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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AE%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="آخر ما توصل إليه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آخر ما توصل إليه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrhunska_tehnologija" title="Vrhunska tehnologija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vrhunska tehnologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_de_l%27art" title="Estat de l'art – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estat de l'art" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82" title="راس السوق – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="راس السوق" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_der_Technik" title="Stand der Technik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stand der Technik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arengu_n%C3%BC%C3%BCdistase" title="Arengu nüüdistase – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arengu nüüdistase" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_del_arte" title="Estado del arte – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estado del arte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="بهترین فناوری روز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بهترین فناوری روز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat_de_l%27art" title="État de l'art – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="État de l'art" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_da_arte" title="Estado da arte – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estado da arte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B5%9C%EC%B2%A8%EB%8B%A8" title="최첨단 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="최첨단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_dell%27arte" title="Stato dell'arte – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stato dell'arte" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anteriorit%C3%A1s" title="Anterioritás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Anterioritás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_art" title="State of the art – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="State of the art" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%85%88%E7%AB%AF" title="最先端 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="最先端" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_art" title="State of the art – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="State of the art" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_techniki" title="Stan techniki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stan techniki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_da_arte" title="Estado da arte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estado da arte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrhunska_tehnologija" title="Vrhunska tehnologija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vrhunska tehnologija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_art" title="State of the art – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="State of the art" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1t_%C4%91%E1%BA%BFn_tr%C3%ACnh_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_ngh%E1%BB%87_thu%E1%BA%ADt" title="Đạt đến trình độ nghệ thuật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đạt đến trình độ nghệ thuật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E7%8F%BE%E7%8B%80" title="技術發展現狀 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="技術發展現狀" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q329338#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Highest development that can be achieved</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_art_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="State of the art (disambiguation)">State of the art (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p> The <b>state of the art</b> (<b>SOTA</b> or <b>SotA</b>, sometimes <b>cutting edge</b>, <b>leading edge</b>, or <b>bleeding edge</b>) refers to the highest level of general development, as of a device, technique, or <a href="/wiki/Branches_of_science" title="Branches of science">scientific field</a> achieved at a particular time. However, in some contexts it can also refer to a level of development reached at any particular time as a result of the common <a href="/wiki/Methodologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodologies">methodologies</a> employed at the time. </p><p>The term has been used since 1910, and has become both a common term in <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>, and a legally significant phrase with respect to both <a href="/wiki/Patent_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent law">patent law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">tort</a> <a href="/wiki/Legal_liability" title="Legal liability">liability</a>. </p><p>In advertising, the phrase is often used to convey that a product is made with the best or latest available technology, but it has been noted that "the term 'state of the art' requires little proof on the part of advertisers", as it is considered mere <a href="/wiki/Puffery" title="Puffery">puffery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of the term in patent law "does not connote even superiority, let alone the superlative quality the ad writers would have us ascribe to the term".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_history">Origin and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_the_art&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of the "state of the art" originated at the beginning of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest use of the term "state of the art" documented by the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> dates back to 1910, from an engineering manual by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Harrison_Suplee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Harrison Suplee (page does not exist)">Henry Harrison Suplee</a> (1856 – after 1943), an engineering graduate (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, 1876), titled <i>The Gas Turbine: Progress in the Design and Construction of Turbines Operated by Gases of Combustion</i>. The relevant passage reads: "In the present state of the art this is all that can be done".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "art" refers to <a href="/wiki/Useful_art" title="Useful art">technics</a>, rather than <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">fine arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, use of the term increased in all fields where this kind of art has a significant role.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this relation it has been quoted by the author that "although eighteenth-century writers did not use the term, there was indeed in existence a collection of scientific and engineering knowledge and expertise that can be identified as the state of the art for that time".<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its actual meaning, which does not convey technology that is ahead of the industry, the phrase became so widely used in advertising that a 1985 article described it as "overused", stating that "[it] has no punch left and actually sounds like a lie".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1994 essay listed it among "the same old tired <a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">clichés</a>" that should be avoided in advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_importance">Legal importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_the_art&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legal importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patent_law">Patent law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_the_art&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Patent law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prior_art" title="Prior art">Prior art</a></div> <p>In the context of <a href="/wiki/European_patent_law" title="European patent law">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_patent_law" title="Australian patent law">Australian patent law</a>, the term "state of the art" is a concept used in the process of assessing and asserting <a href="/wiki/Novelty_(patent)" title="Novelty (patent)">novelty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inventive_step_and_non-obviousness" title="Inventive step and non-obviousness">inventive step</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is a synonym of the expression "prior art".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Convention" title="European Patent Convention">European Patent Convention</a> (EPC), "[t]he state of the art shall be held to comprise everything made available to the public by means of a written or oral description, by use, or in any other way, before the date of filing of the European patent application" according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.epo.org/en/legal/epc/2020/a54.html">Article 54(2)</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Convention" title="European Patent Convention">EPC</a>. Due account should be taken of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.epo.org/en/legal/epc/2020/a54.html">Article 54(3)</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Convention" title="European Patent Convention">EPC</a> as well, but merely for the examination of novelty. </p><p>The expression "background art" is also used in certain legal provisions, such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.epo.org/en/legal/epc/2020/r42.html">Rule 42(1)(b) and(c)</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Convention" title="European Patent Convention">EPC</a> (previously <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.epo.org/en/legal/epc-1973/2006/r27.html">Rule 27(1)(b) and (c)</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Convention" title="European Patent Convention">EPC 1973</a>), and has the same meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tort_liability">Tort liability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_the_art&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tort liability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The state of the art is important in the law of <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">tort</a> <a href="/wiki/Legal_liability" title="Legal liability">liability</a>, specifically in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Negligence" title="Negligence">negligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Product_liability" title="Product liability">product liability</a>. With respect to negligence, "an engineer may defend against a claim of negligence by contending that he met the standards of his profession and the state of the art".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With respect to product liability, manufacturers generally have <a href="/wiki/Strict_liability" title="Strict liability">strict liability</a> for any injury caused by defects in their products. However, in some jurisdictions a manufacturer may raise as a <a href="/wiki/Legal_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal defense">legal defense</a> the assertion that their product represents the "state of the art", and that the manufacturer therefore could not have made the product any safer in light of the knowledge available at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, "[u]nder <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Germany" title="Law of Germany">German law</a>, the producer can also raise the state-of-the-art defense: general tort law does not hold him liable if he could not know or discover the defect for lack of fault, and the Product Liability Statute expressly provides for this defense".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This defense is available throughout the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a> under the Product Liability Directive, art. 7(e). Pursuant to this article: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The state-of-the-art defense allows a defendant to be absolved of liability if he can prove that the state of technical and scientific knowledge, at the time when he put the product into circulation, was not such as to enable the existence of the defect to be discovered. The Directive allows Member States to eliminate the state-of-the-art defense, but only Luxembourg, which has little manufacturing industry, has done so.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the United States, the state of an industry is "merely evidence of due care rather than a controlling factor",<sup id="cite_ref-Vandall_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vandall-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a number of states have state-of-the-art statutes that "make a manufacturer's compliance with technological feasibility an absolute defense to a products liability suit".<sup id="cite_ref-Vandall_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vandall-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the state of the art is constantly advancing, the ability of manufacturers to claim that their products are "state-of-the-art" tracks their potential liability when these products are defective. As an industry magazine explained in 1984: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Remote control rear view mirrors, disc brakes, automatic slack adjusters for drum brakes and sealed lighting systems are just a few examples of products that have advanced the state of the art. When one of these gains a degree of industry acceptance, it begins to bridge a legal gap between what is state of the art from a design standpoint, and what is state of the art from a usage standpoint. This could place a carrier in a vulnerable position in the not too distant future.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_the_art&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_edge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bleeding edge">Bleeding edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">Emerging technologies</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies" title="List of emerging technologies">List of emerging technologies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_goods" title="Luxury goods">Luxury goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_concept" title="Proof of concept">Proof of concept</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_the_art&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBorchers2022" class="citation book cs1">Borchers, Timothy A. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K21EEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA82"><i>Persuasion in the Media Age</i></a> (4th ed.). Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4786-4691-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4786-4691-4"><bdi>978-1-4786-4691-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persuasion+in+the+Media+Age&rft.place=Long+Grove%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=82&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Waveland+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4786-4691-4&rft.aulast=Borchers&rft.aufirst=Timothy+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK21EEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+the+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1988" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Smith_(columnist)" title="Jack Smith (columnist)">Smith, Jack</a> (15 June 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-06-15-vw-4099-story.html">"Is 'State of the Art' Patently Ill Defined?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Is+%27State+of+the+Art%27+Patently+Ill+Defined%3F&rft.date=1988-06-15&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1988-06-15-vw-4099-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+the+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaase2010" class="citation journal cs1">Haase, Fee-Alexandra (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722002027/http://www.letramagna.com/Artigo6_13.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The State of the Art' as an Example for a Textual Linguistic 'Globalization Effect'. Code Switching, Borrowing, and Change of Meaning as Conditions of Cross-cultural Communication"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Revista de Divulgação Científica em Língua Portuguesa, Linguística e Literatura</i>. <b>6</b> (13). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1807-5193">1807-5193</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.letramagna.com/Artigo6_13.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Divulga%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Cient%C3%ADfica+em+L%C3%ADngua+Portuguesa%2C+Lingu%C3%ADstica+e+Literatura&rft.atitle=%27The+State+of+the+Art%27+as+an+Example+for+a+Textual+Linguistic+%27Globalization+Effect%27.+Code+Switching%2C+Borrowing%2C+and+Change+of+Meaning+as+Conditions+of+Cross-cultural+Communication&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=13&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1807-5193&rft.aulast=Haase&rft.aufirst=Fee-Alexandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.letramagna.com%2FArtigo6_13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+the+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuplee1910" class="citation book cs1">Suplee, Henry Harrison (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gasturbineprogre00suplrich/page/6/mode/2up"><i>The Gas Turbine: Progress in the Design and Construction of Turbines Operated by Gases of Combustion</i></a>. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gas+Turbine%3A+Progress+in+the+Design+and+Construction+of+Turbines+Operated+by+Gases+of+Combustion&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=J.+B.+Lippincott+Company&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Suplee&rft.aufirst=Henry+Harrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgasturbineprogre00suplrich%2Fpage%2F6%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+the+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> used the term in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a> (29 January 1798). Washington distinguished <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commerce</a> from <a href="/wiki/Useful_art" title="Useful art">useful arts</a> by stating, "While our commerce has been considerably curtailed, for want of that extensive credit formerly given in Europe, and for default of remittance; the useful arts have been almost imperceptibly pushed to a considerable degree of perfection". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick1939" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Clement_Fitzpatrick" title="John Clement Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick, John C.</a>, ed. (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/writingsofgeorge30wash/page/186/mode/2up"><i>The Writings of Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799</i></a>. Vol. 30. Washington: United States Government Printing Office. p. 186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Writings+of+Washington+from+the+Original+Manuscript+Sources%2C+1745%E2%80%931799&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwritingsofgeorge30wash%2Fpage%2F186%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+the+art" class="Z3988"></span> Other literary sources are collected in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a>'s Supplemental Brief in <i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Bilski" title="In re Bilski">In re Bilski</a></i>, p. 11 n.4 (useful arts are manufacturing processes).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_D._Anderson" title="John D. Anderson">Anderson, John D. Jr.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1OeCJFJY3ZYC&pg=PA4"><i>A History of Aerodynamics and Its Impact on Flying Machines</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66955-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66955-9"><bdi>978-0-521-66955-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Aerodynamics+and+Its+Impact+on+Flying+Machines&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66955-9&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=John+D.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1OeCJFJY3ZYC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+the+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Executive</i> (1985), Vol. 27, p. 56.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZweig2010" class="citation book cs1">Zweig, Mark C. (2010) [11 July 1994]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pxk6xGMjdbkC&pg=PA115">"Better Writing"</a>. <i>Management from A to Zweig: The Complete Works of Mark Zweig</i>. Fayetteville, Arkansas: ZweigWhite. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60950-017-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60950-017-7"><bdi>978-1-60950-017-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Better+Writing&rft.btitle=Management+from+A+to+Zweig%3A+The+Complete+Works+of+Mark+Zweig&rft.place=Fayetteville%2C+Arkansas&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=ZweigWhite&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60950-017-7&rft.aulast=Zweig&rft.aufirst=Mark+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpxk6xGMjdbkC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+the+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Under the European Patent Convention: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.epo.org/en/legal/epc/2020/a54.html">Article 54</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Convention" title="European Patent Convention">EPC</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.epo.org/en/legal/epc/2020/a56.html">Article 56</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Convention" title="European Patent Convention">EPC</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSreenivasuluRaju2008" class="citation book cs1">Sreenivasulu, N. S.; Raju, C. B. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9-3bWNnOuloC&pg=PA95"><i>Biotechnology and Patent Law: Patenting Living Beings</i></a>. Noida: Manupatra. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89542-31-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89542-31-3"><bdi>978-81-89542-31-3</bdi></a>. <q>The European Patent Convention uses the term 'state of the art' which is equivalent to prior art</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biotechnology+and+Patent+Law%3A+Patenting+Living+Beings&rft.place=Noida&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Manupatra&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-89542-31-3&rft.aulast=Sreenivasulu&rft.aufirst=N.+S.&rft.au=Raju%2C+C.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9-3bWNnOuloC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+the+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epo.org/law-practice/case-law-appeals/recent/t820011ep1.html">"T 0011/82 (Control Circuit) of 15.4.1983"</a>. European Patent Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2018</span>. <q>Headnote II. The expression 'background art' used in the English text of Rule 27(1)(c) and (d) EPC must have the same meaning as the more familiar expression 'prior art'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T+0011%2F82+%28Control+Circuit%29+of+15.4.1983&rft.pub=European+Patent+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epo.org%2Flaw-practice%2Fcase-law-appeals%2Frecent%2Ft820011ep1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+the+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClelandKocaoglu1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_I._Cleland" title="David I. Cleland">Cleland, David I.</a>; Kocaoglu, Dundar F. (1981). Brown, Julienne V.; Maisel, J. W. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X4cjAQAAIAAJ"><i>Engineering Management</i></a>. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 440. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-011316-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-011316-9"><bdi>978-0-07-011316-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engineering+Management&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=440&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-07-011316-9&rft.aulast=Cleland&rft.aufirst=David+I.&rft.au=Kocaoglu%2C+Dundar+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX4cjAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+the+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRufe2013" class="citation book cs1">Rufe, Philip D. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xs2Wx787hpcC&pg=PA209"><i>Fundamentals of Manufacturing</i></a> (3rd ed.). Dearborn, Michigan: Society of Manufacturing Engineers. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87263-870-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87263-870-9"><bdi>978-0-87263-870-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Manufacturing&rft.place=Dearborn%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=209&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Society+of+Manufacturing+Engineers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-87263-870-9&rft.aulast=Rufe&rft.aufirst=Philip+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXs2Wx787hpcC%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+the+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZekollReimann2005" class="citation book cs1">Zekoll, Joachim; Reimann, Mathias, eds. (2005). <i>Introduction to German Law</i>. Kluwer Law International. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-2261-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-2261-2"><bdi>978-90-411-2261-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+German+Law&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-411-2261-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+the+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergkamp2003" class="citation book cs1">Bergkamp, Lucas (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_H9sBl9eN5sC&pg=PA440"><i>European Community Law for the New Economy</i></a>. Intersentia. p. 440. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5095-229-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5095-229-3"><bdi>978-90-5095-229-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Community+Law+for+the+New+Economy&rft.pages=440&rft.pub=Intersentia&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-5095-229-3&rft.aulast=Bergkamp&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_H9sBl9eN5sC%26pg%3DPA440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+the+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vandall-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vandall_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vandall_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandall2011" class="citation book cs1">Vandall, Frank J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L9VMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75"><i>A History of Civil Litigation: Political and Economic Perspectives</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539191-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539191-6"><bdi>978-0-19-539191-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Civil+Litigation%3A+Political+and+Economic+Perspectives&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539191-6&rft.aulast=Vandall&rft.aufirst=Frank+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL9VMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+the+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStandley1984" class="citation magazine cs1">Standley, Gerald F. (October 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I40qAQAAMAAJ">"Don't ignore a 'safer alternative'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Commercial Carrier Journal</i>. Vol. 141, no. 10. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0734-1423">0734-1423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commercial+Carrier+Journal&rft.atitle=Don%27t+ignore+a+%27safer+alternative%27&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1984-10&rft.issn=0734-1423&rft.aulast=Standley&rft.aufirst=Gerald+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI40qAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+of+the+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_of_the_art&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/state_of_the_art" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/state of the art">state of the art</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Regarding the patent law concept, see for example: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_Examination_in_the_European_Patent_Office" title="Guidelines for Examination in the European Patent Office">Guidelines for Examination in the EPO</a>, section <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epo.org/law-practice/legal-texts/html/guidelines/e/g_iv.htm"><span class="allcaps" style="text-transform:uppercase;">g</span>-<span class="allcaps" style="text-transform:uppercase;">iv</span></a> : "State of the art"</li> <li>Legal Research Service for the Boards of Appeal, European Patent Office, <i><a href="/wiki/Case_Law_of_the_Boards_of_Appeal_of_the_European_Patent_Office" title="Case Law of the Boards of Appeal of the European Patent Office">Case Law of the Boards of Appeal of the EPO</a></i> (9th edition, July 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epo.org/law-practice/legal-texts/html/caselaw/2019/e/clr_i_c_2.htm"><span class="allcaps" style="text-transform:uppercase;">i</span>.<span class="allcaps" style="text-transform:uppercase;">c</span>.2</a> : "State of the art"</li></ul></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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