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rocks</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: hard rocks"> <meta name="keywords" content="hard rocks"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="hard rocks"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1412</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: hard rocks</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1292</span> Geochemical Characteristics of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Crude Oils from the Chepaizi Area, Junggar Basin, China</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luofu%20Liu">Luofu Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fei%20Xiao%20Jr."> Fei Xiao Jr.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fei%20Xiao"> Fei Xiao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Through the analysis technology of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the composition and distribution characteristics of aromatic hydrocarbons in the Chepaizi area of the Junggar Basin were analyzed in detail. Based on that, the biological input, maturity of crude oils and sedimentary environment of the corresponding source rocks were determined and the origin types of crude oils were divided. The results show that there are three types of crude oils in the study area including Type I, Type II and Type III oils. The crude oils from the 1st member of the Neogene Shawan Formation are the Type I oils; the crude oils from the 2nd member of the Neogene Shawan Formation are the Type II oils; the crude oils from the Cretaceous Qingshuihe and Jurassic Badaowan Formations are the Type III oils. For the Type I oils, they show a single model in the late retention time of the chromatogram of total aromatic hydrocarbons. The content of triaromatic steroid series is high, and the content of dibenzofuran is low. Maturity parameters related to alkyl naphthalene, methylphenanthrene and alkyl dibenzothiophene all indicate low maturity for the Type I oils. For the Type II oils, they have also a single model in the early retention time of the chromatogram of total aromatic hydrocarbons. The content of naphthalene and phenanthrene series is high, and the content of dibenzofuran is medium. The content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon representing the terrestrial organic matter is high. The aromatic maturity parameters indicate high maturity for the Type II oils. For the Type III oils, they have a bi-model in the chromatogram of total aromatic hydrocarbons. The contents of naphthalene series, phenanthrene series, and dibenzofuran series are high. The aromatic maturity parameters indicate medium maturity for the Type III oils. The correlation results of triaromatic steroid series fingerprint show that the Type I and Type III oils have similar source and are both from the Permian Wuerhe source rocks. Because of the strong biodegradation and mixing from other source, the Type I oils are very different from the Type III oils in aromatic hydrocarbon characteristics. The Type II oils have the typical characteristics of terrestrial organic matter input under oxidative environment, and are the coal oil mainly generated by the mature Jurassic coal measure source rocks. However, the overprinting effect from the low maturity Cretaceous source rocks changed the original distribution characteristics of aromatic hydrocarbons to some degree. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20source" title="oil source">oil source</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geochemistry" title=" geochemistry"> geochemistry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aromatic%20hydrocarbons" title=" aromatic hydrocarbons"> aromatic hydrocarbons</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crude%20oils" title=" crude oils"> crude oils</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chepaizi%20area" title=" chepaizi area"> chepaizi area</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Junggar%20Basin" title=" Junggar Basin"> Junggar Basin</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63701/geochemical-characteristics-of-aromatic-hydrocarbons-in-the-crude-oils-from-the-chepaizi-area-junggar-basin-china" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63701.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">353</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1291</span> Geochemistry and Tectonic Framework of Malani Igneous Suite and Their Effect on Groundwater Quality of Tosham, India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naresh%20Kumar">Naresh Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Savita%20%20Kumari"> Savita Kumari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naresh%20Kochhar"> Naresh Kochhar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of the study was to assess the role of mineralogy and subsurface structure on water quality of Tosham, Malani Igneous Suite (MIS), Western Rajasthan, India. MIS is the largest (55,000 km2) A-type, anorogenic and high heat producing acid magmatism in the peninsular India and owes its origin to hot spot tectonics. Apart from agricultural and industrial wastes, geogenic activities cause fluctuations in quality parameters of water resources. Twenty water samples (20) selected from Tosham and surrounding areas were analyzed for As, Pb, B, Al, Zn, Fe, Ni using Inductive coupled plasma emission and F by Ion Chromatography. The concentration of As, Pb, B, Ni and F was above the stipulated level specified by BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards IS-10500, 2012). The concentration of As and Pb in surrounding areas of Tosham ranged from 1.2 to 4.1 mg/l and from 0.59 to 0.9 mg/l respectively which is higher than limits of 0.05mg/l (As) and 0.01 mg/l (Pb). Excess trace metal accumulation in water is toxic to humans and adversely affects the central nervous system, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, skin and cause mental confusion. Groundwater quality is defined by nature of rock formation, mineral water reaction, physiography, soils, environment, recharge and discharge conditions of the area. Fluoride content in groundwater is due to the solubility of fluoride-bearing minerals like fluorite, cryolite, topaz, and mica, etc. Tosham is comprised of quartz mica schist, quartzite, schorl, tuff, quartz porphyry and associated granites, thus, fluoride is leached out and dissolved in groundwater. In the study area, Ni concentration ranged from 0.07 to 0.5 mg/l (permissible limit 0.02 mg/l). The primary source of nickel in drinking water is leached out nickel from ore-bearing rocks. Higher concentration of As is found in some igneous rocks specifically containing minerals as arsenopyrite (AsFeS), realgar (AsS) and orpiment (As2S3). MIS consists of granite (hypersolvus and subsolvus), rhyolite, dacite, trachyte, andesite, pyroclasts, basalt, gabbro and dolerite which increased the trace elements concentration in groundwater. Nakora, a part of MIS rocks has high concentration of trace and rare earth elements (Ni, Rb, Pb, Sr, Y, Zr, Th, U, La, Ce, Nd, Eu and Yb) which percolates the Ni and Pb to groundwater by weathering, contacts and joints/fractures in rocks. Additionally, geological setting of MIS also causes dissolution of trace elements in water resources beneath the surface. NE–SW tectonic lineament, radial pattern of dykes and volcanic vent at Nakora created a way for leaching of these elements to groundwater. Rain water quality might be altered by major minerals constituents of host Tosham rocks during its percolation through the rock fracture, joints before becoming the integral part of groundwater aquifer. The weathering process like hydration, hydrolysis and solution might be the cause of change in water chemistry of particular area. These studies suggest that geological relation of soil-water horizon with MIS rocks via mineralogical variations, structures and tectonic setting affects the water quality of the studied area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geochemistry" title="geochemistry">geochemistry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=groundwater" title=" groundwater"> groundwater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=malani%20igneous%20suite" title=" malani igneous suite"> malani igneous suite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tosham" title=" tosham"> tosham</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58002/geochemistry-and-tectonic-framework-of-malani-igneous-suite-and-their-effect-on-groundwater-quality-of-tosham-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58002.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">219</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1290</span> Overview on Sustainable Coastal Protection Structures </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suresh%20Reddi">Suresh Reddi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mathew%20Leslie"> Mathew Leslie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vishnu%20S.%20Das"> Vishnu S. Das</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sustainable design is a prominent concept across all sectors of engineering and its importance is widely recognized within the Arabian Gulf region. Despite that sustainable or soft engineering options are not widely deployed in coastal engineering projects and a preference for utilizing ‘hard engineering’ solutions remain. The concept of soft engineering lies in “working together” with the nature to manage the coastline. This approach allows hard engineering options, such as breakwaters or sea walls, to be minimized or even eliminated altogether. Hard structures provide a firm barrier to wave energy or flooding, but in doing so they often have a significant impact on the natural processes of the coastline. This may affect the area locally or impact on neighboring zones. In addition, they often have a negative environmental impact and may create a sense of disconnect between the marine environment and local users. Soft engineering options, seek to protect the coastline by working in harmony with the natural process of sediment transport/budget. They often consider new habitat creation and creating usable spaces that will increase the sense of connection with nature. Often soft engineering options, where appropriately deployed can provide a low-maintenance, aesthetically valued, natural line of coastal protection. This paper deals with an overview of the following: The widely accepted soft engineering practices across the world; How this approach has been considered by Ramboll in some recent projects in Middle East and Asia; Challenges and barriers to use in using soft engineering options in the region; Way forward towards more widespread adoption. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coastline" title="coastline">coastline</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hard%20engineering" title=" hard engineering"> hard engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20maintenance" title=" low maintenance"> low maintenance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20engineering%20options" title=" soft engineering options"> soft engineering options</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104025/overview-on-sustainable-coastal-protection-structures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104025.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">138</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1289</span> Repository Blockchain for Collaborative Blockchain Ecosystem</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Razwan%20Ahmed%20Tanvir">Razwan Ahmed Tanvir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Greg%20Speegle"> Greg Speegle</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Collaborative blockchain ecosystems allow diverse groups to cooperate on tasks while providing properties such as decentralization and transaction security. We provide a model that uses a repository blockchain to manage hard forks within a collaborative system such that a single process (assuming that it has knowledge of the requirements of each fork) can access all of the blocks within the system. The repository blockchain replaces the need for Inter Blockchain Communication (IBC) within the ecosystem by navigating the networks. The resulting construction resembles a tree instead of a chain. A proof-of-concept implementation performs a depth-first search on the new structure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hard%20fork" title="hard fork">hard fork</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shared%20governance" title=" shared governance"> shared governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inter%20blockchain%20communication" title=" inter blockchain communication"> inter blockchain communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blockchain%20ecosystem" title=" blockchain ecosystem"> blockchain ecosystem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regular%20research%20paper" title=" regular research paper"> regular research paper</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192920/repository-blockchain-for-collaborative-blockchain-ecosystem" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192920.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">17</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1288</span> Petrology, Geochemistry and Formation Conditions of Metaophiolites of the Loki Crystalline Massif (the Caucasus)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irakli%20Gamkrelidze">Irakli Gamkrelidze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Shengelia"> David Shengelia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamara%20Tsutsunava"> Tamara Tsutsunava</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giorgi%20Chichinadze"> Giorgi Chichinadze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giorgi%20Beridze"> Giorgi Beridze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ketevan%20Tedliashvili"> Ketevan Tedliashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamara%20Tsamalashvili"> Tamara Tsamalashvili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Loki crystalline massif crops out in the Caucasian region and the geological retrospective represent the northern marginal part of the Baiburt-Sevanian terrain (island arc), bordering with the Paleotethys oceanic basin in the north. The pre-Alpine basement of the massif is built up of Lower-Middle Paleozoic metamorphic complex (metasedimentary and metabasite rocks), Upper Devonian quartz-diorites and Late Variscan granites. Earlier metamorphic complex was considered as an indivisible set including suites with different degree of metamorphism. Systematic geologic, petrologic and geochemical investigations of the massif’s rocks suggest the different conception on composition, structure and formation conditions of the massif. In particular, there are two main rock types in the Loki massif: the oldest autochthonous series of gneissic quartz-diorites and cutting them granites. The massif is flanked on its western side by a volcano-sedimentary sequence, metamorphosed to low-T facies. Petrologic, metamorphic and structural differences in this sequence prove the existence of a number of discrete units (overthrust sheets). One of them, the metabasic sheet represents the fragment of ophiolite complex. It comprises transition types of the second and third layers of the Paleooceanic crust: the upper noncumulated part of the third layer gabbro component and the following lowest part of the parallel diabase dykes of the second layer. The ophiolites are represented by metagabbros, metagabbro-diabases, metadiabases and amphibolite schists. According to the content of petrogenic components and additive elements in metabasites is stated that the protolith of metabasites belongs to petrochemical type of tholeiitic series of basalts. The parental magma of metaophiolites is of E-MORB composition, and by petrochemical parameters, it is very close to the composition of intraplate basalts. The dykes of hypabissal leucocratic siliceous and medium magmatic rocks associated with the metaophiolite sheet form the separate complex. They are granitoids with the extremely low content of CaO and quartz-diorite porphyries. According to various petrochemical parameters, these rocks have mixed characteristics. Their formation took place in spreading conditions or in the areas of manifestation of plumes most likely of island arc type. The metamorphism degree of the metaophiolites corresponds to a very low stage of green schist facies. The rocks of the metaophiolite complex are obducted from the Paleotethys Ocean. Geological and paleomagnetic data show that the primary location of the ocean is supposed to be to the north of the Loki crystalline massif. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20Caucasus" title="the Caucasus">the Caucasus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crystalline%20massif" title=" crystalline massif"> crystalline massif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ophiolites" title=" ophiolites"> ophiolites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tectonic%20sheet" title=" tectonic sheet"> tectonic sheet</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66167/petrology-geochemistry-and-formation-conditions-of-metaophiolites-of-the-loki-crystalline-massif-the-caucasus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66167.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">274</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1287</span> Effect of Weathering on the Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Sediments of the Hyper Saline Urmia Salt Lake, Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samad%20Alipour">Samad Alipour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khadije%20Mosavi%20Onlaghi"> Khadije Mosavi Onlaghi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Urmia Salt Lake (USL) is a hypersaline lake in the northwest of Iran. It contains halite as main dissolved and precipitated mineral and the major mineral mixed with lake bed sediments. Other detrital minerals such as calcite, aragonite, dolomite, quartz, feldspars, augite are forming lake sediments. This study examined the impact of weathering of this sediments collected from 1.5 meters depth and augite placers. The study indicated that weathering of tephritic and adakite rocks of the Islamic Island at the immediate boundary of the lake play a main control of lake bed sediments and has produced a large volume of augite placer along the lake bank. Weathering increases from south to toward north with increasing distance from Islamic Island. Geochemistry of lake sediments demonstrated the enrichment of MgO, CaO, Sr with an elevated anomaly of Eu, possibly due to surface absorbance of Mn and Fe associated Sr elevation originating from adakite volcanic rocks in the vicinity of the lake basin. The study shows the local geology is the major factor in origin of lake sediments than chemical and biochemical produced mineral during diagenetic processes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Urmia%20Lake" title="Urmia Lake">Urmia Lake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weathering" title=" weathering"> weathering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mineralogy" title=" mineralogy"> mineralogy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=augite" title=" augite"> augite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iran" title=" Iran"> Iran</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54597/effect-of-weathering-on-the-mineralogy-and-geochemistry-of-sediments-of-the-hyper-saline-urmia-salt-lake-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54597.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">230</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1286</span> Variation in the Morphology of Soft Palate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hema%20Lattupalli">Hema Lattupalli </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: The palate forms a partition between the oral cavity and nasal cavity. The palate is made up of two parts hard palate and soft palate. The Hard palate forms the anterior part of the palate, the soft palate forms a movable muscular fold covered by mucous membrane that is suspended from the posterior border of a hard palate. Aim and Objectives: Soft palate morphological variations have a great paucity in the literature. It’s also believed that the soft palate has no such important anatomical variations. There is a variable presentation of the soft palate morphology in the lateral cephalograms. The aim of this study is to identify the velar morphology. Materials and Methods: 100 normal subjects between the age group of 20 – 35 were taken for the study. Method: Lateral Cephalogram (radiologic study). Results: Different shapes of the soft palate were observed in the lateral cephalograms. The morphology of soft palate was classified into six types 1.Leaf like (50 cases) most common type, 2.Straight line (20 cases), 3.S shaped (4 cases) very rare, 4.Butt like (10 cases), 5. Rat tail (6 cases), 6. Hook shaped (10 cases). Conclusion: This classification helps us to understand the better diversity of the velar morphology in mid-sagittal plane. These findings help us to understand the etiology of OSAS. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20palate" title="soft palate">soft palate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cephalometric%20radiographs" title=" cephalometric radiographs"> cephalometric radiographs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=morphology" title=" morphology"> morphology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cleft%20palate" title=" cleft palate"> cleft palate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=obstructive%20sleep%20apnoea%20syndrome" title=" obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome"> obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40979/variation-in-the-morphology-of-soft-palate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40979.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">363</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1285</span> Wave Interaction with Single and Twin Vertical and Sloped Porous Walls </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamad%20Alkhalidi">Mohamad Alkhalidi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Neelamani"> S. Neelamani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noor%20Alanjari"> Noor Alanjari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main purpose of harbors and marinas is to create a calm and safe docking space for marine vessels. Standard rubble mound breakwaters, although widely used, occupy port space and require large amounts of stones or rocks. Kuwait does not have good quality stone, so they are imported at a very high cost. Therefore, there is a need for a new wave energy dissipating structure where stones and rocks are scarce. While permeable slotted vertical walls have been proved to be a suitable alternative to rubble mound breakwaters, the introduction of sloped slotted walls may be more efficient in dissipating wave energy. For example, two slotted barriers with 60degree inclination may be equivalent to three vertical slotted barriers from wave energy dissipation point of view. A detailed physical model study is carried out to determine the effects of slope angle, porosity, and a number of walls on wave energy dissipation for a wide range of random and regular waves. The results of this study can be used to improve and optimize energy dissipation and reduce construction cost. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porosity" title="porosity">porosity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slope" title=" slope"> slope</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wave%20reflection" title=" wave reflection"> wave reflection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wave%20transmission" title=" wave transmission"> wave transmission</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59353/wave-interaction-with-single-and-twin-vertical-and-sloped-porous-walls" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59353.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">290</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1284</span> The Sr-Nd Isotope Data of the Platreef Rocks from the Northern Limb of the Bushveld Igneous Complex: Evidence of Contrasting Magma Composition and Origin</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tshipeng%20Mwenze">Tshipeng Mwenze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Charles%20Okujeni"> Charles Okujeni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdi%20Siad"> Abdi Siad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Russel%20Bailie"> Russel Bailie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dirk%20Frei"> Dirk Frei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marcelene%20Voigt"> Marcelene Voigt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Petrus%20Le%20Roux"> Petrus Le Roux</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Platreef is a platinum group element (PGE) deposit in the northern limb of the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC) which was emplaced as a series of mafic and ultramafic sills between the Main Zone (MZ) and the country rocks. The PGE mineralisation in the Platreef is hosted in different rock types, and its distribution and style vary with depth and along strike. This study contributes towards understanding the processes involved in the genesis of the Platreef. Twenty-four Platreef (2 harzburgites, 4 olivine pyroxenites, 17 feldspathic pyroxenites and 1 gabbronorite) and few MZ (1 gabbronorite and 1 leucogabbronorite) quarter core samples were collected from four drill cores (e.g., TN754, TN200, SS339, and OY482) and analysed for whole-rock Sr-Nd isotope data. The results show positive ɛNd values (+3.53 to +7.51) for harzburgites suggesting their parental magmas derived from the depleted Mantle. The remaining Platreef rocks have negative ɛNd values (-2.91 to -22.88) and show significant variations in Sr-Nd isotopic compositions. The first group of Platreef samples has relatively high isotopic compositions (ɛNd= -2.91 to -5.68; ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sri= 0.709177 - 0.711998). The second group of Platreef samples has Sr ratios (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sri= 0.709816-0.712106) overlapping with samples of the first group but slightly lower ɛNd values (-7.44 to -8.39). Lastly, the third group of Platreef samples has low ɛNd values (-10.82 to -14.32) and low Sr ratios (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sri= 0.707545-0.710042) than those from samples of the two Platreef groups mentioned above. There is, however, a Platreef sample with ɛNd value (-5.26) in range with the Platreef samples of the first group, but its Sr ratio (0.707281) is the lowest even when compared to samples of the third Platreef group. There are also five other Platreef samples which have either anomalous ɛNd or Sr ratios which make it difficult to assess their isotopic compositions relative to other samples. These isotopic variations for the Platreef samples indicate both multiple sources and multiple magma chambers where varying crustal contamination styles have operated during the evolution of these magmas prior their emplacements into the Platreef setting as sills. Furthermore, the MZ rocks have different Sr-Nd isotopic compositions (For OY482 gabbronorite [ɛNd= +0.65; ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sri= 0.711746]; for TN754 leucogabbronorite [ɛNd= -7.44; ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sri= 0.709322]) which do not only indicate different MZ magma chambers, but also different magmas from those of the Platreef. Although the Platreef is still considered a single stratigraphic unit in the northern limb of the BIC, its genesis involved multiple magmatic processes which evolved independently from each other. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crustal%20contamination%20styles" title="crustal contamination styles">crustal contamination styles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magma%20chambers" title=" magma chambers"> magma chambers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magma%20sources" title=" magma sources"> magma sources</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple%20sills%20emplacement" title=" multiple sills emplacement"> multiple sills emplacement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96022/the-sr-nd-isotope-data-of-the-platreef-rocks-from-the-northern-limb-of-the-bushveld-igneous-complex-evidence-of-contrasting-magma-composition-and-origin" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96022.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">167</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1283</span> Comprehensive Study of X-Ray Emission by APF Plasma Focus Device</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Habibi">M. Habibi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The time-resolved studies of soft and hard X-ray were carried out over a wide range of argon pressures by employing an array of eight filtered photo PIN diodes and a scintillation detector, simultaneously. In 50% of the discharges, the soft X-ray is seen to be emitted in short multiple pulses corresponding to different compression, whereas it is a single pulse for hard X-rays corresponding to only the first strong compression. It should be stated that multiple compressions dominantly occur at low pressures and high pressures are mostly in the single compression regime. In 43% of the discharges, at all pressures except for optimum pressure, the first period is characterized by two or more sharp peaks.The X–ray signal intensity during the second and subsequent compressions is much smaller than the first compression. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma%20focus%20device" title="plasma focus device">plasma focus device</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SXR" title=" SXR"> SXR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HXR" title=" HXR"> HXR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pin-diode" title=" Pin-diode"> Pin-diode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=argon%20plasma" title=" argon plasma"> argon plasma</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26796/comprehensive-study-of-x-ray-emission-by-apf-plasma-focus-device" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26796.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">408</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1282</span> Investigation of Nd-Al-Fe Added Nd-Fe-B Alloy Produced by Arc Melting</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G%C3%BClten%20Sadullaho%C4%9Flu">Gülten Sadullahoğlu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Baki%20Altuncevahir"> Baki Altuncevahir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The scope of this study, to investigate the magnetic properties and microstructure of Nd₂Fe₁₄B₁ by alloying with Nd₃₃.₄Fe₆₂.₆Al₄, and heat treating it at different temperatures. The stoichiometric Nd₂Fe₁₄B hard magnetic alloy and Nd₃₃.₄Fe₆₂.₆Al₄ composition was produced by arc melting under argon atmosphere. The Nd₃₃.₄Fe₆₂.₆Al₄ alloy has added to the 2:14:1 hard magnetic alloy with 48% by weight, and melted again by arc melting. Then, it was heat treated at 600, 700 and 800˚C for 3h under vacuum. In AC magnetic susceptibility measurements, for the as-cast sample, the signals decreased sharply at 101 ˚C and 313 ˚C corresponding to the Curie temperatures of the two ferromagnetic phases in addition to Fe phase. For the sample annealed at 600 ˚C, two Curie points were observed at about 257˚C and at 313˚C. However, the phase corresponding to the Curie temperature of 101 ˚C was disappeared. According to the magnetization measurements, the saturation magnetization has the highest value of 99.8 emu/g for the sample annealed at 600 ˚C, and decreased to 57.66 and 28.6 emu/g for the samples annealed at 700˚ and 800 ˚C respectively. Heat treatment resulted in an evolution of the new phase that caused changes in magnetic properties of the alloys. In order to have a clear picture, the identification of these phases are being under the investigation by XRD and SEM–EDX analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NdFeB%20hard%20magnets" title="NdFeB hard magnets">NdFeB hard magnets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bulk%20magnetic%20materials" title=" bulk magnetic materials"> bulk magnetic materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arc%20melting" title=" arc melting"> arc melting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Curie%20temperature" title=" Curie temperature"> Curie temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20treatment" title=" heat treatment"> heat treatment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67627/investigation-of-nd-al-fe-added-nd-fe-b-alloy-produced-by-arc-melting" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67627.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">284</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1281</span> The Geochemical Characteristic and Tectonic Setting of Mezoic-Cenozoic Volcanic and Granitic Rocks in Southern Sumatra, Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syahrir%20Andi%20Mangga">Syahrir Andi Mangga</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> During 1989–1993, the Geological Research and Development Center (recent Geological Survey Institute) Geological Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia was the collaboration with British Geological Survey, the United Kingdom to do technical assistance in order to collect data of geology in Sumatra Island. The overall corporation of technical programs was larger concern in stratigraphy, geochemical and age-dating studies. Availability of new data has been stimulated to reassessment of tectonic evolution of Sumatra Island. The study area located in Southern Sumatra within at latitudes 0°-6° S and 99°40’-106’00 E longitudes. The study tectonic is situated within along South Western margin of Sunda land, The Southeast Asia Continental extension arc of the Eurasian Plate and formed as part of Sunda Arc. The oceanic crust of Indian-Australian plate recently is being oblique subduction along the Sunda Trench off the West coast Sumatra. The Mesozoic-Cenozoic of the volcanic and granitic rocks can be divided into northern and southern plutons, defining a series subparallel, controlled by fault, northwest-southeast trending belts, some of the plutons are deformed and under-formed. They are widely exposed along the south-eastern side of the Barisan mountain. Based on the characteristic of minerals and crystallography, rocks found in this study area were granite, granitic, monzogranite and andesitic-Basaltic Volcanic Rock. It belongs to calc Alkaline was predominantly metalumina, I-Type Granite, Volcanic arc granites, Syncollisonal Granites (Syn_COLG) and tholeiitic basalt. It was formed since 169±5 to 20±1 Ma. The origin of magmas in interpreted to be derived from partial melting of igneous rock. The occurrence of the gratoid and volcanic rocks supposed to be closely related to the subduction of the Australian-Hindia oceanic crust beneath the Eurasia/Sunda land Continental Crust as Volcanic arc or continental margin granitic and shown youngest to the southwest. The subduction process having probably been different in position between one terrane to others led to the occurrence of segmentation subduction system. The positional discontinuities of the subduction are probably caused by the difference in time of emplacement and mechanism of volcanic and granitic rock between segments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tectonic%20setting" title="tectonic setting">tectonic setting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I-type%20granitic" title=" I-type granitic"> I-type granitic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subduction" title=" subduction"> subduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Southern%20Sumatra" title=" Southern Sumatra"> Southern Sumatra</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60668/the-geochemical-characteristic-and-tectonic-setting-of-mezoic-cenozoic-volcanic-and-granitic-rocks-in-southern-sumatra-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60668.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">246</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1280</span> A Model-Reference Sliding Mode for Dual-Stage Actuator Servo Control in HDD</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Sonkham">S. Sonkham</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=U.%20Pinsopon"> U. Pinsopon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Chatlatanagulchai"> W. Chatlatanagulchai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a method of sliding mode control (SMC) designing and developing for the servo system in a dual-stage actuator (DSA) hard disk drive. Mathematical modelling of hard disk drive actuators is obtained, extracted from measuring frequency response of the voice-coil motor (VCM) and PZT micro-actuator separately. Matlab software tools are used for mathematical model estimation and also for controller design and simulation. A model-reference approach for tracking requirement is selected as a proposed technique. The simulation results show that performance of a model-reference SMC controller design in DSA servo control can be satisfied in the tracking error, as well as keeping the positioning of the head within the boundary of +/-5% of track width under the presence of internal and external disturbance. The overall results of model-reference SMC design in DSA are met per requirement specifications and significant reduction in %off track is found when compared to the single-state actuator (SSA). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hard%20disk%20drive" title="hard disk drive">hard disk drive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dual-stage%20actuator" title=" dual-stage actuator"> dual-stage actuator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=track%20following" title=" track following"> track following</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hdd%20servo%20control" title=" hdd servo control"> hdd servo control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sliding%20mode%20control" title=" sliding mode control"> sliding mode control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model-reference" title=" model-reference"> model-reference</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tracking%20control" title=" tracking control"> tracking control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6748/a-model-reference-sliding-mode-for-dual-stage-actuator-servo-control-in-hdd" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6748.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">365</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1279</span> Geochemical Characterization for Identification of Hydrocarbon Generation: Implication of Unconventional Gas Resources</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yousif%20M.%20Makeen">Yousif M. Makeen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research will address the processes of geochemical characterization and hydrocarbon generation process occurring within hydrocarbon source and/or reservoir rocks. The geochemical characterization includes organic-inorganic associations that influence the storage capacity of unconventional hydrocarbon resources (e.g. shale gas) and the migration process of oil/gas of the petroleum source/reservoir rocks. Kerogen i.e. the precursor of petroleum, occurs in various forms and types, may either be oil-prone, gas-prone, or both. China has a number of petroleum-bearing sedimentary basins commonly associated with shale gas, oil sands, and oil shale. Taken Sichuan basin as a selected basin in this study, the Sichuan basin has recorded notable successful discoveries of shale gas especially in the marine shale reservoirs within the area. However, a notable discoveries of lacustrine shale in the North-Este Fuling area indicate the accumulation of shale gas within non-marine source rock. The objective of this study is to evaluate the hydrocarbon storage capacity, generation, and retention processes in the rock matrix of hydrocarbon source/reservoir rocks within the Sichuan basin using an advanced X-ray tomography 3D imaging computational technology, commonly referred to as Micro-CT, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), optical microscope as well as organic geochemical facilities (e.g. vitrinite reflectance and UV light). The preliminary results of this study show that the lacustrine shales under investigation are acting as both source and reservoir rocks, which are characterized by very fine grains and very low permeability and porosity. Three pore structures have also been characterized in the study in the lacustrine shales, including organic matter pores, interparticle pores and intraparticle pores using x-ray Computed Tomography (CT). The benefits of this study would be a more successful oil and gas exploration and higher recovery factor, thus having a direct economic impact on China and the surrounding region. Methodologies: SRA TOC/TPH or Rock-Eval technique will be used to determine the source rock richness (S1 and S2) and Tmax. TOC analysis will be carried out using a multi N/C 3100 analyzer. The SRA and TOC results were used in calculating other parameters such as hydrogen index (HI) and production index (PI). This analysis will indicate the quantity of the organic matter. Minimum TOC limits generally accepted as essential for a source-rock are 0.5% for shales and 0.2% for carbonates. Contributions: This research could solve issues related to oil potential, provide targets, and serve as a pathfinder to future exploration activity in the Sichuan basin. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shale%20gas" title="shale gas">shale gas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unconventional%20resources" title=" unconventional resources"> unconventional resources</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organic%20chemistry" title=" organic chemistry"> organic chemistry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sichuan%20basin" title=" Sichuan basin"> Sichuan basin</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186791/geochemical-characterization-for-identification-of-hydrocarbon-generation-implication-of-unconventional-gas-resources" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186791.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">37</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1278</span> Estimation of Physico-Mechanical Properties of Tuffs (Turkey) from Indirect Methods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20Gok">Mustafa Gok</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sair%20Kahraman"> Sair Kahraman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20Fener"> Mustafa Fener</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In rock engineering applications, determining uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), Brazilian tensile strength (BTS), and basic index properties such as density, porosity, and water absorption is crucial for the design of both underground and surface structures. However, obtaining reliable samples for direct testing, especially from rocks that weather quickly and have low strength, is often challenging. In such cases, indirect methods provide a practical alternative to estimate the physical and mechanical properties of these rocks. In this study, tuff samples collected from the Cappadocia region (Nevşehir) in Turkey were subjected to indirect testing methods. Over 100 tests were conducted, using needle penetrometer index (NPI), point load strength index (PLI), and disc shear index (BPI) to estimate the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), Brazilian tensile strength (BTS), density, and water absorption index of the tuffs. The relationships between the results of these indirect tests and the target physical properties were evaluated using simple and multiple regression analyses. The findings of this research reveal strong correlations between the indirect methods and the mechanical properties of the tuffs. Both uniaxial compressive strength and Brazilian tensile strength could be accurately predicted using NPI, PLI, and BPI values. The regression models developed in this study allow for rapid, cost-effective assessments of tuff strength in cases where direct testing is impractical. These results are particularly valuable for geological engineering applications, where time and resource constraints exist. This study highlights the significance of using indirect methods as reliable predictors of the mechanical behavior of weak rocks like tuffs. Further research is recommended to explore the application of these methods to other rock types with similar characteristics. Further research is required to compare the results with those of established direct test methods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brazilian%20tensile%20strength" title="brazilian tensile strength">brazilian tensile strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disc%20shear%20strength" title=" disc shear strength"> disc shear strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indirect%20methods" title=" indirect methods"> indirect methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tuffs" title=" tuffs"> tuffs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uniaxial%20compressive%20strength" title=" uniaxial compressive strength"> uniaxial compressive strength</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193102/estimation-of-physico-mechanical-properties-of-tuffs-turkey-from-indirect-methods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193102.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">16</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1277</span> Characteristics of the Rocks Glacier Deposits in the Southern Carpathians, Romania</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Petru%20Urdea">Petru Urdea</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As a distinct part of the mountain system, the rock glacier system is a particularly periglacial debris system. Being an open system, it works in a manner of interconnection with others subsystems like glacial, cliffs, rocky slopes sand talus slope subsystems, which are sources of sediments. One characteristic is that for long periods of time it is like a storage unit for debris, and ice, and temporary for snow and water. In the Southern Carpathians 306 rock glaciers were identified. The vast majority of these rock glaciers, are talus rock glaciers, 74%, and 26%, are debris rock glaciers. In the area occupied by granites and granodiorites are present, 49% of all the rock glaciers, representing 61% of the area occupied by Southern Carpathians rock glaciers. This lithological dependence also leaves its mark on the specifics of the deposits, everything bearing the imprint of the particular way the rocks respond to the physical weathering processes, all in a periglacial regime. If in the domain of granites and granodiorites the blocks are large, - of metric order, even 10 m3 - , in the domain of the metamorphic rocks only gneisses can cut similar sizes. Amphibolites, amphibolitic schists, micaschists, sericite-chlorite schists and phyllites crop out in much smaller blocks, of decimetric order, mostly in the form of slabs. In the case of rock glaciers made up of large blocks, with a strcture of open-works type, the density and volume of voids between the blocks is greater, the smaller debris generating more compact structures with fewer voids. All these influences the thermal regime, associated with a certain type of air circulation during the seasons and the emergence of permafrost formation conditions. The rock glaciers are fed by rock falls, rock avalanches, debris flows, avalanches, so that the structure is heterogeneous, which is also reflected in the detailed topography of the rock glaciers. This heterogeneity is also influenced by the spatial assembly of the rock bodies in the supply area and, an element that cannot be omitted, the behavior of the rocks during periglacial weathering. The production of small gelifracts determines the filling of voids and the appearance of more compact structures, with effects on the creep process. In general, surface deposits are coarser, those in depth are finer, their characteristics being detectable by applying geophysical methods. The electrical tomography (ERT) and georadar (GPR) investigations carried out in the Făgăraş Mountains, Retezat and the Parâng Mountains, each with a different lithological specificity, allowed the identification of some differentiations, including the presence of permafrost bodies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20glaciers%20deposits" title="rock glaciers deposits">rock glaciers deposits</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structure" title=" structure"> structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lithology" title=" lithology"> lithology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=permafrost" title=" permafrost"> permafrost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Southern%20Carpathians" title=" Southern Carpathians"> Southern Carpathians</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Romania" title=" Romania"> Romania</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188432/characteristics-of-the-rocks-glacier-deposits-in-the-southern-carpathians-romania" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188432.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">26</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1276</span> Diagnosis of the Hydrological and Hydrogeological Potential in the Mancomojan Basin for Estimations of Offer and Demand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20M.%20Alzate">J. M. Alzate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Baena"> J. Baena</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work presents the final results of the ‘Diagnosis of the hydrological and hydrogeological potential in the Mancomojan basin for estimations of offer and demand’ with the purpose of obtaining solutions of domestic supply for the communities of the zone of study. There was realized the projection of population of the paths by three different scenes. The highest water total demand appears with the considerations of the scene 3, with a total demand for the year 2050 of 59.275 m3/year (1,88 l/s), being the path San Francisco the one that exercises a major pressure on the resource with a demand for the same year of the order of 31.189 m3/year (0,99 l/s). As for the hydrogeological potential of the zone and as alternative of supply of the studied communities, the stratigraphic columns obtained of the geophysical polls do not show strata saturated with water that could be considered to be a potential source of supply for the communities. The water registered in the geophysics tests presents very low resistances what indicates that he presents ions, this water meets in the rock interstices very thin granulometries which indicates that it is a water of constitution, and the flow of this one towards more permeable granulometries is void or limited. The underground resource that is registered so much in electrical vertical polls (SEV) as in tomography and that is saturating rocks of thin granulometry (clays and slimes), was demonstrated by content of ions, which is consistent with the abundant presence of plaster and the genesis marinades with transition to continental of the geological units in the zone. Predominant rocks are sedimentary, sandy rocks of grain I die principally, in minor proportion were observed also sandstones of thick grain to conglomerate with clastic rock of quartz, chert and siltstone of the Formation Mess and sandstones (of thin, average and thick grain) alternating with caps conglomerate whose thickness is, in general, between 5 and 15 cm, the nodules of sandstones are frequent with the same composition of the sandstones that contain them, in some cases with calcareous and crossed stratification of the formation Sincelejo Miembro Morroa. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrological" title="hydrological">hydrological</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogeological%20potential" title=" hydrogeological potential"> hydrogeological potential</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geotomography" title=" geotomography"> geotomography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vertical%20electrical%20sounding%20%28VES%29" title=" vertical electrical sounding (VES)"> vertical electrical sounding (VES)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47857/diagnosis-of-the-hydrological-and-hydrogeological-potential-in-the-mancomojan-basin-for-estimations-of-offer-and-demand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47857.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">260</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1275</span> Heavy Sulphide Material Characterization of Grasberg Block Cave Mine, Mimika, Papua: Implication for Tunnel Development and Mill Issue</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cahya%20Wimar%20Wicaksono">Cahya Wimar Wicaksono</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reynara%20Davin%20Chen"> Reynara Davin Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alvian%20Kristianto%20Santoso"> Alvian Kristianto Santoso</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Grasberg Cu-Au ore deposit as one of the biggest porphyry deposits located in Papua Province, Indonesia produced by several intrusion that restricted by Heavy Sulphide Zone (HSZ) in peripheral. HSZ is the rock that becomes the contact between Grassberg Igneous Complex (GIC) with sedimentary and igneous rock outside, which is rich in sulphide minerals such as pyrite ± pyrrhotite. This research is to obtain the characteristic of HSZ based on geotechnical, geochemical and mineralogy aspect and those implication for daily mining operational activities. Method used in this research are geological and alteration mapping, core logging, FAA (Fire Assay Analysis), AAS (Atomic absorption spectroscopy), RQD (Rock Quality Designation) and rock water content. Data generated from methods among RQD data, mineral composition and grade, lithological and structural geology distribution in research area. The mapping data show that HSZ material characteristics divided into three type based on rocks association, there are near igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and on HSZ area. And also divided based on its location, north and south part of research area. HSZ material characteristic consist of rock which rich of pyrite ± pyrrhotite, and RQD range valued about 25%-100%. Pyrite ± pyrrhotite which outcropped will react with H₂O and O₂ resulting acid that generates corrosive effect on steel wire and rockbolt. Whereas, pyrite precipitation proses in HSZ forming combustible H₂S gas which is harmful during blasting activities. Furthermore, the impact of H₂S gas in blasting activities is forming poison gas SO₂. Although HSZ high grade Cu-Au, however those high grade Cu-Au rich in sulphide components which is affected in flotation milling process. Pyrite ± pyrrhotite in HSZ will chemically react with Cu-Au that will settle in milling process instead of floating. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combustible" title="combustible">combustible</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrosive" title=" corrosive"> corrosive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20sulphide%20zone" title=" heavy sulphide zone"> heavy sulphide zone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyrite%20%C2%B1%20pyrrhotite" title=" pyrite ± pyrrhotite"> pyrite ± pyrrhotite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82797/heavy-sulphide-material-characterization-of-grasberg-block-cave-mine-mimika-papua-implication-for-tunnel-development-and-mill-issue" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82797.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">326</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1274</span> Factors Affecting Access to Education: The Experiences of Parents of Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanh%20Thi%20My%20Nguyen">Hanh Thi My Nguyen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this research is to examine the experiences of parents of children who are deaf or hard of hearing in supporting their children to access education in Vietnam. Parents play a crucial role in supporting their children to gain full access to education. It was widely reported that parents of those children confronted a range of problems to support their children to access education. To author’s best knowledge, there has been a lack of research exploring the experiences of those parents in literature. This research examines factors affecting those parents in supporting their children to access education. To conduct the study, qualitative approach using a phenomenological research design was chosen to explore the central phenomena. Ten parents of children who were diagnosed as deaf or hard of hearing and aged 6-9 years were recruited through the support of the Association of Parents of Children with Hearing Impairment. Participants were interviewed via telephone with a mix of open and closed questions; interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and thematically analysed. The research results show that there are nine main factors that affected the parents in this study in making decisions relating to education for their children including: lack of information resources, perspectives of those parents on communication approaches, the families’ financial capacity, the psychological impact on the participants after their children’ diagnosis, the attitude of family members, attitude of school administrators, lack of local schools and qualified teachers, and current education system for the deaf in Vietnam. Apart from those factors, the lack of knowledge of the participants’ partners about deaf education and the partners’ employment are barriers to educational access and successful communication with their child. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=access%20to%20education" title="access to education">access to education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deaf" title=" deaf"> deaf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hard%20of%20hearing" title=" hard of hearing"> hard of hearing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parents%20experience" title=" parents experience"> parents experience</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92067/factors-affecting-access-to-education-the-experiences-of-parents-of-children-who-are-deaf-or-hard-of-hearing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92067.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1273</span> Application of Seismic Refraction Method in Geotechnical Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdalla%20Mohamed%20M.%20Musbahi">Abdalla Mohamed M. Musbahi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study area lies in Al-Falah area on Airport-Tripoli in Zone (16) Where planned establishment of complex multi-floors for residential and commercial, this part was divided into seven subzone. In each sup zone, were collected Orthogonal profiles by using Seismic refraction method. The overall aim with this project is to investigate the applicability of Seismic refraction method is a commonly used traditional geophysical technique to determine depth-to-bedrock, competence of bedrock, depth to the water table, or depth to other seismic velocity boundaries The purpose of the work is to make engineers and decision makers recognize the importance of planning and execution of a pre-investigation program including geophysics and in particular seismic refraction method. The overall aim with this thesis is achieved by evaluation of seismic refraction method in different scales, determine the depth and velocity of the base layer (bed-rock). Calculate the elastic property in each layer in the region by using the Seismic refraction method. The orthogonal profiles was carried out in every subzones of (zone 16). The layout of the seismic refraction set up is schematically, the geophones are placed on the linear imaginary line whit a 5 m spacing, the three shot points (in beginning of layout–mid and end of layout) was used, in order to generate the P and S waves. The 1st and last shot point is placed about 5 meters from the geophones and the middle shot point is put in between 12th to 13th geophone, from time-distance curve the P and S waves was calculated and the thickness was estimated up to three-layers. As we know any change in values of physical properties of medium (shear modulus, bulk modulus, density) leads to change waves velocity which passing through medium where any change in properties of rocks cause change in velocity of waves. because the change in properties of rocks cause change in parameters of medium density (ρ), bulk modulus (κ), shear modulus (μ). Therefore, the velocity of waves which travel in rocks have close relationship with these parameters. Therefore we can estimate theses parameters by knowing primary and secondary velocity (p-wave, s-wave). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=application%20of%20seismic" title="application of seismic">application of seismic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geotechnical%20study" title=" geotechnical study"> geotechnical study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%20properties" title=" physical properties"> physical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic%20refraction" title=" seismic refraction "> seismic refraction </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23904/application-of-seismic-refraction-method-in-geotechnical-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23904.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">491</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1272</span> Application of 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomographic Imaging Technique to Study Climate Induced Landslide and Slope Stability through the Analysis of Factor of Safety: A Case Study in Ooty Area, Tamil Nadu, India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Maniruzzaman">S. Maniruzzaman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Ramanujam"> N. Ramanujam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qazi%20Akhter%20Rasool"> Qazi Akhter Rasool</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Swapan%20Kumar%20Biswas"> Swapan Kumar Biswas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Prasad"> P. Prasad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chandrakanta%20Ojha"> Chandrakanta Ojha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Landslide is one of the major natural disasters in South Asian countries. Applying 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomographic Imaging estimation of geometry, thickness, and depth of failure zone of the landslide can be made. Landslide is a pertinent problem in Nilgris plateau next to Himalaya. Nilgris range consists of hard Archean metamorphic rocks. Intense weathering prevailed during the Pre-Cambrian time had deformed the rocks up to 45m depth. The landslides are dominant in the southern and eastern part of plateau of is comparatively smaller than the northern drainage basins, as it has low density of drainage; coarse texture permitted the more of infiltration of rainwater, whereas in the northern part of the plateau entombed with high density of drainage pattern and fine texture with less infiltration than run off, and low to the susceptible to landslide. To get comprehensive information about the landslide zone 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomographic imaging study with CRM 500 Resistivity meter are used in Coonoor– Mettupalyam sector of Nilgiris plateau. To calculate Factor of Safety the infinite slope model of Brunsden and Prior is used. Factor of Safety can be expressed (FS) as the ratio of resisting forces to disturbing forces. If FS < 1 disturbing forces are larger than resisting forces and failure may occur. The geotechnical parameters of soil samples are calculated on the basis upon the apparent resistivity values for litho units of measured from 2D ERT image of the landslide zone. Relationship between friction angles for various soil properties is established by simple regression analysis from apparent resistivity data. Increase of water content in slide zone reduces the effectiveness of the shearing resistance and increase the sliding movement. Time-lapse resistivity changes to slope failure is determined through geophysical Factor of Safety which depends on resistivity and site topography. This ERT technique infers soil property at variable depths in wider areas. This approach to retrieve the soil property and overcomes the limit of the point of information provided by rain gauges and porous probes. Monitoring of slope stability without altering soil structure through the ERT technique is non-invasive with low cost. In landslide prone area an automated Electrical Resistivity Tomographic Imaging system should be installed permanently with electrode networks to monitor the hydraulic precursors to monitor landslide movement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=2D%20ERT" title="2D ERT">2D ERT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landslide" title=" landslide"> landslide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety%20factor" title=" safety factor"> safety factor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slope%20stability" title=" slope stability"> slope stability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68611/application-of-2d-electrical-resistivity-tomographic-imaging-technique-to-study-climate-induced-landslide-and-slope-stability-through-the-analysis-of-factor-of-safety-a-case-study-in-ooty-area-tamil-nadu-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68611.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">317</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1271</span> Model of Obstacle Avoidance on Hard Disk Drive Manufacturing with Distance Constraint </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rawinun%20Praserttaweelap">Rawinun Praserttaweelap</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Somyot%20Kiatwanidvilai"> Somyot Kiatwanidvilai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Obstacle avoidance is the one key for the robot system in unknown environment. The robots should be able to know their position and safety region. This research starts on the path planning which are SLAM and AMCL in ROS system. In addition, the best parameters of the obstacle avoidance function are required. In situation on Hard Disk Drive Manufacturing, the distance between robots and obstacles are very serious due to the manufacturing constraint. The simulations are accomplished by the SLAM and AMCL with adaptive velocity and safety region calculation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=obstacle%20avoidance" title="obstacle avoidance">obstacle avoidance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OA" title=" OA"> OA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Simultaneous%20Localization%20and%20Mapping" title=" Simultaneous Localization and Mapping"> Simultaneous Localization and Mapping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SLAM" title=" SLAM"> SLAM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adaptive%20Monte%20Carlo%20Localization" title=" Adaptive Monte Carlo Localization"> Adaptive Monte Carlo Localization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AMCL" title=" AMCL"> AMCL</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=KLD%20sampling" title=" KLD sampling"> KLD sampling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=KLD" title=" KLD"> KLD</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87279/model-of-obstacle-avoidance-on-hard-disk-drive-manufacturing-with-distance-constraint" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87279.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">198</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1270</span> Micro-CT Imaging Of Hard Tissues</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amir%20Davood%20Elmi">Amir Davood Elmi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> From the earliest light microscope to the most innovative X-ray imaging techniques, all of them have refined and improved our knowledge about the organization and composition of living tissues. The old techniques are time consuming and ultimately destructive to the tissues under the examination. In recent few decades, thanks to the boost of technology, non-destructive visualization techniques, such as X-ray computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), selective plane illumination microscopy (SPIM), and optical projection tomography (OPT), have come to the forefront. Among these techniques, CT is excellent for mineralized tissues such as bone or dentine. In addition, CT it is faster than other aforementioned techniques and the sample remains intact. In this article, applications, advantages, and limitations of micro-CT is discussed, in addition to some information about micro-CT of soft tissue. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Micro-CT" title="Micro-CT">Micro-CT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hard%20tissue" title=" hard tissue"> hard tissue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bone" title=" bone"> bone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attenuation%20coefficient" title=" attenuation coefficient"> attenuation coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rapid%20prototyping" title=" rapid prototyping"> rapid prototyping</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128393/micro-ct-imaging-of-hard-tissues" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128393.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1269</span> Radiation Effects and Defects in InAs, InP Compounds and Their Solid Solutions InPxAs1-x</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Kekelidze">N. Kekelidze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Kvirkvelia"> B. Kvirkvelia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Khutsishvili"> E. Khutsishvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Qamushadze"> T. Qamushadze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Kekelidze"> D. Kekelidze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Kobaidze"> R. Kobaidze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Chubinishvili"> Z. Chubinishvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Qobulashvili"> N. Qobulashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Kekelidze"> G. Kekelidze</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> On the basis of InAs, InP and their InP<sub>x</sub>As<sub>1-x</sub> solid solutions, the technologies were developed and materials were created where the electron concentration and optical and thermoelectric properties do not change under the irradiation with <em>Ф </em>= 2∙10<sup>18 </sup>n/cm<sup>2</sup> fluences of fast neutrons high-energy electrons (50 MeV, <em>Ф </em>= 6·10<sup>17 </sup>e/cm<sup>2</sup>) and 3 MeV electrons with fluence <em>Ф </em>= 3∙10<sup>18 </sup>e/cm<sup>2</sup>. The problem of obtaining such material has been solved, in which under hard irradiation the mobility of the electrons does not decrease, but increases. This material is characterized by high thermal stability up to T = 700 °C. The complex process of defects formation has been analyzed and shown that, despite of hard irradiation, the essential properties of investigated materials are mainly determined by point type defects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=InAs" title="InAs">InAs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=InP" title=" InP"> InP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20solutions" title=" solid solutions"> solid solutions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irradiation" title=" irradiation"> irradiation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102935/radiation-effects-and-defects-in-inas-inp-compounds-and-their-solid-solutions-inpxas1-x" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102935.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">180</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1268</span> Constraints on Source Rock Organic Matter Biodegradation in the Biogenic Gas Fields in the Sanhu Depression, Qaidam Basin, Northwestern China: A Study of Compound Concentration and Concentration Ratio Changes Using GC-MS Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mengsha%20Yin">Mengsha Yin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Extractable organic matter (EOM) from thirty-six biogenic gas source rocks from the Sanhu Depression in Qaidam Basin in northwestern China were obtained via Soxhlet extraction. Twenty-nine of them were conducted SARA (Saturates, Aromatics, Resins and Asphaltenes) separation for bulk composition analysis. Saturated and aromatic fractions of all the extractions were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to investigate the compound compositions. More abundant n-alkanes, naphthalene, phenanthrene, dibenzothiophene and their alkylated products occur in samples in shallower depths. From 2000m downward, concentrations of these compounds increase sharply, and concentration ratios of more-over-less biodegradation susceptible compounds coincidently decrease dramatically. ∑iC15-16, 18-20/∑nC15-16, 18-20 and hopanoids/∑n-alkanes concentration ratios and mono- and tri-aromatic sterane concentrations and concentration ratios frequently fluctuate with depth rather than trend with it, reflecting effects from organic input and paleoenvironments other than biodegradation. Saturated and aromatic compound distributions on the saturates and aromatics total ion chromatogram (TIC) traces of samples display different degrees of biodegradation. Dramatic and simultaneous variations in compound concentrations and their ratios at 2000m and their changes with depth underneath cooperatively justified the crucial control of burial depth on organic matter biodegradation scales in source rocks and prompted the proposition that 2000m is the bottom depth boundary for active microbial activities in this study. The study helps to better curb the conditions where effective source rocks occur in terms of depth in the Sanhu biogenic gas fields and calls for additional attention to source rock pore size estimation during biogenic gas source rock appraisals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pore%20space" title="pore space">pore space</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanhu%20depression" title=" Sanhu depression"> Sanhu depression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=saturated%20and%20aromatic%20hydrocarbon%20compound%20concentration" title=" saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon compound concentration"> saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon compound concentration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=source%20rock%20organic%20matter%20biodegradation" title=" source rock organic matter biodegradation"> source rock organic matter biodegradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20ion%20chromatogram" title=" total ion chromatogram"> total ion chromatogram</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100707/constraints-on-source-rock-organic-matter-biodegradation-in-the-biogenic-gas-fields-in-the-sanhu-depression-qaidam-basin-northwestern-china-a-study-of-compound-concentration-and-concentration-ratio-changes-using-gc-ms-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100707.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">156</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1267</span> Assessment of Amphibian Diversity and Status of Their Habitats through Physico-Chemical Parameters in Sindh, Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kalsoom%20Shaikh">Kalsoom Shaikh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghulam%20Sarwar%20Gachal"> Ghulam Sarwar Gachal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saima%20Memon"> Saima Memon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Our study aimed to assess diversity and habitats of amphibian fauna in Sindh province as amphibians are among most vulnerable animals and the risk of their extinction is increasing in many parts of world mainly due to habitat degradation. Present study consisted of field surveys and laboratory analytical work; field surveys were carried out to confirm amphibian diversity and collection of water samples from their habitats, whereas laboratory work was conducted for identification of species and analysis of water quality of habitats through physico-chemical parameters. For identification of amphibian species, morphology was thoroughly examined using taxonomic key, whereas water quality was assessed via physico-chemical parameters including pH, electric conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (T. Hard), total alkalinity (T. Alk), chloride (Cl), carbon dioxide (CO₂), sulfate (SO₄), phosphate (PO₄), nitrite (NO₂) and nitrate (NO₃) using material and methods of analytical grade. pH value was analyzed using pH meter, whereas levels of EC and TDS were recorded using conductivity meter and TDS meter, respectively. Other parameters with exception of non-metallic parameters (SO₄, PO₄, NO₂, and NO₃) were analyzed through distinct titration methods. Concentration of non-metallic parameters was evaluated using ultra-violet spectrophotometer. This study revealed existence of four amphibian species including Hoplobatrachus tigerinus, Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis, Allopa hazarensis belonging to Family Ranidae and Bufo stomaticus (Family Bufonidae) randomly distributed in district Ghotki, Jamshoro, Kashmor, Larkana, Matiari and Shikarpur in Sindh. Assessment of aquatic habitats in different areas found value of parameters as followed: Habitats in district Ghoki (pH: 7.8 ± 0.3, EC: 2165.3 ± 712.6, TDS: 1507.0 ± 413.1, T-Hard: 416.4 ± 67.5, T. Alk: 393.4 ± 78.4, Cl: 362.4 ± 70.1, CO₂: 21.1 ± 3.5, SO₄: 429.3 ± 100.1, PO₄: 487.5 ± 122.5, NO₂: 13.7 ± 1.0, NO₃: 14.7 ± 2.5), district Jamshoro habitats (pH: 8.1 ± 0.4, EC: 2403.8 ± 55.4, TDS: 1697.2 ± 77.0, T. Hard: 548.7 ± 43.2, T. Alk: 294.4 ± 29.0, Cl: 454.7 ± 50.8 CO₂: 16.9 ± 2.4, SO₄: 713.0 ± 49.3, PO₄: 826.2 ± 53.0, NO₂: 15.2 ± 3.4, NO₃: 21.6 ± 3.7), habitats in Kashmor district (pH: 8.0 ± 0.5, EC: 2450.3 ± 610.9, TDS: 1745.3 ± 440.9, T. Hard: 624.6 ± 305.8, T. Alk: 445.7 ± 120.5, Cl: 448.9 ± 128.8, CO₂: 18.9 ± 4.5, SO₄: 619.8 ± 205.8, PO₄: 474.1 ± 94.2, NO₂: 15.2 ± 3.1, NO₃ 14.3 ± 2.6), district Larkana habitats (pH: 8.4 ± 0.4, EC: 2555.8 ± 70.3, TDS: 1784.4 ± 36.9, T. Hard: 623.0 ± 42.5, T. Alk: 329.6 ± 36.7, Cl: 614.3 ± 89.5, CO₂: 17.6 ± 1.2, SO₄: 845.1 ± 67.6, PO₄: 895.0 ± 61.4, NO₂: 13.6 ± 3.8, NO₃: 23.1 ± 2.8), district Matiari habitats (pH: 8.0 ± 0.4 EC: 2492.3 ± 928.1, TDS: 430.0 ± 161.3, T. Hard: 396.7 ± 183.3, T. Alk: 388.1 ± 97.4, Cl: 551.6 ± 73.4, CO₂: 15.8 ± 2.9, SO₄: 576.5 ± 200.0, PO₄: 434.7 ± 100.6, NO₂: 15.8 ± 2.9, NO₃: 15.2 ± 3.0) and habitats in Shikarpur district (pH: 8.1 ± 0.6, EC: 2191.7 ± 765.1, TDS: 1764.9 ± 409.2, T. Hard: 431.9 ± 68.4,T. Alk: 350.3 ± 44.3, Cl: 381.5 ± 29.5, CO₂: 18.0 ± 4.0, SO₄: 518.8 ± 97.9, PO₄: 493.6 ± 64.6, NO₂: 14.0 ± 0.8, NO₃: 16.1 ± 2.8). Values of physico-chemical parameters were found higher than permissible level of Environmental Protectiona Agency (EPA). Monthly variation in concentration of physico-chemical parameters was also prominently recorded at all the study locals. This study discovered poor diversity of amphibian fauna and condition of their habitats was also observed as pitiable. This study established base line information that may be used in execution of an effective management plan and future monitoring of amphibian diversity and their habitats in Sindh. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amphibians" title="amphibians">amphibians</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diversity" title=" diversity"> diversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=habitats" title=" habitats"> habitats</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pakistan" title=" Pakistan"> Pakistan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sindh" title=" Sindh"> Sindh</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95100/assessment-of-amphibian-diversity-and-status-of-their-habitats-through-physico-chemical-parameters-in-sindh-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95100.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">164</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1266</span> The Nature of Mineralizing Fluids in the Hammam Zriba Deposit (F-Ba-Sr-Pb-Zn) in North-eastern Tunisia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miladi%20Yasmine">Miladi Yasmine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bouhlel%20Salah"> Bouhlel Salah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Banks"> David Banks</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Hammam Zriba (F-Ba-Sr-Pb-Zn) ore deposits of the Zaghouan district are located in northeast Tunisia, 60 Km south of Tunis. The host rocks belong to the Ressas Formation (Tithonian age) and lower Cretaceous layers. Mineralization occurs as stratiform replacement heaps and lenses. The mineral assemblage is composed of fluorite, barite, sphalerite, and galena. Primary fluid inclusions in sphalerite have homogenization temperatures ranging from 83 to 140°C, final melting temperature range from −18 to −7.0, corresponding to salinities of 5 to 21 wt % NaCl equivalent. Fluid inclusions in fluorite homogenize to the liquid phase between 132 and 178°C. Final ice melting temperatures range from −25 to −6.8 °C, corresponding to salinities between 17 and 24 wt% NaCl Equivalent. The LA-ICP-MS analyses of the fluid inclusions in fluorite show that these fluids are dominated by Na>Ca>K>Mg, with the concentration of Fe being equivalent to that of Mg. Microthermometric analyses of the fluid inclusions observed in fluorite and sphalerite show that two distinct fluids were involved in the mineralization deposition: a warmer saline fluid (132-178°C, 17-24 wt % NaCl equivalent) and cooler saline fluid (83°C-140, 5-21 wt %NaCl equivalent). The ore fluid result from highly saline and Na-Ca dominated with lower Mg concentrations come from the leaching of the dolomitic host rocks by the fluids. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hammam%20Zriba" title="Hammam Zriba ">Hammam Zriba </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluid%20inclusions" title=" fluid inclusions"> fluid inclusions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LA-ICP-MS" title=" LA-ICP-MS"> LA-ICP-MS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zaghouan%20district" title=" Zaghouan district"> Zaghouan district</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149849/the-nature-of-mineralizing-fluids-in-the-hammam-zriba-deposit-f-ba-sr-pb-zn-in-north-eastern-tunisia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149849.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">103</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1265</span> A Review of Paleo-Depositional Environment and Thermal Alteration Index of Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic of A1-9 well, NW Libya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Ali%20Alrabib">Mohamed Ali Alrabib</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper introduces a paleoenvironmental and hydrocarbon show in this well was identified in the interval of Dembaba formation to the Hassaona formation was poor to very poor oil show. And from palaeoenvironmental analysis there is neither particularly good reservoir nor source rock have been developed in the area. Recent palaeoenvironment work undertakes that the sedimentary succession in this area comprises the Upper Paleozoic rock of the Carboniferous and Permian and the Mesozoic (Triassic) sedimentary sequences. No early Paleozoic rocks have been found in this area, these rocks were eroding during the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian time. During Latest Permian and earliest Triassic time evidence for major marine transgression has occurred. From depths 5930-5940 feet, to 10800-10810 feet, the TAI of the Al Guidr, the Bir Al Jaja Al Uotia, Hebilia and the top varies between 3+ to 4-(mature-dry gas). This interval corporate the rest part of the Dembaba Formation. From depth 10800- 10810 feet, until total sediment depth (11944 feet Log) which corporate the rest of the Dembaba and underlying equivalents of the Assedjefar and M rar Formations and the underlying Indeterminate unit (Hassouna Formation) the TAI varies between 4 and 5 (dry gas-black& deformed). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paleoenveronments" title="paleoenveronments">paleoenveronments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermail%20index" title=" thermail index"> thermail index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carboniferous" title=" carboniferous"> carboniferous</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Libya" title=" Libya"> Libya</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19450/a-review-of-paleo-depositional-environment-and-thermal-alteration-index-of-carboniferous-permian-and-triassic-of-a1-9-well-nw-libya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19450.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">439</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1264</span> Hear Me: The Learning Experience on “Zoom” of Students With Deafness or Hard of Hearing Impairments</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Weigelt-Marom">H. Weigelt-Marom</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Over the years and up to the arousal of the COVID-19 pandemic, deaf or hard of hearing students studying in higher education institutions, participated lectures on campus using hearing aids and strategies adapted for frontal learning in a classroom. Usually, these aids were well known to them from their earlier study experience in school. However, the transition to online lessons, due to the latest pandemic, led deaf or hard of hearing students to study outside of their physical, well known learning environment. The change of learning environment and structure rose new challenges for these students. The present study examined the learning experience, limitations, challenges and benefits regarding learning online with lecture and classmates via the “Zoom” video conference program, among deaf or hard of hearing students in academia setting. In addition, emotional and social aspects related to learning in general versus the “Zoom” were examined. The study included 18 students diagnosed as deaf or hard of hearing, studying in various higher education institutions in Israel. All students had experienced lessons on the “Zoom”. Following allocation of the group study by the deaf and hard of hearing non-profit organization “Ma’agalei Shema”, and receiving the participants inform of consent, students were requested to answer a google form questioner and participate in an interview. The questioner included background information (e.g., age, year of studying, faculty etc.), level of computer literacy, and level of hearing and forms of communication (e.g., lip reading, sign language etc.). The interviews included a one on one, semi-structured, in-depth interview, conducted by the main researcher of the study (interview duration: up to 60 minutes). The interviews were held on “ZOOM” using specific adaptations for each interviewee: clear face screen of the interviewer for lip and face reading, and/ or professional sign language or live text transcript of the conversation. Additionally, interviewees used their audio devices if needed. Questions regarded: learning experience, difficulties and advantages studying using “Zoom”, learning in a classroom versus on “Zoom”, and questions concerning emotional and social aspects related to learning. Thematic analysis of the interviews revealed severe difficulties regarding the ability of deaf or hard of hearing students to comprehend during ”Zoom“ lessons without adoptive aids. For example, interviewees indicated difficulties understanding “Zoom” lessons due to their inability to use hearing devices commonly used by them in the classroom (e.g., FM systems). 80% indicated that they could not comprehend “Zoom” lessons since they could not see the lectures face, either because lectures did not agree to open their cameras or, either because they did not keep a straight forward clear face appearance while teaching. However, not all descriptions regarded learning via the “zoom” were negative. For example, 20% reported the recording of “Zoom” lessons as a main advantage. Enabling then to repeatedly watch the lessons at their own pace, mostly assisted by friends and family to translate the audio output into an accessible input. These finding and others regarding the learning experience of the group study on the “Zoom”, as well as their recommendation to enable deaf or hard of hearing students to study inclusively online, will be presented at the conference. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deaf%20or%20hard%20of%20hearing" title="deaf or hard of hearing">deaf or hard of hearing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning%20experience" title=" learning experience"> learning experience</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zoom" title=" Zoom"> Zoom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=qualitative%20research" title=" qualitative research"> qualitative research</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147932/hear-me-the-learning-experience-on-zoom-of-students-with-deafness-or-hard-of-hearing-impairments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147932.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">116</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1263</span> Index and Mechanical Geotechnical Properties and Their Control on the Strength and Durability of the Cainozoic Calcarenites in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luvuno%20N.%20Jele">Luvuno N. Jele</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Warwick%20W.%20Hastie"> Warwick W. Hastie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrew%20Green"> Andrew Green</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Calcarenite is a clastic sedimentary beach rock composed of more than 50% sand sized (0.0625 – 2 mm) carbonate grains. In South Africa, these rocks occur as a narrow belt along most of the coast of KwaZulu-Natal and sporadically along the coast of the Eastern Cape. Calcarenites contain a high percentage of calcium carbonate, and due to a number of its physical and structural features, like porosity, cementing material, sedimentary structures, grain shape, and grain size; they are more prone to chemical and mechanical weathering. The objective of the research is to study the strength and compressibility characteristics of the calcarenites along the coast of KwaZulu-Natal to be able to better understand the geotechnical behaviour of these rocks, which may help to predict areas along the coast which may be potentially susceptible to failure/differential settling resulting in damage to property. A total of 148 cores were prepared and analyzed. Cores were analyzed perpendicular and parallel to bedding. Tests were carried out in accordance with the relevant codes and recommendations of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, American Standard Testing Methods, and Committee of Land and Transport Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Works for State Road Authorities. Test carried out included: x-ray diffraction, petrography, shape preferred orientation (SPO), 3-D Tomography, rock porosity, rock permeability, ethylene glycol, slake durability, rock water absorption, Duncan swelling index, triaxial compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength and uniaxial compression test with elastic modulus. The beach-rocks have a uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) ranging from 17,84Mpa to 287,35Mpa and exhibit three types of failure; (1) single sliding shear failure, (2) complete cone development, and (3) splitting failure. Brazilian tensile strength of the rocks ranges from 2.56 Mpa to 12,40 Ma, with those tested perpendicular to bedding showing lower tensile strength. Triaxial compressive tests indicate calcarenites have strength ranging from 86,10 Mpa to 371,85 Mpa. Common failure mode in the triaxial test is a single sliding shear failure. Porosity of the rocks varies from 1.25 % to 26.52 %. Rock tests indicate that the direction of loading, whether it be parallel to bedding or perpendicular to bedding, plays no significantrole in the strength and durability of the calcarenites. Porosity, cement type, and grain texture play major roles.UCS results indicate that saturated cores are weaker in strength compared to dry samples. Thus, water or moisture content plays a significant role in the strength and durability of the beach-rock. Loosely packed, highly porous and low magnesian-calcite bearing calcarenites show a decrease in strength compared to the densely packed, low porosity and high magnesian-calcite bearing calcarenites. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beach-rock" title="beach-rock">beach-rock</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcarenite" title=" calcarenite"> calcarenite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cement" title=" cement"> cement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive" title=" compressive"> compressive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=failure" title=" failure"> failure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porosity" title=" porosity"> porosity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strength" title=" strength"> strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tensile" title=" tensile"> tensile</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grains" title=" grains"> grains</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155225/index-and-mechanical-geotechnical-properties-and-their-control-on-the-strength-and-durability-of-the-cainozoic-calcarenites-in-kwazulu-natal-south-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155225.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">94</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hard%20rocks&page=4" rel="prev">&lsaquo;</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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