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<li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Martial_arts" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Martial_arts" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Martial+arts" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Martial_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Martial arts">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Martial+arts%22">"Martial arts"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Martial+arts%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Martial+arts%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Martial+arts%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Martial+arts%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Martial+arts%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (August 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Martial arts are codified systems and traditions of <a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">combat</a> practiced for a number of reasons such as <a href="/wiki/Self-defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-defence">self-defence</a>; <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a> applications; <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">competition</a>; physical, mental, and spiritual development; <a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">entertainment</a>; and the preservation of a nation's <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">intangible cultural heritage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marine_martial_arts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Marine_martial_arts.jpg/160px-Marine_martial_arts.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Marine_martial_arts.jpg/240px-Marine_martial_arts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Marine_martial_arts.jpg/320px-Marine_martial_arts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4591" data-file-height="3279"></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">United States Marine</a> practicing martial arts, 2008</figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Variation_and_scope">2 Variation and scope</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#By_technical_focus">2.1 By technical focus</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Unarmed">2.1.1 Unarmed</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Armed">2.1.2 Armed</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#By_application_or_intent">2.2 By application or intent</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Combat-oriented">2.2.1 Combat-oriented</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Spirituality-oriented">2.2.2 Spirituality-oriented</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#History">3 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Historical_martial_arts">3.1 Historical martial arts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Folk_styles">3.2 Folk styles</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Modern_history">3.3 Modern history</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Late_19th_to_early_20th_century">3.3.1 Late 19th to early 20th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#20th_century_(1914_to_1989)">3.3.2 20th century (1914 to 1989)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#1990_to_present">3.3.3 1990 to present</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Revival">3.4 Revival</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Testing_and_competition">4 Testing and competition</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Light-_and_medium-contact">4.1 Light- and medium-contact</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Full-contact">4.2 Full-contact</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Martial_sport">4.3 Martial sport</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Health_and_fitness_benefits">5 Health and fitness benefits</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Self-defense,_military_and_law_enforcement_applications">6 Self-defense, military and law enforcement applications</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Martial_arts_industry">7 Martial arts industry</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Equipment">7.1 Equipment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Martial_arts_fraud">7.2 Martial arts fraud</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martial_arts_-_Fragrant_Hills.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Martial_arts_-_Fragrant_Hills.JPG/220px-Martial_arts_-_Fragrant_Hills.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1488"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Martial_arts_-_Fragrant_Hills.JPG/220px-Martial_arts_-_Fragrant_Hills.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Martial_arts_-_Fragrant_Hills.JPG/330px-Martial_arts_-_Fragrant_Hills.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Martial_arts_-_Fragrant_Hills.JPG/440px-Martial_arts_-_Fragrant_Hills.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Chen style Taijiquan class at Fragrant Hills Park, Beijing, China</figcaption></figure> "Martial arts" is a direct English translation of the Sino-Japanese word (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 武芸, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">romanized</a>: bu-gei, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 武藝; <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>: bú-gē; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: wǔyì). Literally, it refers to "武 martial" and "艺 arts". The term martial arts was popularized by mainstream <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> during the 1960s to 1970s, notably by <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong martial arts films</a> (most famously those of <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a>) during the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">chopsocky</a>" wave of the early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> According to John Clements, the term <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/martial_art" class="extiw" title="wikt:martial art">martial arts</a> itself is derived from an older <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> term meaning "arts of <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a>", the <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman</a> god of war, and was used to refer to the combat systems of Europe (<a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">European martial arts</a>) as early as the 1550s.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The term martial science, or martial sciences, was commonly used to refer to the fighting arts of <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Asian_martial_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian martial arts">Asian martial arts</a>) up until the 1970s, and the term Chinese boxing was also used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Chinese martial arts</a> until then.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Some authors have argued that fighting arts or fighting systems would be more appropriate terms on the basis that many martial arts were never "martial" in the sense of being used or created by professional <a href="/wiki/Warriors" class="mw-redirect" title="Warriors">warriors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Variation_and_scope">Variation and scope</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Variation and scope" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Martial_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Martial arts">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (February 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Martial arts may be categorized using a variety of criteria, including:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li>Traditional/historical arts vs. contemporary styles: e.g., <a href="/wiki/Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">folk wrestling</a> compared to modern <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_martial_arts" title="Hybrid martial arts">hybrid martial arts</a>.</li> <li>Techniques taught: armed vs. <a href="/wiki/Unarmed_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Unarmed combat">unarmed</a>, and within these categories <ul><li>armed: by type of weapon (<a href="/wiki/Swordsmanship" title="Swordsmanship">swordsmanship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stick_fighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Stick fighting">stick fighting</a> etc.)</li> <li>unarmed: by type of combat (<a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">grappling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strike_(attack)" title="Strike (attack)">striking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stand-up_fighting" title="Stand-up fighting">stand-up fighting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ground_fighting" title="Ground fighting">ground fighting</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>By application or intent: <a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">self-defense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choreographed_fight" class="mw-redirect" title="Choreographed fight">choreography</a> or demonstration of forms, <a href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">physical fitness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>, etc.</li> <li>Within <a href="/wiki/Chinese_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese tradition">Chinese tradition</a>: <a href="/wiki/External_martial_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="External martial arts">"external"</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Neijia" title="Neijia">"internal"</a> styles</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_technical_focus">By technical focus</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: By technical focus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unarmed">Unarmed</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Unarmed" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Unarmed martial arts can be broadly grouped into those focusing on <a href="/wiki/Strike_(attack)" title="Strike (attack)">strikes</a>, those focusing on <a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">grappling</a>, and those that cover both fields, often described as <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_martial_arts" title="Hybrid martial arts">hybrid martial arts</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_bas_relief_at_Banteay_Srei_in_Cambodia_from_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Stone_bas_relief_at_Banteay_Srei_in_Cambodia_from_front.jpg/220px-Stone_bas_relief_at_Banteay_Srei_in_Cambodia_from_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Stone_bas_relief_at_Banteay_Srei_in_Cambodia_from_front.jpg/220px-Stone_bas_relief_at_Banteay_Srei_in_Cambodia_from_front.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Stone_bas_relief_at_Banteay_Srei_in_Cambodia_from_front.jpg/330px-Stone_bas_relief_at_Banteay_Srei_in_Cambodia_from_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Stone_bas_relief_at_Banteay_Srei_in_Cambodia_from_front.jpg/440px-Stone_bas_relief_at_Banteay_Srei_in_Cambodia_from_front.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Strikes: punching and kicking techniques displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Banteay_Srei" title="Banteay Srei">Banteay Srei</a> (967 A.D.) in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>. </figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Strike_(attack)" title="Strike (attack)">Strikes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punch_(combat)" title="Punch (combat)">Punching</a>: <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wing_Chun" title="Wing Chun">Wing Chun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick" title="Kick">Kicking</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira">Capoeira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savate" title="Savate">Savate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Kung Fu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taekkyon" title="Taekkyon">Taekyyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_(strike)" title="Elbow (strike)">Elbow Strike</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bokator" title="Bokator">Bokator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Kung Fu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(strike)" title="Knee (strike)">Knee Strike</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lethwei" title="Lethwei">Lethwei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bokator" title="Bokator">Bokator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Kung Fu</a></li> <li>Others using strikes: <a href="/wiki/Bokator" title="Bokator">Bokator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lethwei" title="Lethwei">Lethwei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_(term)" title="Kung fu (term)">Kung Fu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat" class="mw-redirect" title="Pencak Silat">Pencak Silat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taijiquan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taijiquan">Taijiquan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vovinam" title="Vovinam">Vovinam</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Candi_Prambanan_-_100_Wrestling,_Visnu_Temple_(12041663905).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Candi_Prambanan_-_100_Wrestling%2C_Visnu_Temple_%2812041663905%29.jpg/220px-Candi_Prambanan_-_100_Wrestling%2C_Visnu_Temple_%2812041663905%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="2759"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Candi_Prambanan_-_100_Wrestling%2C_Visnu_Temple_%2812041663905%29.jpg/220px-Candi_Prambanan_-_100_Wrestling%2C_Visnu_Temple_%2812041663905%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Candi_Prambanan_-_100_Wrestling%2C_Visnu_Temple_%2812041663905%29.jpg/330px-Candi_Prambanan_-_100_Wrestling%2C_Visnu_Temple_%2812041663905%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Candi_Prambanan_-_100_Wrestling%2C_Visnu_Temple_%2812041663905%29.jpg/440px-Candi_Prambanan_-_100_Wrestling%2C_Visnu_Temple_%2812041663905%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Grappling: bas-relief of grappling techniques at <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> (9th century) in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. </figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throw_(grappling)" title="Throw (grappling)">Throwing</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hapkido" title="Hapkido">Hapkido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">Sumo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shuai_jiao" title="Shuai jiao">Shuai Jiao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Taijiquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_lock" title="Joint lock">Joint lock</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chokeholds" class="mw-redirect" title="Chokeholds">Chokeholds</a>/<a href="/wiki/Submission_holds" class="mw-redirect" title="Submission holds">Submission holds</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu">Brazilian jiu-jitsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catch_wrestling" title="Catch wrestling">Catch wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chin_Na" title="Chin Na">Chin-na</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Taijiquan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinning_hold" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinning hold">Pinning Techniques</a>: <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li>Trapping/<a href="/wiki/Clinch_fighting" title="Clinch fighting">Clinch fighting</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wing_Chun" title="Wing Chun">Wing Chun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Martial_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino Martial Arts">Filipino Martial Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeet_Kune_Do" title="Jeet Kune Do">Jeet Kune Do</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armed">Armed</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Armed" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The traditional martial arts that cover <a href="/wiki/Armed_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed combat">armed combat</a> often encompass a wide spectrum of melee weapons, including <a href="/wiki/Bladed_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bladed weapon">bladed weapons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polearms" class="mw-redirect" title="Polearms">polearms</a>. Such traditions include <a href="/wiki/Eskrima" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskrima">eskrima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silat" title="Silat">silat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalaripayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalaripayat">kalaripayat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okinawan_kobudo" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawan kobudo">kobudo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">historical European martial arts</a>, especially those of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Chinese martial arts</a> also feature weapons as part of their curriculum.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Sometimes, training with one specific weapon may be considered a style in its own right, especially in the case of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Japanese martial arts</a>, with disciplines such as <a href="/wiki/Kenjutsu" title="Kenjutsu">kenjutsu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kendo" title="Kendo">kendo</a> (sword), <a href="/wiki/Bojutsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bojutsu">bojutsu</a> (staff), and <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABd%C5%8D" title="Kyūdō">kyūdō</a> (archery). Similarly, modern martial arts and sports include <a href="/wiki/Modern_fencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern fencing">modern fencing</a>, stick-fighting systems like <a href="/wiki/Canne_de_combat" title="Canne de combat">canne de combat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_competitive_archery" title="Modern competitive archery">modern competitive archery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Practical_shooting" title="Practical shooting">practical shooting</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_application_or_intent">By application or intent</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: By application or intent" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Combat-oriented">Combat-oriented</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Combat-oriented" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">Combat sport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">Self-defense</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spirituality-oriented">Spirituality-oriented</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spirituality-oriented" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Traditional Korean martial arts place emphasis on the development of the practitioner's spiritual and philosophical being. A common theme in most Korean styles, such as <a href="/wiki/Taekkyeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Taekkyeon">Taekkyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">taekwondo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hapkido" title="Hapkido">Hapkido</a> is the value of "inner peace" in a practitioner, which is stressed to be only achievable through individual meditation and training. The Koreans believe that the use of physical force is only justifiable for self defense.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Pahlevani and zourkhaneh rituals is the name of a Persian Martial arts inscribed by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> for varzesh-e pahlavāni (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: آیین پهلوانی و زورخانه‌ای, "heroic sport")<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> or varzesh-e bāstāni (ورزش باستانی; varzeš-e bāstānī, "ancient sport"), a traditional system of athletics originally used to train warriors in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Name_of_Iran" title="Name of Iran">Persia</a>), and first appearing under this name and form in the Safavid era, with similarities to systems in adjacent lands under other names.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_martial_arts" title="History of martial arts">History of martial arts</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_timeline" title="Martial arts timeline">Martial arts timeline</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_martial_arts">Historical martial arts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Historical martial arts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_martial_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Asian martial arts">History of Asian martial arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">Historical European martial arts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beni_Hassan_tomb_15_wrestling_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Beni_Hassan_tomb_15_wrestling_detail.jpg/400px-Beni_Hassan_tomb_15_wrestling_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="91" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="229"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 91px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Beni_Hassan_tomb_15_wrestling_detail.jpg/400px-Beni_Hassan_tomb_15_wrestling_detail.jpg" data-width="400" data-height="91" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Beni_Hassan_tomb_15_wrestling_detail.jpg/600px-Beni_Hassan_tomb_15_wrestling_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Beni_Hassan_tomb_15_wrestling_detail.jpg/800px-Beni_Hassan_tomb_15_wrestling_detail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Detail of the wrestling fresco in tomb 15 at <a href="/wiki/Beni_Hasan" title="Beni Hasan">Beni Hasan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_boxers_fresco,_Akrotiri,_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Young_boxers_fresco%2C_Akrotiri%2C_Greece.jpg/150px-Young_boxers_fresco%2C_Akrotiri%2C_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="3148"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 256px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Young_boxers_fresco%2C_Akrotiri%2C_Greece.jpg/150px-Young_boxers_fresco%2C_Akrotiri%2C_Greece.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="256" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Young_boxers_fresco%2C_Akrotiri%2C_Greece.jpg/225px-Young_boxers_fresco%2C_Akrotiri%2C_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Young_boxers_fresco%2C_Akrotiri%2C_Greece.jpg/300px-Young_boxers_fresco%2C_Akrotiri%2C_Greece.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Martial_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial art">martial art</a> of <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a> was practiced in ancient <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Thera</a> (1600–1500 BC).</figcaption></figure>Human warfare dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic" title="Epipalaeolithic">Epipalaeolithic</a> to early <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> era. The oldest works of art depicting scenes of battle are <a href="/wiki/Cave_paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave paintings">cave paintings</a> from eastern Spain (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Levante" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Levante">Spanish Levante</a>) dated between 10,000 and 6,000 BCE that show organized groups fighting with bows and arrows.<a href="#cite_note-Hamblin-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Similar evidence of warfare has been found in Epipalaeolithic to early Neolithic era <a href="/wiki/Mass_burial" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass burial">mass burials</a>, excavated in Germany and at <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Sahaba" title="Jebel Sahaba">Jebel Sahaba</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sudan">Northern Sudan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hamblin-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> is the oldest <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sport</a>, with origins in <a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">hand-to-hand combat</a>. <a href="/wiki/Belt_wrestling" title="Belt wrestling">Belt wrestling</a> was depicted in works of art from <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3000 BC, and later in the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_literature" title="Sumerian literature">Sumerian</a> <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The earliest known depiction of <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a> comes from a <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> relief in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) from the 3rd millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-EncyclopaediaBritannicaEntry-13">[13]</a> The foundation of modern <a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts#East_Asia" title="List of martial arts">East Asian martial arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts#South_Asia" title="List of martial arts">South Asian martial arts</a> is likely facilitated by cultural exchanges of early <a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Indian martial arts</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">Chinese history</a> (480–221 BC) extensive development in martial philosophy and strategy emerged, as described by <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 350 BC).<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Legendary accounts link the origin of <a href="/wiki/Shaolinquan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaolinquan">Shaolinquan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spread of Buddhism">spread of Buddhism</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient India</a> during the early 5th century <a href="/wiki/Common_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Common era">CE</a>, with the figure of <a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a>, to China.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Written evidence of martial arts in Southern India dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a> of about the 2nd century BCE to the 2nd century AD.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The combat techniques of the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> were the earliest precursors to <a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In Europe, the earliest sources of martial arts traditions date to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_Boxing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek Boxing">Boxing</a> (pygme, pyx), <a href="/wiki/Greek_wrestling" title="Greek wrestling">wrestling</a> (pale) and <a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">pankration</a> were represented in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympic Games</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> produced <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiatorial combat</a> as a public spectacle.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> A number of historical <a href="/wiki/Combat_manual" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat manual">combat manuals</a> have survived from the European <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. This includes such styles as <a href="/wiki/Historical_fencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical fencing">sword and shield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Two-handed_swordfighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-handed swordfighting">two-handed swordfighting</a> and other types of melee weapons besides unarmed combat. Amongst these are transcriptions of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Liechtenauer" title="Johannes Liechtenauer">Johannes Liechtenauer</a>'s mnemonic poem on the longsword dating back to the late fourteenth century. Likewise, Asian martial arts became well-documented during the medieval period, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Japanese martial arts</a> beginning with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> nobility in the 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Chinese martial arts</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming era</a> treatises such as <a href="/wiki/Ji_Xiao_Xin_Shu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ji Xiao Xin Shu">Ji Xiao Xin Shu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Indian martial arts</a> in medieval texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Malla_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Malla Purana">Malla Purana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Korean martial arts</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> era and texts such as <a href="/wiki/Muyejebo" title="Muyejebo">Muyejebo</a> (1598).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] European swordsmanship always had a sportive component, but the duel was always a possibility until <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Modern <a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">sport fencing</a> began developing during the 19th century as the French and Italian military academies began codifying instruction. The Olympic games led to standard international rules, with the Féderation Internationale d'Escrime founded in 1913. Modern boxing originates with <a href="/wiki/Jack_Broughton" title="Jack Broughton">Jack Broughton</a>'s rules in the 18th century, and reaches its present form with the <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Queensberry_Rules" title="Marquess of Queensberry Rules">Marquess of Queensberry Rules</a> of 1867.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_styles">Folk styles</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Folk styles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">Folk wrestling</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gangaram_Chintaman_Tambat_-_Two_Jeyties_Wrestling_-_B1977.14.22290_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gangaram_Chintaman_Tambat_-_Two_Jeyties_Wrestling_-_B1977.14.22290_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg/220px-Gangaram_Chintaman_Tambat_-_Two_Jeyties_Wrestling_-_B1977.14.22290_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1135"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 130px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gangaram_Chintaman_Tambat_-_Two_Jeyties_Wrestling_-_B1977.14.22290_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg/220px-Gangaram_Chintaman_Tambat_-_Two_Jeyties_Wrestling_-_B1977.14.22290_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="130" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gangaram_Chintaman_Tambat_-_Two_Jeyties_Wrestling_-_B1977.14.22290_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg/330px-Gangaram_Chintaman_Tambat_-_Two_Jeyties_Wrestling_-_B1977.14.22290_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gangaram_Chintaman_Tambat_-_Two_Jeyties_Wrestling_-_B1977.14.22290_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg/440px-Gangaram_Chintaman_Tambat_-_Two_Jeyties_Wrestling_-_B1977.14.22290_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Drawing of Indian wrestlers carrying <a href="/wiki/Vajra-mushti" title="Vajra-mushti">vajra-mushti</a> (1792 A.D.)</figcaption></figure> Certain traditional combat sports and fighting styles exist all over the world, rooted in local culture and folklore. The most common of these are styles of <a href="/wiki/Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">folk wrestling</a>, some of which have been practiced since antiquity and are found in the most remote areas. Other examples include forms of <a href="/wiki/Stick_fighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Stick fighting">stick fighting</a> and boxing. While these arts are based on historical traditions of folklore, they are not "historical" in the sense that they reconstruct or preserve a historical system from a specific era. They are rather contemporary regional sports that coexist with the modern forms of martial arts sports as they have developed since the 19th century, often including cross-fertilization between sports and folk styles; thus, the traditional Thai art of <a href="/wiki/Muay_boran" title="Muay boran">muay boran</a> developed into the modern national sport of <a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">muay Thai</a>, which in turn came to be practiced worldwide and contributed significantly to modern hybrid styles like <a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">kickboxing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">mixed martial arts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Singlestick" title="Singlestick">Singlestick</a>, an English martial art can be seen often used in <a href="/wiki/Morris_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris dancing">morris dancing</a>. Many European dances share elements of martial arts with examples including Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Hopak" title="Hopak">Hopak</a>, Polish Zbójnicki (use of <a href="/wiki/Ciupaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciupaga">ciupaga</a>), the Czech dance <a href="/wiki/Odzemek" title="Odzemek">odzemek</a>, and the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Halling_(dance)" title="Halling (dance)">Halling</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cribb_vs_Molineaux_1811.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cribb_vs_Molineaux_1811.jpg/220px-Cribb_vs_Molineaux_1811.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="551"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cribb_vs_Molineaux_1811.jpg/220px-Cribb_vs_Molineaux_1811.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cribb_vs_Molineaux_1811.jpg/330px-Cribb_vs_Molineaux_1811.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cribb_vs_Molineaux_1811.jpg/440px-Cribb_vs_Molineaux_1811.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, 1811 </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_East_Asian_martial_arts" title="Modern history of East Asian martial arts">Modern history of East Asian martial arts</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_19th_to_early_20th_century">Late 19th to early 20th century</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Late 19th to early 20th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The mid to late 19th century marks the beginning of the history of martial arts as modern sports developed out of earlier traditional fighting systems. In Europe, this concerns the developments of <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">fencing</a> as sports. In Japan, the same period marks the formation of the modern forms of <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">jujutsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">karate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kendo" title="Kendo">kendo</a> (among others) based on revivals of <a href="/wiki/Koryu" class="mw-redirect" title="Koryu">old schools</a> of <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> martial arts which had been suppressed during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In 1882, <a href="/wiki/Kano_Jigoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Kano Jigoro">Kano Jigoro</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Kodokan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodokan">Kodokan</a> School of <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a> which began the sport of judo.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Kano Jigoro had gathered the old knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">jujutsu</a> before establishing his school of judo. Modern <a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a> rules date to the 1920s. In China, the modern history of martial arts begins in the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_decade" title="Nanjing decade">Nanjing decade</a> (1930s) following the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Guoshu_Institute" title="Central Guoshu Institute">Central Guoshu Institute</a> in 1928 under the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> government.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Western interest in <a href="/wiki/Asian_martial_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian martial arts">Asian martial arts</a> arises towards the end of the 19th century, due to the increase in trade between the United States with China and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Relatively few Westerners actually practiced the arts, considering it to be mere performance. <a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Barton-Wright" title="Edward William Barton-Wright">Edward William Barton-Wright</a>, a railway engineer who had studied <a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">jujutsu</a> while working in Japan between 1894 and 1897, was the first man known to have taught Asian martial arts in Europe. He also founded an eclectic style named <a href="/wiki/Bartitsu" title="Bartitsu">Bartitsu</a> which combined jujutsu, judo, wrestling, boxing, <a href="/wiki/Savate" title="Savate">savate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stick_fighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Stick fighting">stick fighting</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Fencing and <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman wrestling</a> was included in the <a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">1896 Summer Olympics</a>. <a href="/wiki/FILA_Wrestling_World_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="FILA Wrestling World Championships">FILA Wrestling World Championships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boxing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Boxing at the Summer Olympics">Boxing at the Summer Olympics</a> were introduced in 1904. The tradition of awarding <a href="/wiki/Championship_belt" title="Championship belt">championship belts</a> in wrestling and boxing can be traced to the <a href="/wiki/Lonsdale_Belt" title="Lonsdale Belt">Lonsdale Belt</a>, introduced in 1909.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T_wo_Youtth_Service_Volunteers_having_a_boxing_match_at_an_agricultural_camp_at_Nunney_Catch_in_Somerset_during_1943._D16345.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/T_wo_Youtth_Service_Volunteers_having_a_boxing_match_at_an_agricultural_camp_at_Nunney_Catch_in_Somerset_during_1943._D16345.jpg/250px-T_wo_Youtth_Service_Volunteers_having_a_boxing_match_at_an_agricultural_camp_at_Nunney_Catch_in_Somerset_during_1943._D16345.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="258" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1831"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 258px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/T_wo_Youtth_Service_Volunteers_having_a_boxing_match_at_an_agricultural_camp_at_Nunney_Catch_in_Somerset_during_1943._D16345.jpg/250px-T_wo_Youtth_Service_Volunteers_having_a_boxing_match_at_an_agricultural_camp_at_Nunney_Catch_in_Somerset_during_1943._D16345.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="258" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/T_wo_Youtth_Service_Volunteers_having_a_boxing_match_at_an_agricultural_camp_at_Nunney_Catch_in_Somerset_during_1943._D16345.jpg/375px-T_wo_Youtth_Service_Volunteers_having_a_boxing_match_at_an_agricultural_camp_at_Nunney_Catch_in_Somerset_during_1943._D16345.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/T_wo_Youtth_Service_Volunteers_having_a_boxing_match_at_an_agricultural_camp_at_Nunney_Catch_in_Somerset_during_1943._D16345.jpg/500px-T_wo_Youtth_Service_Volunteers_having_a_boxing_match_at_an_agricultural_camp_at_Nunney_Catch_in_Somerset_during_1943._D16345.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Boxing in 1943</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th_century_(1914_to_1989)">20th century (1914 to 1989)</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 20th century (1914 to 1989)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Martial_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Martial arts">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_age_of_18_Bruce_Lee_and_Ye_Wen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_age_of_18_Bruce_Lee_and_Ye_Wen.jpg/220px-The_age_of_18_Bruce_Lee_and_Ye_Wen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="276"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_age_of_18_Bruce_Lee_and_Ye_Wen.jpg/220px-The_age_of_18_Bruce_Lee_and_Ye_Wen.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_age_of_18_Bruce_Lee_and_Ye_Wen.jpg/330px-The_age_of_18_Bruce_Lee_and_Ye_Wen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_age_of_18_Bruce_Lee_and_Ye_Wen.jpg/440px-The_age_of_18_Bruce_Lee_and_Ye_Wen.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a> (right) and his teacher <a href="/wiki/Ip_Man" title="Ip Man">Ip Man</a> (left)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/International_Boxing_Association_(amateur)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Boxing Association (amateur)">International Boxing Association</a> was established in 1920. <a href="/wiki/World_Fencing_Championships" title="World Fencing Championships">World Fencing Championships</a> have been held since 1921.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As Western influence grew in Asia a greater number of military personnel spent time in China, Japan and South Korea during World War II and the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> and were exposed to local fighting styles. Jujutsu, judo and karate first became popular among the mainstream from the 1950s–1960s. Due in part to Asian and Hollywood <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_movies" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial arts movies">martial arts movies</a>, most modern American martial arts are either Asian-derived or Asian influenced.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The term <a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">kickboxing</a> (キックボクシング) was created by the Japanese boxing promoter Osamu Noguchi for a variant of muay Thai and karate that he created in the 1950s. <a href="/wiki/American_kickboxing" class="mw-redirect" title="American kickboxing">American kickboxing</a> was developed in the 1970s, as a combination of boxing and karate. <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a> was developed in the context of the Korean War in the 1950s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The later 1960s and 1970s witnessed an increased media interest in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Chinese martial arts</a>, influenced by martial artist <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a>. Bruce Lee is credited as one of the first instructors to openly teach Chinese martial arts to Westerners.<a href="#cite_note-absolutedefense.net-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Judo_Championships" title="World Judo Championships">World Judo Championships</a> have been held since 1956, <a href="/wiki/Judo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Judo at the Summer Olympics">Judo at the Summer Olympics</a> was introduced in 1964. <a href="/wiki/Karate_World_Championships" title="Karate World Championships">Karate World Championships</a> were introduced in 1970.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The "<a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">kung fu wave</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action cinema</a> in the 1970s, especially <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce Lee films">Bruce Lee films</a>, popularized martial arts in global <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>. A number of mainstream films produced during the 1980s also contributed significantly to the perception of martial arts in Western popular culture. These include <a href="/wiki/The_Karate_Kid_(1984_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Karate Kid (1984 film)">The Karate Kid</a> (1984) and <a href="/wiki/Bloodsport_(film)" title="Bloodsport (film)">Bloodsport</a> (1988). This era produced some <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> action stars with martial arts background, such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Van_Damme" title="Jean-Claude Van Damme">Jean-Claude Van Damme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Norris" title="Chuck Norris">Chuck Norris</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Also during the 20th century, a number of martial arts were adapted for <a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">self-defense</a> purposes for military <a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">hand-to-hand combat</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_combatives" title="World War II combatives">World War II combatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/KAPAP" class="mw-redirect" title="KAPAP">KAPAP</a> (1930s) and <a href="/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a> (1950s) in Israel, <a href="/wiki/Systema" title="Systema">Systema</a> in Soviet-era Russia, and <a href="/wiki/Sanshou" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanshou">Sanshou</a> in the People's Republic of China are examples of such systems. The <a href="/wiki/US_military" class="mw-redirect" title="US military">US military</a> de-emphasized hand-to-hand combat training during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold War period">Cold War period</a>, but revived it with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/LINE_(combat_system)" title="LINE (combat system)">LINE</a> in 1989.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1990_to_present">1990 to present</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1990 to present" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1993, the first <a href="/wiki/Pancrase" title="Pancrase">Pancrase</a> event was held in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-bloodyelbow-25">[25]</a> The <a href="/wiki/K-1" title="K-1">K-1</a> rules of kickboxing were introduced, based on 1980s <a href="/wiki/Seidokaikan" title="Seidokaikan">Seidokaikan</a> karate.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> During the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu">Brazilian jiu-jitsu</a> became popular and proved to be effective in <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">mixed martial arts</a> (MMA) competitions such as the <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship" title="Ultimate Fighting Championship">UFC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pride_Fighting_Championships" title="Pride Fighting Championships">PRIDE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNCstyles-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EU_MMA_Championship_2021,_Kazan,_Russia_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/EU_MMA_Championship_2021%2C_Kazan%2C_Russia_4.jpg/250px-EU_MMA_Championship_2021%2C_Kazan%2C_Russia_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/EU_MMA_Championship_2021%2C_Kazan%2C_Russia_4.jpg/250px-EU_MMA_Championship_2021%2C_Kazan%2C_Russia_4.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/EU_MMA_Championship_2021%2C_Kazan%2C_Russia_4.jpg/375px-EU_MMA_Championship_2021%2C_Kazan%2C_Russia_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/EU_MMA_Championship_2021%2C_Kazan%2C_Russia_4.jpg/500px-EU_MMA_Championship_2021%2C_Kazan%2C_Russia_4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mixed martial arts championship in Russia in 2021</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a> were prominent martial artists who became major movie figures. Their popularity and media presence has been at the forefront for promoting Chinese martial arts in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> since the late 20th and early 21st centuries.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> With the continual discovery of more medieval and Renaissance fighting manuals, the practice of <a href="/wiki/Historical_European_Martial_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical European Martial Arts">Historical European Martial Arts</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Western_Martial_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Martial Arts">Western Martial Arts</a> have been growing[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] in popularity across the United States and Europe.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 29 November 2011, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> inscribed <a href="/wiki/Taekkyeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Taekkyeon">Taekkyon</a> onto its Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity List.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival">Revival</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Revival" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Many styles of <a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Indian martial arts</a> were banned by the colonial authorities during the period of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule in India</a>, which led to a decline in their popularity.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Some, such as <a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a>, were able to resist this decline by practicing in secret. Other Indian martial art, such as <a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a>, while not widely practiced in India, continue to be practiced in other countries in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Indian cultural sphere</a> such as Indonesia and Malaysia. Many other Indian martial arts such as <a href="/wiki/Mardani_khel" title="Mardani khel">Mardhani Khel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paika_akhada" title="Paika akhada">Paika Akhada</a> survived by practitioners practicing the art in secret, or by telling the colonial authorities that it was a form of dance. While many regional Indian martial arts forms are fading into obscurity, martial arts such as <a href="/wiki/Gatka" title="Gatka">Gatka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a> are experiencing a gradual resurgence.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Testing_and_competition">Testing and competition</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Testing and competition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Martial_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Martial arts">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Testing or evaluation is important to martial artists of many disciplines who wish to determine their progression or own level of skill in specific contexts. Students often undergo periodic testing and grading by their own teacher in order to advance to a higher level of recognized achievement, such as a different <a href="/wiki/Belt_(clothing)" title="Belt (clothing)">belt</a> color or title. The type of testing used varies from system to system but may include forms or <a href="/wiki/Sparring" title="Sparring">sparring</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steven_Ho_Martial_Arts_Kick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Steven_Ho_Martial_Arts_Kick.jpg/220px-Steven_Ho_Martial_Arts_Kick.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1479" data-file-height="1290"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 192px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Steven_Ho_Martial_Arts_Kick.jpg/220px-Steven_Ho_Martial_Arts_Kick.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="192" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Steven_Ho_Martial_Arts_Kick.jpg/330px-Steven_Ho_Martial_Arts_Kick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Steven_Ho_Martial_Arts_Kick.jpg/440px-Steven_Ho_Martial_Arts_Kick.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Steven_Ho_(martial_artist)" title="Steven Ho (martial artist)">Steven Ho</a> executing a Jump Spin <a href="/wiki/Hook_Kick" class="mw-redirect" title="Hook Kick">Hook Kick</a></figcaption></figure> Various forms and sparring are commonly used in martial art exhibitions and tournaments. Some competitions pit practitioners of different disciplines against each other using a common set of rules, these are referred to as mixed martial arts competitions. Rules for sparring vary between art and organization but can generally be divided into light-contact, medium-contact, and full-contact variants, reflecting the amount of force that should be used on an opponent.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light-_and_medium-contact">Light- and medium-contact</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Light- and medium-contact" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> These types of sparring restrict the amount of force that may be used to hit an opponent, in the case of light sparring this is usually to 'touch' contact, e.g. a punch should be 'pulled' as soon as or before contact is made. In medium-contact (sometimes referred to as semi-contact) the punch would not be 'pulled' but not hit with full force. As the amount of force used is restricted, the aim of these types of sparring is not to <a href="/wiki/Knock_out" class="mw-redirect" title="Knock out">knock out</a> an opponent; a point system is used in competitions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A referee acts to monitor for fouls and to control the match, while judges mark down scores, as in boxing. Particular targets may be prohibited, certain techniques may be forbidden (such as headbutting or groin hits), and fighters may be required to wear <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">protective equipment</a> on their head, hands, chest, groin, shins or feet. Some grappling arts, such as aikido, use a similar method of compliant training that is equivalent to light or medium contact.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In some styles (such as fencing and some styles of taekwondo sparring), competitors score points based on the landing of a single technique or strike as judged by the referee, whereupon the referee will briefly stop the match, award a point, then restart the match. Alternatively, sparring may continue with the point noted by the judges. Some critics of point sparring feel that this method of training teaches habits that result in lower combat effectiveness. Lighter-contact sparring may be used exclusively, for children or in other situations when heavy contact would be inappropriate (such as beginners), medium-contact sparring is often used as training for full contact.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full-contact">Full-contact</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Full-contact" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Full-contact" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-contact">Full-contact</a></div> Full-contact sparring or competition, where strikes or techniques are not pulled but used with full force as the name implies, has a number of tactical differences from light and medium-contact sparring. It is considered by some to be requisite in learning realistic unarmed combat.<a href="#cite_note-SB-32">[32]</a> In full-contact sparring, the aim of a competitive match is to <a href="/wiki/Knock_out" class="mw-redirect" title="Knock out">knock out</a> the opponent or to force the opponent to <a href="/wiki/Submission_wrestling" title="Submission wrestling">submit</a>. Where scoring takes place it may be a subsidiary measure, only used if no clear winner has been established by other means; in some competitions, such as the <a href="/wiki/UFC_1" title="UFC 1">UFC 1</a>, there was no scoring, though most now use some form of judging as a backup.<a href="#cite_note-UFC1-33">[33]</a> Due to these factors, full-contact matches tend to be more aggressive in character, but rule sets may still mandate the use of protective equipment, or limit the techniques allowed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Nearly all mixed martial arts organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship" title="Ultimate Fighting Championship">UFC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pancrase" title="Pancrase">Pancrase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shooto" title="Shooto">Shooto</a> use a form of full-contact rules as do <a href="/wiki/Professional_Boxing" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional Boxing">professional boxing</a> organizations and <a href="/wiki/K-1" title="K-1">K-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kyokushin" title="Kyokushin">Kyokushin</a> <a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">karate</a> requires advanced practitioners to engage in bare-knuckled, full-contact sparring allowing kicks, knees and punching although punching to the head is disallowed while wearing only a karate gi, <a href="/wiki/Mouthguard" title="Mouthguard">mouthguard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jockstrap" title="Jockstrap">groin guard</a> for <a href="/wiki/Males" class="mw-redirect" title="Males">males</a>, or chest guard worn under the karate gi for <a href="/wiki/Females" class="mw-redirect" title="Females">females</a>. Brazilian jiu-jitsu and judo matches do not allow striking, but are full-contact in the sense that full force is applied in the permitted grappling and submission techniques. Competitions held by <a href="/wiki/World_Taekwondo_Federation#Sparring" class="mw-redirect" title="World Taekwondo Federation">World Taekwondo</a> requires the use of <a href="/wiki/Headgear_(martial_arts)" title="Headgear (martial arts)">Headgear</a> and padded vest, but are full contact in the sense that full force is applied to strikes to the head and body, and win by <a href="/wiki/Knockout" title="Knockout">knockout</a> is possible.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Martial_sport">Martial sport</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Martial sport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">Combat sport</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:050907-M-7747B-002-Judo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/050907-M-7747B-002-Judo.jpg/170px-050907-M-7747B-002-Judo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1989" data-file-height="2634"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 225px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/050907-M-7747B-002-Judo.jpg/170px-050907-M-7747B-002-Judo.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/050907-M-7747B-002-Judo.jpg/255px-050907-M-7747B-002-Judo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/050907-M-7747B-002-Judo.jpg/340px-050907-M-7747B-002-Judo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Several martial arts, such as <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Olympic sports</a>.</figcaption></figure> Martial arts have crossed over into sports when forms of <a href="/wiki/Sparring" title="Sparring">sparring</a> become competitive, becoming a sport in its own right that is dissociated from the original combative origin, such as with western fencing. The <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a> includes judo, taekwondo, western archery, boxing, javelin, wrestling and fencing as events, while <a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Chinese wushu</a> recently failed in its bid to be included, but is still actively performed in tournaments across the world. Practitioners in some arts such as <a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">kickboxing</a> and Brazilian jiu-jitsu often train for sport matches, whereas those in other arts such as <a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">aikido</a> generally spurn such competitions. Some schools believe that competition breeds better and more efficient practitioners, and gives a sense of good sportsmanship. Others believe that the rules under which competition takes place have diminished the combat effectiveness of martial arts or encourage a kind of practice which focuses on winning trophies rather than a focus such as cultivating a particular moral character.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The question of "which is the best martial art" has led to inter style competitions fought with very few rules allowing a variety of fighting styles to enter with few limitations. This was the origin of the first <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship" title="Ultimate Fighting Championship">Ultimate Fighting Championship</a> tournament (later renamed <a href="/wiki/UFC_1" title="UFC 1">UFC 1: The Beginning</a>) in the USA inspired by the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Vale_tudo" class="mw-redirect" title="Vale tudo">Vale tudo</a> tradition and along with other minimal rule competitions, most notably those from Japan such as <a href="/wiki/Shooto" title="Shooto">Shooto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pancrase" title="Pancrase">Pancrase</a>, have evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sport</a> of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some martial artists compete in non-sparring competitions such as <a href="/wiki/Breaking_(martial_arts)" title="Breaking (martial arts)">breaking</a> or choreographed routines of techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Poomse" class="mw-redirect" title="Poomse">poomse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kata" title="Kata">kata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aka_(Burmese_martial_art)" title="Aka (Burmese martial art)">aka</a>, or modern variations of the martial arts which include dance-influenced competitions such as tricking. Martial traditions have been influenced by governments to become more sport-like for political purposes; the central impetus for the attempt by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> in transforming Chinese martial arts into the committee-regulated sport of <a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">wushu</a> was suppressing what they saw as the potentially <a href="/wiki/Subversion_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subversion (politics)">subversive</a> aspects of martial training, especially under the traditional system of family lineages.<a href="#cite_note-Mastering_Yang_Style_Taijiquan-34">[34]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Health_and_fitness_benefits">Health and fitness benefits</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Health and fitness benefits" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Martial arts training aims to result in several benefits to trainees, such as their physical, mental, emotional and spiritual health.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Through systematic practice in the martial arts a person's <a href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">physical fitness</a> may be boosted (strength, stamina, speed, flexibility, movement coordination, etc.) as the whole body is exercised and the entire muscular system is activated. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Beyond contributing to physical fitness, martial arts training also has benefits for <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a>, contributing to <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-control" title="Self-control">self-control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emotional" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional">emotional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> well-being. For this reason, a number of martial arts schools have focused purely on therapeutic aspects, de-emphasizing the historical aspect of self-defense or combat completely.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a>, martial arts also have the nature of an art, since there is emotional communication and complete emotional expression.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Self-defense,_military_and_law_enforcement_applications">Self-defense, military and law enforcement applications</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Self-defense, military and law enforcement applications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">Hand-to-hand combat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">Self-defense</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArmyMilCombativesChokehold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/ArmyMilCombativesChokehold.jpg/150px-ArmyMilCombativesChokehold.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="245" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="979"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 245px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/ArmyMilCombativesChokehold.jpg/150px-ArmyMilCombativesChokehold.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="245" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/ArmyMilCombativesChokehold.jpg/225px-ArmyMilCombativesChokehold.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/ArmyMilCombativesChokehold.jpg/300px-ArmyMilCombativesChokehold.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> combatives instructor demonstrates a <a href="/wiki/Chokehold" title="Chokehold">chokehold</a>.</figcaption></figure> Some traditional martial concepts have seen new use within modern military training. Perhaps the most recent example of this is <a href="/wiki/Point_shooting" title="Point shooting">point shooting</a> which relies on <a href="/wiki/Muscle_memory" title="Muscle memory">muscle memory</a> to more effectively use a <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearm</a> in a variety of awkward situations, much the way an <a href="/wiki/Iaido" title="Iaido">iaidoka</a> would master movements with their sword. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00504,_Berlin,_Turn-_und_Sportwoche_im_Lustgarten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00504%2C_Berlin%2C_Turn-_und_Sportwoche_im_Lustgarten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00504%2C_Berlin%2C_Turn-_und_Sportwoche_im_Lustgarten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="794"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 322px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00504%2C_Berlin%2C_Turn-_und_Sportwoche_im_Lustgarten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00504%2C_Berlin%2C_Turn-_und_Sportwoche_im_Lustgarten.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="322" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00504%2C_Berlin%2C_Turn-_und_Sportwoche_im_Lustgarten.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00504%2C_Berlin%2C_Turn-_und_Sportwoche_im_Lustgarten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00504%2C_Berlin%2C_Turn-_und_Sportwoche_im_Lustgarten.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00504%2C_Berlin%2C_Turn-_und_Sportwoche_im_Lustgarten.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Demonstration of a <a href="/wiki/Ju-Jitsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ju-Jitsu">Ju-Jitsu</a> defense against a <a href="/wiki/Knife_fight" title="Knife fight">knife attack</a>. <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> 1924</figcaption></figure> During the World War II era <a href="/wiki/William_E._Fairbairn" title="William E. Fairbairn">William E. Fairbairn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eric_A._Sykes" title="Eric A. Sykes">Eric A. Sykes</a> were recruited by the <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a> (SOE) to teach their martial art of <a href="/wiki/Defendu" title="Defendu">Defendu</a> (itself drawing on Western boxing and Jujutsu) and pistol shooting to UK, US, and Canadian special forces. The book Kill or Get Killed, written by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Rex_Applegate" title="Rex Applegate">Rex Applegate</a>, was based on the Defendu taught by Sykes and Fairbairn. Both Fairbairn's Get Tough and Appelgate's Kill or Get Killed became classic works on hand-to-hand combat.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Traditional hand-to-hand, knife, and spear techniques continue to see use in the composite systems developed for today's wars. Examples of this include European <a href="/wiki/Unifight" title="Unifight">Unifight</a>, the <a href="/wiki/US_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army">US Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Combatives" title="Combatives">Combatives</a> system developed by Matt Larsen, the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli army">Israeli army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/KAPAP" class="mw-redirect" title="KAPAP">KAPAP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/US_Marine_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="US Marine Corps">US Marine Corps</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">Marine Corps Martial Arts Program</a> (MCMAP). Unarmed dagger defenses identical to those found in the manual of <a href="/wiki/Fiore_dei_Liberi" title="Fiore dei Liberi">Fiore dei Liberi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Wallerstein" title="Codex Wallerstein">Codex Wallerstein</a> were integrated into the U.S. Army's <a href="/wiki/Training_manual" title="Training manual">training manuals</a> in 1942<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and continue to influence today's systems along with other traditional systems such as <a href="/wiki/Eskrima" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskrima">eskrima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silat" title="Silat">silat</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The rifle-mounted <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayonet</a> which has its origin in the <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spear</a>, has seen use by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> as recently as the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Many martial arts are also seen and used in Law Enforcement hand-to-hand training. For example, the Tokyo Riot Police's use of <a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">aikido</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Twigger1997-38">[38]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Martial_arts_industry">Martial arts industry</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Martial arts industry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Martial arts since the 1970s has become a significant industry, a subset of the wider <a href="/wiki/Sport_industry" title="Sport industry">sport industry</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial arts films">cinema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sports_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports television">sports television</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Hundreds of millions of people worldwide practice some form of martial art. Web Japan (sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs">Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>) claims there are 50 million karate practitioners worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The South Korean government in 2009 published an estimate that taekwondo is practiced by 70 million people in 190 countries.<a href="#cite_note-Kim2009-40">[40]</a> The wholesale value of martial arts related sporting equipment shipped in the United States was estimated at US$314 million in 2007; participation in the same year was estimated at 6.9 million (ages 6 or older, 2% of US population).<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> R. A. Court, CEO of Martial Arts Channel, stated the total revenue of the US martial arts industry at US$40 billion and the number of US practitioners at 30 million in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equipment">Equipment</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Equipment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Martial arts equipment can include that which is used for conditioning, protection and <a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts_weapons" title="List of martial arts weapons">weapons</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hojo_und%C5%8D" title="Hojo undō">Specialized conditioning equipment</a> can include <a href="/wiki/Breaking_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Breaking board">breaking boards</a>, dummy partners such as the <a href="/wiki/Muk_Yan_Jong" class="mw-redirect" title="Muk Yan Jong">wooden dummy</a>, and targets such as <a href="/wiki/Punching_bag" title="Punching bag">punching bags</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Makiwara" title="Makiwara">makiwara</a>. <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Protective equipment</a> for sparring and competition includes <a href="/wiki/Boxing_gloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxing gloves">boxing gloves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headgear_(martial_arts)" title="Headgear (martial arts)">headgear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mouthguard" title="Mouthguard">mouthguards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Martial_arts_fraud">Martial arts fraud</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Martial arts fraud" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Asian_martial_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian martial arts">Asian martial arts</a> experienced a surge of popularity in the West during the 1970s, and the rising demand resulted in numerous low quality or fraudulent schools. Fueled by fictional depictions in martial arts movies, this led to the <a href="/wiki/Ninja_craze" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninja craze">ninja craze</a> of the 1980s in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> There were also numerous fraudulent ads for martial arts training programs, inserted into comic books circa the 1960s and 1970s, which were read primarily by adolescent boys.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In the seventies, lower ranks (<a href="/wiki/Kyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyu">kyu</a>) began to be given colorful belts to show progress. This proved to be commercially viable and colored-belt systems were adopted in many martial arts <a href="/wiki/Degree_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Degree mill">degree mills</a> (also known as McDojos and belt factories) as a means to generate additional cash.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> This was covered in the <a href="/wiki/Penn_%26_Teller:_Bullshit!" title="Penn & Teller: Bullshit!">Penn & Teller: Bullshit!</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Penn_%26_Teller:_Bullshit!_episodes#Season_8:_2010" title="List of Penn & Teller: Bullshit! episodes">episode "Martial Arts"</a> (June 2010).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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title="Portal:Martial arts">Martial arts portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_timeline" title="Martial arts timeline">Martial arts timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_martial_arts" title="History of martial arts">History of martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">List of martial arts</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/sports/martial-art">"martial art | Definition, History, Types, & Facts"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 13 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=martial+art+%7C+Definition%2C+History%2C+Types%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fsports%2Fmartial-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+arts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2021" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Paul (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p-MJEAAAQBAJ">The Invention of Martial Arts: Popular Culture Between Asia and America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-754033-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-754033-6"><bdi>978-0-19-754033-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Martial+Arts%3A+Popular+Culture+Between+Asia+and+America&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-754033-6&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp-MJEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+arts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClements2006" class="citation journal cs1">Clements, John (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318130111/http://www.meibukanmagazine.org/Downloads/MMSpecialEdition1.pdf">"A Short Introduction to Historical European Martial Arts"</a> (PDF). Meibukan Magazine (Special Edition No. 1): 2–4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meibukanmagazine.org/Downloads/MMSpecialEdition1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meibukan+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Short+Introduction+to+Historical+European+Martial+Arts&rft.issue=Special+Edition+No.+1&rft.pages=2-4&rft.date=2006-01&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeibukanmagazine.org%2FDownloads%2FMMSpecialEdition1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+arts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1973" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Dan (22 April 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspaperarchive.com/lima-news-apr-22-1973-p-30/">"Newest Movie Craze: Chinese Agents"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lima_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Lima News">Lima News</a>. p. 30. Retrieved 15 April 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/NewspaperArchive" title="NewspaperArchive">NewspaperArchive</a>. <q>First there were "spaghetti westerns" made in Italy, and then the Spanish got into the act and they became "gaspacho westerns." Now, there's going to be an invasion of "chow mein spies." It's the newest rage, the superhero Chinese agent, who takes on 84 adversaries at one time and pounds them into the ground — without a dangerous weapon, except his hands and his feet. They're coming here under the label of "martial sciences," an umbrella label that takes in all of the oriental arts of self-defense, such as karate, jujitso, kung fu and so on. They're made in Hong Kong and the biggest hero of them all at the moment, surely the biggest box-office attraction there, is a face pretty familiar to American television audiences. Remember Bruce Lee, the swift, agile oriental chauffeur in "The Green Hornet"? (...) Lee already has starred in three Chinese boxer (another label) pictures and there are several dozen others available to the international market. They reportedly are sweeping the European market and have just started to infiltrate the American scene. Warner Brothers has just released one called "The Five Fingers of Death" and, with Fred Weintraub as producer, is now involved in the first American-Chinese production of a martial-science picture, a film that stars Bruce (Kato) Lee.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lima+News&rft.atitle=Newest+Movie+Craze%3A+Chinese+Agents&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1973-04-22&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspaperarchive.com%2Flima-news-apr-22-1973-p-30%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+arts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonn_F._Draeger_and_P'ng_Chye_Khim1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donn_F._Draeger" title="Donn F. Draeger">Donn F. Draeger</a> and P'ng Chye Khim (1979). Shaolin Lohan Kung-fu. 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Retrieved 1 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.varmam.org&rft.atitle=History+of+Varmakalai&rft.aulast=Manoharan&rft.aufirst=Suresh+K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.varmam.org%2Farticles%2FHistoryOfVarmaKalai.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+arts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SB-32"><a href="#cite_ref-SB_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107052738/http://www.straightblastgym.com./aliveness101.html">"Aliveness 101"</a>. Straight Blast gym. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straightblastgym.com/aliveness101.html">the original</a> on 7 January 2009. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sports.yahoo.com/mma/news;_ylt=AuvUi2TrSN_ILBVsuNLmsjk9Eo14?slug=dm-earlyufc111207&prov=yhoo&type=lgns">the original</a> on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+Sports&rft.atitle=First+UFC+forever+altered+combat+sports&rft.date=2007-11-12&rft.au=Dave+Meltzer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsports.yahoo.com%2Fmma%2Fnews%3B_ylt%3DAuvUi2TrSN_ILBVsuNLmsjk9Eo14%3Fslug%3Ddm-earlyufc111207%26prov%3Dyhoo%26type%3Dlgns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+arts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mastering_Yang_Style_Taijiquan-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Mastering_Yang_Style_Taijiquan_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFu2006" class="citation book cs1">Fu, Zhongwen (2006) [1996]. Mastering Yang Style Taijiquan. 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Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine. 3 (4): 205–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1756-5391.2010.01107.x">10.1111/j.1756-5391.2010.01107.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21349072">21349072</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41065668">41065668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Evidence-Based+Medicine&rft.atitle=Effects+of+martial+arts+on+health+status%3A+A+systematic+review&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=205-219&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41065668%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21349072&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1756-5391.2010.01107.x&rft.aulast=Bu&rft.aufirst=Bin&rft.au=Haijun%2C+Han&rft.au=Yong%2C+Liu&rft.au=Chaohui%2C+Zhang&rft.au=Xiaoyuan%2C+Yang&rft.au=Singh%2C+Maria+Fiatarone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1756-5391.2010.01107.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+arts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVail2006" class="citation book cs1">Vail, Jason (2006). Medieval and Renaissance Dagger Combat. Paladin Press. pp. 91–95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+and+Renaissance+Dagger+Combat&rft.pages=91-95&rft.pub=Paladin+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Vail&rft.aufirst=Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+arts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSean_Rayment2004" class="citation news cs1">Sean Rayment (13 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/1464411/British-battalion-attacked-every-day-for-six-weeks.html">"British battalion 'attacked every day for six weeks'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/1464411/British-battalion-attacked-every-day-for-six-weeks.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=British+battalion+%27attacked+every+day+for+six+weeks%27&rft.date=2004-06-13&rft.au=Sean+Rayment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Firaq%2F1464411%2FBritish-battalion-attacked-every-day-for-six-weeks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+arts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Twigger1997-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Twigger1997_38-0">^</a> Twigger, R. (1997). Angry White Pyjamas. London: Phoenix. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0753808580" title="Special:BookSources/978-0753808580">978-0753808580</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web-japan.org/factsheet/en/pdf/e16_martial_art.pdf">"Martial Arts : Fact Sheet"</a> (PDF). Web-japan.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613134026/http://web-japan.org/factsheet/en/pdf/e16_martial_art.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martial+Arts+%3A+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=Web-japan.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb-japan.org%2Ffactsheet%2Fen%2Fpdf%2Fe16_martial_art.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+arts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim2009-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Kim2009_40-0">^</a> Kim, H.-S. (2009): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcst.go.kr/english/issue/issueView.jsp?pSeq=1401">Taekwondo: A new strategy for Brand Korea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723160119/http://www.mcst.go.kr/english/issue/issueView.jsp?pSeq=1401">Archived</a> 23 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (21 December 2009). Retrieved on 8 January 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Jack W. Plunkett (2009). 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Retrieved 6 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodontics+Australia&rft.atitle=The+Importance+Of+A+Mouthguard+When+Playing+Sport&rft.date=2020-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forthodonticsaustralia.org.au%2Fimportance-mouthguard-playing-sport%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+arts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> see “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rs8DAAAAMBAJ">The Real Deal, The Buzzwords and the Latest Trend</a>” <a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Belt Magazine">Black Belt Magazine</a>, June 1999, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Heintjes2017" class="citation web cs1">Tom Heintjes (20 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150825040223/http://cartoonician.com/the-deadliest-ads-alive/">"The Deadliest Ads Alive! | Hogan's Alley"</a>. Cartoonician.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartoonician.com/the-deadliest-ads-alive/">the original</a> on 25 August 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Deadliest+Ads+Alive%21+%26%23124%3B+Hogan%27s+Alley&rft.pub=Cartoonician.com&rft.date=2017-06-20&rft.au=Tom+Heintjes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcartoonician.com%2Fthe-deadliest-ads-alive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+arts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord2022" class="citation web cs1">Ford, Justin Lee (7 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackbeltmag.com/the-mcdojo-excuse">"The McDojo Excuse"</a>. Black Belt Magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Black+Belt+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+McDojo+Excuse&rft.date=2022-10-07&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Justin+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackbeltmag.com%2Fthe-mcdojo-excuse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+arts" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&oldid=1258215771">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&oldid=1258215771</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_arts&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 18 November 2024, at 19:47 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegkuns" title="Vegkuns – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vegkuns" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampfkunst" title="Kampfkunst – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kampfkunst" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فنون قتالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فنون قتالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_marcial" title="Arte marcial – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Arte marcial" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="সমৰ কলা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সমৰ কলা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_marcial" title="Arte marcial – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arte marcial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nup%C3%A3kuaa" title="Nupãkuaa – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Nupãkuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6y%C3%BC%C5%9F_s%C9%99n%C9%99ti" title="Döyüş sənəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Döyüş sənəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4_%D9%87%DB%86%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="شرق دؤیوش هۆنرلری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شرق دؤیوش هۆنرلری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="সমরকলা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সমরকলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BA-su%CC%8Dt" title="Bú-su̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bú-su̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1_%D1%81%D3%99%D0%BD%D2%93%D3%99%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Яугирлыҡ сәнғәте – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Яугирлыҡ сәнғәте" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Баявыя мастацтвы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Баявыя мастацтвы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Баявыя мастацтвы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Баявыя мастацтвы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Бойно изкуство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бойно изкуство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borila%C4%8Dke_vje%C5%A1tine" title="Borilačke vještine – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Borilačke vještine" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzo%C3%B9_emganna%C3%B1" title="Arzoù emgannañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arzoù emgannañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_marcial" title="Art marcial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Art marcial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojov%C3%A9_um%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Bojové umění – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bojové umění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_marcial" title="Arte marcial – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Arte marcial" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arti_marziali" title="Arti marziali – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Arti marziali" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crefft_ymladd" title="Crefft ymladd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Crefft ymladd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A9" title="فنون د لمقاتلة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فنون د لمقاتلة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampfkunst" title="Kampfkunst – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kampfkunst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5itluskunstid" title="Võitluskunstid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Võitluskunstid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Πολεμικές τέχνες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολεμικές τέχνες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84rt_marzi%C3%A8l" title="Ärt marzièl – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Ärt marzièl" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_marcial" title="Arte marcial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arte marcial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luktosporto" title="Luktosporto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Luktosporto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borroka-arte" title="Borroka-arte – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Borroka-arte" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C" title="هنرهای رزمی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنرهای رزمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Martial arts" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_martial" title="Art martial – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Art martial" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eala%C3%ADn_oscartha" title="Ealaín oscartha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ealaín oscartha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_marcial" title="Arte marcial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arte marcial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%B8" title="માર્શલ આર્ટસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="માર્શલ આર્ટસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%98%88" title="무예 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무예" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մարտական արվեստներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարտական արվեստներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="मार्शल आर्ट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मार्शल आर्ट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borila%C4%8Dke_vje%C5%A1tine" title="Borilačke vještine – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Borilačke vještine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombat-arto" title="Kombat-arto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kombat-arto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_bela_diri" title="Seni bela diri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seni bela diri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_martial" title="Arte martial – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Arte martial" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardaga%C3%AD%C3%BEr%C3%B3tt" title="Bardagaíþrótt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bardagaíþrótt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_marziale" title="Arte marziale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arte marziale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94" title="אמנות לחימה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמנות לחימה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azii_yotu_l%CA%8Bb%C9%A9y%C9%9B" title="Azii yotu lʋbɩyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Azii yotu lʋbɩyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" title="ಕದನ ಕಲೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕದನ ಕಲೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Жекпе-жек – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жекпе-жек" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaa_ya_mapigano" title="Sanaa ya mapigano – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sanaa ya mapigano" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artes_martiales" title="Artes martiales – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Artes martiales" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%AB%C5%86as_m%C4%81ksla" title="Cīņas māksla – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cīņas māksla" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovos_menai" title="Kovos menai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kovos menai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artes_militar" title="Artes militar – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Artes militar" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_marzial" title="Art marzial – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Art marzial" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harcm%C5%B1v%C3%A9szet" title="Harcművészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Harcművészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="मार्शल आर्ट – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मार्शल आर्ट" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Боречки вештини – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Боречки вештини" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2" title="ആയോധനകല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആയോധനകല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arti_marzjali" title="Arti marzjali – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Arti marzjali" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_bela_diri" title="Seni bela diri – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Seni bela diri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artes_marciales" title="Artes marciales – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Artes marciales" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="သိုင်းပညာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သိုင်းပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vechtkunst" title="Vechtkunst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vechtkunst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="मार्सल आर्ट – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मार्सल आर्ट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="मार्सल आर्ट – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मार्सल आर्ट" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%97%98%E6%8A%80" title="格闘技 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="格闘技" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_marziale" title="Arte marziale – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Arte marziale" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Вовшахлатар – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Вовшахлатар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampkunst" title="Kampkunst – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kampkunst" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampsport" title="Kampsport – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kampsport" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_artes" title="Martial artes – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Martial artes" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_marcial" title="Art marcial – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Art marcial" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਜੰਗੀ ਕਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੰਗੀ ਕਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%B9%D8%B3" title="مارشل آرٹس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مارشل آرٹس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_marsial" title="Art marsial – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Art marsial" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampkunst" title="Kampkunst – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kampkunst" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztuki_walki" title="Sztuki walki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sztuki walki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artes_marciais" title="Artes marciais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Artes marciais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jekpe-jek_%C3%B3neri" title="Jekpe-jek óneri – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Jekpe-jek óneri" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_mar%C8%9Biale" title="Arte marțiale – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arte marțiale" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqanakuy_kapchiy" title="Maqanakuy kapchiy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Maqanakuy kapchiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Боевые искусства – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Боевые искусства" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B4" title="ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨᱴ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artet_marciale" title="Artet marciale – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Artet marciale" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arti_marziali" title="Arti marziali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Arti marziali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Martial arts" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojov%C3%A9_umenie" title="Bojové umenie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bojové umenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borilne_ve%C5%A1%C4%8Dine" title="Borilne veščine – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Borilne veščine" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="ھونەری جەنگی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھونەری جەنگی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Борилачке вјештине – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Борилачке вјештине" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borila%C4%8Dke_vje%C5%A1tine" title="Borilačke vještine – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Borilačke vještine" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsepuolustuslaji" title="Itsepuolustuslaji – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itsepuolustuslaji" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stridskonst" title="Stridskonst – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stridskonst" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sining_pandigma" title="Sining pandigma – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sining pandigma" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="தற்காப்புக் கலைகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தற்காப்புக் கலைகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89" title="ศิลปะการต่อสู้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศิลปะการต่อสู้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D3%A3" title="Ҳунарҳои размӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳунарҳои размӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6v%C3%BC%C5%9F_sanatlar%C4%B1" title="Dövüş sanatları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dövüş sanatları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Бойові мистецтва – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бойові мистецтва" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="حربی فنون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حربی فنون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5_thu%E1%BA%ADt" title="Võ thuật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Võ thuật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_marsyal" title="Arte marsyal – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Arte marsyal" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF" title="武术 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="武术" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98" title="קאמפקונסט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאמפקונסט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%A4%AB" title="功夫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="功夫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuovas_men%C4%81" title="Kuovas menā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kuovas menā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E8%A1%93" title="武術 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="武術" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 19:47 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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