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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1900 battle of the Philippine-American War</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Pulang Lupa</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>September 13, 1900</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Marinduque" title="Marinduque">Marinduque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Filipino victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">Philippine Republic</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1480" /></span></span></span> Maximo Abad</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Luther_Hare" title="Luther Hare">Luther Hare</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> Devereux Shields <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1,180–2,250 total<br /> 180–250 riflemen<br /> 1,000–2,000 <a href="/wiki/Bolomen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolomen">bolomen</a><sup id="cite_ref-Linn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 278">: 278 </span></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 54 29th U.S. Infantryman</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 4 killed, 50 captured, 6 of which wounded.</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Philippine–American War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philippine–American_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War"><span class="wrap">Philippine–American War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Luzon</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1899)" title="Battle of Manila (1899)">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Roque_(1899)" title="Battle of San Roque (1899)">San Roque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caloocan" title="Battle of Caloocan">1st Caloocan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Caloocan" title="Second Battle of Caloocan">2nd Caloocan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marilao_River" title="Battle of Marilao River">Marilao River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malolos" title="Capture of Malolos">Malolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santa_Cruz_(1899)" title="Battle of Santa Cruz (1899)">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pagsanjan" title="Battle of Pagsanjan">Pagsanjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paete" title="Battle of Paete">Paete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quingua" title="Battle of Quingua">Quingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calumpit" title="Battle of Calumpit">Calumpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santo_Tomas" title="Battle of Santo Tomas">Santo Tomas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_San_Isidro_(1899)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of San Isidro (1899) (page does not exist)">San Isidro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zapote_River" title="Battle of Zapote River">Zapote River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olongapo" title="Battle of Olongapo">Olongapo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cavite_(1899)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Cavite (1899) (page does not exist)">Cavite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jacinto_(1899)" title="Battle of San Jacinto (1899)">San Jacinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tirad_Pass" title="Battle of Tirad Pass">Tirad Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Mateo_(1899)" title="Battle of San Mateo (1899)">San Mateo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paye" title="Battle of Paye">Paye</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pulang Lupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mabitac" title="Battle of Mabitac">Mabitac</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Visayas_(1899)" title="Battle of the Visayas (1899)">Visayas</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balantang" title="Battle of Balantang">Balantang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Catubig" title="Siege of Catubig">Catubig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lonoy" title="Battle of Lonoy">Lonoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balangiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Balangiga">Balangiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_across_Samar" title="March across Samar">Samar Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dolores_River" title="Battle of Dolores River">Dolores River</a></li></ul> <p><b>Mindanao</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cagayan_de_Misamis" title="Battle of Cagayan de Misamis">Cagayan de Misamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agusan_Hill" title="Battle of Agusan Hill">Agusan Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makahambus_Hill" title="Battle of Makahambus Hill">Makahambus Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siranaya" title="Battle of Siranaya">Siranaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malalag_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Malalag River">Malalag River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Rebellion" title="Moro Rebellion">Moro Rebellion</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><b>The Battle of Pulang Lupa</b> (<a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: <i lang="fil">Labanan sa Pulang Lupa</i>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Batalla de Tierra Roja</i>) was an engagement fought on September 13, 1900, during the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>, between the forces of Colonel Maximo Abad and Devereux Shields, in which Abad's men defeated the American force. </p> <blockquote><p>"The severity with which the inhabitants have been dealt would not look well if a complete history of it were written out." —<a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor-General of the Philippines</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>, concerning the U.S. Army campaign on the island of <a href="/wiki/Marinduque" title="Marinduque">Marinduque</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a> of 1899–1902 <sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_severity"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pulang_Lupa#endnote_severity">[1]</a></sup></p></blockquote> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pulang_Lupa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 11, Captain Devereux Shields led a detachment of 54 29th U.S. Volunteer Infantrymen into the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Torrijos,_Marinduque" title="Torrijos, Marinduque">Torrijos</a> to combat the elusive Abad and his guerrillas.<sup id="cite_ref-Linn_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 278">: 278 </span></sup> They experienced little success, except for the dispersing of 20 guerrillas, in which no casualties were inflicted on either side. </p><p>Abad had excellent intelligence and was informed of Shields' movements by the local guerrillas ahead of time. In response, he assembled his entire force of around 180–250 regular Filipino soldiers and 1,000–2,000 <a href="/wiki/Bolomen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolomen">bolomen</a>, although some sources claim as few as 300 altogether. The regular Philippine soldiers were well organized and reasonably well armed with bolos, pistols, and Spanish <a href="/wiki/Mauser" title="Mauser">Mausers</a>, despite the fact that most were poor shots. The bolomen, armed only with machetes or <a href="/wiki/Bolo_knife" title="Bolo knife">bolos</a>, served mainly to bolster Abad's forces. Dressed as friendly farmers or civilians in the daytime, they took part in guerrilla activities at night: ambushing small detachments of American soldiers, sabotage, and most importantly, supplying Abad with intelligence on American positions and movements. They had little military value however, considering they had no firearms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pulang_Lupa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 13, Abad positioned his men along a steep ridge overlooking the trail which Shields would soon cross. Both Shields and his men had little combat experience and easily fell into the trap. Abad and his 250 soldiers opened fire on the column, which led to a fire-fight that lasted for several hours. Meanwhile, as the Americans and Philippine riflemen exchanged fire, the large force of Filipino bolomen began maneuvering to surround the Americans. </p><p>Shields, seeing that he was almost completely surrounded, ordered a withdrawal, which soon turned into a full-blown retreat, as Abad's much larger force poured over the ridge after Shields and his men. The Filipino soldiers harassed Shields for nearly 4 miles (6 km) before cornering them in a small rice field; their escape to <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_Marinduque" title="Santa Cruz, Marinduque">Santa Cruz</a> was cut off by the large force of Filipino bolomen. Abad's men again opened fire, forcing the Americans to take cover behind some paddy dikes. Shields, wounded and recognizing the futility of the situation, raised the <a href="/wiki/White_flag" title="White flag">white flag</a> in order to surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-Linn_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 278">: 278 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Men_of_the_29th_volunteer_infantry_wading_ashore_on_Marinduque_25_April_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Men_of_the_29th_volunteer_infantry_wading_ashore_on_Marinduque_25_April_1900.jpg/300px-Men_of_the_29th_volunteer_infantry_wading_ashore_on_Marinduque_25_April_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Men_of_the_29th_volunteer_infantry_wading_ashore_on_Marinduque_25_April_1900.jpg/450px-Men_of_the_29th_volunteer_infantry_wading_ashore_on_Marinduque_25_April_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Men_of_the_29th_volunteer_infantry_wading_ashore_on_Marinduque_25_April_1900.jpg/600px-Men_of_the_29th_volunteer_infantry_wading_ashore_on_Marinduque_25_April_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Men of the 29th volunteer infantry wading ashore on Marinduque April 25, 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>After months of hiding, Abad in only a few hours eliminated nearly one third of the American garrison on Marinduque. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pulang_Lupa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shields' defeat sent shock waves through the American high command.<sup id="cite_ref-Linn_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 278">: 278 </span></sup> Aside from being one of the worst defeats suffered by the Americans during the war, it was especially significant given its proximity to the upcoming election between President <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialist</a> opponent <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a>, the outcome of which many believed would determine the ultimate course of the war. Consequently, the defeat triggered a sharp response. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arthur_MacArthur,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur MacArthur, Jr.">Arthur MacArthur, Jr.</a> sent Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Luther_Hare" title="Luther Hare">Luther Hare</a> with "orders to treat the entire male population over fifteen as potential enemies and to arrest as many as possible and hold them hostages until Abad surrendered."<sup id="cite_ref-Linn_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 279">: 279 </span></sup> Hare secured the release of Shields and his men.<sup id="cite_ref-Linn_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 279">: 279 </span></sup> Maj. Frederick A. Smith continued the policy of destroying food and shelter in the interior of the island, and moving all civilians into the towns.<sup id="cite_ref-Linn_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 279">: 279 </span></sup> Although Abad and most of his command continued to elude the American military, the civilian population was suffering for it, with many landowners and merchants joining the Federal Party, turning against Abad.<sup id="cite_ref-Linn_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 279">: 279 </span></sup> </p><p>These new tactics led to the surrender of Abad in April 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-Linn_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 280">: 280 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pulang_Lupa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_Philippine-American_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of the Philippine-American War">Campaigns of the Philippine-American War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pulang_Lupa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Linn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Linn_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Linn_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Linn_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Linn_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Linn_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Linn_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Linn_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Linn_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Linn_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Linn, B.M., 2000, The Philippine War, 1899–1902, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0700612254" title="Special:BookSources/0700612254">0700612254</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pulang_Lupa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Note"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_severity"><b><a href="#ref_severity">^</a></b></span> "The U.S. Army's Pacification of Marinduque, Philippine Islands, April 1900-April 1901", Andrew J. Birtle, <i>The Journal of Military History</i>, April 1997, Vol. 61, No. 2, p. 255; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessup,_Philip_Caryl1938" class="citation book cs1">Jessup, Philip Caryl (1938). <i>Elihu Root</i>. Dodd, Mead, & Co./Reprint Services Corp. p. 341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7812-4908-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7812-4908-2"><bdi>0-7812-4908-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elihu+Root&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead%2C+%26+Co.%2FReprint+Services+Corp&rft.date=1938&rft.isbn=0-7812-4908-2&rft.au=Jessup%2C+Philip+Caryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pulang+Lupa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pulang_Lupa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sol Jose Vanzi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsflash.org/2003/03/ht/ht003238.htm">"Fil-Am War Mural Honors Marinduque Heroes"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050502061332/http://www.newsflash.org/2003/03/ht/ht003238.htm">Archived</a> 2005-05-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Philippine Headline News</i>, March 20, 2003</li></ul> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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