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<li id="toc-The_18th_and_19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_18th_and_19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The 18th and 19th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_18th_and_19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_20th_and_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_20th_and_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The 20th and 21st centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_20th_and_21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obadiah_Poundage_letter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obadiah_Poundage_letter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Obadiah Poundage letter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obadiah_Poundage_letter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baltic_porter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baltic_porter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Baltic porter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baltic_porter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_porter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_porter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>German porter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_porter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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class="mw-page-title-main">Porter (beer)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Портэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Портэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Портър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Портър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_(pivo)" title="Porter (pivo) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Porter (pivo)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter" title="Porter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Porter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_(Bier)" title="Porter (Bier) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Porter (Bier)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_(cerveza)" title="Porter (cerveza) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Porter (cerveza)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_(garagardoa)" title="Porter (garagardoa) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Porter (garagardoa)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="پورتر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پورتر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_(bi%C3%A8re)" title="Porter (bière) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Porter (bière)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%ED%84%B0_(%EB%A7%A5%EC%A3%BC)" title="포터 (맥주) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포터 (맥주)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80_(%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80)" title="Պորտեր (գարեջուր) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պորտեր (գարեջուր)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter%C3%B6l" title="Porteröl – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Porteröl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_(birra)" title="Porter (birra) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Porter (birra)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98)" title="პორტერი (ლუდი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პორტერი (ლუდი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Портер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Портер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porteris" title="Porteris – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Porteris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porteris" title="Porteris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Porteris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_(bier)" title="Porter (bier) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Porter (bier)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC_(%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB)" title="ポーター (ビール) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポーター (ビール)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter" title="Porter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Porter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter" title="Porter – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Porter" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_(piwo)" title="Porter (piwo) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Porter (piwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_(cerveja)" title="Porter (cerveja) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Porter (cerveja)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Портер (пиво) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Портер (пиво)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portteri" title="Portteri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Portteri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter" title="Porter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Porter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="พอร์เตอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พอร์เตอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter" title="Porter – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Porter" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Портер (пиво) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Портер (пиво)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%89%93" title="波打 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="波打" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92" title="波特啤酒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波特啤酒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q954166#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Porter_(beer)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dark style of beer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Porter_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Porter (disambiguation)">Porter (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amager_Rugporter_(4941931513).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Amager_Rugporter_%284941931513%29.jpg/220px-Amager_Rugporter_%284941931513%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Amager_Rugporter_%284941931513%29.jpg/330px-Amager_Rugporter_%284941931513%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Amager_Rugporter_%284941931513%29.jpg/440px-Amager_Rugporter_%284941931513%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>A glass of porter, showing characteristic dark body</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Porter</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Beer_style" title="Beer style">style of beer</a> that was developed in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in the early 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoalst-Pullen_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoalst-Pullen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is well-<a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">hopped</a> and dark in appearance owing to the use of <a href="/wiki/Mash_ingredients#Brown_malt" title="Mash ingredients">brown malt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name is believed to have originated from its popularity with <a href="/wiki/Porter_(carrier)" title="Porter (carrier)">porters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Porter is a type of <a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">ale</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (March 2025)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Porter_(beer)#Dubious" title="Talk:Porter (beer)">discuss</a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (March 2025)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Porter became the first beer style brewed around the world, being produced in Ireland, North America, Sweden, and Russia by the end of the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoalst-Pullen_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoalst-Pullen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The history of <a href="/wiki/Stout" title="Stout">stout</a> and porter are intertwined.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "stout", used for a dark beer, came about because strong porters were marketed as "stout porter", later being shortened to just stout. <a href="/wiki/Guinness_Extra_Stout" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Extra Stout">Guinness Extra Stout</a> was originally called "Extra Superior Porter" and was not given the name "Extra Stout" until 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the terms stout and porter are used by different breweries almost interchangeably to describe dark beers, and have more in common than in distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porter_(beer)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_18th_and_19th_centuries">The 18th and 19th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porter_(beer)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The 18th and 19th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Porter was first mentioned in 1721, as a development of the brown beer already being produced across London, and delivered to publicans to age and blend to their customers' tastes;<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the term had become common in print by the 1760s but was often not used by the brewers themselves before then.<sup id="cite_ref-PM_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup> The innovation is attributed to Ralph Harwood, a brewer at the Bell Brewhouse in Shoreditch.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first delivery of porter was claimed to be to The Blue Last pub in Shoreditch.<sup id="cite_ref-PM_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup> </p><p>Before 1700, London brewers sent out their beer very young, as <i>Milds</i>; any ageing into <i>Stale</i> styles, was either performed by the publican or a dealer, with blends of Milds and Stales often sold to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Porter was one of the first beer styles to be aged at the brewery and dispatched in a condition fit to be drunk immediately. It was also a style that could be made on a large scale, and the London porter brewers, such as <a href="/wiki/Whitbread" title="Whitbread">Whitbread</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Truman_Brewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Truman Brewery">Truman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parsons_(brewer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parsons (brewer) (page does not exist)">Parsons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Thrale" title="Henry Thrale">Thrale</a>, achieved <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a>, and financial success.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Martyn Cornell, "London-brewed Porter was the first beer to be widely exported, reaching Ireland by the 1730s, North America and the Baltic lands by the 1740s, Northern Europe by the 1760s, and India around the same time".<sup id="cite_ref-anspach1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anspach1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early London porters were strong beers by modern standards. Early trials with the hydrometer in the 1770s recorded porter as having an <a href="/wiki/Original_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Original gravity">original gravity</a> (OG) of 1.071 and 6.6% <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">alcohol by volume</a> (ABV).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increased taxation during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> pushed its gravity down to around 1.055, where it remained for the rest of the 19th century. The popularity of the style prompted brewers to produce porters in a wide variety of strengths. These started with Single Stout Porter around 1.066, Double Stout Porter (such as <a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a>) at 1.072, Triple Stout Porter at 1.078 and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Stout" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Stout">Imperial Stout</a> Porter at 1.095 and more. As the 19th century progressed, the porter suffix was gradually dropped. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guinness%27s_Dublin_Porter_Stores,_Leicester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Guinness%27s_Dublin_Porter_Stores%2C_Leicester.jpg/200px-Guinness%27s_Dublin_Porter_Stores%2C_Leicester.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Guinness%27s_Dublin_Porter_Stores%2C_Leicester.jpg/300px-Guinness%27s_Dublin_Porter_Stores%2C_Leicester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Guinness%27s_Dublin_Porter_Stores%2C_Leicester.jpg/400px-Guinness%27s_Dublin_Porter_Stores%2C_Leicester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement for<br />Guinness Porter, 1840</figcaption></figure> <p>The large London porter breweries pioneered many technological advances, such as the use of the <a href="/wiki/Thermometer" title="Thermometer">thermometer</a> (about 1760) and the <a href="/wiki/Hydrometer" title="Hydrometer">hydrometer</a> (1770). The use of the latter transformed the nature of porter. The first porters were brewed from 100% brown malt.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now, brewers were able to accurately measure the yield of the malt they used, and noticed that brown malt, though cheaper than pale malt, only produced about two-thirds as much fermentable material. When the malt tax was increased to help pay for the Napoleonic War, brewers had an incentive to use less malt. Their solution was to use a proportion of pale malt and add colouring to obtain the expected hue. When a law was passed in 1816 allowing only malt and <a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">hops</a> to be used in the production of beer (a sort of British <i><a href="/wiki/Reinheitsgebot" title="Reinheitsgebot">Reinheitsgebot</a></i>), they were left in a quandary. Their problem was solved by Wheeler's invention of the almost black (kilned) <a href="/wiki/Patent_malt" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent malt">patent malt</a> in 1817. It was now possible to brew porter from 95% pale malt and 5% <a href="/wiki/Patent_malt" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent malt">patent malt</a>, though most London brewers continued to use some brown malt for flavour.<sup id="cite_ref-lma_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lma-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until about 1800, all London porter was matured in large vats, often holding several hundred barrels, for six to 18 months before being racked into smaller casks to be delivered to pubs. Ageing all porter was found to be unnecessary. A small quantity of highly aged beer (18 months or more) mixed with fresh or "mild" porter produced a flavour similar to that of aged beer. It was a cheaper method of producing porter, as it required less beer to be stored for long periods. The normal blend was around two parts young beer to one part old.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1860, as the popularity of porter and the aged taste began to wane, porter was increasingly sold "mild". In the final decades of the century, many breweries discontinued their porter, but continued to brew one or two stouts. Those that persisted with porter, brewed it weaker and with less hops. Between 1860 and 1914, the gravity dropped from 1.058 to 1.050 and the hopping rate from two to one pound per 36-gallon barrel.<sup id="cite_ref-lma_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lma-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_20th_and_21st_centuries">The 20th and 21st centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porter_(beer)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The 20th and 21st centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1960_-_Neuweiler_Porter_Beer_Labels_(Square)_-_Allentown_PA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/1960_-_Neuweiler_Porter_Beer_Labels_%28Square%29_-_Allentown_PA.jpg/250px-1960_-_Neuweiler_Porter_Beer_Labels_%28Square%29_-_Allentown_PA.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/1960_-_Neuweiler_Porter_Beer_Labels_%28Square%29_-_Allentown_PA.jpg/330px-1960_-_Neuweiler_Porter_Beer_Labels_%28Square%29_-_Allentown_PA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/1960_-_Neuweiler_Porter_Beer_Labels_%28Square%29_-_Allentown_PA.jpg/500px-1960_-_Neuweiler_Porter_Beer_Labels_%28Square%29_-_Allentown_PA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2623" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neuweiler_Brewery" title="Neuweiler Brewery">Neuweiler</a> Porter labels, Pennsylvania, 1960</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> in Britain, shortages of grain led to restrictions on the strength of beer. Less strict rules were applied in <a href="/wiki/Irish_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish beer">Ireland</a>, allowing Irish brewers such as Guinness to continue to brew beers closer to pre-war strengths. English breweries continued to brew a range of bottled, and sometimes draught, stouts until the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> and beyond. During the Second World War, because of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>'s official policy of <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutrality</a>, this period was not technically considered wartime, but the country suffered similar resource scarcities and consequent rationing to the United Kingdom, thus this period was officially named <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">the Emergency</a> there. They were considerably weaker than the pre-war versions (down from 1.055–1.060 to 1.040–1.042) and around the strength that porter had been in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-lma_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lma-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drinking of porter, with its strength slot now occupied by single stout, steadily declined, and the last porter was produced in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoalst-Pullen-Cornell_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoalst-Pullen-Cornell-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Brewing_Company" title="Anchor Brewing Company">Anchor Brewing Company</a> started brewing a porter in 1972, and was bottled in 1974 that kickstarted the revival of the style which began in 1978, when the Penrhos <a href="/wiki/Microbrewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbrewery">microbrewery</a> introduced a porter.<sup id="cite_ref-wordpress1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wordpress1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A little later, <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Taylor_Brewery" title="Timothy Taylor Brewery">Timothy Taylor</a>, Yorkshire, began to brew a porter. Now, dozens of breweries in Britain are making porter, with <a href="/wiki/Fuller%27s_Brewery" title="Fuller's Brewery">Fuller's</a> London Porter winning gold and silver medals at the 1999, 2000 and 2002 International Beer and Cider Competitions, and <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Real_Ale" title="Campaign for Real Ale">CAMRA</a>'s Supreme <a href="/wiki/Champion_Winter_Beer_of_Britain" title="Champion Winter Beer of Britain">Champion Winter Beer of Britain</a> silver medal in 2007, with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wickwar_Brewery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wickwar Brewery (page does not exist)">Wickwar Brewery</a>'s Station Porter winning gold in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many breweries brew porters in wide varieties, including pumpkin,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and chocolate.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specialised porter brews continue the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Barrel#Beverage_maturing" title="Barrel">ageing in barrels</a>, and the use of <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">bourbon</a> barrels is not uncommon.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obadiah_Poundage_letter">Obadiah Poundage letter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porter_(beer)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Obadiah Poundage letter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Obadiah_Poundage" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Obadiah Poundage">Obadiah Poundage</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p><b>Obadiah Poundage</b> was the pen-name of a London brewer of the 18th century who published a letter in the <i><a href="/wiki/London_Chronicle" title="London Chronicle">London Chronicle</a></i> on November 4, 1760, arguing for a rise in the price of beer. The letter was reprinted in various journals, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gentleman%27s_Magazine" title="The Gentleman's Magazine">The Gentleman's Magazine</a></i> and <i>The Gazetteer</i>, and has since been used by beer historians for the basis of information about porter.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Obadiah Poundage was also used as a pen-name by the author of a long-running diary column in <i>What's Brewing</i>, the monthly newsletter of the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Real_Ale" title="Campaign for Real Ale">Campaign for Real Ale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ireland">Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porter_(beer)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porter_Example_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Porter_Example_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Porter_Example_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Porter_Example_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Porter_Example_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Porter_Example_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Porter_Example_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="1253" /></a><figcaption>Dark Arts Porter showing characteristic dark body</figcaption></figure> <p>Porter was first brewed in Ireland in 1776, and although <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Guinness" title="Arthur Guinness">Arthur Guinness</a> did not start brewing until 1787, he had phased out all other types of beer from his <a href="/wiki/Guinness_Brewery" title="Guinness Brewery">Guinness Brewery</a> by 1799.<sup id="cite_ref-Arthur_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arthur-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thousand_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thousand-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Beamish_and_Crawford" title="Beamish and Crawford">Beamish and Crawford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murphy%27s_Brewery" title="Murphy's Brewery">Murphy's Brewery</a>, both in <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a> followed suit and abandoned ales in favour of porter. <a href="/wiki/Roger_Protz" title="Roger Protz">Roger Protz</a> has argued that the move from porter to stout was made when Arthur Guinness realised that he would pay less tax if he used unmalted and roasted barley in his beer,<sup id="cite_ref-Arthur_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arthur-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but brewing historian Martyn Cornell has disputed the historical accuracy of this claim.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Ireland, especially Dublin, porter was known as "plain porter" or just "plain". This is the drink referred to in <a href="/wiki/Flann_O%27Brien" title="Flann O'Brien">Flann O'Brien</a>'s poem "The Workman's Friend": "A pint of plain is your only man."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, extra-strong porter was called "stout porter". The last Guinness Irish porter was produced in 1974, though the company launched a "revival" based upon a 1796 recipe in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the invention of malted barley roasted until black to impart a darker colour and distinct burnt taste to the beer in 1817, Irish brewers dropped the use of brown malt, using patent malt and pale malt only, while English brewers continued using some brown malt, giving a difference in style between English and Irish porters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Today, porter remains an important style in the burgeoning Irish craft-beer scene. A number of notable Irish craft breweries such as <a href="/wiki/Trouble_Brewing_(brewery)" title="Trouble Brewing (brewery)">Trouble Brewing</a> in Kildare produce highly regarded interpretations of the style. As with Guinness stout, many porters from Irish craft breweries are carbonated with nitrogen/carbon dioxide blends when served on draught. However, all-carbon dioxide carbonation remains more common for canned and bottled variations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porter_(beer)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Porter was being commercially brewed in the United States in the 18th century, especially in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. After the introduction of lagers in the United States in the 1850s, breweries began brewing their porters with lager yeast rather than a <a href="/wiki/Top-fermenting" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-fermenting">top-fermenting</a> one. In addition, these American porters often included <a href="/wiki/Adjuncts" title="Adjuncts">adjuncts</a> such as maize, <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a>, and Porterine.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Porterine was developed in America as a brewer's tool, added in the wort of lighter beers, to add colour and flavour to emulate that of a porter. Porterine is made from the slow cooking of <a href="/wiki/Corn_syrup" title="Corn syrup">corn syrup</a>, which concentrates the sugars in the substance. With this concentration comes the caramel-like colour and consistency of Porterine.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Craft_brewing" class="mw-redirect" title="Craft brewing">craft brewing</a> movement, many microbreweries produce porters and stouts with traditional methods, as well as the American techniques.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baltic_porter">Baltic porter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porter_(beer)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Baltic porter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porter_zywiec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Porter_zywiec.jpg/170px-Porter_zywiec.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Porter_zywiec.jpg/255px-Porter_zywiec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Porter_zywiec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Żywiec Porter, Poland – a typical Baltic porter</figcaption></figure> <p>Baltic porter is a version of <a href="/wiki/Stout#Imperial_stout" title="Stout">imperial stout</a> that originated in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic region</a> in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Klemp_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klemp-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imperial stouts exported from Britain in the 18th century were popular in the countries around the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, and were recreated locally using local ingredients and brewing traditions. Early versions were <a href="/wiki/Brewing#Warm_fermentation" title="Brewing">warm fermented</a> until the late 19th century, when many breweries began to brew their porter with <a href="/wiki/Brewing#Cool_fermentation" title="Brewing">cool fermentation</a>, so are technically lagers. Baltic porters typically have a minimum gravity of 18° <a href="/wiki/Beer_measurement#Strength" title="Beer measurement">plato</a> and a high alcohol content, even over 10% ABV.<sup id="cite_ref-Klemp_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klemp-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are produced in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, Germany, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, Russia, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, Sweden, and the United States. </p><p>Baltic porter is a specialty of many <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Poland" title="Beer in Poland">Polish breweries</a>, with the country's oldest being produced by <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBywiec_Brewery" title="Żywiec Brewery">Żywiec</a> in 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-Klemp_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klemp-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Finland" title="Beer in Finland">Finland's</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinebrychoff" title="Sinebrychoff">Sinebrychoff</a> has been brewing Baltic porters in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> since the 1860s,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Estonia's <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5hjala_Brewery" title="Põhjala Brewery">Põhjala</a> is a newcomer specialising in <a href="/wiki/Barrel-aged_beer" title="Barrel-aged beer">barrel-aged</a> porters.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Denmark" title="Beer in Denmark">Denmark</a> the word "porter" is <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonymous</a> with "imperial stout"<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Wiibroe's Baltic porter (now brewed by <a href="/wiki/Carlsberg_Group" title="Carlsberg Group">Carlsberg</a>) is known by both names.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baltic Porter Day, started in Poland in 2016 by Marcin Chmielarz, is celebrated annually on the third Saturday of January.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German_porter">German porter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porter_(beer)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: German porter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cap_of_Privatbrauerei_Hoepfner_GmbH_-_Porter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Cap_of_Privatbrauerei_Hoepfner_GmbH_-_Porter.jpg/170px-Cap_of_Privatbrauerei_Hoepfner_GmbH_-_Porter.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Cap_of_Privatbrauerei_Hoepfner_GmbH_-_Porter.jpg/255px-Cap_of_Privatbrauerei_Hoepfner_GmbH_-_Porter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Cap_of_Privatbrauerei_Hoepfner_GmbH_-_Porter.jpg/340px-Cap_of_Privatbrauerei_Hoepfner_GmbH_-_Porter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>Bottle cap of a Hoepfner porter</figcaption></figure> <p>Porter was brewed in <a href="/wiki/German_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="German beer">Germany</a> from 1853 until 1990, when production ceased in <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> after <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">reunification</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/GDR" class="mw-redirect" title="GDR">GDR</a>, Porter was a beer type specified in the industry standard TGL 7764. According to this industry standard, East German Porter had an original gravity of 17.7 to 18.3 <a href="/wiki/Plato_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Plato scale">°P</a>, an apparent attenuation of at least 64%, a carbon dioxide content of at least 0.42%, an isohumulone content of 35 to 50 mg/L (equivalent to 35 to 50 <a href="/wiki/International_Bitterness_Units_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="International Bitterness Units scale">IBU</a>) and could only be sold in bottles. In terms of adjuncts, German Porter could contain up to 0.45 kg/hl of caramel colouring, as well as up to 100 g/hl of salt. TGL 7764 also prescribed the colour of beer labels: those for German Porter had to use carmine red to indicate the beer type. German Porter was also the only beer in the GDR in which <a href="/wiki/Dekkera_bruxellensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dekkera bruxellensis">Dekkera bruxellensis</a> could be used for fermentation. Unlike Baltic Porter, German Porter was top-fermented, often involving a mixed fermentation with Brettanomyces yeast.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, <a href="/wiki/Dekkera" class="mw-redirect" title="Dekkera">Dekkera</a>/<a href="/wiki/Brettanomyces" title="Brettanomyces">Brettanomyces</a> yeast has been associated with secondary fermentation in Porter and Stout to give it its typical flavour.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1998, the Hoepfner brewery of <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a> resumed production of an old recipe. It was followed by other brewers such as <a href="/wiki/Neuzeller_Kloster_Brewery" title="Neuzeller Kloster Brewery">Neuzeller Kloster Brewery</a> and Bergquell Brewery who brew an 8% abv Baltic porter.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porter_(beer)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hoalst-Pullen-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoalst-Pullen_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoalst-Pullen_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCornell2020" class="citation book cs1">Cornell, Martyn (2 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BRHUDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Geography of Beer</i></a>. Springer Nature. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-41654-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-41654-6"><bdi>978-3-030-41654-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geography+of+Beer&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020-03-02&rft.isbn=978-3-030-41654-6&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBRHUDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APorter+%28beer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Amber, Gold & Black</i>; Cornell, Martyn; The History Press UK, 2010, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dornbusch, Horst, and <a href="/wiki/Garrett_Oliver" title="Garrett Oliver">Garrett Oliver</a>. "Porter." <i>The Oxford Companion to Beer</i>. Ed. Garrett Oliver. 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Picture of London", John Feltham, 1802, p. 26, states it "obtained the name porter" because it was "very suitable for porters and other working people".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wineenthusiast.com/culture/spirits/porter-stout-differences-explained/">"Porter-stout-differences-explained"</a>. <i>wineenthusiast.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wineenthusiast.com&rft.atitle=Porter-stout-differences-explained&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wineenthusiast.com%2Fculture%2Fspirits%2Fporter-stout-differences-explained%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APorter+%28beer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beeradvocate.com/articles/2952/old-ales-and-porters/">"Old Ales and Porters"</a>. <i>BeerAdvocate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BeerAdvocate&rft.atitle=Old+Ales+and+Porters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beeradvocate.com%2Farticles%2F2952%2Fold-ales-and-porters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APorter+%28beer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090411214902/http://www.camra.org.uk/page.aspx?o=180680">"Porter and Stout"</a>. CAMRA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.camra.org.uk/page.aspx?o=180680">the original</a> on 11 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Porter+and+Stout&rft.pub=CAMRA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.camra.org.uk%2Fpage.aspx%3Fo%3D180680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APorter+%28beer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynch, Patrick and John Vaizey. <i>Guinness's Brewery in the Irish Economy 1759–1876</i>, pp. 150–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2018" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Zach (28 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uproxx.com/life/difference-between-stout-and-porter/">"Picking Apart The Minute Differences Between Porter And Stout"</a>. <i>Uproxx</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uproxx&rft.atitle=Picking+Apart+The+Minute+Differences+Between+Porter+And+Stout&rft.date=2018-03-28&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Zach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuproxx.com%2Flife%2Fdifference-between-stout-and-porter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APorter+%28beer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beerwulf.com/en-gb/articles-about-craft-beer/porter--stout">"Porter vs Stout | A history of these entwined styles"</a>. <i>www.beerwulf.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.beerwulf.com&rft.atitle=Porter+vs+Stout+%7C+A+history+of+these+entwined+styles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beerwulf.com%2Fen-gb%2Farticles-about-craft-beer%2Fporter--stout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APorter+%28beer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PM-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PM_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PM_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Mathias1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Mathias" title="Peter Mathias">Peter Mathias</a> (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brewingindustryi0000math"><i>The Brewing Industry in England 1700-1830</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Station+Porter%27+steams+in+to+be+voted+Best+Winter+Beer+in+the+Land%21&rft.pub=Camra.org.uk&rft.date=2008-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.camra.org.uk%2Fpage.aspx%3Fo%3D268535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APorter+%28beer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090522044511/http://www.wickwarbrewing.co.uk/latest-news/news/latest-news/-station-porter-supreme-champion-winter-beer-of-britain-2008.html">"Wickwar Brewing"</a>. 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David and Charles, pp. 112–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Protz, Roger (1995). <i>The Ale Trail</i>, Eric Dobby Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85882-041-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85882-041-3">1-85882-041-3</a>, pp. 38–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPoundage2006" class="citation news cs1">Poundage, Obadiah (December 2006). 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St Albans (UK): <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Real_Ale" title="Campaign for Real Ale">Campaign for Real Ale</a> Ltd. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781852492731/page/137">137</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85249-273-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85249-273-1"><bdi>978-1-85249-273-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=300+Beers+to+Try+Before+You+Die&rft.place=St+Albans+%28UK%29&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Campaign+for+Real+Ale+Ltd&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-85249-273-1&rft.au=Protz%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781852492731%2Fpage%2F137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APorter+%28beer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thousand-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thousand_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTierney-Jones,_Adrian2010" class="citation book cs1">Tierney-Jones, Adrian (2010). <i>1,001 Beers You Must Try Before You Die</i>. 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"Flavored Porters and Stouts". <i>Brewing porters and stouts : origins, history, and 60 recipes for brewing them at home today</i>. New York, NY: Skyhorse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781629145112" title="Special:BookSources/9781629145112"><bdi>9781629145112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Flavored+Porters+and+Stouts&rft.btitle=Brewing+porters+and+stouts+%3A+origins%2C+history%2C+and+60+recipes+for+brewing+them+at+home+today&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Skyhorse&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781629145112&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APorter+%28beer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klemp-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klemp_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klemp_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klemp_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlemp,_K._Florian2008" class="citation journal cs1">Klemp, K. Florian (March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allaboutbeer.com/article/big-baltic-porter/">"Big Baltic Porter"</a>. <i>All About Beer Magazine</i>. <b>29</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=All+About+Beer+Magazine&rft.atitle=Big+Baltic+Porter&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2008-03&rft.au=Klemp%2C+K.+Florian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallaboutbeer.com%2Farticle%2Fbig-baltic-porter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APorter+%28beer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sinebrychoff.fi/tuotteet/sinebrychoff-porter/sinebrychoff-porter/">Sinebrychoff.fi. <i>Sinebrychoff Porter.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191006105654/https://sinebrychoff.fi/tuotteet/sinebrychoff-porter/sinebrychoff-porter/">Archived</a> 6 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Finnish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/Article/2008/05/16/Protz-Back-to-black-Baltic-porter-is-heading-for-pole-position">"Protz: Back to black: Baltic porter is heading for pole position"</a>. <i>morningadvertiser.co.uk</i>. 15 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=morningadvertiser.co.uk&rft.atitle=Protz%3A+Back+to+black%3A+Baltic+porter+is+heading+for+pole+position&rft.date=2008-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.morningadvertiser.co.uk%2FArticle%2F2008%2F05%2F16%2FProtz-Back-to-black-Baltic-porter-is-heading-for-pole-position&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APorter+%28beer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pohjalabeer.com/cellar-series">"Cellar Series — Põhjala Brewery"</a>. <i>pohjalabeer.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pohjalabeer.com&rft.atitle=Cellar+Series+%E2%80%94+P%C3%B5hjala+Brewery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpohjalabeer.com%2Fcellar-series&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APorter+%28beer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315075608/https://www.ale.dk/index.php?id=665">"Danske Ølentusiaster. <i>Oversigt over øltyper.</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ale.dk/index.php?id=665">> the original</a> on 15 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Danske+%C3%98lentusiaster.+Oversigt+over+%C3%B8ltyper.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ale.dk%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D665%26gt%3B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APorter+%28beer%29" class="Z3988"></span> (in Danish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiibroe.dk/porter/">Wiibroe.dk. <i>Wiibroe Porter (Imperial Stout).</i></a> (in Danish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDredge2018" class="citation book cs1">Dredge, Mark (2018). <i>The Beer Bucket List: Over 150 essential beer experiences from around the world</i>. UK: Dog n Bone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1911026273" title="Special:BookSources/978-1911026273"><bdi>978-1911026273</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beer+Bucket+List%3A+Over+150+essential+beer+experiences+from+around+the+world&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Dog+n+Bone&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1911026273&rft.aulast=Dredge&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APorter+%28beer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://katalog.ub.uni-weimar.de/tgl/TGL_7764_03-1980.pdf">"TGL-7764"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Deutsche Demokratische Republik. March 1980<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TGL-7764&rft.pub=Deutsche+Demokratische+Republik&rft.date=1980-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkatalog.ub.uni-weimar.de%2Ftgl%2FTGL_7764_03-1980.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APorter+%28beer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.braukultur-franken.de/biersorten/englische-biere/englischebiere.html">Braukultur-franken.de. <i>Porter in Deutschland.</i></a> (in German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bergquell-porter.de/startseite/">Bergquell Brauerei Löbau.</a> (in German)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a 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title="List of beer styles">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">Ale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altbier" title="Altbier">Altbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber_ale" class="mw-redirect" title="Amber ale">Amber ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_pale_ale" title="American pale ale">American pale ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_pale_ale" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian pale ale">Australian pale ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley_wine" title="Barley wine">Barley wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitter_(beer)" title="Bitter (beer)">Bitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_ale" title="Brown ale">Brown ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_ale" title="Burton ale">Burton ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_ale" title="Copper ale">Copper ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream_ale" title="Cream ale">Cream ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbel" title="Dubbel">Dubbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouse_ale" title="Farmhouse ale">Farmhouse ale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%A8re_de_Garde" title="Bière de Garde">Bière de Garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisette_(beer)" title="Grisette (beer)">Grisette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saison" title="Saison">Saison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_pale_ale" title="India pale ale">India pale ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_red_ale" title="Irish red ale">Irish red ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gose" title="Gose">Gose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodziskie" title="Grodziskie">Grodziskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_common_beer" title="Kentucky common beer">Kentucky common beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lsch_(beer)" title="Kölsch (beer)">Kölsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mild_ale" title="Mild ale">Mild ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_ale" title="Old ale">Old ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_ale" title="Pale ale">Pale ale</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Porter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic porter">Baltic porter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_ale" title="Pumpkin ale">Pumpkin ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrupel" title="Quadrupel">Quadrupel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahti" title="Sahti">Sahti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_ale" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotch ale">Scotch ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stout" title="Stout">Stout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_ale" title="Strong ale">Strong ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripel" title="Tripel">Tripel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_beer" title="Wheat beer">Wheat beer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lager" title="Lager">Lager</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lager" title="American lager">American lager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_lager" title="Australian lager">Australian lager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bock" title="Bock">Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmunder_Export" title="Dortmunder Export">Dortmunder Export</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkel" title="Dunkel">Dunkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helles" title="Helles">Helles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellerbier" title="Kellerbier">Kellerbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4rzen" title="Märzen">Märzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_lager" title="Pale lager">Pale lager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilsner" title="Pilsner">Pilsner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzbier" title="Schwarzbier">Schwarzbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoigl" title="Zoigl">Zoigl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sour_beer13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sour_beer" title="Sour beer">Sour beer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_wild_ale" title="American wild ale">American wild ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berliner_Weisse" title="Berliner Weisse">Berliner Weisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanders_red_ale" title="Flanders red ale">Flanders red ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambic" title="Lambic">Lambic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Framboise" title="Framboise">Framboise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gueuze" title="Gueuze">Gueuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriek_lambic" title="Kriek lambic">Kriek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oud_bruin" title="Oud bruin">Oud bruin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_beer" title="Corn beer">Corn beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_beer" title="Fruit beer">Fruit beer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_beer" title="Banana beer">Banana beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_soda" title="Hard soda">Hard soda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_beer" title="Hemp beer">Hemp beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_beer" title="Ice beer">Ice beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass">Kvass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Podpiwek" title="Podpiwek">Podpiwek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_beer" title="Light beer">Light beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malt_beer" title="Malt beer">Malt beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millet_beer" title="Millet beer">Millet beer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pito_(beer)" title="Pito (beer)">Pito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_beer" title="Root beer">Root beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye_beer" title="Rye beer">Rye beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_beer" title="Small beer">Small beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_beer" title="Smoked beer">Smoked beer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_beer#Bamberg_Rauchbier" title="Smoked beer">Rauchbier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_beer" title="Spruce beer">Spruce beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_beer" title="Steam beer">Steam beer / California Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tella" title="Tella">Tella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_beers" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey beers">Abbey beers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trappist_beer" title="Trappist beer">Trappist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjuncts" title="Adjuncts">Adjuncts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel-aged_beer" title="Barrel-aged beer">Barrel-aged beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_and_breweries_by_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer and breweries by region">Beer and breweries by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_sommelier" title="Beer sommelier">Beer sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_beer" title="Experimental beer">Experimental beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-alcohol_beer" title="Low-alcohol beer">Low-alcohol beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_ale" title="Real ale">Real ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_beer" title="Seasonal beer">Seasonal beer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" 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