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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-下分" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#下分"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>下分</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-下分-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-氣候" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#氣候"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>氣候</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-氣候-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-古地理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古地理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>古地理</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古地理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-動物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#動物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>動物</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-動物-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关動物子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-動物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-海洋动物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#海洋动物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>海洋动物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-海洋动物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-植物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#植物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>植物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-植物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-大置换" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#大置换"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>大置换</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-大置换-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">始新世</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。76种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoseen" title="Eoseen – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eoseen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoceno" title="Eoceno – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Eoceno" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Eocene" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الفترة الفجرية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الفترة الفجرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocenu" title="Eocenu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Eocenu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Эацэн – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эацэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Еоцен – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еоцен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ইওসিন – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইওসিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosen" title="Eosen – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eosen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocen" title="Eocen – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Eocen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoc%C3%A8" title="Eocè – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eocè" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoc%C3%A9n" title="Eocén – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eocén" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoc%C3%A6n" title="Eocæn – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eocæn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoz%C3%A4n" title="Eozän – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eozän" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CF%8E%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Ηώκαινο – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηώκαινο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Eocene" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoceno" title="Eoceno – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eoceno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoceno" title="Eoceno – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eoceno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eotseen" title="Eotseen – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eotseen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eozeno" title="Eozeno – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eozeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86" title="ائوسن – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ائوسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoseeni" title="Eoseeni – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eoseeni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89oc%C3%A8ne" title="Éocène – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éocène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Sealad_Eoic%C3%A9ineach" title="An Sealad Eoicéineach – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Sealad Eoicéineach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoceno" title="Eoceno – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eoceno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9F" title="אאוקן – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אאוקן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="आदिनूतन युग – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आदिनूतन युग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocen" title="Eocen – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eocen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoc%C3%A9n" title="Eocén – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eocén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Էոցեն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էոցեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosen" title="Eosen – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eosen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B3sent%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0" title="Eósentímabilið – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eósentímabilið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eocene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="始新世 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="始新世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ეოცენი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეოცენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96" title="Эоцен кезеңі – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эоцен кезеңі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇಯೊಸೀನ್ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಯೊಸೀನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%98%A4%EC%84%B8" title="에오세 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에오세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Эоцен – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эоцен" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocaenum" title="Eocaenum – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Eocaenum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eozen" title="Eozen – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Eozen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosene" title="Eosene – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eosene" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocenas" title="Eocenas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eocenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoc%C4%93ns" title="Eocēns – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eocēns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Еоцен – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еоцен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosen" title="Eosen – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Eosen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86" title="ائوسن – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ائوسن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoz%C3%A4n" title="Eozän – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Eozän" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoceen" title="Eoceen – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eoceen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocen" title="Eocen – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eocen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocen" title="Eocen – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eocen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoc%C3%A8n" title="Eocèn – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Eocèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocen" title="Eocen – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eocen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocen" title="Eocen – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Eocen" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoceno" title="Eoceno – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eoceno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocen" title="Eocen – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eocen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Эоцен – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эоцен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocen" title="Eocen – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eocen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eocene" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoc%C3%A9n" title="Eocén – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eocén" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocen" title="Eocen – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Eocen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoceni" title="Eoceni – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Eoceni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Еоцен – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еоцен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoz%C3%A4n" title="Eozän – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Eozän" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocen" title="Eocen – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eocen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="இயோசீன் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இயோசீன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="สมัยอีโอซีน – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมัยอีโอซีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoseno" title="Eoseno – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Eoseno" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosen" title="Eosen – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eosen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Еоцен – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еоцен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eotsen" title="Eotsen – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eotsen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_Eocen" title="Thế Eocen – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế Eocen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocen" title="Eocen – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Eocen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="始新世 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="始新世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BA-sin-s%C3%A8" title="Sú-sin-sè – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sú-sin-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="始新世 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="始新世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q76274#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" 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href="/zh-cn/%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%25A7%258B%25E6%2596%25B0%25E4%25B8%2596"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Eocene" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q76274" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="Container" class="toccolours" style="text-align: left; padding:0.5em 0 0 0; border-style:solid; float:right;clear:right; padding:0 0.5em; margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em; overflow: hidden;"><div id="Title" style="background-color:rgb(254,221,45); font-weight:bold; padding:0.2em; text-align:center; margin:0.6em 0 1.2em 0">古新世至上新世的主要分层</div><div id="Contains-Timeline-Scale-Notes"><div style="text-align:right; position:relative; top:-1em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tertiary_graphical_timeline" title="Template:Tertiary graphical timeline"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Tertiary_graphical_timeline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Tertiary graphical timeline（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Tertiary_graphical_timeline" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Tertiary graphical timeline"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div><div id="Scale" style="width:3.1em; position:relative; top:-0.82em; float:left; height:85em; padding:0px"><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:81.25em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-65 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:78.125em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:75em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-60 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:71.875em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:68.75em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-55 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:65.625em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:62.5em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-50 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:59.375em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:56.25em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-45 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:53.125em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:50em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-40 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:46.875em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:43.75em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-35 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:40.625em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:37.5em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-30 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:34.375em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:31.25em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-25 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:28.125em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:25em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-20 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:21.875em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:18.75em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-15 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:15.625em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:12.5em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-10 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:9.375em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:6.25em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-5 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:3.125em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:0em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">0 —</span></div></div><div id="ScaleBar" style="width:1px; float:left; height:85em; padding:0; background-color:#242020"></div><div id="Timeline" class="toccolours" style="font-size:100%; width:100%; height:85em; padding:0px; float:left; width:13em; border:none; background-color:;"><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(7,202,234); border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:82.5em; height:2.5em; margin-left:0em; width:1.17em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-5.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.25em;"> </span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(246,236,57); border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:82.5em; margin-left:0em; width:1.17em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-5.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-41.25em;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="新生代">新生代</a></b></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(111,200,107); border-width:.0em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:82.5em; height:2.5em; margin-left:1.3em; width:11.7em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.25em;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%9E%A9%E7%BA%AA" title="白垩纪">白垩纪</a></b></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(254,161,99); border-width:.0em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:28.7875em; height:53.7125em; margin-left:1.3em; width:1.56em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-26.85625em;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%BF%91%E7%BA%AA" title="古近纪">古近纪</a></b></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(254,221,45); border-width:.0em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:3.225em; height:25.5625em; margin-left:1.3em; width:1.56em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-12.78125em;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%BF%91%E7%BA%AA" title="新近纪">新近纪</a></b></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(254,246,145); border-width:.0em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:3.225em; margin-left:1.3em; width:11.7em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.6125em;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%BA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="第四纪">第四纪</a></b></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(254,173,110); border-width:0em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:70em; height:12.5em; margin-left:2.86em; width:1.56em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-6.25em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="古新世">古新世</a></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(254,185,121); border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.375em; height:27.525em; margin-left:2.86em; width:1.56em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-13.8125em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">始新世</a></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(254,195,134); border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:28.7875em; height:13.4875em; margin-left:2.86em; width:1.56em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-6.79375em;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%B8%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="漸新世">漸新世</a></span></div></div><div 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title="塞兰特期">塞兰特期</a><br /></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(254,195,125); border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:70em; height:3.9em; margin-left:4.42em; width:8.58em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-2em;"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%9E%E5%B0%BC%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%9F" title="赞尼特期">赞尼特期</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(254,174,125); border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:59.75em; height:10.15em; margin-left:4.42em; width:8.58em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-5.125em;"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%99%AE%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%9F" title="伊普雷斯期">伊普雷斯期</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:; border-width:0.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:51.5em; height:8.15em; margin-left:4.42em; width:8.58em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-4.125em;"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%9F" title="路特期">路特期</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(254,196,152); border-width:0.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:47.25em; height:4.15em; margin-left:4.42em; width:8.58em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-2.125em;"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF%E6%9C%9F" title="巴尔顿期">巴尔顿期</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(254,207,167); border-width:0.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.375em; height:4.775em; margin-left:4.42em; width:8.58em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-2.4375em;"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A6%E6%9C%9F" title="普里阿邦期">普里阿邦期</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(254,217,162); border-width:0.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:34.775em; height:7.5em; margin-left:4.42em; width:8.58em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-3.8em;"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E5%9F%B9%E5%B0%94%E6%9C%9F" title="鲁培尔期">鲁培尔期</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(254,228,178); border-width:0.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:28.7875em; height:5.8875em; margin-left:4.42em; width:8.58em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-2.99375em;"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%B0%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%9F" title="恰特期">恰特期</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(254,241,77); border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:25.55em; height:3.1375em; margin-left:4.485em; width:8.515em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.61875em;"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%9F%BA%E5%9D%A6%E6%9C%9F" title="阿基坦期">阿基坦期</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(254,242,89); border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:19.9625em; height:5.4875em; margin-left:4.485em; width:8.515em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-2.79375em;"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E6%9C%9F" title="波尔多期">波尔多期</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(254,243,102); border-width:0.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:17.275em; height:2.5875em; margin-left:4.485em; width:8.515em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.34375em;"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E7%9B%96%E6%9C%9F" title="兰盖期">兰盖期</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(254,244,114); border-width:0.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:14.5375em; height:2.6375em; margin-left:4.485em; width:8.515em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.36875em;"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E6%9C%9F" title="塞拉瓦尔期">塞拉瓦尔期</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(254,244,125); border-width:0.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:9.0575em; height:5.38em; margin-left:4.485em; width:8.515em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-2.74em;"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF%E6%9C%9F" title="托尔顿期">托尔顿期</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(254,245,135); border-width:0.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:6.66625em; height:2.29125em; margin-left:4.485em; width:8.515em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.195625em;"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E6%8B%BF%E6%9C%9F" title="墨西拿期">墨西拿期</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(254,249,189); border-width:0.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:4.5em; height:2.06625em; margin-left:4.485em; width:8.515em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.083125em;"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%9E%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%E6%9C%9F" title="赞克尔期">赞克尔期</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(254,250,200); border-width:0.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:3.235em; height:1.165em; margin-left:4.485em; width:8.515em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-0.6325em;"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E4%BA%9A%E7%90%B4%E6%9C%9F" title="皮亚琴期">皮亚琴期</a></span></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#000000; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:85em; margin-left:12.87em; width:0.13em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-42.5em;"> </span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#000000; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:85em; margin-left:1.17em; width:0.13em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-42.5em;"> </span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#000000; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:0em; height:85em; margin-left:1.17em; width:0.13em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-42.5em;"> </span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#000000; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:28.7875em; height:53.7125em; margin-left:2.86em; width:0.065em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-26.85625em;"> </span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#000000; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:28.7875em; height:53.7125em; margin-left:4.42em; width:0.064999999999999em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-26.85625em;"> </span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(254,239,0); border-width:0.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:6.66625em; height:22.02125em; margin-left:2.86em; width:1.625em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-11.060625em;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="中新世">中新世</a></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(254,248,166); border-width:.05em; border-style:solid none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:3.225em; height:3.34125em; margin-left:2.86em; width:1.625em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-1.720625em;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="上新世">上</a></span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#000000; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:3.225em; height:25.5625em; margin-left:2.86em; width:0.065em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-12.78125em;"> </span></div></div><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:#000000; border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:3.225em; height:25.5625em; margin-left:4.42em; width:0.064999999999999em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-0.86em; left:-0em;"><span style="position:relative; align:center; vertical-align:middle; bottom:-12.78125em;"> </span></div></div></div><div id="Annotations" style="float:left; position:relative; width:8.25em"><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:70em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96%E2%80%94%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96%E6%9E%81%E7%83%AD%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="古新世—始新世极热事件">古新世—始新世极热事件</a></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:7.5em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-1.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><span style="line-height:0.85;">北美<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F" title="草原">草原</a>扩张<sup id="cite_ref-Retallack1997_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Retallack1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.375em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;">南极冰盖出现<sup id="cite_ref-Zachos2k5_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zachos2k5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:82.5em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%9E%A9%E7%BA%AA%E2%80%94%E5%8F%A4%E8%BF%91%E7%BA%AA%E7%81%AD%E7%BB%9D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="白垩纪—古近纪灭绝事件">白垩纪—古近纪灭绝事件</a></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:7.45em;"><div class="annot-arrow" style="position:relative; text-size:100%; top:-0.86em; left:-0em; float:left;"><span style="color:black;">←</span></div><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:0.25em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"><span style="line-height:0.85;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E6%8B%BF%E9%B9%BD%E5%BA%A6%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="墨西拿鹽度危機">墨西拿盐度危机</a><sup id="cite_ref-Krijgsman1996_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krijgsman1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:42.5em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div></div></div><div id="Legend" class="toccolours" style="margin-left:3.1em; border-style:none; float:left; clear:both;"></div><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em; float:left; padding:0 auto; border-style:none; clear:both; text-align:center; width:23.5em">古新世至上新世的时间表<br />直轴：百万年前</div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ypresian_Earth_50_mya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ypresian_Earth_50_mya.jpg/354px-Ypresian_Earth_50_mya.jpg" decoding="async" width="354" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ypresian_Earth_50_mya.jpg/531px-Ypresian_Earth_50_mya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ypresian_Earth_50_mya.jpg/708px-Ypresian_Earth_50_mya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>约5000万年前的全球地图</figcaption></figure> <p><b>始新世</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="英語">英語</a>：<b>Eocene</b>）是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="地质时代表">地質時代</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%BF%91%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="古近紀">古近紀</a>（Paleogene）的第二個主要分期，大約開始於5600萬年前-終於3400萬年前，介於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="古新世">古新世</a>（Paleocene）與<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%B8%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="漸新世">漸新世</a>（Oligocene）之間。始新世（Eocene）之名，字源來自希臘文<i>eos</i>（開端）和<i>ceno</i> （新），指的是現代哺乳動物群出現的開始。始新世常被劃分成早期（距今5600萬年∼5,200萬年）、中期（距今5,200萬∼4,360萬年）和晚期（距今4,360萬∼3400萬年）。始新世早期最令人受到注意的是，原始的現代<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="哺乳動物">哺乳動物</a>的出現。始新世結束於一個被稱作<a href="#大置换">大置换</a>（哺乳動物物种连续性上的“大断裂”）的大型<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%9B%86%E7%BE%A4%E6%BB%85%E7%B5%95" class="mw-redirect" title="生物集群滅絕">生物集群滅絕</a>。此一事件可能是關於一或數顆的大<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%B5%81%E6%98%9F" title="火流星">火流星</a>撞擊<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="西伯利亞">西伯利亞</a>以及現在的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E8%90%A8%E7%9A%AE%E5%85%8B%E6%B9%BE" title="切萨皮克湾">切萨皮克湾</a>所造成。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="下分"><span id=".E4.B8.8B.E5.88.86"></span>下分</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：下分"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>始新世经常被分为早期和晚期，亦经常被分为早期、中期和晚期。其对应的岩层分别为下始新世岩层、中始新世岩层和上始新世岩层。根據不同的動物的活躍，始新世又可以細分為： </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A6%E6%9C%9F" title="普里阿邦期">普里阿邦期</a> </td> <td>(37.8 – 33.9 百萬年) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF%E6%9C%9F" title="巴尔顿期">巴尔顿期</a> </td> <td>(41.2 – 37.8 百萬年) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E5%8F%B0%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="卢台特期">卢台特期</a> </td> <td>(47.8 – 41.2 百萬年) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%99%AE%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%9F" title="伊普雷斯期">伊普雷斯期</a> </td> <td>(56 – 47.8百萬年) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>下始新世岩层主要由伊普雷斯阶构成，有时还包括卢台特阶；上始新世岩层主要由普里阿邦阶构成，有时还包括巴尔顿阶；此外，卢台特阶和巴尔顿阶则构成中始新世岩层。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="氣候"><span id=".E6.B0.A3.E5.80.99"></span>氣候</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：氣候"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>始新世开始时发生了<a href="/wiki/PETM" class="mw-redirect" title="PETM">PETM</a>事件，是地球地质历史记录中出现的最快的、强度最大的一次全球变暖事件，地球温度迅速升高，始新世就此开始。这次迅速和剧烈的升温（在高纬度地区温度上升了7°C 之多）持续的时间少于10万年<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，但是导致了大量物种急剧灭绝，从而形成了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="古新世">古新世</a>和始新世<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="生态系统">生态系统</a>的分野。 </p><p>始新世的全球气候可能是新生代中区域变化幅度最小的；从赤道到极地的气温变化幅度只有今天的一半，而深海<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E6%B5%81" title="洋流">洋流</a>则异常温暖。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%81%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="极地">极地</a>地区比现在温暖得多，接近于现今<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西北太平洋（页面不存在）">西北太平洋</a>的温度；<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A9%E5%B8%A6%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="温带森林（页面不存在）">温带森林</a>已经扩展到了极地地区，同时多雨的<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6" title="热带">热带</a>气候区则延伸至北纬45°地区。温带地区的气候与现在相比大有不同，而热带地区的气候则可能接近于今世。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 不过最近在<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="哥伦比亚">哥伦比亚</a>发现的一种可能生活于始新世的巨蛇（约有校车大小）表明，可能相反的，当时的热带比现今温暖得多<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，这也与计算机模拟出的始新世气候相符<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>尽管始新世的全球气候仍然比较温暖，但也正是在始新世后期，开始了全球变冷的缓慢趋势，这可能是由发生于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%86%B0%E6%B4%8B" title="北冰洋">北冰洋</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A2%E8%90%8D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="红萍事件（页面不存在）">红萍事件</a>以及在<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%88%E7%93%A6%E7%BA%B3%E5%8F%A4%E9%99%86" class="mw-redirect" title="冈瓦纳古陆">冈瓦纳古陆</a>最终破碎之后形成的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5%E6%B4%B2%E7%92%B0%E6%B5%81" class="mw-redirect" title="南極洲環流">南极洲环流</a>共同造成的。这种变冷趋势最终导致了<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%BA%AA%E5%A4%A7%E5%86%B0%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="第四纪大冰期">第四纪大冰期</a>的出现。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="古地理"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E5.9C.B0.E7.90.86"></span>古地理</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：古地理"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在始新世，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%B2" title="洲">各大洲</a>繼續<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E6%BC%82%E7%A7%BB%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%B4" title="大陆漂移学说">飄移</a>向它們目前所在的位置。 </p><p>始新世初始，<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚">澳大利亚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9E%81%E6%B4%B2" title="南极洲">南极洲</a>仍然相连，同时温暖的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%A4%E9%81%93%E6%B4%8B%E6%B5%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="赤道洋流（页面不存在）">赤道洋流</a>汇入寒冷的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E6%9E%81%E6%B0%B4%E5%9F%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南极水域（页面不存在）">南极水域</a>，使得热量在全球范围内获得分配，从而保持全球的较高温度。但是在4500万年前，当澳大利亚从<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" class="mw-redirect" title="南方大陆">南方大陆</a>中分裂出来时，温暖的赤道洋流开始偏离南极地区，在两块大陆之间形成了一个孤立的寒冷水道。南极地区持续变冷，南极水域开始结冻，并向北方输送冷水和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%B0" title="海冰">海冰</a>，使寒冷局势进一步加剧。 </p><p>北方的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%B4%9A%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="超級大陸">超级大陆</a>——<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E4%BA%9E%E5%8F%A4%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="勞亞古大陸">劳亚古大陆</a>也开始分裂，<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E5%85%B0%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="格陵兰岛">格陵兰岛</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="北美洲">北美洲</a>相继从中分裂而出。 </p><p>在北美洲西部，于始新世开始了<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A0%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="造山運動">造山运动</a>，在平原的抬升过程中形成了诸多巨大的湖泊，并进而沉积形成了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%BF%E6%B2%B3%E5%B2%A9%E5%B1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="绿河岩层（页面不存在）">绿河岩层</a>。 </p><p>在欧洲，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" class="mw-redirect" title="阿尔卑斯山脉">阿尔卑斯山脉</a>的抬升将<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%8F%90%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%8B" title="特提斯洋">特提斯洋</a>的最后残迹——<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>包围，从而使特提斯洋最终消失，并形成了另外一个浅海，这个浅海的北部区域分布着一系列的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="群岛">群岛</a>。虽然<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="北大西洋">北大西洋</a>正在扩张，但是北美洲和欧洲之间可能仍有<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E6%A1%A5" title="陆桥">陆桥</a>相连，因为两块大陆上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%BA%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="动物区系">动物区系</a>十分相似。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%AC%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" class="mw-redirect" title="印度次大陆">印度次大陆</a>继续漂离<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="非洲大陸">非洲大陆</a>，并开始撞击<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" class="mw-redirect" title="亚洲大陆">亚洲大陆</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="喜马拉雅山脉">喜马拉雅山脉</a>开始形成。 </p><p>假说认为始新世温暖的全球气候是由深埋于大洋底部的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E7%83%B7%E6%B0%94%E6%B0%B4%E5%8C%85%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="甲烷气水包合物">甲烷气水包合物</a>被大量释放引起的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%8E%A7%E7%9A%84%E6%B8%A9%E5%AE%A4%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" class="mw-redirect" title="失控的温室效应">失控的温室效应</a>造成的。该种包合物本埋于泥层之下，但是受到了大洋升温的扰动。甲烷的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E8%AE%8A%E6%9A%96%E6%BD%9B%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="全球變暖潛能">全球变暖潜能</a>（即暖化能力）比<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳">二氧化碳</a>高22倍。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="動物"><span id=".E5.8B.95.E7.89.A9"></span>動物</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：動物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesonyx.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mesonyx.jpg/220px-Mesonyx.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mesonyx.jpg/330px-Mesonyx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mesonyx.jpg/440px-Mesonyx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3173" data-file-height="2203" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%88%AA%E7%8D%B8" title="中爪獸">中爪獸</a>，一種肉食性的有蹄類哺乳動物</figcaption></figure> <p>大量的現代哺乳動物<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="化石">化石</a>最早出現於始新世早期。在始新世開始之初，一些新哺乳動物群到達北美。這些原始的哺乳動物，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%B6%E8%B9%84%E7%9B%AE" title="偶蹄目">偶蹄類動物</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E8%B9%84%E7%9B%AE" title="奇蹄目">奇蹄類動物</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E9%95%B7%E7%9B%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="靈長目">靈長類動物</a>，特徵是細長的四肢，有抓取物體的能力，可以透過鑑別牙齒來區分牠們的食性。小型化是主要发展趋势，始新世所有新产生的哺乳类动物都是小型的，重量轻于10千克；且基於牙齒尺寸的關係，始新世的哺乳動物的體型只有原始的古新世哺乳動物的百分之六十。它们的体型也比其后的哺乳类动物小。人们认为始新世时期较高的温度比较适宜小型哺乳类动物的生存，因为较之大型哺乳类动物，小型哺乳类动物更容易解决散热的问题。 </p><p>古新世時期的古老靈長類動物於始新世衰落了，而其生態環境中的許多適當的場所都被更有效的齧齒類動物所佔據。始新世中期的脊椎動物群不像始新世早期的那般分布在世界各地；因此所形成的隔離狀態，使不同的進化趨勢得以出現在北美和歐洲的有蹄類動物群中。许多<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E7%B1%BB%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="现代哺乳类动物（页面不存在）">现代哺乳类动物</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%8B%E7%A5%96" class="mw-disambig" title="始祖">始祖</a>都已经出现，包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%9D%99%E8%9D%A0" title="蝙蝠">蝙蝠</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E9%BC%BB%E7%9B%AE" title="长鼻目">长鼻目动物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B5%E9%95%BF%E7%9B%AE" title="灵长目">灵长目动物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%AE%E9%BD%BF%E7%B1%BB%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="啮齿类动物">啮齿类动物</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E8%A2%8B%E9%A1%9E" title="有袋類">有袋类动物</a>。在北美洲西部、欧洲、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%A1%94%E5%93%A5%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="巴塔哥尼亚">巴塔哥尼亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="东南亚">东南亚</a>都发现了重要的始新世时期的<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E7%94%9F%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="陆生动物">陆生动物</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="化石">化石</a>；海生动物化石则在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="南亚">南亚</a>和美国东南部等有大量发现。<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="爬行动物">爬行动物</a>，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%92%E8%9B%87" class="mw-disambig" title="蟒蛇">蟒蛇</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%BE%9F" title="海龟">海龟</a>的化石也十分丰富。近年来在哥伦比亚发现了如校车般大小的巨蛇残骸<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，这种巨蛇在如现今这般温暖的赤道是无法生存下去的，印证了之前依据其他证据提出的高温观点 ("a snake of this size would require a minimum mean annual temperature of 30–34 °C to survive")。 </p><p>在始新世，植物和海洋动物区系都和现今有较小差距。许多现代的<a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%9F%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="鸟类">鸟类</a>在始新世首次出现。第一种灵长目动物出现在5,500万年前的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%99%AE%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E9%98%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="伊普雷斯阶">伊普雷斯阶</a>时期。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nummulitids.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Nummulitids.jpg/300px-Nummulitids.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Nummulitids.jpg/450px-Nummulitids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Nummulitids.jpg/600px-Nummulitids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>呈微球型和显球型的有孔虫门生物化石；生活在始新世时期的阿拉伯联合酋长国地区；毫米级别</figcaption></figure> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="海洋动物"><span id=".E6.B5.B7.E6.B4.8B.E5.8A.A8.E7.89.A9"></span>海洋动物</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：海洋动物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>始新世的海洋溫暖而充滿魚群和其他海洋生物。出現了： </p> <ol><li>早期的海生哺乳動物：包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%AF%A8%E8%B1%9A%E9%A1%9E" title="鯨豚類">鲸豚类</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%89%9B%E7%9B%AE" title="海牛目">海牛目</a>。</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="植物"><span id=".E6.A4.8D.E7.89.A9"></span>植物</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：植物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在始新世早期，因為高溫的氣候以及溫暖海洋，所以創造了一個潮濕而溫和環境。除了乾旱的沙漠之外，地表完全被森林所覆蓋。 </p><p>极地地区的森林面积广大。在北极地区的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E5%B2%9B" title="埃尔斯米尔岛">埃尔斯米尔岛</a>上发现了始新世时期的树木化石以及保存至今的树木，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%BD%E7%BE%BD%E6%9D%89" title="落羽杉">落羽杉</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9D%89" title="水杉">水杉</a>。这些保存至今的树木不是化石，而是原先存在于<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%BC%E6%B3%BD%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沼泽森林（页面不存在）">沼泽森林</a>缺氧的水中，并在未及腐烂的情况下被掩埋的实物。即使在那时，埃尔斯米尔岛也只比今天所在的位置低了几个纬度。另外，在格陵兰岛和阿拉斯加都发现了始新世时期的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A9%E5%B8%A6%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="温带森林（页面不存在）">温带森林</a>，甚至是热带植被的化石。<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%97" title="热带雨林">热带雨林</a>则扩展至<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E5%B2%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太平洋西北岸（页面不存在）">太平洋西北岸</a>和欧洲地区。 </p><p>在始新世早期，<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%95%E6%AB%9A%E6%A8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="棕櫚樹">棕榈树</a>分布范围北及<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉斯加">阿拉斯加</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E6%AC%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北欧地区（页面不存在）">北欧地区</a>，不过其后气候变冷，棕榈树在这些地区渐趋衰落。水杉在这一时期也分布广泛。 </p><p>在始新世中期开始的气候变冷，致使到了始新世末期时大陆内部开始变得干燥，在某些地区，森林分布区域萎缩。此时新发展起来的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F" title="草原">草原</a>也仅限于河岸和湖畔地区，还未扩展至平原地区和现今的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E6%88%96%E4%BA%9A%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E5%A4%A7%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热带或亚热带大草原（页面不存在）">热带或亚热带大草原</a>地区。 </p><p>气候变冷亦导致了<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A3%E8%8A%82" title="季节">季节</a>变化的出现。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%BD%E5%8F%B6%E6%A0%91%E7%A7%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="落叶树种（页面不存在）">落叶树种</a>能够更好的适应剧烈的温度变化，于是比之<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%B8%E7%BB%BF%E6%A0%91%E7%A7%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="常绿树种（页面不存在）">常绿树种</a>，开始占有优势。在始新世末期，<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%BD%E8%91%89%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="落葉林">落叶林</a>覆盖了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北方大陆（页面不存在）">北方大陆</a>的大片区域，包括北美洲、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" class="mw-redirect" title="欧亚大陆">欧亚大陆</a>和北极地区；雨林则只分布在了赤道和近赤道的南美洲、非洲、印度次大陆和澳大利亚。 </p><p>在始新世开始之时，南极大陆上还覆盖着大片的温带雨林，乃至是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚热带雨林（页面不存在）">亚热带雨林</a>，但是随着时间流逝，气候变得越来越寒冷；喜热的热带植被消失了，到渐新世开始之时，这块大陆上的植被变成了落叶林和广袤的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%94%E5%8E%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="苔原">苔原</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="大置换"><span id=".E5.A4.A7.E7.BD.AE.E6.8D.A2"></span>大置换</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：大置换"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85099211">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96%E2%80%94%E6%B8%90%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%81%AD%E7%BB%9D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="始新世—渐新世灭绝事件">始新世—渐新世灭绝事件</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Extinction_Intensity(in_Chinese).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Extinction_Intensity%28in_Chinese%29.jpg/400px-Extinction_Intensity%28in_Chinese%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Extinction_Intensity%28in_Chinese%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>始新世灭绝事件，縱軸為滅絕的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="科 (生物)">科</a>數佔地球的百分比。</figcaption></figure> <p>大置换，即物种连续性上的“大断裂”<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ，是3,350万年前欧洲范围内的一次物种大灭绝，标志着始新世的最后一个阶段——<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A6%E9%98%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="普里阿邦阶">普里阿邦阶</a>的结束，此后，亚洲的物种大量迁入欧洲。大置换以大范围的物种灭绝和小规模、孤立<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%91%E9%81%97" title="孑遗">孑遗</a>种群的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%82%E5%9C%B0%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="异地物种形成（页面不存在）">异地物种形成</a>为标志<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；这个名称由<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="古生物學家">古生物学家</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="汉斯·乔治·斯特林（页面不存在）">汉斯·乔治·斯特林</a>（Hans Georg Stehlin）所取<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，被用以形容始新世和渐新世交迭期间欧洲地区哺乳类动物的大规模灭绝。而在亚洲发生的类似规模的物种灭绝则被称为“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E9%87%8D%E5%BB%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蒙古重建（页面不存在）">蒙古重建</a>”(Mongolian Remodelling)。 </p><p>大置换标志着在亚洲物种大规模迁入之前，欧洲区域性动物区系进化链的断裂。<a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C2%B7J%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J·J·胡克（页面不存在）">J·J·胡克</a>（J.J.Hooker）及其团队如此概括这次灾难： </p><p>大置换前欧洲的动物区系主要由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%BD%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古兽科（页面不存在）">古兽科</a>动物（马的远亲）、偶蹄类动物的6个科（<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%98%B2%E7%8D%B8%E7%A7%91" title="無防獸科">無防獸科</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%91%E9%BD%BF%E5%85%BD%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="剑齿兽科（页面不存在）">剑齿兽科</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E7%8C%AA%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="河猪科（页面不存在）">河猪科</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%BF%E5%B0%BE%E7%8C%AA%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="长尾猪科（页面不存在）">长尾猪科</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E9%94%A5%E9%BD%BF%E5%85%BD%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="双锥齿兽科">双锥齿兽科</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%91%E5%88%8D%E9%A9%BC%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疑刍驼科（页面不存在）">疑刍驼科</a>）、啮齿类动物Pseudosciuridae，以及灵长类动物Omomyidae和Adapidae组成。 </p><p>大置换后欧洲的动物区系中包括了一种最早的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%80%E7%89%9B" title="犀牛">犀牛</a>（属<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%80%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="犀科">犀科</a>）、3个偶蹄动物科（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E7%8C%AA%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="巨猪科">巨猪科</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%82%AD%E7%8D%B8%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="炭獸科">炭兽科</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E6%B4%9B%E9%B9%BF%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吉洛鹿科（页面不存在）">吉洛鹿科</a>，分别于现今的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%AA" class="mw-disambig" title="猪">猪</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E9%A9%AC" title="河马">河马</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%88%8D%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="反刍动物">反刍动物</a>有亲缘关系）、多种啮齿动物（如Eomyidae、<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%89%E9%BC%A0%E7%A7%91" title="倉鼠科">仓鼠科</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E7%8B%B8%E7%A7%91" title="河狸科">河狸科</a>）以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%9B%B2%E7%BC%BA%E7%9B%AE" title="真盲缺目">真盲缺目</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%AC%E7%A7%91" title="猬科">猬科</a>动物。而原来的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%BD%E9%A9%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="古兽马">古兽马</a>（Palaeotherium）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%98%B2%E7%8D%B8%E7%A7%91" title="無防獸科">無防獸科</a>動物、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%91%E9%BD%BF%E5%85%BD%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="剑齿兽科（页面不存在）">剑齿兽科</a>动物和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%91%E5%88%8D%E9%A9%BC%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疑刍驼科（页面不存在）">疑刍驼科</a>动物则完全消失了。 </p><p>只有<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E8%A2%8B%E9%A1%9E" title="有袋類">有袋类</a>中的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%B1%E8%B4%9F%E9%BC%A0%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疱负鼠科（页面不存在）">疱负鼠科</a>（Herpetotheriidae）动物、偶蹄类中的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%8D%B8%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="新獸科">新兽科</a>动物以及啮齿类中的Theridomyidae科动物和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%A1%E9%BC%A0%E7%A7%91" title="睡鼠科">睡鼠科</a>动物熬过了这次灾难，种群并未衰退。 </p><p>许多科学家认为大置换并非是由单一的原因造成的，不管这个原因是与初期的极地<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B0%E8%9A%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冰蚀（页面不存在）">冰蚀</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%B9%B3%E9%9D%A2" title="海平面">海平面</a>下降相联系的气候变化，还是来自亚洲的物种的竞争。另一个假说是一颗或多颗撞击向<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="西伯利亚">西伯利亚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E8%90%A8%E7%9A%AE%E5%85%8B%E6%B9%BE" title="切萨皮克湾">切萨皮克湾</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%B5%81%E6%98%9F" title="火流星">火流星</a>造成了这次物种大灭绝。与这一事件相关的、发生在之前的一系列全球性事件则进一步证实大置换發生于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%90%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="渐新世">渐新世</a>最早期，大约比亚洲首批迁徙物种进入欧洲早35万年。 </p><p>大置换的变化模型中的一个重要支撑要素是——在大置换中，欧洲地区所有的<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B5%E9%95%BF%E7%B1%BB%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="灵长类动物">灵长类动物</a>都灭绝了；但是最近发现的一种生活于渐新世早期的、大小与鼠类相仿的灵长类动物——<a 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G.; Daams, R.; van Dam, J.; van der Meulen, A. J.; Agustí, J.; Cabrera, L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0012821X96001094">A new chronology for the middle to late Miocene continental record in Spain</a>. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 1996-08-01, <b>142</b> (3): 367–380. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-821X"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0012-821X</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0012-821X%2896%2900109-4"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1016/0012-821X(96)00109-4</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&rft.atitle=A+new+chronology+for+the+middle+to+late+Miocene+continental+record+in+Spain&rft.au=Agust%C3%AD%2C+J.&rft.au=Cabrera%2C+L.&rft.au=Daams%2C+R.&rft.au=Garc%C3%A9s%2C+M.&rft.au=Langereis%2C+C.+G.&rft.au=van+Dam%2C+J.&rft.au=van+der+Meulen%2C+A.+J.&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.aulast=Krijgsman&rft.date=1996-08-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0012-821X&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.pages=367-380&rft.volume=142&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2F0012821X96001094&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0012-821X%2896%2900109-4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624055419/http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/schmidt_02/">NASA GISS: Science Briefs: Ocean Burps and Climate Change?</a>. nasa.gov. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-04-26</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/schmidt_02/">原始内容</a>存档于2016-06-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&rft.atitle=NASA+GISS%3A+Science+Briefs%3A+Ocean+Burps+and+Climate+Change%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nasa.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.giss.nasa.gov%2Fresearch%2Fbriefs%2Fschmidt_02%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050125091148/http://www.ga.gov.au/odp/publications/tnotes/tn20-4/leg171c.html">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-04-26</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ga.gov.au/odp/publications/tnotes/tn20-4/leg171c.html">原始内容</a>存档于2005-01-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.gov.au%2Fodp%2Fpublications%2Ftnotes%2Ftn20-4%2Fleg171c.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley, 508</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huber 2009, Nature <b>457</b>, doi:10.1038/457669a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_8-0"><sup><b>8.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_8-1"><sup><b>8.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Head et al. 2009, Nature <b>457</b>, doi:10.1038/nature07671</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huber and Sloan 2001, Geophysical Research Letters, <b>28</b>, 3481-3484.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> also termed the MP 21 event.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Called "dispersal-generated origination" in Hooker et al. 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.G. Stehlen, 1910. "Remarques sur les faunules de Mammifères des couches eocenes et oligocenes du Bassin de Paris," in <i>Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France,</i> <b>4'</b>.9, pp 488-520.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A major cooling event preceded the Grande Coupure, based on pollen studies in the Paris Basin conducted by Chateauneuf (<a href="/w/index.php?title=J.J._Chateauneuf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J.J. Chateauneuf（页面不存在）">J.J. Chateauneuf</a>, 1980. "Palynostratigraphie et paleoclimatologie de l'Éocene superieur et de l'Oligocene du Bassin de <a href="/wiki/Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris">Paris</a> (<a href="/wiki/France" class="mw-redirect" title="France">France</a>)" in <i>Mémoires du Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières</i>, <b>116</b> 1980).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meike Kohler and Salvador Moya-Sola, "A finding of Oligocene primates on the European continent," in <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States</i> <b> 96</b>.25 (Dec. 7, 1999), pp 14664-14667</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="地质时代表">地质时代表</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Eocene" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Eocene"><span style="font-weight:bold;">始新世</span></a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotese.com/">PaleoMap Project</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120517052429/http://www.scotese.com/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041010134818/http://www.palaeos.com/Cenozoic/Eocene/Eocene.htm">Paleos Eocene page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/change/deeptime/eocene.html">PBS Deep Time: Eocene</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120114172958/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/change/deeptime/eocene.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20021113122119/http://www.coloradomtn.edu/campus_rfl/staff_rfl/kohls/eocene.html">Eocene Fossils</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090530014058/http://www.dmap.co.uk/fossils/">Eocene and Oligocene Fossils</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706000222/http://www.carnegiemnh.org/research/eosimias/index.html">Eocene Primate, Carnegie Museum of Natural History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051116075532/http://www.sas.upenn.edu/earth/arctic/">The UPenn Fossil Forest Project, focusing on the Eocene polar forests in Ellesmere Island, Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090531203432/http://members.cox.net/pyrophyllite/Basilosaurus1.html">Basilosaurus Primitive Eocene Whales</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oceansofkansas.com/Harlan1834b.html">Basilosaurus - The plesiosaur that wasn't....</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110614114102/http://www.oceansofkansas.com/Harlan1834b.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20050207065309/http://darla.neoucom.edu/DEPTS/ANAT/whaleorigins.htm">Eocene Whale Origins</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090330213138/http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/terpaleo.html">Detailed maps of Tertiary Western North America</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotese.com/newpage9.htm">Map of Eocene Earth</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110806080908/http://www.scotese.com/newpage9.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="Template talk:地质年代"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:地质年代"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="地质年代" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="地质年代">地质年代</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(247,67,112); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%AF%92%E6%AD%A6%E7%BA%AA" title="前寒武纪"><div style="line-height:1.2em; color:#fff;">前<br />寒<br />武<br />纪</div></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em;background:rgb(174,2,126)"><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A5%E5%8F%A4%E5%AE%99" title="冥古宙"><span style="color:#fff;">冥古宙<span style="font-weight:normal;">（46亿至40亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">（未有任何年代分段被<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%9C%B0%E5%B1%A4%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="國際地層委員會">國際地層委員會</a>承认）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em;background:rgb(240,4,127); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%8F%A4%E5%AE%99" title="太古宙"><span style="color:#fff;">太古宙<span style="font-weight:normal;">（40亿至25亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%8B%E5%A4%AA%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="始太古代">始太古代（40亿至36亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%A4%AA%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="古太古代">古太古代（36亿至32亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AA%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="中太古代">中太古代（32亿至28亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%A4%AA%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="新太古代">新太古代（28亿至25亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em;background:rgb(247,53,99); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AE%99" title="元古宙"><span style="color:#fff;">元古宙<br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">（25亿至5.41亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(247,67,112); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%83%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="古元古代"><span style="color:#fff;">古元古代<span style="font-weight:normal;">（25亿至16亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E9%93%81%E7%BA%AA" title="成铁纪">成铁纪（25亿至23亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%82%E4%BE%B5%E7%BA%AA" title="层侵纪">层侵纪（23亿至20.5亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A0%E5%B1%B1%E7%BA%AA" title="造山纪">造山纪（20.5亿至18亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E7%BB%93%E7%BA%AA" title="固结纪">固结纪（18亿至16亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(253,180,98); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%83%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="中元古代">中元古代<span style="font-weight:normal;">（16亿至10亿年前）</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%96%E5%B1%82%E7%BA%AA" title="盖层纪">盖层纪（16亿至14亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E5%B1%95%E7%BA%AA" title="延展纪">延展纪（14亿至12亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AD%E5%B8%A6%E7%BA%AA" title="狭带纪">狭带纪（12亿至10亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(254,179,66); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%85%83%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="新元古代">新元古代<span style="font-weight:normal;">（10亿至5.41亿年前）</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%B8%E7%BA%AA" title="拉伸纪">拉伸纪（10亿至7.2亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E5%86%B0%E7%BA%AA" title="成冰纪">成冰纪（7.2亿至6.35亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E7%BA%AA" title="埃迪卡拉纪">埃迪卡拉纪（6.35亿至5.41亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(154,217,221); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%BE%E7%94%9F%E5%AE%99" title="显生宙"><div style="line-height:1.2em;">显<br />生<br />宙<br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">︵<br />5.41<br />亿<br />年<br />前<br />至<br />今<br />︶</span></div></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em;background:rgb(153,192,141); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="古生代"><span style="color:#fff;">古生代<br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">（5.41亿至2.52亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(127,160,86); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%92%E6%AD%A6%E7%BA%AA" title="寒武纪"><span style="color:#fff;">寒武纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（5.41亿至4.85亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%96" title="纽芬兰世">紐芬蘭世（5.41亿至5.21亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%92%E6%AD%A6%E7%BA%AA%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="寒武纪第二世">第二世（5.21亿至5.09亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E5%B2%AD%E4%B8%96" title="苗岭世">苗岭世（5.09亿至4.97亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%99%E8%93%89%E4%B8%96" title="芙蓉世">芙蓉世（4.97亿至4.85亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(0,146,112); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%99%B6%E7%BA%AA" title="奥陶纪"><span style="color:#fff;">奥陶纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（4.85亿至4.44亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%99%B6%E7%BA%AA" title="奥陶纪">早奥陶世（4.85亿至4.70亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%99%B6%E7%BA%AA" title="奥陶纪">中奥陶世（4.70亿至4.58亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%99%B6%E7%BA%AA" title="奥陶纪">晚奥陶世（4.58亿至4.44亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(179,225,182); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%97%E7%95%99%E7%B4%80" title="志留紀">志留紀<span style="font-weight:normal;">（4.44亿至4.19亿年前）</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%A4%9A%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%97%E4%B8%96" title="兰多维列世">兰多维列世（4.44亿至4.33亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%96" title="文洛克世">文洛克世（4.33亿至4.27亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E6%B4%9B%E4%B8%96" title="羅德洛世">羅德洛世（4.27亿至4.23亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E9%81%93%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%96" title="普里道利世">普里道利世（4.23亿至4.19亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(203,140,55); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9B%86%E7%BA%AA" title="泥盆纪"><span style="color:#fff;">泥盆纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（4.19亿至3.59亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9B%86%E7%BA%AA" title="泥盆纪">早泥盆世（4.19亿至3.93亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9B%86%E7%BA%AA" title="泥盆纪">中泥盆世（3.93亿至3.83亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9B%86%E7%BA%AA" title="泥盆纪">晚泥盆世（3.83亿至3.59亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(103,165,153); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E7%BA%AA" title="石炭纪"><span style="color:#fff;">石炭纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（3.59亿至2.99亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%96" title="密西西比世">密西西比世（3.59亿至3.23亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E5%A4%95%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E4%B8%96" title="賓夕法尼亞世">賓夕法尼亞世（3.23亿至2.99亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(240,64,40); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%A0%E7%BA%AA" title="二叠纪"><span style="color:#fff;">二叠纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（2.99亿至2.52亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%96" title="乌拉尔世">乌拉尔世（2.99亿至2.72亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E8%BE%BE%E6%B4%9B%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%96" title="瓜达洛普世">瓜达洛普世（2.72亿至2.6亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%90%E5%B9%B3%E4%B8%96" title="乐平世">乐平世（2.6亿至2.52亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em;background:rgb(103,197,202); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="中生代">中生代<br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">（2.52亿至6600万年前）</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(129,43,146); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8F%A0%E7%BA%AA" title="三叠纪"><span style="color:#fff;">三叠纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（2.52亿至2.01亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E4%B8%89%E5%8F%A0%E4%B8%96" title="早三叠世">早三叠世（2.52亿至2.47亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%89%E5%8F%A0%E4%B8%96" title="中三叠世">中三叠世（2.47亿至2.37亿年前）</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="晚三疊世" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Late Triassic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%9A%E4%B8%89%E5%8F%A0%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="晚三叠世">晚三疊世（2.37亿至2.01亿年前）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Triassic" class="extiw" title="en:Late Triassic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Late Triassic</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(52,178,201); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%8F%E7%BD%97%E7%BA%AA" title="侏罗纪"><span style="color:#fff;">侏罗纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（2.01亿至1.45亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%8F%E7%BD%97%E7%BA%AA" title="侏罗纪">早侏罗世（2.01亿至1.74亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%8F%E7%BD%97%E7%BA%AA" title="侏罗纪">中侏罗世（1.74亿至1.64亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%9A%E4%BE%8F%E7%BD%97%E4%B8%96" title="晚侏罗世">晚侏罗世（1.64亿至1.45亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(127,198,78); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%9E%A9%E7%BA%AA" title="白垩纪">白垩纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（1.45亿至6600万年前）</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E7%99%BD%E5%9E%A9%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="早白垩世">早白垩世（1.45亿至1亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%9E%A9%E7%BA%AA" title="白垩纪">晚白垩世（1亿至6600万年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em;background:rgb(242,249,29); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="新生代">新生代<br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">（6600万年前至今）</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(253,154,82); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%BF%91%E7%BA%AA" title="古近纪">古近纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（6600万至2303万年前）</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="古新世">古新世（6600万至5600万年前）</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">始新世（5600万至3390万年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%B8%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="漸新世">漸新世（3390万至2303万年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(255,230,25); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%BF%91%E7%BA%AA" title="新近纪">新近纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（2303万至258万年前）</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="中新世">中新世（2303万至533万年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="上新世">上新世（533万至258万年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(249,249,127); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%B4%80" title="第四紀">第四紀<span style="font-weight:normal;">（258万年前至今）</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="更新世">更新世（258万至1.17万年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="全新世">全新世（1.17万年前至今）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76274#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76274#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76274#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Éocène"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11958271w">法国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Éocène"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11958271w">BnF data</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4152488-3">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553996305171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Paleopedology--Eocene"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99011708">美国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="eocén"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117619&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span></li></ul> 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