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id="toc-Executive_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Executive branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Legislative branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Judicial branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition,_1984-1997" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition,_1984-1997"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Transition, 1984-1997</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition,_1984-1997-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_political_issues_since_1997" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_political_issues_since_1997"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Major political issues since 1997</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_political_issues_since_1997-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major political issues since 1997 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_political_issues_since_1997-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Right_of_abode,_1999" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right_of_abode,_1999"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Right of abode, 1999</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right_of_abode,_1999-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1_July_2003_marches_and_Article_23" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1_July_2003_marches_and_Article_23"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1 July 2003 marches and Article 23</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1_July_2003_marches_and_Article_23-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universal_suffrage,_2003_-_to_date" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universal_suffrage,_2003_-_to_date"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Universal suffrage, 2003 - to date</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universal_suffrage,_2003_-_to_date-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation_of_Tung_Chee-hwa_and_interpretation_of_Basic_Law,_2005" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation_of_Tung_Chee-hwa_and_interpretation_of_Basic_Law,_2005"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Resignation of Tung Chee-hwa and interpretation of Basic Law, 2005</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation_of_Tung_Chee-hwa_and_interpretation_of_Basic_Law,_2005-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_reform_package_protests,_2005" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_reform_package_protests,_2005"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Political reform package protests, 2005</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_reform_package_protests,_2005-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_appointment_system,_2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_appointment_system,_2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Political appointment system, 2008</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_appointment_system,_2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflation_relief_measures,_2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflation_relief_measures,_2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Inflation relief measures, 2008</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflation_relief_measures,_2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leung_Chin-man_appointment,_2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leung_Chin-man_appointment,_2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Leung Chin-man appointment, 2008</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leung_Chin-man_appointment,_2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-May_2010_by-election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#May_2010_by-election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>May 2010 by-election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-May_2010_by-election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Umbrella_Revolution,_2014" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Umbrella_Revolution,_2014"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Umbrella Revolution, 2014</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Umbrella_Revolution,_2014-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong_Extradition_bill,_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong_Extradition_bill,_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Hong Kong Extradition bill, 2019</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong_Extradition_bill,_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_political_issues_since_1997" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_political_issues_since_1997"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other political issues since 1997</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_political_issues_since_1997-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationality_and_citizenship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationality_and_citizenship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Nationality and citizenship</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nationality_and_citizenship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nationality and citizenship subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nationality_and_citizenship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese_nationality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_nationality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Chinese nationality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_nationality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_nationality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_nationality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>British nationality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_nationality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_parties_and_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_parties_and_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Political parties and elections</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_parties_and_elections-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political parties and elections subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_parties_and_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pro-Beijing_(Pro-establishment_camp)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pro-Beijing_(Pro-establishment_camp)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Pro-Beijing (Pro-establishment camp)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pro-Beijing_(Pro-establishment_camp)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Centrist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centrist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Centrist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centrist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pro-democracy_(Opposition_camp)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pro-democracy_(Opposition_camp)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Pro-democracy (Opposition camp)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pro-democracy_(Opposition_camp)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_pressure_groups_and_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_pressure_groups_and_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Political pressure groups and leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_pressure_groups_and_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="border-collapse:collapse; background:white; border:1px solid #8C0046;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image" style="border-bottom:1px solid #8C0046; background:#A20051"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hkpol2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hkpol2.png/170px-Hkpol2.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hkpol2.png/255px-Hkpol2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hkpol2.png/340px-Hkpol2.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="background:#C40062; color:white; border-bottom:1px solid #8C0046;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#b0b0b8">Politics</span></a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#b0b0b8">government</span></a><br /> of <span class="region">Hong Kong</span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #8C0046;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Hong_Kong" title="Law of Hong Kong">Laws</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Law of Hong Kong">Basic Law</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Drafting_Committee" title="Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee">Drafting Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Consultative_Committee" title="Hong Kong Basic Law Consultative Committee">Consultative Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Article_23" title="Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23">Article 23</a> (national security laws)</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law" title="2020 Hong Kong national security law">2020 law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safeguarding_National_Security_Ordinance" title="Safeguarding National Security Ordinance">2024 law</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Article_45" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Basic Law Article 45">Article 45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Article_46" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Basic Law Article 46">Article 46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Article_69" title="Hong Kong Basic Law Article 69">Article 69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino%E2%80%93British_Joint_Declaration" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino–British Joint Declaration">Sino–British Joint Declaration</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_criminal_law" title="Hong Kong criminal law">Criminal law</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Hong_Kong" title="Capital punishment in Hong Kong">Capital punishment in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Procedure_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal Procedure (Hong Kong)">Criminal procedure</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jury_system_in_Hong_Kong" title="Jury system in Hong Kong">Jury system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Hong_Kong" title="Law enforcement in Hong Kong">Law enforcement in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Hong_Kong" title="Human rights in Hong Kong">Human rights</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hong_Kong" title="LGBT rights in Hong Kong">LGBT rights in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Hong_Kong" title="Internet censorship in Hong Kong">Internet censorship in Hong Kong</a></li></ul></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #8C0046;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Lee_(government_official)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lee (government official)">John Lee</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Chief_Executive" title="Office of the Chief Executive">Office of the Chief Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Safeguarding_National_Security_of_the_Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region">Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the HKSAR</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_officials_of_Hong_Kong" title="Principal officials of Hong Kong">Principal officials</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Administration" title="Chief Secretary for Administration">Chief Secretary</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Chan" title="Eric Chan">Eric Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Secretary_(Hong_Kong)" title="Financial Secretary (Hong Kong)">Financial Secretary</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Chan_Mo-po" title="Paul Chan Mo-po">Paul Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Justice_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary for Justice (Hong Kong)">Secretary for Justice</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lam" title="Paul Lam">Paul Lam</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Executive Council of Hong Kong">Executive Council</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Convenor: <a href="/wiki/Regina_Ip" title="Regina Ip">Regina Ip</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_Secretariat" title="Government Secretariat">Government Secretariat</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_government_agencies" title="List of Hong Kong government agencies">Government agencies</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_Bureau" title="Civil Service Bureau">Civil Service Bureau</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_Secretariat_for_the_Advisory_Bodies_on_Civil_Service_and_Judicial_Salaries_and_Conditions_of_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joint Secretariat for the Advisory Bodies on Civil Service and Judicial Salaries and Conditions of Service (page does not exist)">Joint Secretariat for the Advisory Bodies on Civil Service and Judicial Salaries and Conditions of Service</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_and_Mainland_Affairs_Bureau" title="Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau">Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Registration_and_Electoral_Office_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Registration and Electoral Office (Hong Kong)">Registration and Electoral Office</a></li> <li>Offices in the Mainland and Taiwan</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture,_Sports_and_Tourism_Bureau" title="Culture, Sports and Tourism Bureau">Culture, Sports and Tourism Bureau</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leisure_and_Cultural_Services_Department" title="Leisure and Cultural Services Department">Leisure and Cultural Services Department</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourism Commission (page does not exist)">Tourism Commission</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_Bureau" title="Education Bureau">Education Bureau</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>University Grants Committee Secretariat</li> <li>Working Family and Student Financial Assistance Agency</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_and_Ecology_Bureau" title="Environment and Ecology Bureau">Environment and Ecology Bureau</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Department" title="Environmental Protection Department">Environmental Protection Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture,_Fisheries_and_Conservation_Department" title="Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department">Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Environmental_Hygiene_Department" title="Food and Environmental Hygiene Department">Food and Environmental Hygiene Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Observatory" title="Hong Kong Observatory">Hong Kong Observatory</a></li> <li>Government Laboratory</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_Bureau_(Hong_Kong)" title="Health Bureau (Hong Kong)">Health Bureau</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(Hong_Kong)" title="Department of Health (Hong Kong)">Department of Health</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_and_Youth_Affairs_Bureau" title="Home and Youth Affairs Bureau">Home and Youth Affairs Bureau</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_Affairs_Department" title="Home Affairs Department">Home Affairs Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Services_Department" title="Information Services Department">Information Services Department</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_and_Welfare_Bureau" title="Labour and Welfare Bureau">Labour and Welfare Bureau</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Welfare_Department" title="Social Welfare Department">Social Welfare Department</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Security_Bureau_(Hong_Kong)" title="Security Bureau (Hong Kong)">Security Bureau</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Hong Kong Police Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Fire_Services_Department" title="Hong Kong Fire Services Department">Hong Kong Fire Services Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correctional_Services_Department" title="Correctional Services Department">Correctional Services Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Customs_and_Excise_Department" title="Hong Kong Customs and Excise Department">Customs and Excise Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Department_(Hong_Kong)" title="Immigration Department (Hong Kong)">Immigration Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Flying_Service" title="Government Flying Service">Government Flying Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Aid_Service" title="Civil Aid Service">Civil Aid Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Medical_Service" title="Auxiliary Medical Service">Auxiliary Medical Service</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_and_Logistics_Bureau" title="Transport and Logistics Bureau">Transport and Logistics Bureau</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Department" title="Transport Department">Transport Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Department_(Hong_Kong)" title="Civil Aviation Department (Hong Kong)">Civil Aviation Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_Department" title="Highways Department">Highways Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Department_(Hong_Kong)" title="Marine Department (Hong Kong)">Marine Department</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_Bureau" title="Housing Bureau">Housing Bureau</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_Department" title="Housing Department">Housing Department</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_and_Economic_Development_Bureau" title="Commerce and Economic Development Bureau">Commerce and Economic Development Bureau</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Intellectual Property Department</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invest_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Invest Hong Kong">Invest Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Communications_Authority" title="Office of the Communications Authority">Office of the Communications Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongkong_Post" title="Hongkong Post">Post Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_Industry_Department" title="Trade and Industry Department">Trade and Industry Department</a></li> <li>Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices (Overseas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTHK" title="RTHK">Radio Television Hong Kong</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_Bureau" title="Development Bureau">Development Bureau</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Services_Department" title="Architectural Services Department">Architectural Services Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buildings_Department" title="Buildings Department">Buildings Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Engineering_and_Development_Department" title="Civil Engineering and Development Department">Civil Engineering and Development Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_Services_Department" title="Drainage Services Department">Drainage Services Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_and_Mechanical_Services_Department" title="Electrical and Mechanical Services Department">Electrical and Mechanical Services Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Lands Department">Lands Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Registry_(Hong_Kong)" title="Land Registry (Hong Kong)">Land Registry</a></li> <li>Planning Department</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Supplies_Department" title="Water Supplies Department">Water Supplies Department</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Services_and_the_Treasury_Bureau" title="Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau">Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_and_Statistics_Department_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong)">Census and Statistics Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companies_Registry_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies Registry (Hong Kong)">Companies Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Logistics_Department" title="Government Logistics Department">Government Logistics Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Property_Agency_(Hong_Kong)" title="Government Property Agency (Hong Kong)">Government Property Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Revenue_Department_(Hong_Kong)" title="Inland Revenue Department (Hong Kong)">Inland Revenue Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Receiver%27s_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Receiver's Office">Official Receiver's Office</a></li> <li>Rating and Valuation Department</li> <li>Treasury</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Innovation,_Technology_and_Industry_Bureau" title="Innovation, Technology and Industry Bureau">Innovation, Technology and Industry Bureau</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efficiency_Office" title="Efficiency Office">Efficiency Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Government_Chief_Information_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Government Chief Information Officer">Office of the Government Chief Information Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_and_Technology_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Innovation and Technology Commission">Innovation and Technology Commission</a></li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Civil_Service" title="Hong Kong Civil Service">Hong Kong Civil Service</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Officer_(Hong_Kong)" title="Administrative Officer (Hong Kong)">Administrative Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Appointments_System" title="Political Appointments System">Political Appointments System</a></li></ul></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #8C0046;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Legislature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Leung" title="Andrew Leung">Andrew Leung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Members_of_the_Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong">List of Members of the Legislative Council</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Political camps:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-Beijing camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-democracy camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localist_camp" title="Localist camp">Localist camp</a></li></ul></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #8C0046;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong" title="Judiciary of Hong Kong">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Court_of_Final_Appeal" title="Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal">Court of Final Appeal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Court_of_Final_Appeal" title="Chief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal">Chief Justice</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cheung" title="Andrew Cheung">Andrew Cheung</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Hong_Kong" title="High Court of Hong Kong">High Court</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Judge_of_the_High_Court_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Judge of the High Court of Hong Kong">Chief Judge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Poon_Shiu-chor" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeremy Poon Shiu-chor">Jeremy Poon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_(Hong_Kong)" title="Court of Appeal (Hong Kong)">Court of Appeal</a> <ul><li>President of the Court of Appeal</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_First_Instance_(Hong_Kong)" title="Court of First Instance (Hong Kong)">Court of First Instance</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/District_Court_(Hong_Kong)" title="District Court (Hong Kong)">District Court</a> </p> <ul><li>Chief District Judge: Justin Ko</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_Court_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrates' Court (Hong Kong)">Magistrates' Court</a> </p> <ul><li>Chief Magistrate: So Wai-tak</li></ul> <p>Special courts and tribunals: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong#The_Coroner’s_Court" title="Judiciary of Hong Kong">Coroner’s Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong#The_Labour_Tribunal" title="Judiciary of Hong Kong">Labour Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_Tribunal_(Hong_Kong)" title="Lands Tribunal (Hong Kong)">Lands Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_Misconduct_Tribunal" title="Market Misconduct Tribunal">Market Misconduct Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong#The_Obscene_Articles_Tribunal" title="Judiciary of Hong Kong">Obscene Articles Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong#The_Small_Claims_Tribunal" title="Judiciary of Hong Kong">Small Claims Tribunal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #8C0046;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Hong_Kong" title="Districts of Hong Kong">Districts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/District_Officer_(Hong_Kong)" title="District Officer (Hong Kong)">District Officers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_Councils_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="District Councils of Hong Kong">District Councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_and_Western_District" title="Central and Western District">Central and Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_District,_Hong_Kong" title="Eastern District, Hong Kong">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_District" title="Islands District">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowloon_City_District" title="Kowloon City District">Kowloon City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwai_Tsing_District" title="Kwai Tsing District">Kwai Tsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwun_Tong_District" title="Kwun Tong District">Kwun Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_District,_Hong_Kong" title="North District, Hong Kong">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Kung_District" title="Sai Kung District">Sai Kung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha_Tin_District" title="Sha Tin District">Sha Tin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_Shui_Po_District" title="Sham Shui Po District">Sham Shui Po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_District,_Hong_Kong" title="Southern District, Hong Kong">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Po_District" title="Tai Po District">Tai Po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuen_Wan_District" title="Tsuen Wan District">Tsuen Wan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuen_Mun_District" title="Tuen Mun District">Tuen Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Chai_District" title="Wan Chai District">Wan Chai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wong_Tai_Sin_District" title="Wong Tai Sin District">Wong Tai Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yau_Tsim_Mong_District" title="Yau Tsim Mong District">Yau Tsim Mong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuen_Long_District" title="Yuen Long District">Yuen Long</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_committees_of_Hong_Kong" title="Area committees of Hong Kong">Area committees</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #8C0046;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hong_Kong" title="Elections in Hong Kong">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Affairs_Commission" title="Electoral Affairs Commission">Electoral Affairs Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Registration_and_Electoral_Office_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Registration and Electoral Office (Hong Kong)">Registration and Electoral Office</a></li></ul> <p>Chief Executive Elections </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_Committee_(Hong_Kong)" title="Election Committee (Hong Kong)">Election Committee</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_legislative_elections" title="Hong Kong legislative elections">Legislative elections</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_constituency" title="Geographical constituency">Geographical Constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_constituency_(Hong_Kong)" title="Functional constituency (Hong Kong)">Functional Constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Committee_(constituency)" title="Election Committee (constituency)">Election Committee Constituency</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_local_elections" title="Hong Kong local elections">District council elections</a><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of constituencies of Hong Kong">List of constituencies of Hong Kong</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of political parties in Hong Kong">Political parties</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_development_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic development in Hong Kong">Universal suffrage</a><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #8C0046;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hong_Kong" title="Foreign relations of Hong Kong">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;">Documents <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_identity_card" title="Hong Kong identity card">Hong Kong identity card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_passport" title="Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport">HKSAR Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_(Overseas)_passport" title="British National (Overseas) passport">BNO Passport</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Consular_missions_in_Hong_Kong" title="Consular missions in Hong Kong">Consular missions in Hong Kong</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Economic_and_Trade_Office" title="Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office">Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Hong Kong–United Kingdom relations">Hong Kong–United Kingdom relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hong Kong–United States relations">Hong Kong–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Hong Kong–Philippines relations">Hong Kong–Philippines relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Hong Kong–Singapore relations">Hong Kong–Singapore relations</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Consular_missions_in_Hong_Kong#Relations_with_Mainland_China" title="Consular missions in Hong Kong">Hong Kong–China relations</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Liaison_Office" title="Hong Kong Liaison Office">Hong Kong Liaison Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Government_of_the_Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_in_Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in Beijing">Office of the Government of the HKSAR in Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Hong_Kong_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Hong Kong–Taiwan relations">Hong Kong–Taiwan relations</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Economic,_Trade_and_Cultural_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Economic, Trade and Cultural Office">Hong Kong Economic, Trade and Cultural Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Taiwan_Economic_and_Cultural_Co-operation_and_Promotion_Council" title="Hong Kong–Taiwan Economic and Cultural Co-operation and Promotion Council">Hong Kong–Taiwan Economic and Cultural Co-operation and Promotion Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:normal; border:1px solid #8C0046;"> <b>Related topics</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Culture of Hong Kong">Culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Economy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Education in Hong Kong">Education</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hong_Kong" title="Geography of Hong Kong">Geography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong" title="History of Hong Kong">History</a></li></ul></div> <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/16px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/24px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hong_Kong" title="Portal:Hong Kong">Hong Kong portal</a></b></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Template:Politics of Hong Kong"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Template talk:Politics of Hong Kong"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Hong Kong"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>politics of Hong Kong</b> takes place in a framework of a political system dominated by its quasi-constitutional document, the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Hong Kong Basic Law</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">own legislature</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Special Administrative Region">Special Administrative Region</a> and of a politically constrained <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China is led by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Basic Law</a>, Hong Kong's constitutional document, was approved in March 1990 by <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> of China, and entered into force on 1 July 1997, when <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">sovereignty of Hong Kong was transferred</a> to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (PRC), ending over one and a half centuries of <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British rule</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> became a <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special Administrative Region</a> (SAR) of the PRC with a high degree of autonomy in all matters except foreign affairs and defence, which are responsibilities of the PRC government. In accordance with Article 31 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the People's Republic of China">Constitution of the People's Republic of China</a>, Hong Kong's <a href="/wiki/Special_Administrative_Region_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China">Special Administrative Region</a> status provides constitutional guarantees for implementing the policy of "<a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">one country, two systems</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Wong,_Yiu-chung_2004_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong,_Yiu-chung_2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a> (1984) and the Basic Law, Hong Kong was to retain its political, economic and judicial systems and unique way of life and continue to participate in international agreements and organisations as a dependent territory for at least 50 years after <a href="/wiki/Cession#Retrocession" title="Cession">retrocession</a>. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> has recognised Hong Kong as a participating nation under the name, "Hong Kong, China", separate from the delegation from the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> rated Hong Kong a "<a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index#Definitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Hybrid regime</a>" in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-democracy-index_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-democracy-index-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2021, <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> is only granted in elections for 20 out of 90 seats of the Legislative Council and 88 out of 470 seats of the <a href="/wiki/District_councils_of_Hong_Kong" title="District councils of Hong Kong">district councils</a>. The head of the government (<a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive of Hong Kong</a>) is elected through an <a href="/wiki/Election_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Election Committee">electoral college</a> with the majority of its members elected by a limited number of voters mainly within business and professional sectors. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches">Branches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_in_Hong_Kong" title="Separation of powers in Hong Kong">Separation of powers in Hong Kong</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_branch">Executive branch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Executive branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Government">Hong Kong Government</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive</a> (CE) is the head of the special administrative region, and is also the highest-ranking official in the Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and is the head of the executive branch. </p><p>The Chief Executive is elected by a 1200-member Election Committee drawn mostly from the voters in the <a href="/wiki/Functional_constituency_(Hong_Kong)" title="Functional constituency (Hong Kong)">functional constituencies</a> but also from religious organisations and municipal and central government bodies. The CE is legally appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of the People's Republic of China">Premier of the People's Republic of China</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Executive Council of Hong Kong">Executive Council</a>, the top policy organ of the executive government that advises on policy matters, is entirely appointed by the Chief Executive.<sup id="cite_ref-Basiclaw23HK1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basiclaw23HK1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_branch">Legislative branch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legislative branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council of Hong Kong</a></div> <p>In accordance with Article 26 of the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, permanent residents of Hong Kong are eligible to vote in direct elections for the 20 seats representing geographical constituencies. Some of the permanent residents who have specific occupational backgrounds are eligible to vote in the 30 seats from <a href="/wiki/Functional_constituency_(Hong_Kong)" title="Functional constituency (Hong Kong)">functional constituencies</a> in the 90-seat, unicameral <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a> (LegCo).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within functional constituencies, the franchise for the 30 seats is limited to about 230,000 voters in the other functional constituencies (mainly composed of business and professional sectors). </p><p>The 1,500-member election committee of Hong Kong will vote for the remaining 40 seats to enter the Legislative Council as the sector of Election Committee. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_branch">Judicial branch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Judicial branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong" title="Judiciary of Hong Kong">Judiciary of Hong Kong</a></div> <p>The Judiciary consists of a series of courts, of which the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_last_resort" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of last resort">court of final adjudication</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Court_of_Final_Appeal" title="Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal">Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal</a>. </p><p>While Hong Kong retains the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> system, the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China">Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China</a> has the power of final interpretation of national laws affecting Hong Kong, including the Basic Law, and its opinions are therefore binding on Hong Kong courts on a prospective and often retrospective basis and may not be in line with common law principles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transition,_1984-1997"><span id="Transition.2C_1984-1997"></span>Transition, 1984-1997</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Transition, 1984-1997"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a> (1984), <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> was to retain its political, economic and judicial systems and unique way of life and continue to participate in international agreements and organisations as a dependent territory for at least 50 years after <a href="/wiki/Cession#Retrocession" title="Cession">retrocession</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> has recognised Hong Kong as a participating nation under the name, "Hong Kong, China", separate from the delegation from the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>. </p><p>In March 1990, the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> of China approved the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Basic Law</a>, Hong Kong's constitutional document, which entered into force on 1 July 1997, when <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">sovereignty of Hong Kong was transferred</a> to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (PRC). This ended over one and a half centuries of <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British rule</a>. Hong Kong became a <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special Administrative Region</a> (SAR) of the PRC with a high degree of autonomy in all matters except foreign affairs and defence, which are responsibilities of the PRC government. In accordance with Article 31 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the People's Republic of China">Constitution of the People's Republic of China</a>, Hong Kongs <a href="/wiki/Special_Administrative_Region_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China">Special Administrative Region</a> status provides constitutional guarantees for implementing the policy of "<a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">one country, two systems</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Wong,_Yiu-chung_2004_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong,_Yiu-chung_2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_political_issues_since_1997">Major political issues since 1997</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Major political issues since 1997"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HKmarch1_13_2008pic3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/HKmarch1_13_2008pic3.jpg/220px-HKmarch1_13_2008pic3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/HKmarch1_13_2008pic3.jpg/330px-HKmarch1_13_2008pic3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/HKmarch1_13_2008pic3.jpg/440px-HKmarch1_13_2008pic3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Political activists voicing their concern in the Jan 2008 protest</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Right_of_abode,_1999"><span id="Right_of_abode.2C_1999"></span>Right of abode, 1999</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Right of abode, 1999"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Right_of_abode_in_Hong_Kong" title="Right of abode in Hong Kong">Right of abode in Hong Kong</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Special:EditPage/Politics of Hong Kong">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On 29 January 1999, the Court of Final Appeal, the highest judicial authority in Hong Kong interpreted several Articles of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Basic Law</a>, in such a way that the Government estimated would allow 1.6 million <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> immigrants to enter Hong Kong within ten years. This caused widespread concerns among the public on the social and economic consequences. </p><p>While some in the legal sector advocated that the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> (NPC) should be asked to amend the part of the Basic Law to redress the problem, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">Government of Hong Kong</a> (HKSAR) decided to seek an interpretation to, rather than an amendment of, the relevant Basic Law provisions from the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a> (NPCSC). in June 1999, the NPCSC issued an interpretation in favour of the Hong Kong Government thereby overturning parts of the court decision. While the full powers of NPCSC to interpret the Basic Law was provided for in the Basic Law itself, some critics argued this undermined <a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence" title="Judicial independence">judicial independence</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1_July_2003_marches_and_Article_23">1 July 2003 marches and Article 23</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1 July 2003 marches and Article 23"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_1_July_marches" title="Hong Kong 1 July marches">Hong Kong 1 July marches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Article_23" title="Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23">Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23</a></div> <p>The Hong Kong 1 July March has been an annual protest rally led by the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Human_Rights_Front" title="Civil Human Rights Front">Civil Human Rights Front</a> since the 1997 handover on the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_Establishment_Day" title="Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Establishment Day">HKSAR establishment day</a>. However, it was only in 2003 when it drew large public attention by opposing the bill of Article 23. It has become the annual platform for demanding universal suffrage, calling for observance and preservation of <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">free speech</a>, venting dissatisfaction with the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Government">Hong Kong Government</a> or the Chief Executive, rallying against actions of the Pro-Beijing camp. </p><p>In 2003, the HKSAR Government proposed to implement Article 23 of the Basic Law by enacting <a href="/wiki/National_Security_(Legislative_Provisions)_Bill_2003" title="National Security (Legislative Provisions) Bill 2003">national security bill</a> against acts such as <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subversion_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subversion (political)">subversion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Basiclaw23HK1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basiclaw23HK1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there were concerns that the legislation would infringe upon human rights by introducing the mainland's concept of "national security" into the HKSAR. Together with the general dissatisfaction with the Tung administration, about 500,000 people participated in this protest. Article 23 enactment was "temporarily suspended".<sup id="cite_ref-Wyc_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universal_suffrage,_2003_-_to_date"><span id="Universal_suffrage.2C_2003_-_to_date"></span>Universal suffrage, 2003 - to date</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Universal suffrage, 2003 - to date"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_development_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic development in Hong Kong">Democratic development in Hong Kong</a></div> <p>Towards the end of 2003, the focus of political controversy shifted to the dispute of how subsequent Chief Executives get elected. The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Article_45" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Basic Law Article 45">Basic Law's Article 45</a> stipulates that the ultimate goal is <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>; when and how to achieve that goal, however, remains open but controversial. Under the Basic Law, electoral law could be amended to allow for this as soon as <a href="/wiki/2007_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election" title="2007 Hong Kong Chief Executive election">2007</a> (Hong Kong Basic Law Annex .1, Sect.7). Arguments over this issue seemed to be responsible for a series of mainland Chinese newspapers commentaries in February 2004 which stated that power over Hong Kong was only fit for "patriots." </p><p>The interpretation of the NPCSC to Annex I and II of the Basic Law, promulgated on 6 April 2004, made it clear that the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a>' support is required over proposals to amend the electoral system under Basic Law. On 26 April 2004, the Standing Committee of National People's Congress denied the possibility of universal suffrage in 2007 (for the Chief Executive) and 2008 (for LegCo). </p><p>The NPCSC interpretation and decision were regarded as obstacles to the democratic development of Hong Kong by the democratic camp, and were criticised for lack of consultation with Hong Kong residents. On the other hand, the pro-government camp considered them to be in compliance with the legislative intent of the Basic Law and in line with the '<a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a>' principle, and hoped that this would put an end to the controversies on development of political structure in Hong Kong. </p><p>Mid December 2007 Chief Executive Sir <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tsang" title="Donald Tsang">Donald Tsang</a> requested that Beijing allow direct elections for the Chief Executive. He referred to a survey in which more than half of the citizens of Hong Kong wanted direct elections by 2012. However, he said waiting for 2017 may be the best way to get two-thirds of the support of Legislative Council.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> End of December Donald Tsang announced that the NPC said, it planned to allow the <a href="/wiki/2017_Chief_Executive_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Chief Executive Election">2017 Chief Executive Elections</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Postponement_of_the_2020_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="Postponement of the 2020 Hong Kong legislative election">2020 Legislative Council elections</a> to take place by universal suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, public concern was sparked that the election process for the Chief Executive would involve a screening process that selects for candidates deemed suitable for the position by Beijing, incited by a comment made by a Deputy of the National People's Congress at an <a href="/wiki/Off_the_record_(journalism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Off the record (journalism)">off-the-record</a> gathering.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resignation_of_Tung_Chee-hwa_and_interpretation_of_Basic_Law,_2005"><span id="Resignation_of_Tung_Chee-hwa_and_interpretation_of_Basic_Law.2C_2005"></span>Resignation of Tung Chee-hwa and interpretation of Basic Law, 2005</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Resignation of Tung Chee-hwa and interpretation of Basic Law, 2005"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tung_Chee_Hwa%27s_resignation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tung Chee Hwa's resignation">Tung Chee Hwa's resignation</a></div> <p>On 12 March 2005, the Chief Executive, <a href="/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa" title="Tung Chee-hwa">Tung Chee-hwa</a>, resigned. Immediately after Tung's resignation, there was dispute over the length of the term of the Chief Executive. To most local legal professionals, the length is obviously five years, under whatever circumstances.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It should also be noted that the wording of the Basic Law on the term of the Chief Executive is substantially different from the articles in the PRC constitution concerning the length of term of the president, premier, etc. Nonetheless, legal experts from the mainland said it is a convention a successor will only serve the remainder of the term if the position is vacant because the predecessor resigned. The <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a> affirmed that the successor would only serve the remainder of the term. Many in Hong Kong saw this as having an adverse impact on one country, two systems, as the <a href="/wiki/Central_People%27s_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Central People's Government">Central People's Government</a> interpret the Basic Law to serve its need, that is, a two-year probation for Tsang, instead of a five-year term.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_reform_package_protests,_2005"><span id="Political_reform_package_protests.2C_2005"></span>Political reform package protests, 2005</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Political reform package protests, 2005"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/December_2005_protest_for_democracy_in_Hong_Kong" title="December 2005 protest for democracy in Hong Kong">December 2005 protest for democracy in Hong Kong</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_kong_protest_2005_0001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hong_kong_protest_2005_0001.jpg/220px-Hong_kong_protest_2005_0001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hong_kong_protest_2005_0001.jpg/330px-Hong_kong_protest_2005_0001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hong_kong_protest_2005_0001.jpg/440px-Hong_kong_protest_2005_0001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration against reform package</figcaption></figure> <p>On 4 December 2005, people in Hong Kong demonstrated against Sir <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tsang" title="Donald Tsang">Donald Tsang</a>'s proposed reform package, before a vote on 21 December. According to the organisers,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an estimated 250,000 turned out into the streets. The police supplied a figure of 63,000, and Michael de Golyer of Baptist University estimated between 70,000 and 100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The march sent a strong message to hesitant pro-democracy legislators to follow public opinion. The pro-government camp claimed to have collected 700,000 signatures on a petition backing Tsang's reform package. This number, however, was widely seen as too small to influence pro-democracy lawmakers. The Reform Package debate saw the return of key political figure and former Chief Secretary <a href="/wiki/Anson_Chan" title="Anson Chan">Anson Chan</a>, raising speculations of a possible run up for the 2007 Chief Executive election, though she dismissed having a personal interest in standing for the next election. </p><p>In an attempt to win last minute votes from moderate pro-democracy lawmakers, the government amended its reform package on 19 December 2005 by proposing a gradual cut in the number of <a href="/wiki/District_Councils_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="District Councils of Hong Kong">district council</a> members appointed by the Chief Executive. Their number was to be reduced from 102 to 68 by 2008. It was to be decided in 2011 whether to scrap the remaining seats in 2012 or in 2016. The amendment was seen as a reluctant response by Sir Donald Tsang to give satisfaction to the democratic demands made by demonstrators on 4 December. The move was qualified "Too little, too late" by pan-democrats in general. </p><p>On 21 December 2005, the political reform package was vetoed by pro-democracy lawmakers. Chief Secretary <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Hui" title="Rafael Hui">Rafael Hui</a> openly criticised pro-democracy <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lee" title="Martin Lee">Martin Lee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Zen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop Zen">Bishop Zen</a> for blocking the proposed changes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_appointment_system,_2008"><span id="Political_appointment_system.2C_2008"></span>Political appointment system, 2008</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Political appointment system, 2008"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_Appointments_System_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Appointments System in Hong Kong">Political Appointments System in Hong Kong</a></div> <p>As of 2008, the 24 non-civil service positions under the political appointment system comprised 11 undersecretaries and 13 political assistants.<sup id="cite_ref-nohurry_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nohurry-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2008, the government named eight newly appointed <a href="/wiki/Undersecretary" title="Undersecretary">Undersecretaries</a> and nine Political Assistants. The posts were newly created, ostensibly to work closely with bureau secretaries and top civil servants in implementing the Chief Executive's policy blueprint and agenda in an executive-led government. Donald Tsang described the appointments as a milestone in the development of Hong Kong's political appointment system.<sup id="cite_ref-highhopes_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-highhopes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2008 controversies arose with the disclosure of foreign passports and salaries.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pressure for disclosure continued to mount despite government insistence on the right of the individuals to privacy: on 10 June 2008, newly appointed Undersecretaries and political assistants, who had previously argued were contractually forbidden from disclosing their remuneration, revealed their salaries. The Government news release stated that the appointees had "voluntarily disclosed their salaries, given the sustained public interest in the issue."<sup id="cite_ref-disclose_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-disclose-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inflation_relief_measures,_2008"><span id="Inflation_relief_measures.2C_2008"></span>Inflation relief measures, 2008</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Inflation relief measures, 2008"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_domestic_helpers_in_Hong_Kong#Employees'_Retraining_Levy_waiver_controversy" title="Foreign domestic helpers in Hong Kong">Foreign domestic helpers in Hong Kong § Employees' Retraining Levy waiver controversy</a></div> <p>On 16 July 2008, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tsang" title="Donald Tsang">Donald Tsang</a> announced some "extraordinary measures for extraordinary times",<sup id="cite_ref-leadership_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leadership-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving a total of HK$11 billion in inflation relief to help families' finances. Of which, the Employee Retraining levy on the employment of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_domestic_helpers_in_Hong_Kong" title="Foreign domestic helpers in Hong Kong">Foreign domestic helpers</a> would be temporarily waived,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at an estimated cost of $HK2 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-leadership_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leadership-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was intended that the levy would be waived for a two-year period on all helpers' employment contracts signed on or after 1 September 2008, but would not apply to ongoing contracts. The Immigration Department said it would not reimburse levies, which are prepaid half-yearly or yearly in advance. The announcement resulted in chaos and confusion, and uncertainty for the helpers as some employers deferred contracts or had dismissed helpers pending confirmation of the effective date, leaving helpers in limbo.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2008, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Labour_and_Welfare" title="Secretary for Labour and Welfare">Secretary for Labour and Welfare</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Cheung" title="Matthew Cheung">Matthew Cheung</a> announced the waiver commencement date would be brought forward by one month. The Immigration Department would relax its 14-day re-employment requirement for helpers whose contracts expired.<sup id="cite_ref-hope_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hope-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 July, the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Executive Council of Hong Kong">Executive Council</a> approved the measures. After widespread criticism of the situation, the government also conceded that maids having advanced renewal of contract would not be required to leave Hong Kong through the discretion exercised by the <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Immigration" title="Director of Immigration">Director of Immigration</a>, and employers would benefit from the waiver simply by renewing the contract within the two-year period, admitting that some employers could benefit from the waiver for up to 4 years.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The administration's poor handling of the matter was heavily criticised. The administrative credibility and competence were called into question by journals from all sides of the political spectrum,<sup id="cite_ref-leadership_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leadership-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by helpers and employers alike. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leung_Chin-man_appointment,_2008"><span id="Leung_Chin-man_appointment.2C_2008"></span>Leung Chin-man appointment, 2008</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Leung Chin-man appointment, 2008"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Leung_Chin-man_appointment_controversy" title="Leung Chin-man appointment controversy">Leung Chin-man appointment controversy</a></div> <p>In August 2008, the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Leung_Chin-man" title="Leung Chin-man">Leung Chin-man</a> as deputy managing director and executive director of <a href="/wiki/New_World_China_Land" title="New World China Land">New World China Land</a>, subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/New_World_Development" title="New World Development">New World Development</a> (NWD), was greeted with uproar amidst widespread public suspicion that job offer was a <i><a href="/wiki/Quid_pro_quo" title="Quid pro quo">quid pro quo</a></i> for the favours he allegedly granted to NWD. Leung was seen to have been involved with the sale of the <a href="/wiki/Harbour_Place#Hunghom_Peninsula" title="Harbour Place">Hung Hom Peninsula</a> <a href="/wiki/Home_Ownership_Scheme" title="Home Ownership Scheme">Home Ownership Scheme</a> (HOS) <a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Hong_Kong" title="Public housing in Hong Kong">public housing estate</a> to NWD at under-value in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-unrest_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unrest-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a 12-month 'sterilisation period' after retirement, Leung submitted an application to the government on 9 May for approval to take up employment with New World China Land.<sup id="cite_ref-didntsee_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-didntsee-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_the_Civil_Service" title="Secretary for the Civil Service">Secretary for the Civil Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denise_Yue" title="Denise Yue">Denise Yue Chung-yee</a>, signed off on the approval for him to take up the job after his request passed through the vetting committee.<sup id="cite_ref-demolish_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demolish-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Controversies surrounded not only the suspicions of Leung's own conflict of interest, but also of the insensitivity of the committee which recommended the approval for him to take up his lucrative new job less than two years after his official retirement.<sup id="cite_ref-unrest_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unrest-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New World argued that they hired Leung in good faith after government clearance. </p><p>On 15 August, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_Bureau" title="Civil Service Bureau">Civil Service Bureau</a> issued the report requested by Donald Tsang, where they admitted that they had neglected to consider Leung's role in the Hung Hom Peninsula affair.<sup id="cite_ref-pressrelease_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pressrelease-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Donald Tsang asked the SCS <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to reassess the approval, and submit a report to him.<sup id="cite_ref-pressrelease1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pressrelease1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New World Development announced in the early hours of 16 August that Leung had resigned from his post, without any compensation from either side or from the government, for the termination.<sup id="cite_ref-quits_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quits-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next day, Donald Tsang confirmed that Denise Yue would not have to resign. He was satisfied with her apology and with the explanations offered by her. Tsang ordered a committee, of which Yue was to be a member, to be set up to perform a sweeping review of the system to process applications for former civil servants.<sup id="cite_ref-review_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-review-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="May_2010_by-election">May 2010 by-election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: May 2010 by-election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2010_Hong_Kong_by-election" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Hong Kong by-election">2010 Hong Kong by-election</a></div> <p>In January 2010, five pan-democrats resigned from the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council of Hong Kong</a> to trigger a by-election in response to the lack of progress in the move towards universal suffrage. </p><p>They wanted to use the by-election as a de facto referendum for universal suffrage and the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Functional_constituency_(Hong_Kong)" title="Functional constituency (Hong Kong)">functional constituencies</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Umbrella_Revolution,_2014"><span id="Umbrella_Revolution.2C_2014"></span>Umbrella Revolution, 2014</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Umbrella Revolution, 2014"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella Revolution">Umbrella Revolution</a> erupted spontaneously in September 2014 in protest of a decision by China's <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a> (NPCSC) on <a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Hong Kong electoral reform">proposed electoral reform</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-news.xinhuanet.com_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.xinhuanet.com-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a> package provoked mobilisation by students, and the effects became amplified into the <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_Movement" title="Umbrella Movement">Umbrella Movement</a> a political movement involving hundreds of thousands of Hong Kong citizens provoking heavy-handed policing and government tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong_Extradition_bill,_2019"><span id="Hong_Kong_Extradition_bill.2C_2019"></span>Hong Kong Extradition bill, 2019</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hong Kong Extradition bill, 2019"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Offenders_and_Mutual_Legal_Assistance_in_Criminal_Matters_Legislation_(Amendment)_Bill_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019">Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019</a> and <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 Hong Kong protests">2019–20 Hong Kong protests</a></div> <p>In February 2019, the Legislative Council proposed a bill to amend extradition rights between Hong Kong and other countries. This bill was proposed because of an incident in which a Hong Kong citizen killed his pregnant girlfriend on vacation in Taiwan. However, there is no agreement to extradite to Taiwan, so he was unable to be charged in Taiwan. The bill proposed a mechanism for transfers of fugitives not only for Taiwan, but also for mainland China and Macau, which are not covered in the existing laws. The <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 Hong Kong protests">2019–20 Hong Kong protests</a> were a series of protests against the bill, such as on 9 June 2019 and 16 June 2019, which were estimated to number one million and two million protesters, respectively. Police brutality and subsequent further oppression of the protesters by the government have led to even more demonstrations, including the anniversary of the handover on 1 July 2019, which saw the <a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Legislative_Council_Complex" title="Storming of the Legislative Council Complex">storming of the Legislative Council Complex</a>, and subsequent protests throughout the summer spreading to different districts. </p><p>On 15 June 2019, Chief Executive <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Lam" title="Carrie Lam">Carrie Lam</a> decided to indefinitely suspend the bill in light of the protests, but also made it clear in her remarks that the bill was not withdrawn. On 4 September 2019, Lam announced that the government would "formally withdraw" the Fugitive Offenders Bill, as well as enacting a number of other reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2019 Hong Kong District Council election was held on 24 November, the first poll since the beginning of the protests, and one that had been billed as a "referendum" on the government. More than 2.94 million votes were cast for a turnout rate of 71.2%, up from 1.45 million and 47% from the previous election. This was the highest turnout in Hong Kong's history, both in absolute numbers and in turnout rates. The <a href="/wiki/Results_breakdown_of_the_2019_Hong_Kong_local_elections" title="Results breakdown of the 2019 Hong Kong local elections">results</a> were a resounding <a href="/wiki/Landslide_victory" title="Landslide victory">landslide victory</a> for the pro-democracy bloc, as they saw their seat share increased from 30% to almost 88%, with a jump in vote share from 40% to 57%. The largest party before the election, DAB, fell to third place, with its leader's vote share cut from a consistent 80% to 55%, and their three vice-chairs losing. Among those who were also legislators, the overwhelming majority of the losing candidates were from the pro-Beijing bloc. Commenting on the election results, <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i> declared it "the day Hong Kong's true "silent majority" spoke. </p><p>After the election, the protests slowly became quiet due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and government crackdown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_political_issues_since_1997">Other political issues since 1997</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other political issues since 1997"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_Victoria_Park_Cable_TV_HK_RTHK_Free_Ching_Cheong.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/HK_Victoria_Park_Cable_TV_HK_RTHK_Free_Ching_Cheong.JPG/220px-HK_Victoria_Park_Cable_TV_HK_RTHK_Free_Ching_Cheong.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/HK_Victoria_Park_Cable_TV_HK_RTHK_Free_Ching_Cheong.JPG/330px-HK_Victoria_Park_Cable_TV_HK_RTHK_Free_Ching_Cheong.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/HK_Victoria_Park_Cable_TV_HK_RTHK_Free_Ching_Cheong.JPG/440px-HK_Victoria_Park_Cable_TV_HK_RTHK_Free_Ching_Cheong.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A "free <a href="/wiki/Ching_Cheong" title="Ching Cheong">Ching Cheong</a>" poster</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Bauhinia_Medal" title="Grand Bauhinia Medal">Grand Bauhinia Medal</a> being bestowed on <a href="/wiki/Yeung_Kwong" title="Yeung Kwong">Yeung Kwong</a>, a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_1967_Leftist_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong 1967 Leftist Riots">Hong Kong 1967 Leftist Riots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_and_Wan_Chai_Reclamation#Controversy" title="Central and Wan Chai Reclamation">Central and Wan Chai Reclamation controversy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Harbour_Fest" title="Harbour Fest">Harbour Fest controversy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Link_REIT#IPO_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Link REIT">The Link REIT IPO controversy</a><br />Arrest of journalist <a href="/wiki/Ching_Cheong" title="Ching Cheong">Ching Cheong</a> by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> on spying charges<br /><a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma Ying-jeou</a> denied visa to enter Hong Kong<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>Aborted proposal to grant development rights for the <a href="/wiki/West_Kowloon_Cultural_District" title="West Kowloon Cultural District">West Kowloon Cultural District</a> to a single developer.<br />Aborted proposal to introduce a <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_Services_Tax_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goods and Services Tax (Hong Kong)">Goods and Services Tax</a><br />Battle for conservation of <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Place_Ferry_Pier#Relocation" title="Edinburgh Place Ferry Pier">Star Ferry Pier</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>Battle for conservation of <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Pier#The_Pier.27s_future" title="Queen's Pier">Queen's Pier</a>.<br /><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Institute_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Institute of Education">Hong Kong Institute of Education academic freedom controversy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Chan" title="Johannes Chan">Johannes Chan</a> Macau ban <br /><a href="/wiki/Consultation_Document_on_the_Methods_for_Selecting_the_Chief_Executive_and_for_Forming_the_LegCo_in_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Consultation Document on the Methods for Selecting the Chief Executive and for Forming the LegCo in 2012">Consultation Document on the Methods for Selecting the Chief Executive and for Forming the LegCo in 2012</a> launched </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2010_Hong_Kong_by-election" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Hong Kong by-election">2010 Hong Kong by-election</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_Democracy_(Hong_Kong)" title="Goddess of Democracy (Hong Kong)">Goddess of Democracy</a> controversies<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moral_and_National_Education_controversy" title="Moral and National Education controversy">Moral and National Education controversy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Central_with_Love_and_Peace" title="Occupy Central with Love and Peace">Occupy movement</a> expanded to Hong Kong </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Legislative_Council_oath-taking_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Legislative Council oath-taking controversy">Hong Kong Legislative Council oath-taking controversy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2017_imprisonment_of_Hong_Kong_democracy_activists" title="2017 imprisonment of Hong Kong democracy activists">2017 imprisonment of Hong Kong democracy activists</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 Hong Kong protests">2019–20 Hong Kong protests</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_on_Safeguarding_National_Security_in_the_Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of the People's Republic of China on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region">Beijing imposed National Security Law</a> passed; Hong Kong pro-democracy activist <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Lai" title="Jimmy Lai">Jimmy Lai</a> arrested under new law, subsequently released<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Hong_Kong_electoral_changes" title="2021 Hong Kong electoral changes">Electoral System Changed</a> and establishment of <a href="/wiki/Candidate_Eligibility_Review_Committee" title="Candidate Eligibility Review Committee">Candidate Eligibility Review Committee</a>; Jimmy Lai was arrested again and sentenced to 5 years in prison for participating in a <a href="/wiki/Candlelight_vigil" title="Candlelight vigil">candlelight vigil</a> honoring activists murdered during the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Tiananmen Square massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Safeguarding_National_Security_Ordinance" title="Safeguarding National Security Ordinance">Safeguarding National Security Ordinance</a> passed with extraordinary speed, granting more powers to crack down on opposition to Beijing and the Hong Kong government </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nationality_and_citizenship">Nationality and citizenship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Nationality and citizenship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_nationality">Chinese nationality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Chinese nationality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationality law of the People's Republic of China">Nationality law of the People's Republic of China</a> and <a href="/wiki/HKSAR_passport" class="mw-redirect" title="HKSAR passport">HKSAR passport</a></div> <p>Before and after the <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">handover</a>, the People's Republic of China has recognised ethnic Chinese people in Hong Kong as its <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationality_law" title="Chinese nationality law">citizens</a>. The PRC issues <a href="/wiki/Home_Return_Permit" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Return Permit">Home Return Permits</a> for them to enter <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>. As of 2007, Hong Kong issued the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_passport" title="Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport">HKSAR passport</a> through its Immigration Department<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to all PRC citizens who were permanent residents of Hong Kong fitting the <a href="/wiki/Right_of_abode" title="Right of abode">right of abode</a> rule. </p><p>The HKSAR passport is not the same as the ordinary <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China_passport" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China passport">PRC passport</a>, which is issued to residents of <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>. Only permanent residents of Hong Kong who are PRC nationals are eligible to apply. To acquire the status of permanent resident one has to have "ordinarily resided" in Hong Kong for a period of seven years and adopted Hong Kong as their permanent home. Therefore, citizenship rights enjoyed by residents of mainland China and residents Hong Kong are differentiated even though both hold the same citizenship. </p><p>New immigrants from mainland China (who possess Chinese Citizenship) to Hong Kong are denied from getting a PRC passport from the mainland authorities, and are not eligible to apply for an HKSAR passport. They usually hold the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Document_of_Identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Document of Identity">Document of Identity</a> (DI) as the travel document, until the permanent resident status is obtained after seven years of residence. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Naturalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalisation">Naturalisation</a> as a PRC Citizen is common among ethnic Chinese people in Hong Kong who are not PRC Citizens. Some who have surrendered their PRC citizenship, usually those who have emigrated to foreign countries and have retained the permanent resident status, can apply for PRC citizenship at the Immigration Department, though they must renounce their original nationality in order to acquire the PRC citizenship.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Naturalisation of persons of non-Chinese ethnicity is rare because China does not allow dual citizenship and becoming a Chinese citizen requires the renouncement of other passports. A notable example is <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rowse" title="Michael Rowse">Michael Rowse</a>, a permanent resident of Hong Kong and the current Director-General of Investment Promotion of Hong Kong Government, naturalised and became a PRC citizen, for the offices of secretaries of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">policy bureaux</a> are only open to PRC citizens. </p><p>In 2008, a row erupted over <a href="/wiki/Political_Appointments_System" title="Political Appointments System">political appointees</a>. Five newly appointed <a href="/wiki/Undersecretary" title="Undersecretary">Undersecretaries</a> declared that they were in the process of renouncing foreign citizenship as at 4 June 2008, citing <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public opinion</a> as an overriding factor, and one Assistant had initiated the renunciation process. This was done despite there being no legal or constitutional barrier for officials at this level of government to have foreign nationality.<sup id="cite_ref-giveup_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giveup-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_nationality">British nationality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: British nationality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law_and_Hong_Kong" title="British nationality law and Hong Kong">British nationality law and Hong Kong</a></div> <p>Hong Kong residents who were born in Hong Kong in the British-administered era could acquire the British Dependent Territories citizenship. Hong Kong residents who were not born in Hong Kong could also naturalise as a <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories_citizen" title="British Overseas Territories citizen">British Dependent Territories Citizen</a> (BDTC) before the handover. To allow them to retain the status of British national while preventing a possible flood of immigrants from Hong Kong, the United Kingdom created a new nationality status, <a href="/wiki/British_National_(Overseas)" title="British National (Overseas)">British National (Overseas)</a> that Hong Kong British Dependent Territories citizens could apply for. Holders of the <a href="/wiki/British_National_(Overseas)_passport" title="British National (Overseas) passport">British National (Overseas) passport</a> - BN(O) - have no right of abode in the United Kingdom. See <a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law_and_Hong_Kong" title="British nationality law and Hong Kong">British nationality law and Hong Kong</a> for details. </p><p>British National (Overseas) status was given effect by the Hong Kong (British Nationality) Order 1986. Article 4(1) of the Order provided that on and after 1 July 1987, there would be a new form of British nationality, the holders of which would be known as British Nationals (Overseas). Article 4(2) of the Order provided that adults and minors who had a connection to Hong Kong were entitled to make an application to become British Nationals (Overseas) by <i>registration</i>. </p><p>Becoming a British National (Overseas) was therefore not an automatic or involuntary process and indeed many eligible people who had the requisite connection with Hong Kong never applied to become British Nationals (Overseas). Acquisition of the new status had to be voluntary and therefore a conscious act. To make it involuntary or automatic would have been contrary to the assurances given to the Chinese government which led to the words "eligible to" being used in paragraph (a) of the United Kingdom Memorandum to the <a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a>. The deadline for applications passed in 1997. Any person who failed to register as a British Nationals (Overseas) by 1 July 1997 and were eligible to become PRC citizens became solely PRC citizens on 1 July 1997. However, any person who would be rendered stateless by failure to register as a British Nationals (Overseas) automatically became a British Overseas citizen under article 6(1) of the Hong Kong (British Nationality) Order 1986. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">Tiananmen Square protests of 1989</a>, people urged the British Government to grant full British citizenship to all Hong Kong BDTCs – but this request was never accepted. However, it was considered necessary to devise a <a href="/wiki/British_Nationality_Selection_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="British Nationality Selection Scheme">British Nationality Selection Scheme</a> to enable some of the population to obtain British citizenship. The United Kingdom made provision to grant citizenship to 50,000 families whose presence was important to the future of Hong Kong under the <a href="/wiki/British_Nationality_(Hong_Kong)_Act_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="British Nationality (Hong Kong) Act 1990">British Nationality Act (Hong Kong) 1990</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After handover, all PRC citizens with the right of abode in Hong Kong (holding Hong Kong permanent identity cards) are eligible to apply for the HKSAR passport issued by the Hong Kong Immigration Department. As the visa-free-visit destinations of the HKSAR passport are very similar with that of a BN(O) passport and the application fee for the former is much lower (see articles <a href="/wiki/HKSAR_passport" class="mw-redirect" title="HKSAR passport">HKSAR passport</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_passport" title="British passport">British passport</a> for comparison and verification), the HKSAR passport is becoming more popular among residents of Hong Kong. </p><p>Hong Kong residents who were not born in Hong Kong (and had not naturalised as a BDTC) could only apply for the <a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_identity" title="Certificate of identity">Certificate of identity</a> (CI) from the colonial government as travel document. They are not issued (by neither the British nor Chinese authorities) after handover. Former CI holders holding PRC Citizenship (e.g. born in mainland China or Macau) and are permanent residents of Hong Kong are now eligible for the HKSAR passports, making the HKSAR passports more popular. </p><p>Recent<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> changes to India's Citizenship Act, 1955 (see <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">Indian nationality law</a>) will<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> also allow some children of Indian origin, born in Hong Kong after 7 January 2004, who have a solely BN(O) parent to automatically acquire British Overseas citizenship at birth under the provisions for reducing statelessness in article 6(2) or 6(3) of the Hong Kong (British Nationality) Order 1986. If they have acquired no other nationality after birth, they will be entitled to subsequently register for full British citizenship with right of abode in the UK.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_parties_and_elections">Political parties and elections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Political parties and elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other political parties, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of political parties in Hong Kong">List of political parties in Hong Kong</a>. An overview on elections and election results is included in <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hong_Kong" title="Elections in Hong Kong">Elections in Hong Kong</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2021_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="2021 Hong Kong legislative election">2021 Hong Kong legislative election</a></div> <p>The four main political parties are as follows. Each holds a significant portion of LegCo. Thirteen members are registered as affiliated with the DAB, eight with the Democratic Party, five with the Civic Party, three with the Liberal Party and three with the League of Social Democrats. </p><p>There are also many unofficial party members: politicians who are members of political parties but have not registered such status in their election applications. There are two major blocs: the pro-democracy camp (opposition camp) and the pro-Beijing camp (pro-establishment camp). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pro-Beijing_(Pro-establishment_camp)"><span id="Pro-Beijing_.28Pro-establishment_camp.29"></span>Pro-Beijing (Pro-establishment camp)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Pro-Beijing (Pro-establishment camp)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_for_the_Betterment_and_Progress_of_Hong_Kong" title="Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong">Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong</a> (DAB) (<a href="/wiki/Starry_Lee" title="Starry Lee">Starry Lee</a>, chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions">Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions</a> (FTU) (<a href="/wiki/Ng_Chau-pei" title="Ng Chau-pei">Ng Chau-pei</a>, president)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_and_Professionals_Alliance_for_Hong_Kong" title="Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong">Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong</a> (BPA) (<a href="/wiki/Lo_Wai-kwok" title="Lo Wai-kwok">Lo Wai-kwok</a>, chair; <a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Leung" title="Priscilla Leung">Priscilla Leung</a>, vice-chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Liberal Party (Hong Kong)">Liberal Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Felix_Chung" title="Felix Chung">Felix Chung</a>, leader)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Party_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="New People's Party (Hong Kong)">New People's Party</a> (NPP) (<a href="/wiki/Regina_Ip" title="Regina Ip">Regina Ip</a>, chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundtable_(Hong_Kong)" title="Roundtable (Hong Kong)">Roundtable</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Tien" title="Michael Tien">Michael Tien</a>, Convenor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Power" title="Professional Power">Professional Power</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christine_Fong" title="Christine Fong">Christine Fong</a>, chair)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centrist">Centrist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Centrist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Side" title="Third Side">Third Side</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tik_Chi-yuen" title="Tik Chi-yuen">Tik Chi-yuen</a>, chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_of_Democracy" title="Path of Democracy">Path of Democracy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ronny_Tong" title="Ronny Tong">Ronny Tong</a>, Convenor)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pro-democracy_(Opposition_camp)"><span id="Pro-democracy_.28Opposition_camp.29"></span>Pro-democracy (Opposition camp)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Pro-democracy (Opposition camp)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Democratic Party (Hong Kong)">Democratic Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lo_Kin-hei" title="Lo Kin-hei">Lo Kin-hei</a>, chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Commons" title="Professional Commons">Professional Commons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paul_Zimmerman_(politician)" title="Paul Zimmerman (politician)">Paul Zimmerman</a>, chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Labour Party (Hong Kong)">Labour Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kwok_Wing-kin" title="Kwok Wing-kin">Kwok Wing-kin</a>, chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Social_Democrats" title="League of Social Democrats">League of Social Democrats</a> (Chan Po-ying, chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_(Hong_Kong)" title="People Power (Hong Kong)">People Power</a> (Leung Ka-shing, chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_First" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong First">Hong Kong First</a> (<a href="/wiki/Claudia_Mo" title="Claudia Mo">Claudia Mo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gary_Fan" title="Gary Fan">Gary Fan</a>, Leader)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Democracy_and_People%27s_Livelihood" class="mw-redirect" title="Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood">Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bruce_Liu_(politician)" title="Bruce Liu (politician)">Bruce Liu</a>, chair)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_pressure_groups_and_leaders">Political pressure groups and leaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Political pressure groups and leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgcc.org.hk">Chinese General Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cma.org.hk">Chinese Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Confederation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions">Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050324203310/http://www.labour.org.hk/can_lau.html">Lau Chin-shek</a>, President; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050324203319/http://www.labour.org.hk/can_lee.html">Lee Cheuk-yan</a>, General Secretary)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fhki.org.hk">Federation of Hong Kong Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Students" title="Hong Kong Federation of Students">Hong Kong Federation of Students</a> (Pan-democracy camp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarism" title="Scholarism">Scholarism</a> (Against Chinese Moral and National education) (Pan-democracy camp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Passion" title="Civic Passion">Civic Passion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Localist_camp" title="Localist camp">Localist camp</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Resurgence_Order" title="Hong Kong Resurgence Order">Hong Kong Resurgence Order</a> (Localist camp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Civile_Party" title="Hong Kong Civile Party">Hong Kong Civile Party</a> (Localism camp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat_Political_Institute" title="Proletariat Political Institute">Proletariat Political Institute</a> (Localist camp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Indigenous" title="Hong Kong Indigenous">Hong Kong Indigenous</a> (Localist camp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_National_Party" title="Hong Kong National Party">Hong Kong National Party</a> (Localist camp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_National_Front" title="Hong Kong National Front">Hong Kong National Front</a> (Localist camp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Localism_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Localism Power">Hong Kong Localism Power</a> (Localist camp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Civic_Association" title="Hong Kong Civic Association">Hong Kong Civic Association</a></li> <li>International Action</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions">Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051201085524/http://www.info.gov.hk/ce/exco/eng/members.htm#ytcheng">Cheng Yiu-tong</a>, President)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Alliance_in_Support_of_Patriotic_Democratic_Movements_of_China" title="Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China">Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China</a></li> <li>Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade Union Council</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chamber.org.hk">Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Professional_Teachers%27_Union" title="Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union">Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union</a> (PTU)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 14em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Conservatism in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Councils_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="District Councils of Hong Kong">District Councils of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hong_Kong" title="Foreign relations of Hong Kong">Foreign relations of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence" title="Hong Kong independence">Hong Kong independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Mainland_China_conflict" title="Hong Kong–Mainland China conflict">Hong Kong–Mainland China conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Watch" title="Hong Kong Watch">Hong Kong Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Hong_Kong" title="Human rights in Hong Kong">Human rights in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Liberalism in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Localism in Hong Kong">Localism in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">Police state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_Officials_Accountability_System" title="Principal Officials Accountability System">Principal Officials Accountability System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Taiwan_camp_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-Taiwan camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-Taiwan camp (Hong Kong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Socialism in Hong Kong">Socialism in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front_in_Hong_Kong" title="United front in Hong Kong">United front in Hong Kong</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChen" class="citation cs2">Chen, Albert Hung Yee, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mpu.edu.mo/cntfiles/upload/docs/research/common/1country_2systems/academic_eng/issue4/09.pdf">"The Executive Authorities and the Legislature in the Political Structure of the Hong Kong SAR"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Academic Journal of “One Country, Two Systems”</i>, vol. 4</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academic+Journal+of+%E2%80%9COne+Country%2C+Two+Systems%E2%80%9D&rft.atitle=The+Executive+Authorities+and+the+Legislature+in+the+Political+Structure+of+the+Hong+Kong+SAR&rft.volume=4&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Albert+Hung+Yee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpu.edu.mo%2Fcntfiles%2Fupload%2Fdocs%2Fresearch%2Fcommon%2F1country_2systems%2Facademic_eng%2Fissue4%2F09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wong,_Yiu-chung_2004-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wong,_Yiu-chung_2004_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wong,_Yiu-chung_2004_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wong, Yiu-chung. 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Hong Kong. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7391-0492-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7391-0492-6">0-7391-0492-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-democracy-index-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-democracy-index_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/Democracy-Index-2023-Final-report.pdf">Democracy Index 2023: Age of Conflict</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a></i> (Report). 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240609152810/https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/Democracy-Index-2023-Final-report.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+Leader+Urges+Beijing+to+Allow+More+Democracy%2C+Suggests+Delay+in+Direct+Elections&rft.date=2007-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fenglish%2F2007-12-12-voa22.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7163758.stm">"HK 'to elect its leader by 2017'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC News Asia-Pacific. 29 December 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080908073712/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7163758.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=HK+%27to+elect+its+leader+by+2017%27&rft.date=2007-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F7163758.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1188763/hk-deputy-floated-idea-screening-mechanism-chief-executive-poll">"Hong Kong deputy floated idea of screening mechanism for chief executive poll"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>. 12 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130314174803/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1188763/hk-deputy-floated-idea-screening-mechanism-chief-executive-poll">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+deputy+floated+idea+of+screening+mechanism+for+chief+executive+poll&rft.date=2013-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Farticle%2F1188763%2Fhk-deputy-floated-idea-screening-mechanism-chief-executive-poll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Standard. "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090401055553/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=4&art_id=7132&sid=5769926&con_type=1&d_str=20051205">"The Standard - Hong Kong's First FREE English Newspaper"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=4&art_id=7132&sid=5769926&con_type=1&d_str=20051205">the original</a> on 1 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Standard+-+Hong+Kong%27s+First+FREE+English+Newspaper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fwe_cat%3D4%26art_id%3D7132%26sid%3D5769926%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D20051205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span>." <i>Turnout is substantial however one cuts it .</i> Retrieved on 13 January 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nohurry-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nohurry_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonnie Chen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=11&art_id=62467&sid=17880395&con_type=1&d_str=20080304&sear_year=2008">"No hurry to present new deputy ministers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211062922/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=11&art_id=62467&sid=17880395&con_type=1&d_str=20080304&sear_year=2008">Archived</a> 11 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Standard_(Hong_Kong)" title="The Standard (Hong Kong)">The Standard</a></i>, 4 March 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-highhopes-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-highhopes_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diana Lee, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=11&art_id=66142&sid=19014731&con_type=1&d_str=20080521&sear_year=2008">"High hopes for appointees"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917061431/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=11&art_id=66142&sid=19014731&con_type=1&d_str=20080521&sear_year=2008">Archived</a> 17 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Standard</i>, 21 May 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Page A1, <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>, 5 June 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-disclose-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-disclose_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.gov.hk/en/category/administration/080610/print/080610en01002.htm">"Political appointees disclose salaries"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080619051104/http://www.news.gov.hk/en/category/administration/080610/print/080610en01002.htm">Archived</a> 19 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Hong Kong Government, 10 June 2008, retrieved 12 June 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leadership-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leadership_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leadership_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leadership_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Yeung2008" class="citation news cs1">Chris Yeung (3 August 2008). "HK needs better leadership, Mr Tsang". <i>South China Morning Post</i>. pp. A3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=HK+needs+better+leadership%2C+Mr+Tsang&rft.pages=A3&rft.date=2008-08-03&rft.au=Chris+Yeung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnie_Chen2008" class="citation news cs1">Bonnie Chen (17 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211062935/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=68693&sid=19791933&con_type=5&d_str=20080717&sear_year=2008">"$11b on table to ease inflation pain"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=68693&sid=19791933&con_type=5&d_str=20080717&sear_year=2008">the original</a> on 11 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=%2411b+on+table+to+ease+inflation+pain&rft.date=2008-07-17&rft.au=Bonnie+Chen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D30%26art_id%3D68693%26sid%3D19791933%26con_type%3D5%26d_str%3D20080717%26sear_year%3D2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeatrice_Siu2008" class="citation news cs1">Beatrice Siu (18 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211062944/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=68765&sid=19809701&con_type=1&d_str=20080718&sear_year=2008">"Waiver leaves maids in limbo"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=68765&sid=19809701&con_type=1&d_str=20080718&sear_year=2008">the original</a> on 11 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Waiver+leaves+maids+in+limbo&rft.date=2008-07-18&rft.au=Beatrice+Siu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D30%26art_id%3D68765%26sid%3D19809701%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D20080718%26sear_year%3D2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hope-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hope_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeatrice_Siu2008" class="citation news cs1">Beatrice Siu (21 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211062951/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=68834&sid=19839033&con_type=1&d_str=20080721&sear_year=2008">"New hope for maids"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=68834&sid=19839033&con_type=1&d_str=20080721&sear_year=2008">the original</a> on 11 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=New+hope+for+maids&rft.date=2008-07-21&rft.au=Beatrice+Siu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D30%26art_id%3D68834%26sid%3D19839033%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D20080721%26sear_year%3D2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnie_Chen_&_Beatrice_Siu2008" class="citation news cs1">Bonnie Chen & Beatrice Siu (31 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211063019/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=69395&sid=19982600&con_type=3&d_str=20080731&sear_year=2008">"Maids can stay put"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=69395&sid=19982600&con_type=3&d_str=20080731&sear_year=2008">the original</a> on 11 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Maids+can+stay+put&rft.date=2008-07-31&rft.au=Bonnie+Chen+%26+Beatrice+Siu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D30%26art_id%3D69395%26sid%3D19982600%26con_type%3D3%26d_str%3D20080731%26sear_year%3D2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unrest-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unrest_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unrest_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Sin2008" class="citation news cs1">Daniel Sin (9 August 2008). "Tsang's civil unrest". <i>South China Morning Post</i>. pp. A14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Tsang%27s+civil+unrest&rft.pages=A14&rft.date=2008-08-09&rft.au=Daniel+Sin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-didntsee-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-didntsee_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_Cheung2008" class="citation news cs1">Gary Cheung (16 August 2008). "Officials didn't see decision causing a row". <i>South China Morning Post</i>. pp. A10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Officials+didn%27t+see+decision+causing+a+row&rft.pages=A10&rft.date=2008-08-16&rft.au=Gary+Cheung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-demolish-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-demolish_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiana_Lee2008" class="citation news cs1">Diana Lee (5 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211062928/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=11&art_id=69649&sid=20042344&con_type=1&d_str=20080805&sear_year=2008">"Former housing chief faces legal bid to demolish his job with developer"</a>. <i>The Standard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=11&art_id=69649&sid=20042344&con_type=1&d_str=20080805&sear_year=2008">the original</a> on 11 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Former+housing+chief+faces+legal+bid+to+demolish+his+job+with+developer&rft.date=2008-08-05&rft.au=Diana+Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D11%26art_id%3D69649%26sid%3D20042344%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D20080805%26sear_year%3D2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pressrelease-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pressrelease_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSecretary_for_the_Civil_Service2008" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Secretary for the Civil Service (15 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011220403/http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200808/15/P200808150232.htm">"SCS submits report to Chief Executive on Leung Chin-man's case"</a> (Press release). Civil Service Bureau, Hong Kong Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200808/15/P200808150232.htm">the original</a> on 11 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SCS+submits+report+to+Chief+Executive+on+Leung+Chin-man%27s+case&rft.pub=Civil+Service+Bureau%2C+Hong+Kong+Government&rft.date=2008-08-15&rft.au=Secretary+for+the+Civil+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.hk%2Fgia%2Fgeneral%2F200808%2F15%2FP200808150232.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pressrelease1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pressrelease1_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong2008" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Chief Executive of Hong Kong (15 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011214205/http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200808/15/P200808150187.htm">"Statement of the Chief Executive's Office"</a> (Press release). Chief Executive's Office, Hong Kong Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200808/15/P200808150187.htm">the original</a> on 11 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+of+the+Chief+Executive%27s+Office&rft.pub=Chief+Executive%27s+Office%2C+Hong+Kong+Government&rft.date=2008-08-15&rft.au=Chief+Executive+of+Hong+Kong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.hk%2Fgia%2Fgeneral%2F200808%2F15%2FP200808150187.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quits-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-quits_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNg_Kang-chung2008" class="citation news cs1">Ng Kang-chung (16 August 2008). "Ex-official quits job with developer". <i>South China Morning Post</i>. pp. A1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Ex-official+quits+job+with+developer&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2008-08-16&rft.au=Ng+Kang-chung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-review-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-review_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEva_Wu2008" class="citation news cs1">Eva Wu (17 August 2008). "Tsang orders sweeping review after job storm". <i>South China Morning Post</i>. pp. A6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Tsang+orders+sweeping+review+after+job+storm&rft.pages=A6&rft.date=2008-08-17&rft.au=Eva+Wu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-news.xinhuanet.com-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-news.xinhuanet.com_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428015506/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-08/31/c_133609238.htm">"Full text of NPC decision on universal suffrage for HKSAR chief selection"</a>. Xinhua News Agency. 31 August 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-08/31/c_133609238.htm">the original</a> on 28 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Full+text+of+NPC+decision+on+universal+suffrage+for+HKSAR+chief+selection&rft.date=2014-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2Fchina%2F2014-08%2F31%2Fc_133609238.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/strangling-free-hong-kong-1418344780">"Strangling Free Hong Kong"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. 12 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180201010404/https://www.wsj.com/articles/strangling-free-hong-kong-1418344780">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Strangling+Free+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2014-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fstrangling-free-hong-kong-1418344780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190922023641/https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201909/04/P2019090400704.htm">"CE announces withdrawal of Fugitive Offenders Bill among"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201909/04/P2019090400704.htm">the original</a> on 22 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CE+announces+withdrawal+of+Fugitive+Offenders+Bill+among&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.hk%2Fgia%2Fgeneral%2F201909%2F04%2FP2019090400704.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chan, Ming K. So, Alvin Y. White III, Lynn T. [2002] (2002). Crisis and Transformation in China's Hong Kong. M.E. Sharpe. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-1000-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7656-1000-0">0-7656-1000-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2005/01/06/2003218217">"Taipei times Cabinet questions visa refusal for Ma"</a>. 6 January 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051204075939/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2005/01/06/2003218217">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taipei+times+Cabinet+questions+visa+refusal+for+Ma&rft.date=2005-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ftaiwan%2Farchives%2F2005%2F01%2F06%2F2003218217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm/anmviewer.asp?a=114597&z=5">Tranh luận về cải cách chính trị ở Hồng Kông</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <span class="languageicon">(in Vietnamese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkinscorrespondent2023" class="citation news cs1">Hawkins, Amy; correspondent, Amy Hawkins Senior China (29 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/29/hong-kong-court-rebuffs-effort-to-dismiss-jimmy-lai-national-security-trial">"Hong Kong court rebuffs effort to dismiss Jimmy Lai national security trial"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+court+rebuffs+effort+to+dismiss+Jimmy+Lai+national+security+trial&rft.date=2023-05-29&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft.au=correspondent%2C+Amy+Hawkins+Senior+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fmay%2F29%2Fhong-kong-court-rebuffs-effort-to-dismiss-jimmy-lai-national-security-trial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last2=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GovHK. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.hk/en/residents/immigration/traveldoc/hksarpassport/index.htm">GovHK</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080221153305/http://www.gov.hk/en/residents/immigration/traveldoc/hksarpassport/index.htm">Archived</a> 21 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i>HK SAR passport.</i> Retrieved on 28 December 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-giveup-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-giveup_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrose_Wong2008" class="citation news cs1">Ambrose Wong; et al. (5 June 2008). "Deputy Ministers give up passports". <i>South China Morning Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Deputy+Ministers+give+up+passports&rft.date=2008-06-05&rft.au=Ambrose+Wong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/34">British Nationality (Hong Kong) Act 199</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101231222937/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/34">Archived</a> 31 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> legislation.gov.uk, retrieved 8 March 2013</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dexter S Boniface/ Ilan Alon: <i>Is Hong Kong Democratizing?</i> In: <i>Asian Survey</i>, Vol. 50, No. 4 (2010), p. 786-807.</li> <li>Lam, Wai-Man; Chan, Ming K. (FRW), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G29AgX5oWlEC">"Understanding the Political Culture of Hong Kong: The Paradox of Activism and Depoliticization"</a>, M.E. Sharpe, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-1314-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7656-1314-X">0-7656-1314-X</a></li> <li>Ma, Ngok (Ma, Yue) 馬嶽: "minzhuhua yu xianggang de hou zhimin zhengzhi zhi lu" 民主化與香港的後殖民政治之路 [Democratisation and postcolonial policy in Hong Kong] In: Ershiyi Shiji 二十一世纪 [Twenty- First Century Review], No. 6 (2007), pp. 13–21.</li> <li>Sonny Shiu-Hing Lo: <i>Competing Chinese Political Visions: Hong Kong v. Beijing on Democracy</i> Praeger Security International, Westport 2010.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Pepper" title="Suzanne Pepper">Suzanne Pepper</a>: <i>Keeping Democracy at Bay – Hong Kong and the Challenge of Chinese Political Reform</i> Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham 2008.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiNewman1997" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Pang-kwong; Newman, David (Spring–Summer 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42704125">"Give and Take: Electoral Politics in Transitional Hong Kong"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asian_Perspective&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asian Perspective (page does not exist)">Asian Perspective</a></i>. <b>21</b> (1 Special Issue on Economic and Security Cooperation in East Asia). <a href="/wiki/The_Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Johns Hopkins University Press">The Johns Hopkins University Press</a>: 213–232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fapr.1997.a921141">10.1353/apr.1997.a921141</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42704125">42704125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspective&rft.atitle=Give+and+Take%3A+Electoral+Politics+in+Transitional+Hong+Kong&rft.chron=spring%E2%80%93summer&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1+Special+Issue+on+Economic+and+Security+Cooperation+in+East+Asia&rft.pages=213-232&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fapr.1997.a921141&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42704125%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Pang-kwong&rft.au=Newman%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42704125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIp2021" class="citation book cs1">Ip, Eric (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-6265-431-0_6">"Comparative Constitutional Politics in the Chinese Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau"</a>. <i>European Yearbook of Constitutional Law 2020</i>. Vol. 2. pp. 101–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-6265-431-0_6">10.1007/978-94-6265-431-0_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-6265-430-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-6265-430-3"><bdi>978-94-6265-430-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234202617">234202617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Comparative+Constitutional+Politics+in+the+Chinese+Special+Administrative+Regions+of+Hong+Kong+and+Macau&rft.btitle=European+Yearbook+of+Constitutional+Law+2020&rft.pages=101-133&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234202617%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-6265-431-0_6&rft.isbn=978-94-6265-430-3&rft.aulast=Ip&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-94-6265-431-0_6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Hong+Kong" class="Z3988"></span> - First online on 28 March 2021</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.hk/">HKSAR Government web site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceo.gov.hk/exco/eng/">Hong Kong Executive Council</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legco.gov.hk">Hong Kong Legislative Council</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympicwatch.org/news.php?id=63">Olympic Watch (Committee for the 2008 Olympic Games in a Free and Democratic Country) on the status of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5sVgQ3_7R9A">Sight & Sound of a recent protest march</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hong_Kong" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hong_Kong_topics" title="Template:Hong Kong topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hong_Kong_topics" title="Template talk:Hong Kong topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hong_Kong_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hong Kong topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hong_Kong" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hong_Kong" title="Outline of Hong Kong">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_Hong_Kong" title="Index of articles related to Hong Kong">Index of articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong" title="History of Hong Kong">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Hong_Kong" title="Prehistoric Hong Kong">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong_under_Imperial_China" title="History of Hong Kong under Imperial China">Imperial China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bao%27an_County" title="Bao'an County">Bao'an County and Xin'an County</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong_(1800s%E2%80%931930s)" title="History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)">1800s–1930s</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_during_World_War_I" title="Hong Kong during World War I">WWI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1950s in Hong Kong">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1960s in Hong Kong">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1970s in Hong Kong">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1980s in Hong Kong">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1990s in Hong Kong">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2000s in Hong Kong">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2010s in Hong Kong">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2020s in Hong Kong">2020s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hong_Kong" title="Geography of Hong Kong">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Hong_Kong" title="Districts of Hong Kong">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Hong_Kong" title="Air pollution in Hong Kong">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of places in Hong Kong">Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of bays in Hong Kong">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_of_Hong_Kong" title="Beaches of Hong Kong">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_and_structures_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of buildings and structures in Hong Kong">Buildings and structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_channels_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of channels in Hong Kong">Channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of towns in Hong Kong">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservation in Hong Kong">Country parks and conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Hong_Kong" title="Environment of Hong Kong">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Land reclamation in Hong Kong">Land reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harbours_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of harbours in Hong Kong">Harbours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_and_peninsulas_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of islands and peninsulas of Hong Kong">Islands and peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes of Hong Kong">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_parks_in_Hong_Kong" title="Marine parks in Hong Kong">Marine parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains,_peaks_and_hills_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of mountains, peaks and hills in Hong Kong">Mountains and peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_public_parks_and_gardens_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of urban public parks and gardens in Hong Kong">Public parks and gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of reservoirs of Hong Kong">Reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_and_nullahs_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of rivers and nullahs in Hong Kong">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of villages in Hong Kong">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Hong_Kong" title="Districts of Hong Kong">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hong_Kong" title="Elections in Hong Kong">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Hong_Kong" title="Emblem of Hong Kong">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hong_Kong" title="Flag of Hong Kong">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hong_Kong" title="Foreign relations of Hong Kong">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence" title="Hong Kong independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong" title="Judiciary of Hong Kong">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Hong_Kong" title="Law of Hong Kong">Legal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hong_Kong" title="LGBT rights in Hong Kong">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Hong_Kong_Garrison" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of political parties in Hong Kong">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong protests">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Civil_Service" title="Hong Kong Civil Service">Public services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Education in Hong Kong">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Fire_Services_Department" title="Hong Kong Fire Services Department">Fire services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Health_Bureau" title="Food and Health Bureau">Food and Health Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Hong_Kong" title="Health in Hong Kong">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of banks in Hong Kong">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of companies of Hong Kong">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_in_Hong_Kong" title="Employment in Hong Kong">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawkers_in_Hong_Kong" title="Hawkers in Hong Kong">Hawkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hong_Kong" title="Port of Hong Kong">Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stock_Exchange" title="Hong Kong Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Hong_Kong" title="Communications in Hong Kong">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_(business)" title="Hong (business)">The Hongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Tourism in Hong Kong">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport of Hong Kong">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of airlines of Hong Kong">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_services_in_Hong_Kong" title="Bus services in Hong Kong">Buses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_Hong_Kong" title="Cycling in Hong Kong">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hong_Kong#Ferries" title="Transport in Hong Kong">Ferries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_and_roads_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of streets and roads in Hong Kong">List of roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Hong_Kong" title="Rail transport in Hong Kong">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxicabs_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicabs of Hong Kong">Taxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Hong_Kong" title="Crime in Hong Kong">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Hong_Kong" title="Prostitution in Hong Kong">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Hong_Kong" title="Sex trafficking in Hong Kong">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Culture of Hong Kong">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Architecture of Hong Kong">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_comics" title="Hong Kong comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheung_Chau_Bun_Festival" title="Cheung Chau Bun Festival">Cheung Chau Bun Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Hong_Kong" title="Gambling in Hong Kong">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Hong_Kong" title="Graffiti in Hong Kong">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_conservation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Heritage conservation in Hong Kong">Heritage conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhinia_%C3%97_blakeana" title="Bauhinia × blakeana">Hong Kong orchid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Hong_Kong" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Hong Kong">Honours system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hong Kong nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hong_Kong" title="Languages of Hong Kong">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Hong Kong">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Rock_Spirit" title="Lion Rock Spirit">Lion Rock Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_literature" title="Hong Kong literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDull" title="McDull">McDull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Hong_Kong" title="Media of Hong Kong">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of museums in Hong Kong">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hong_Kong" title="Music of Hong Kong">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngai_jong" title="Ngai jong">Ngai jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Demographics of Hong Kong">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hong_Kong" title="Women in Hong Kong">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Hong_Kong" title="Youth in Hong Kong">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Hong_Kong" title="Public holidays in Hong Kong">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTHK" title="RTHK">RTHK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_in_Hong_Kong" title="Shopping in Hong Kong">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Hong_Kong" title="Sport in Hong Kong">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Hong_Kong" title="Television in Hong Kong">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visual art of Hong Kong">Visual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJKV" class="mw-redirect" title="CJKV">CJKV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Hong_Kong&#124;link=Hong_Kong_Political_parties_in_Hong_Kong" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hong_Kong_political_parties" title="Template:Hong Kong political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hong_Kong_political_parties" title="Template talk:Hong Kong political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hong_Kong_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hong Kong political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Hong_Kong&#124;link=Hong_Kong_Political_parties_in_Hong_Kong" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong"><img alt="Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of political parties in Hong Kong">Political parties in Hong Kong</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Parties_represented_in_Legislative_Council" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Parties represented in <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-Beijing</a> (89)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_for_the_Betterment_and_Progress_of_Hong_Kong" title="Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong">Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong</a> (19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions">Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions</a> (8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_and_Professionals_Alliance_for_Hong_Kong" title="Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong">Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong</a> (7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Party" title="New People's Party">New People's Party</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Liberal Party (Hong Kong)">Liberal Party</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Education_Workers" title="Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers">Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Hong_Kong_and_Kowloon_Labour_Unions" title="Federation of Hong Kong and Kowloon Labour Unions">Federation of Hong Kong and Kowloon Labour Unions</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Century_Forum" title="New Century Forum">New Century Forum</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundtable_(Hong_Kong)" title="Roundtable (Hong Kong)">Roundtable</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Power" title="Professional Power">Professional Power</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowloon_West_New_Dynamic" title="Kowloon West New Dynamic">Kowloon West New Dynamic</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Prospect_for_Hong_Kong" title="New Prospect for Hong Kong">New Prospect</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unaligned (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Side" title="Third Side">Third Side</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Parties_represented_in_District_Councils" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Parties represented in <a href="/wiki/District_councils_of_Hong_Kong" title="District councils of Hong Kong">District Councils</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pro-Beijing_(174)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-Beijing</a> (174)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_for_the_Betterment_and_Progress_of_Hong_Kong" title="Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong">Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong</a> (109)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions">Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions</a> (27)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Party" title="New People's Party">New People's Party</a> (15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_and_Professionals_Alliance_for_Hong_Kong" title="Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong">Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong</a> (12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Liberal Party (Hong Kong)">Liberal Party</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Public_Housing_Estates" title="Federation of Public Housing Estates">Federation of Public Housing Estates</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Power" title="Professional Power">Professional Power</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Prospect_for_Hong_Kong" title="New Prospect for Hong Kong">New Prospect for Hong Kong</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Hong_Kong_and_Kowloon_Labour_Unions" title="Federation of Hong Kong and Kowloon Labour Unions">Federation of Hong Kong and Kowloon Labour Unions</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties by country">List of political parties by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_China_navbox" title="Template:Politics of China navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_China_navbox" title="Template talk:Politics of China navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_China_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of China navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">Ideology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Military Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Provincial_Standing_Committee" title="Chinese Communist Party Provincial Standing Committee">Provincial standing committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party">Constitution</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="National emblem of the People's Republic of China"><img alt="National emblem of the People's Republic of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/52px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/78px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/104px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="976" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Central<br />government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Paramount leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Chairman</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice Premiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_councillor" title="State councillor">State Councilors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of the People's Republic of China">Ministries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">National Supervisory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court" title="Supreme People's Court">Supreme People's Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Court" title="President of the Supreme People's Court">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate" title="Supreme People's Procuratorate">Supreme People's Procuratorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Procurator-General_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate" title="Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate">Procurator-General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Political Consultative Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">Minor parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_organization" title="People's organization">People's organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department" title="United Front Work Department">United Front Work Department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics of<br /><a href="/wiki/Province-level_divisions_of_China" title="Province-level divisions of China">province-level<br />divisions</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Chinese_provincial_leaders" title="List of current Chinese provincial leaders">current leaders</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Direct-controlled_municipalities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-controlled municipalities of China">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Beijing" title="Politics of Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Chongqing" title="Politics of Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Shanghai" title="Politics of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tianjin" title="Politics of Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Anhui" title="Politics of Anhui">Anhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fujian" title="Politics of Fujian">Fujian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Gansu" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Gansu">Gansu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guangdong" title="Politics of Guangdong">Guangdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guizhou" title="Politics of Guizhou">Guizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hainan" title="Politics of Hainan">Hainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hebei" title="Politics of Hebei">Hebei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Heilongjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Henan" title="Politics of Henan">Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hubei" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Hubei">Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hunan" title="Politics of Hunan">Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jiangsu" title="Politics of Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jiangxi" title="Politics of Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jilin" title="Politics of Jilin">Jilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Liaoning" title="Politics of Liaoning">Liaoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Qinghai" title="Politics of Qinghai">Qinghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Shaanxi" title="Politics of Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Shandong" title="Politics of Shandong">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Shanxi" title="Politics of Shanxi">Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sichuan" title="Politics of Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Yunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Yunnan">Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Zhejiang" title="Politics of Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">Autonomous<br />regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guangxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Guangxi">Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Inner_Mongolia" title="Politics of Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ningxia" title="Politics of Ningxia">Ningxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Tibet">Tibet</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet" title="List of modern political leaders of Tibet">leaders</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">SARs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Macau" title="Politics of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Claimed province</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Politics of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in the People's Republic of China">Elections</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Asia" title="Politics of Asia">Politics of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Armenia" title="Politics of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bahrain" title="Politics of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bangladesh" title="Politics of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bhutan" title="Politics of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brunei" title="Politics of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cambodia" title="Politics of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cyprus" title="Politics of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_East_Timor" title="Politics of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt" title="Politics of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Indonesia" title="Politics of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Israel" title="Politics of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jordan" title="Politics of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Politics of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Korea" title="Politics of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Korea" title="Politics of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kuwait" title="Politics of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Politics of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Laos" title="Politics of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Politics of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Politics of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Maldives" title="Politics of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mongolia" title="Politics of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Myanmar" title="Politics of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nepal" title="Politics of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Oman" title="Politics of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Qatar" title="Politics of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Politics of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Singapore" title="Politics of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Politics of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tajikistan" title="Politics of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand" title="Politics of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkmenistan" title="Politics of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Politics of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Uzbekistan" title="Politics of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vietnam" title="Politics of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Yemen" title="Politics of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Abkhazia" title="Politics of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Politics of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Politics of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Macau" title="Politics of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democracy_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democracy_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Asia" title="Democracy in Asia">Democracy in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Afghanistan" title="Democracy in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Bangladesh" title="Democracy in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_India" title="Democracy in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Iraq" title="Democracy in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Japan (page does not exist)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in North Korea (page does not exist)">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in South Korea (page does not exist)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Malaysia (page does not exist)">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Nepal (page does not exist)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Pakistan" title="Democracy in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in the Philippines (page does not exist)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Thailand (page does not exist)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Turkey (page does not exist)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Hong_Kong" title="Democracy in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/21px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" 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