did ye seet?" Preposeetion straundin is affen foond in <a href="/wiki/Inglis_leid" title="Inglis leid">Inlis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mignon_Fogarty_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mignon_Fogarty-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aes weel aes <a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Germaneec_leids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Germaneec leids (page disna exeest)">North Germaneec leids</a> lik <a href="/wiki/Swadish_leid" title="Swadish leid">Swadish</a>. Whather or no it exeests in <a href="/wiki/German_leid" title="German leid">German</a> an <a href="/wiki/Dutch_leid" title="Dutch leid">Dutch</a> is debated. Preposeetion straundin is fond in some <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_leids" title="Niger–Congo leids">Niger–Congo lieds</a> an aw, lik Vata an Gbadi, an in some North American kinds o <a href="/wiki/French_leid" title="French leid">French</a>. </p><p>Somm prescreepteev Inglis grammars threap that preposeetions canna be at the end o ae sentence, awthoo thaur's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leet_o_common_Inglis_uissage_misconceptions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leet o common Inglis uissage misconceptions (page disna exeest)">nae rule</a> tae proheebit that uiss.<sup id="cite_ref-Mignon_Fogarty_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mignon_Fogarty-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Random_House_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Random_House-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Siclic rules came aboot wi the rise o classicism, whan thay were applied tae Inglis fer tae imitaet classical leids lik Laitin. Otto Jespersen, in his <i>Essentials of English Grammar</i> (first publeeshed in 1933), haed this tae say aneat this defineetion-derived rule: "...nor need a preposition (Laitin: <i>praepositio</i>) stand before the word it governs (go the fools <i>among</i> (Sh[akespeare]); What are you laughing <i>at</i>?). You might just as well believe that all blackguards are black or that turkeys come from Turkey; many names have either been chosen unfortunately at first or have changed their meanings in course of time."<sup id="cite_ref-Random_House_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Random_House-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seemple,_complex_an_improper"><span id="Seemple.2C_complex_an_improper"></span>Seemple, complex an improper</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Eedit section: Seemple, complex an improper" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Seemple, complex an improper"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Seemple</b> adposeetions ar o ae single wird (<i>oan</i>, <i>in</i>, <i>fer</i>, <i>thewairds</i>, etc.). <b>Complex</b> adposeetions ar o ae groop o wirds that act lik the ae unit. </p><p>The disteenction atween seemple an complex adposeetions isna sae clear-cut. Monie seemple adposeetions ar derived fae complex forms (e.g., <i>wi + in</i> → <i>wiin</i>, <i>bi + side</i> → <i>beside</i>) throo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammateecalisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammateecalisation (page disna exeest)">grammateecalisation</a>. This change taks time, an aw throo the transeetionin stages the adposeetion acts in somm waas lik ae single wird, an in ither waas lik ae monie-wird unit. Fer an exaumple, the nou <a href="/w/index.php?title=German_orthographie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German orthographie (page disna exeest)">German orthographeec conventions</a> recognise the indeterminate status o somm preposeetions, allouin fer twa speelins: <i>anstelle</i>/<i>an Stelle</i> ("insteid o"), <i>aufgrund</i>/<i>auf Grund</i> ("acause o"), <i>mithilfe</i>/<i>mit Hilfe</i> ("bi means o"), <i>zugunsten</i>/<i>zu Gunsten</i> ("in favor o"), <i>zuungunsten</i>/<i>zu Ungunsten</i> ("at the disadvantage o"), <i>zulasten/zu Lasten</i> ("at the expense o").<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The disteenction atween complex adposeetions an free combeenations o wirds isna ae blaick an white issue: complex adposeetions (in Scots, "preposeetional eedeeoms") can be mair fossilised or less fossilised. In Scots, this applies tae ae nummer o structurs o the form "preposeetion + (airticle) + noon + preposeetion", lik <i>in front o</i>, <i>fer the sake o</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In descreeptions o somm leids, preposteeons ar divided intae <b>proper</b> (or "essential") an <b>improper</b> (or "accideental"). Ae preposeetion is cawed improper gif it's somm ither pairt o speech that's uised in the same waa aes ae preposeetion. Exaumples o seemple an complex preposeetions that hae bin classified lik this inclaed <i>prima di</i> ("afore") an <i>davanti (a)</i> ("in front o") in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italian grammar (page disna exeest)">Italian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an <i>ergo</i> ("acause o") an <i>causa</i> ("fer the sake o") in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latin grammar (page disna exeest)">Laitin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A biordinair case, houniver, is  <a href="/wiki/Auncient_Greek" title="Auncient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, whaur aen improper preposeetion is ane that canna serve aes ae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prefix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prefix (page disna exeest)">prefix</a> tae ae <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> an aw.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differt_forms_o_complement">Differt forms o complement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Eedit section: Differt forms o complement" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Differt forms o complement"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aes said abuin, adposeetions aft times hae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noon_phrase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noon phrase (page disna exeest)">noon phrases</a> aes complements. This can inclaed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nominal_clause&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nominal clause (page disna exeest)">nominal clauses</a> an somm types o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-finite_verb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non-finite verb (page disna exeest)">non-finite verb</a> phrase: </p> <ul><li>Lat's think <i><b>aneat</b> solvin this proablem</i> (the complement is ae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerund (page disna exeest)">gerund</a> phrase)</li> <li><i><b>pour</b> encourager les autres</i> (French; "tae encoorage the ithers", the complement is aen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeeniteev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infeeniteev (page disna exeest)">infeeniteev</a> phrase)</li></ul> <p>Whan the wird <i>tae</i> comes afore the infeeniteev in Scots, it's no ae preposeetion, bit is insteid ae grammateecal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pairticle_(grammar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pairticle (grammar) (page disna exeest)">pairticle</a> ootside o onie main <a href="/wiki/Pairts_o_speech" title="Pairts o speech">wird claiss</a>. </p><p>In ither cases the complement micht be in the form o aen adjecteeve, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjecteev_phrase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adjecteev phrase (page disna exeest)">adjecteev phrase</a>, or an adverbial. This coud be seen aes ae complement that represen ae differt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntacteec_categerie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syntacteec categerie (page disna exeest)">syntacteec categerie</a>, or aes seemplie aen aetypical form o noon phrase (see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nominalisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nominalisation (page disna exeest)">nominalisation</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Semanteec_functions">Semanteec functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Eedit section: Semanteec functions" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Semanteec functions"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adposeetions can be uised tae express ae wide range o <a href="/wiki/Semanteecs" title="Semanteecs">semanteec</a> relations atween thair complement an the rest o the context. The relations expressed can be spatial (spakin o location or direction), temporal (spakin o poseetion in time), or relations expressin comparison, content, agent, instrument, means, manner, cause, purpose, reference, etc. </p><p>Maist common adposeetions ar extreemlie <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polysemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polysemy (page disna exeest)">polysemoos</a> (thay hae syndrie differt meanins). In monie cases ae primarie, spatial meanin becomes extendit tae non-spatial uisses bi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metaphor (page disna exeest)">metaphoreecal</a> or ither processes. Cause o the varietie o meanins, the ae adposeetion offen haes monie possible equeevalents in anither leid, dependin oan the exact context that it's uised in; this can cause somm richt confusion in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leid_learnin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leid learnin (page disna exeest)">learnin seicont leids</a>. Uissage can be differt an aw atween byleids o the same leid (fer aen exaumple, <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Inglis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Inglis (page disna exeest)">American Inglis</a> haes <i>on the weekend</i>, whaur-as <a href="/wiki/Breetish_Inglis" title="Breetish Inglis">Breetish Inglis</a> uises <i>at the weekend</i>). </p><p>In some contexts (lik in the case o some <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrasal_verb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phrasal verb (page disna exeest)">phrasal verbs</a>) the choice o adposeetion micht be determined bi anither element in the construction or be fixed bi the hael construction. Here the adposeetion micht hae it's ain wee bit freestaundin semanteec content, an thaur michtna be onie clear raison why the ae adposeetion is uised bit no anither. </p><p>Preposeetions whilies maurk roles that can be considered quite grammateecal: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Possession_(lingueestics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Possession (lingueestics) (page disna exeest)">possession</a> (in ae wider sense) – <i>the pen <b>o</b> ma aunt</i> (whilies maurkt bi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geniteev_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geniteev case (page disna exeest)">geniteev</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Possesseev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Possesseev (page disna exeest)">possesseev</a> forms)</li> <li>the agent in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Passeev_voice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Passeev voice (page disna exeest)">passeev</a> constructions – <i>killit <b>bi</b> ae gunman oan his ain</i></li> <li>the recipient o ae transfer – <i>gie it <b>tae</b> him</i> (whilies maurkt bi ae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dateev_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dateev case (page disna exeest)">dateev</a> or aen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Object_(grammar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Object (grammar) (page disna exeest)">ondirect object</a>)</li></ul> <p>Spatial meanins o adposeetions can be <i>directional</i> or <i>stateec</i>. Ae directional meanin normalie involves motion in ae particulair direction ("Kay gaed <b>tae</b> the store"), the direction that sommit leads or points ("Ae path <b>intae</b> the wuids"), or the extent o sommit ("The fog stretched <b>fae</b> Lonnon <b>tae</b> Paris"). Ae stateec meanin anely shaws ae steid ("<b>at</b> the store", "<b>ahint</b> the chair", "<b>oan</b> the muin"). Somm preposeetions can hae baith thir uisses: "he sat <b>in</b> the watter" (stateec); "he jumped in the watter" (proabablie directional). In somm leids, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammateecal_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammateecal case (page disna exeest)">case</a> o the complement varies dependin oan the meanin, lik wi twa three preposeetions in <a href="/w/index.php?title=German_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German grammar (page disna exeest)">German</a>, lik <i>in</i>: </p> <ul><li><i>in seinem Zimmer</i> ("in his ruim", stateec meanin, taks the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dateev_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dateev case (page disna exeest)">dateev</a>)</li> <li><i>in sein Zimmer</i> ("intae his ruim", directional meanin, taks the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Accusateev_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Accusateev case (page disna exeest)">accusateev</a>)</li></ul> <p>In the Scots an monie ither leids, preposeetional phrases that hae ae stateec meanin ar aft times uised aes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Predicateeve_expression&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predicateeve expression (page disna exeest)">predicateev expressions</a> efter ae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Copula_(lingueesteecs)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copula (lingueesteecs) (page disna exeest)">copula</a> ("Jock is at the store"); this micht happen wi some directional preposeetions an aw ("Bob is fae Australia"), bit this is less common. Directional preposeetional phrases combine maistlie wi verbs that shaw muivment ("Heather is gaun intae her bedruim", bit no *"Heather is liein doun intae her bedruim"). </p><p>Directional meanins can be divided een mair intae <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teleecitie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teleecitie (page disna exeest)">teleec</a></i> and <i>ateleec</i>. Teleec preposeetional phrases implie muivment aw the waa tae the end ("she ran tae the fence"), while ateleec phrases dinna ("she ran thewairds the fence").<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stateec meanins can be divided intae <i>projecteev</i> an <i>non-projecteev</i>, whaur projecteev meanins ar the anes that need knawledge o the perspecteev or point o view. Fer aen exaumple, the meanin o "ahint the rock" is liklie tae depend apo the poseetion o the speaker (projecteev), whaur aes the meanin o "oan the desk" is no (non-projecteev). whilies the interpretation is ambeeguoos, lik wi "ahint the hoose", that micht mean either at the naitural back o the hoose, or oan the ither side o the hoose fae the speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Owerlaps_wi_ither_categeries">Owerlaps wi ither categeries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Eedit section: Owerlaps wi ither categeries" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Owerlaps wi ither categeries"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adverbs_an_pairticles">Adverbs an pairticles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Eedit section: Adverbs an pairticles" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Adverbs an pairticles"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thaur's oft times similairities in form atween adposeetions an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adverb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adverb (page disna exeest)">adverbs</a>. Some adverbs comm fae the fusion o ae preposeetion an its complement (lik <i>dounstairs</i>, fae <i>doun (the) stairs</i>, an <i>unnergroond</i>, fae <i>unner (the) groond</i>). Some wirds can function lik adverbs aes weel aes preposeetions, lik <i>inside</i>, <i>abuird</i>, <i>unnerneath</i> (fer aen exaumple, ye can say "gae inside", wi adverbial uiss, or "gae inside the house", wi preposeetional uiss). Thir cases ar analogous tae verbs that can be uised <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transiteev_verb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transiteev verb (page disna exeest)">transiteevlie</a> or intransiteevlie, an fer that raison the adverbial forms micht be analysed aes "intransiteev preposeetions". This analysis coud be extendit tae ither adverbs, lik <i>here</i>, <i>thaur</i>, <i>efterwairds</i>, etc., een thou thir niver tak complements. </p><p>Monie Scots <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrasal_verb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phrasal verb (page disna exeest)">phrasal verbs</a> hae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pairticle_(grammar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pairticle (grammar) (page disna exeest)">pairticles</a> that ar uised adverbalie, een thou they maist pairt hae the form o ae preposeetion (thir wirds could be cawed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetional_adverb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preposeetional adverb (page disna exeest)">preposeetional adverbs</a>). The equeevalents in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dutch grammar (page disna exeest)">Dutch</a> an <a href="/w/index.php?title=German_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German grammar (page disna exeest)">German</a> ar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Separable_prefix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Separable prefix (page disna exeest)">separable prefixes</a>, that offen hae the samm form aes preposeetions: fer aen exaumple, Dutch <i>aanbieden</i> an German <i>anbieten</i> (baith mean "tae offer") hae the separable prefix <i>aan/an</i>, this is ae preposition an aw that means "oan" or "tae". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conjunctions">Conjunctions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Eedit section: Conjunctions" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Conjunctions"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Somm wirds can be uised baith aes adposeetions an aes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subordinatin_conjunction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subordinatin conjunction (page disna exeest)">subordinatin conjunctions</a>: </p> <ul><li>(preposeetion) <i><b>afore</b>/<b>efter</b>/<b>sine</b> the end o summer</i></li> <li>(conjunction) <i><b>afore</b>/<b>efter</b>/<b>sine</b> summer ended</i></li> <li>(preposition) <i>It luiks <b>like</b> anither day o rain<br /> </i></li> <li>(conjunction) <i>It luiks <b>like</b> it's gaunnae rain agin theday</i></li></ul> <p>It would be possible tae analyse sic conjunctions (or een ither subordinatin conjunctions) aes preposeetions that tak ae hael <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clause_(grammar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clause (grammar) (page disna exeest)">clause</a> aes ae complement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Eedit section: Verbs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Verbs"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some leids, inclaedin ae nummer o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_o_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Varieties o Chinese (page disna exeest)">Chinese varieties</a>, monie o the wirds that serve aes preposeetions can be uised aes <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a> an aw. Fer aen exaumple, in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Staundart_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Staundart Chinese (page disna exeest)">Staundard Chinese</a>, 到 <i>dào</i> can be uised in ae preposeetional or ae verbal sense: </p> <ul><li>我到北京去 <i>wǒ dào Běijīng qù</i> ("Ah gae tae Beijing"; <i>qù</i>, means "tae gae", is the main verb, <i>dào</i> is ae preposeetional an means "tae")</li> <li>我到了 <i>wǒ dào le</i> ("I have arrived"; <i>dào</i> is the main verb, an means "tae arrive")</li></ul> <p>Cause o this owerlap, an the fact that ae sequence o preposeetional phrase an verb phrase affen resembles ae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serial_verb_construction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serial verb construction (page disna exeest)">serial verb construction</a>, Chinese preposeetions (an thae in ither leids wi siclik grammateecal structurs) ar affen spaken o aes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coverb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coverb (page disna exeest)">coverbs</a>. </p><p>As seyed in sections abuin, Chinese can be said tae hae postposeetions an aw, althou thir can be analysed as nominal (<a href="/wiki/Noon" title="Noon">noun</a>) elements. Fer mair information, see the airticle aneat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese grammar (page disna exeest)">Chinese grammar</a>, in parteeculair the sections anent <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese grammar (page disna exeest)">coverbs</a> an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese grammar (page disna exeest)">locateev phrases</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Case_affixes">Case affixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Eedit section: Case affixes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Case affixes"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Somm grammateecal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_(grammar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Case (grammar) (page disna exeest)">case</a> maurkins hae ae siclik function tae adposeetions; ae case affix in the ae leid micht be equeevalent in it's meanin tae ae preposeetion or postposeetion in anither. Fer aen exaumple, in Inglis the agent o ae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Passeev_voice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Passeev voice (page disna exeest)">passeev</a> construction is maurkt bi the preposeetion <i>by</i>, while in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian grammar (page disna exeest)">Russian</a> it is maurkt bi the uiss o the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumental_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Instrumental case (page disna exeest)">instrumental case</a>. Whilies sic equeevalents exeest wiin ae single leid; fer an exaumple, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geniteev_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geniteev case (page disna exeest)">geniteev case</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=German_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German grammar (page disna exeest)">German</a> is affen interchangeable wi ae phrase that uises the preposeetion <i>von</i> (juist lik in Scots, the preposeetion <i>o</i> is affen interchangeable wi the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scots_possesseev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scots possesseev (page disna exeest)">possesseev suffix</a> <i> 's</i>). </p><p>Adposeetions combine <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntacteeclie</a> wi thair complement, whaur-aes case maurkins combine wi ae noon <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morphology_(lingueesteecs)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morphology (lingueesteecs) (page disna exeest)">morphaelogeeclie</a>. In some instances it micht no be clear whilk applies; the exaumples ablo ar some possible waas tae mak sic ae disteenction: </p> <ul><li>Twa adposeetions can normalie be joined wi ae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coordinatin_conjunction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coordinatin conjunction (page disna exeest)">coordinatin conjunction</a> an shair the ae complement, whauraes this is normalie no possible wi case affixes;</li> <li>Ane adposeetion can normalie combine wi twa coordinated complements (<i>o the ceetie an the world</i>), whauraes ae case affix wid need tae be repeatit wi ilka noon (<a href="/wiki/Laitin" title="Laitin">Laitin</a> <i>urbis et orbis</i>, not *urb- et orbis<i>);</i></li> <li>Case maurkins combain maistlie wi noons, whauraes adposeetions can combain wi (nominalised) phrases o differt categeries;</li> <li>Ae case maurkin normalie kyths directlie oan the noon, bit aen adposeetion can be separatit fae the noon bi ither wirds;</li> <li>Wiin the noon phrase, determiners an adjecteevs can agree wi the noon in case (<b>case spreadin</b>), bit aen adposeetion anely kyths the ae time;</li> <li>Ae leid can hae hunners o adposeetions (inclaeds complex adposeetions), bit nae leid haes that monie disteenct morphaelogical cases.</li></ul> <p>Een sae, ae clear disteenction canna aye be makit. Fer aen exaumple, the post-nominal elements in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_leid" title="Japanese leid">Japanese</a> an <a href="/wiki/Korean_leid" title="Korean leid">Korean</a> ar whilies cawed case pairticles an whilies cawed postposeetions. Sommtimes they ar analysed aes twa differt groops cause they hae differt charactereesteecs (e.g., the abeelitie tae combain wi focus pairticles), bit in sic analysis, it's no clear whit groop ae gien wird shid in. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_an_aw">See an aw</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Eedit section: See an aw" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: See an aw"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leet_o_Ingles_preposeetions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leet o Ingles preposeetions (page disna exeest)">Leet o Ingles preposeetions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auld_Inglis_preposeetions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auld Inglis preposeetions (page disna exeest)">Auld Inglis preposeetions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spainish_preposeetions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spainish preposeetions (page disna exeest)">Spainish preposeetions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_pairticles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese pairticles (page disna exeest)">Japanese pairticles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relational_noon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relational noon (page disna exeest)">Relational noon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Eedit section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Huddleston_2002-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Huddleston_2002_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huddleston_2002_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Huddleston & Pullum (2002), chapter 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HP602-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-HP602_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">An example is Huddleston & Pullum (2002) ("<i>CGEL</i>"), whose choice of terms is discussed on p. 602.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mignon_Fogarty-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Mignon_Fogarty_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mignon_Fogarty_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mignon_Fogarty_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Empty citation (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#empty_citation" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3APreposeetion+an+postposeetion" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r809032">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sylvia Chalker, Edmund Weiner, <i>The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar</i>, OUP 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See Reindl (2001), Libert (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gernot Windfuhr, <i>Iranian Languages</i>, Routledge 2013 p. 736.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vít Bubeník, <i>From Case to Adposition: The Development of Configurational Syntax in Indo-European Languages</i>, John Benjamins Publishing 2006, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew S. Dryer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wals.info/chapter/85">"Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase"</a>, in <i>The World Atlas of Language Structures Online</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See Melis (2003), p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Random_House-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Random_House_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Random_House_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Empty citation (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#empty_citation" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3APreposeetion+an+postposeetion" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duden: <i>Neue Rechtschreibung Crashkurs (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duden.de/deutsche_sprache/neue_rechtschreibung/crashkurs/getrenntzusammen/regel_11.php">Regel 11</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080312003114/http://www.duden.de/deutsche_sprache/neue_rechtschreibung/crashkurs/getrenntzusammen/regel_11.php">Archived</a> 2008-03-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>CGEL</i>, p. 618ff; Pullum (2005); Huddleston and Pullum (2005), pp. 146-47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maria Franca Zuccarello, Edvaldo Sampaio Belizário, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filologia.org.br/xiicnlf/16/07.pdf">As preposições acidentais (preposizioni improprie) italianas e seus termos correpondentes em português</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011015627/http://www.filologia.org.br/xiicnlf/16/07.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-10-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, CNLF, Vol.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harm Pinkster, <i>On Latin Adverbs</i>, Amsterdam University Press 2005, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley E. Porter, <i>Idioms of the Greek New Testament</i>, A&C Black 1992, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zwarts, Joost. 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Creswell, Max. 1978.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibleeographie">Bibleeographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Eedit section: Bibleeographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Bibleeographie"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mark, L Hernandez <i>The power of the letter</i> (2001). <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780534420666" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-534-42066-6</a>.</li> <li>Bennett, David C. (1975) <i>Spatial and Temporal Uses of English Prepositions: An Essay in Stratificational Semantics</i>. London: Longman.</li> <li>Emonds, Joseph E. (1985) <i>A Unified Theory of Syntactic Categories</i>. Dordrecht: Foris.</li> <li>Haspelmath, Martin. (2003) "Adpositions". <i>International Encyclopedia of Linguistics.</i> 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195139771" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-513977-1</a>.</li> <li>Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. (2002) <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521431468" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-43146-8</a>.</li> <li><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Empty citation (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#empty_citation" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3APreposeetion+an+postposeetion" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032">*</li> <li>Jackendoff, Ray S. (1973) "Base Rules for PPs". In S. R. Anderson and P. Kiparsky (eds), <i>A Festschrift for Morris Halle</i>, pp. 345–356. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.</li> <li>Koopman, Hilda. (2000) "Prepositions, postpositions, circumpositions, and particles". In <i>The Syntax of Specifiers and Heads</i>, pp. 204–260. London: Routledge.</li> <li>Libert, Alan R. (2006) <i>Ambipositions</i>. LINCOM studies in language typology (No. 13). LINCOM. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3895867470" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-89586-747-0</a>.</li> <li>Maling, Joan. (1983) "Transitive adjectives: A case of categorial reanalysis". In F. Heny and B. Richards (eds), <i>Linguistic Categories: Auxiliaries and Related Puzzles,</i> Vol. 1, pp. 253–289. Dordrecht: Reidel.</li> <li>Melis, Ludo. (2003) <i>La préposition en français</i>. Gap: Ophrys.</li> <li>Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2005) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/001871.html">Phrasal Prepositions in a Civil Tone</a>." <i>Language Log</i>. Accessed 9 September 2007.</li> <li>Quirk, Randolph, and Joan Mulholland. (1964) "Complex Prepositions and Related Sequences". <i>English Studies</i>, suppl. to vol. 45, pp. 64–73.</li> <li>Rauh, Gisa. (1991) <i>Approaches to Prepositions</i>. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.</li> <li>Reindl, Donald F. (2001) "Areal Effects on the Preservation and Genesis of Slavic Postpositions". In Lj. Šarić and D. F. Reindl <i>On Prepositions</i> (= Studia Slavica Oldenburgensia 8), pp. 85–100. Oldenburg: Carl-von-Ossietzky-Universitat Oldenburg.</li> <li>Thatcher, David (2014) '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://savingourprepositions.ca">'Saving Our Prepositions: A Guide for the Perplexed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502203150/http://savingourprepositions.ca/">Archived</a> 2019-05-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ootby_airtins">Ootby airtins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Eedit section: Ootby airtins" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>eedit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Ootby airtins"><span>eedit soorce</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/video/0025-preposition.htm">Merriam Webster Editor's take on whether it is ok to end a sentence with a Preposition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/594/02/">Some prepositions</a> at Purdue Online Writing Lab</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Taen frae "<a dir="ltr" href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&oldid=888013">https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Preposeetion_an_postposeetion&oldid=888013</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categeries</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pairts_o_speech" title="Category:Pairts o speech">Pairts o speech</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Syntax" title="Category:Syntax">Syntax</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_wi_emptie_citations" title="Category:Pages wi emptie citations">Pages wi emptie citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_airtins" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback airtins">Webarchive template wayback airtins</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Airticles_conteenin_Laitin-leid_text" title="Category:Airticles conteenin Laitin-leid text">Airticles conteenin Laitin-leid text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_uisin_ISBN_magic_airtins" title="Category:Pages uisin ISBN magic airtins">Pages uisin ISBN magic airtins</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page wis last eeditit on 16 November 2023, at 07:50.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available unner the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; additional terms mey apply. 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