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class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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<li id="toc-Nordic_folk_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nordic_folk_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Nordic folk music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nordic_folk_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Black metal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precursors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Precursors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Characteristics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Characteristics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Musical_traits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_traits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Musical traits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_traits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence_from_sea_shanties_and_popular_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_from_sea_shanties_and_popular_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Influence from sea shanties and popular media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_from_sea_shanties_and_popular_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thematic_and_lyrical_focus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thematic_and_lyrical_focus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Thematic and lyrical focus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thematic_and_lyrical_focus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paganism_and_opposition_to_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paganism_and_opposition_to_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Paganism and opposition to Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paganism_and_opposition_to_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_pagan_metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_pagan_metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Relationship to pagan metal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_pagan_metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masculinity,_heroism,_and_racial_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masculinity,_heroism,_and_racial_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Masculinity, heroism, and racial identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masculinity,_heroism,_and_racial_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bathory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bathory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Bathory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bathory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enslaved" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enslaved"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Enslaved </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enslaved-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burzum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burzum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Burzum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burzum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_pioneers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_pioneers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Other pioneers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_pioneers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amon_Amarth_and_Unleashed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amon_Amarth_and_Unleashed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Amon Amarth and Unleashed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amon_Amarth_and_Unleashed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread_outside_the_Nordic_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_outside_the_Nordic_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Spread outside the Nordic countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread_outside_the_Nordic_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_pagan_metal_and_Modern_Pagan_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_pagan_metal_and_Modern_Pagan_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Influence on pagan metal and Modern Pagan movements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_pagan_metal_and_Modern_Pagan_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Notes and references </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes and references subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Viking metal</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" > 42 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikinq-metal" title="Vikinq-metal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vikinq-metal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Вікінг-метал – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вікінг-метал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3-%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Вікінг-мэтал – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вікінг-мэтал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Викинг метъл – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Викинг метъл" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_metal" title="Viking metal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Viking metal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_metal" title="Viking metal – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Viking metal" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_metal" title="Viking metal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Viking metal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Metal" title="Viking Metal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Viking Metal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_metal" title="Viking metal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Viking metal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="وایکینگ متال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وایکینگ متال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_metal" title="Viking metal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Viking metal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_metal" title="Viking metal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Viking metal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%ED%82%B9_%EB%A9%94%ED%83%88" title="바이킹 메탈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바이킹 메탈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_metal" title="Viking metal – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Viking metal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_viking" title="Metal viking – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Metal viking" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADkinga%C3%BEungarokk" title="Víkingaþungarokk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Víkingaþungarokk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_metal" title="Viking metal – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Viking metal" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C" title="ויקינג מטאל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויקינג מטאל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ვიკინგური მეტალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიკინგური მეტალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Metal" title="Viking Metal – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Viking Metal" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_metal" title="Viking metal – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Viking metal" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Викиншки метал – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Викиншки метал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_metal" title="Viking metal – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="Viking metal" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingmetal" title="Vikingmetal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vikingmetal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB" title="ヴァイキング・メタル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴァイキング・メタル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_metal" title="Viking metal – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Viking metal" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_metal" title="Viking metal – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Viking metal" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_metal" title="Viking metal – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Viking metal" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_metal" title="Viking metal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Viking metal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_metal" title="Viking metal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Viking metal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Викинг-метал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Викинг-метал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_metal" title="Viking metal – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Viking metal" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_metal" title="Viking metal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Viking metal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_metal" title="Viking metal – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Viking metal" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_metal" title="Viking metal – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Viking metal" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Викинг метал – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Викинг метал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viikinkimetalli" title="Viikinkimetalli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viikinkimetalli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_metal" title="Viking metal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Viking metal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வைகிங்கு மெட்டல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வைகிங்கு மெட்டல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_metal" title="Viking metal – Turkish" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subgenre of heavy metal</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Viking metal</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">Black metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_folk_music" title="Nordic folk music">Nordic folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_shanties" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea shanties">sea shanties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Late 1980s – mid-1990s; <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Typical instruments</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Electric guitar</li> <li>bass guitar</li> <li>drums</li> <li>keyboards</li> <li>singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic music">Nordic</a> <a href="/wiki/Folk_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk instruments">folk instruments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Pagan_metal" title="Pagan metal">Pagan metal</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Regional scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_popular_music" title="Nordic popular music">Nordic countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Viking_metal_bands" title="List of Viking metal bands">List of bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse religion">Norse religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_revival" title="Viking revival">Viking revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_rock" title="Viking rock">Viking rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_metal" title="Celtic metal">Celtic metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_metal" title="Pirate metal">pirate metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-folk" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-folk">neo-folk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> Viking metal is a subgenre of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal music</a> characterized by a lyrical and thematic focus on <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norse_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse religion">Norse paganism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a>. Viking metal is quite diverse as a musical style, to the point where some consider it more a cross-genre term than a genre, but it is typically heard as <a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">black metal</a> with influences from <a href="/wiki/Nordic_folk_music" title="Nordic folk music">Nordic folk music</a>. Common traits include a slow-paced and heavy <a href="/wiki/Ostinato#Riff" title="Ostinato">riffing</a> style, <a href="/wiki/Anthem" title="Anthem">anthemic</a> choruses, use of both sung and harsh vocals, a reliance on <a href="/wiki/Folk_instrument" title="Folk instrument">folk instrumentation</a>, and often the use of keyboards for atmospheric effect. Viking metal emerged from black metal during the late 1980s and early 1990s, sharing with black metal an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment#Europe" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">opposition to Christianity</a>, but rejecting <a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult themes</a> in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">paganism</a>. It is similar, in lyrics, sound, and thematic imagery, to <a href="/wiki/Pagan_metal" title="Pagan metal">pagan metal</a>, but pagan metal has a broader mythological focus and uses folk instrumentation more extensively. Most Viking metal bands originate from the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>, and nearly all bands claim that their members descend, directly or indirectly, from Vikings. Many scholars view Viking metal and the related black, pagan, and <a href="/wiki/Folk_metal" title="Folk metal">folk metal</a> genres as part of the broader <a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Paganism">modern Pagan movements</a>, as well as part of a global movement of renewed interest in, and celebration of, local and regional ethnicities. Though artists such as <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yngwie_Malmsteen" title="Yngwie Malmsteen">Yngwie Malmsteen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_Load_(band)" title="Heavy Load (band)">Heavy Load</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manowar" title="Manowar">Manowar</a>, and many others had previously dealt with Viking themes, <a href="/wiki/Bathory_(band)" title="Bathory (band)">Bathory</a> from Sweden is generally credited with pioneering the style with its albums <a href="/wiki/Blood_Fire_Death" title="Blood Fire Death">Blood Fire Death</a> (1988) and <a href="/wiki/Hammerheart" title="Hammerheart">Hammerheart</a> (1990), which launched a renewed interest in the Viking Age among heavy metal musicians. <a href="/wiki/Enslaved_(band)" title="Enslaved (band)">Enslaved</a>, from Norway, followed up on this burgeoning Viking trend with <a href="/wiki/Hordanes_Land" title="Hordanes Land">Hordanes Land</a> (1993) and <a href="/wiki/Vikingligr_Veldi" title="Vikingligr Veldi">Vikingligr Veldi</a> (1994). <a href="/wiki/Burzum" title="Burzum">Burzum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_(band)" title="Emperor (band)">Emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Einherjer" title="Einherjer">Einherjer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Helheim_(band)" title="Helheim (band)">Helheim</a>, among others, helped further develop the genre in the early and mid-1990s. As early as 1989 with the founding of the German band <a href="/wiki/Falkenbach" title="Falkenbach">Falkenbach</a>, Viking metal began spreading from the Nordic countries to other nations with Viking history or an even broader <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> heritage and has since influenced musicians across the globe. The <a href="/wiki/Death_metal" title="Death metal">death metal</a> bands <a href="/wiki/Unleashed_(band)" title="Unleashed (band)">Unleashed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amon_Amarth" title="Amon Amarth">Amon Amarth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ensiferum" title="Ensiferum">Ensiferum</a>, which emerged in the early 1990s, also adopted Viking themes, broadening the style from its primarily black metal origin. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_metal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vikings">Vikings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_metal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vikings">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Viking_ship_%22Lofotr%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lofotr ship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Viking_ship_%22Lofotr%22.jpg/165px-Viking_ship_%22Lofotr%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Viking_ship_%22Lofotr%22.jpg/248px-Viking_ship_%22Lofotr%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Viking_ship_%22Lofotr%22.jpg/330px-Viking_ship_%22Lofotr%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A replica longship, Lofotr</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Vidfamne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Knarr Vindfamne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Vidfamne.jpg/170px-Vidfamne.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Vidfamne.jpg/255px-Vidfamne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Vidfamne.jpg/340px-Vidfamne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="500" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Vindfamne, a replica knarr</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">longship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knarr" title="Knarr">knarr</a> enabled Vikings to embark on far-reaching military and trading expeditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201534-1">[1]</a></div></div></div></div> Viking metal features the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> as its subject matter and for evocative imagery. The Vikings were <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> seafarers and adventurers who, during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, relied on sailing vessels such as <a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">longships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knarr" title="Knarr">knerrir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karve_(ship)" title="Karve (ship)">karvi</a> to explore, raid, pirate, trade, and settle along the <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_oceans#Atlantic_Ocean" title="Borders of the oceans">North Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian</a> coasts and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> river systems.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> is generally cited as beginning in 793, when a Viking raid struck <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a>, and concluding in 1066, with the death of <a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald Hardrada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman conquest of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> During this two-hundred-year period, the <a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Vikings ventured</a> west as far as <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> in the North Atlantic and <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> and what is now <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, south as far as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nekor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Nekor">Kingdom of Nekor</a> (Morocco), <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in the Mediterranean, and southeast as far as what are now <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> in Eastern Europe, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The Vikings originated from the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, and consisted mostly of <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Scandinavians</a>, though <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curonians" title="Curonians">Curonians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sámi people</a> went on voyages as well.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> While otherwise disparate peoples, they shared some commonalities in that they were not considered "civilized" and were not, at first, adherents to Christianity,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_staffn.d.-6">[6]</a> instead following their indigenous <a href="/wiki/Nordic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic religion">Nordic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnic_mythologies" title="Finnic mythologies">Finnic</a> religions.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> They often adopted Christianity upon settling in an area, intermixing the faith with their own <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> traditions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2011-8">[8]</a> and by the end of the Viking Age, all <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian kingdoms were Christianized</a> and what remained of Viking cultures were absorbed into <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">Christian Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_staffn.d.-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nordic_folk_music">Nordic folk music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_metal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nordic folk music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nordic_folk_music" title="Nordic folk music">Nordic folk music</a></div> Nordic folk music encompasses traditions from <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Denmark" title="Music of Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sweden" title="Music of Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iceland" title="Music of Iceland">Iceland</a> and the dependent countries <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Music of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greenland" title="Music of Greenland">Greenland</a>, and nearby regions. Specific instruments vary between countries and regions, but some common instruments include the <a href="/wiki/Lur" title="Lur">lur</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ref1-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4ckpipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Säckpipa">säckpipa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ref1-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hardanger_fiddle" title="Hardanger fiddle">Hardanger fiddle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nyckelharpa" title="Nyckelharpa">keyed fiddle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Willow_flute" title="Willow flute">willow flute</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ref2-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ref2-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jew%27s_harp" title="Jew's harp">mouth harp</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ref2-12">[12]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)" title="Horn (anatomy)">animal horns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoell197431-13">[13]</a> Common genres in Nordic folk include <a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">ballads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herding" title="Herding">herding</a> music, and <a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">dance music</a>, genres which trace back to the medieval era.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Often, Nordic melodies will contain the <a href="/wiki/Phrase_(music_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrase (music theory)">phrase</a> C2-B-G.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELing199798-15">[15]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Swedish_folk_music" title="Swedish folk music">Swedish folk music</a>, songs are <a href="/wiki/Monophonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophonic">monophonic</a>, unemotional, and solemn in character, though working and festive songs might be more lively and rhythmic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELingKjellbergRonström2013517-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Danish_traditional_music" title="Danish traditional music">Danish</a> songs melodies tend to lean toward the <a href="/wiki/Major_and_minor" title="Major and minor">major</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELing199798-15">[15]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_folk_music" title="Icelandic folk music">Icelandic folk music</a>, the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADmur" title="Rímur">rímur</a>, a form of epic poem dating back to the medieval era and Viking Age, is prominent.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Faroese music contains dances directly descended from medieval ballad and epic poems, particularly from literature in the Icelandic tradition,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELing199791,_98-18">[18]</a> and often follows unusual <a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signatures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiotrowska2015107-19">[19]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway#Traditional_(Folk)_music" title="Music of Norway">Norwegian folk</a> ballads follow a four-<a href="/wiki/Stanza" title="Stanza">stanza</a> structure known as <a href="/wiki/Stev" title="Stev">stev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2013b512-20">[20]</a> Stev alternate a <a href="/wiki/Trochaic_tetrameter" title="Trochaic tetrameter">trochaic tetrameter</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Trimeter" title="Trimeter">trimeter</a>, and lines typically rhyme following an <a href="/wiki/Simple_4-line" title="Simple 4-line">ABCB scheme</a>, though stev are not standardized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2013b512-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland#Folk_music" title="Music of Finland">Finnish folk music</a> tends to be based on <a href="/wiki/Karelians" title="Karelians">Karelian</a> traditions and the meter and thematic material found in the <a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a>. These themes include magic, mysticism, <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a>, Viking sea voyages, Christian legends, and ballads and dance songs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeistö2013523-21">[21]</a> The older runo song tradition follows meters such as 5 4, 5 8, or 2 4.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeistö2013523-21">[21]</a> Under Swedish and German influence, a newer, round-dance tradition based on the runo emerged – the <a href="/wiki/Rekilaulu" title="Rekilaulu">rekilaulu</a> – and these usually follow a 2 4 or 4 4 time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeistö2013523-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sami_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami music">Sámi music</a> traditions (music from the Sámi people throughout <a href="/wiki/Fennoscandia" title="Fennoscandia">Fennoscandia</a>) historically were rather insular, exerting little influence on the music of surrounding cultures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELingKjellbergRonström2013516-22">[22]</a> Sámi music is known for <a href="/wiki/Joik" title="Joik">joiking</a>, improvised singing particular to the performer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2002359-23">[23]</a> These songs are often sung accompanied by a drum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2002359-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_metal">Black metal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_metal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Black metal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">Black metal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mayhem-with-Attila-Csihar-Infernofestival-2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mayhem-with-Attila-Csihar-Infernofestival-2010.jpg/220px-Mayhem-with-Attila-Csihar-Infernofestival-2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mayhem-with-Attila-Csihar-Infernofestival-2010.jpg/330px-Mayhem-with-Attila-Csihar-Infernofestival-2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mayhem-with-Attila-Csihar-Infernofestival-2010.jpg/440px-Mayhem-with-Attila-Csihar-Infernofestival-2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Attila_Csihar" title="Attila Csihar">Attila Csihar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mayhem_(band)" title="Mayhem (band)">Mayhem</a>, a formative band in the second wave of black metal</figcaption></figure> Black metal is an <a href="/wiki/Extreme_metal" title="Extreme metal">extreme</a> subgenre of heavy metal music that, mostly in Europe, emerged from <a href="/wiki/Speed_metal" title="Speed metal">speed metal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">thrash metal</a> in the 1980s. A "first wave" began in the early to mid-1980s, through the work of bands such as <a href="/wiki/Venom_(band)" title="Venom (band)">Venom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellhammer" title="Hellhammer">Hellhammer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Frost" title="Celtic Frost">Celtic Frost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercyful_Fate" title="Mercyful Fate">Mercyful Fate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bathory_(band)" title="Bathory (band)">Bathory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The name black metal is taken from the 1982 <a href="/wiki/Black_Metal_(Venom_album)" title="Black Metal (Venom album)">album of the same name</a> by Venom,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherryAldis200680-25">[25]</a> while Bathory's 1984 <a href="/wiki/Bathory_(album)" title="Bathory (album)">self-titled release</a> is generally regarded as the first true black metal record.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerriern.d.a-26">[26]</a> A "second wave" developed in part as a reaction to the burgeoning <a href="/wiki/Death_metal" title="Death metal">death metal</a> genre,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEkeroth2009247-27">[27]</a> and in part inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_thrash_metal" title="Teutonic thrash metal">Teutonic thrash metal</a> scene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson201359-28">[28]</a> It was headed by the <a href="/wiki/Early_Norwegian_black_metal_scene" title="Early Norwegian black metal scene">early Norwegian black metal scene</a>, through artists such as <a href="/wiki/Mayhem_(band)" title="Mayhem (band)">Mayhem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darkthrone" title="Darkthrone">Darkthrone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burzum" title="Burzum">Burzum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immortal_(band)" title="Immortal (band)">Immortal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_(band)" title="Emperor (band)">Emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satyricon_(band)" title="Satyricon (band)">Satyricon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thorns_(band)" title="Thorns (band)">Thorns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulver" title="Ulver">Ulver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gorgoroth_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgoroth (band)">Gorgoroth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The early Norwegian scene became infamous for murders, assaults, and numerous <a href="/wiki/Black_metal#Church_burnings" title="Black metal">church arsons</a> committed by members of the scene.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Black metal lyrical themes are focused on <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a>, which many first-wave bands used with a tongue-in-cheek approach, contrary to the more serious beliefs and vehement <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">anti-Christian sentiment</a> of many second-wave bands.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Musically, the first wave of bands were just considered to be playing heavier forms of metal – Venom was part of the <a href="/wiki/New_wave_of_British_heavy_metal" title="New wave of British heavy metal">new wave of British heavy metal</a>, Celtic Frost was variously described as thrash metal or death metal, and <a href="/wiki/Quorthon" title="Quorthon">Quorthon</a> of Bathory simply labeled his music "heavy metal".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalis2004-32">[32]</a> It was not until the second wave that black metal was more clearly defined. A key development during that period was a guitar playing style featuring fast, un-<a href="/wiki/Palm_mute" title="Palm mute">muted</a> <a href="/wiki/Tremolo_picking" class="mw-redirect" title="Tremolo picking">tremolo picking</a> or "buzz picking",<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> introduced by <a href="/wiki/Euronymous" title="Euronymous">Euronymous</a> of Mayhem and <a href="/wiki/Snorre_Ruch" class="mw-redirect" title="Snorre Ruch">Snorre Ruch</a> ("Blackthorn") of Thorns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampion2005-34">[34]</a> Other common traits for guitar playing include a high-pitched or <a href="/wiki/Treble_(sound)" title="Treble (sound)">treble</a> guitar tone and heavy <a href="/wiki/Distortion_(guitar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Distortion (guitar)">distortion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn-Harris20074-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guitar_solo" title="Guitar solo">Solos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guitar_tuning#dropped_tunings" class="mw-redirect" title="Guitar tuning">dropped tunings</a> are rare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalis2004-32">[32]</a> Overall, the guitar sound tends to be "thin and brittle" compared to other heavy metal genres, with the idea of "heaviness" conveyed through harshness and <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbral</a> density rather than low frequency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagen2011187-36">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">bass guitar</a> tends to be buried under the guitar tones, even non-existent.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Drums and even vocals are likewise often mixed low,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagen2011187-36">[36]</a> with these production techniques resulting in a blurred "wash" of sound.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagen2011187-36">[36]</a> Vocals are usually high-pitched and raspy shrieks, screams, and snarls,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> and rarely <a href="/wiki/Guttural" title="Guttural">gutturals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Death_growl" title="Death growl">death growls</a> are also employed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagen2011184-39">[39]</a> The use of keyboards is also frequent.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The influence of Scandinavian folk music within Norwegian black metal is apparent in the use by some guitarists belonging to that scene of <a href="/wiki/Drone_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone (music)">drones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mode_(music)" title="Mode (music)">modal</a> melodies reminiscent of the folk tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagen2011185-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Terje_Bakken" title="Terje Bakken">Terje Bakken</a> of <a href="/wiki/Windir" title="Windir">Windir</a> explained that ancient Nordic folk is easily integrated into metal idiom due to the "sad atmosphere" the two genres have in common.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagen2011185-41">[41]</a> Production values within black metal are often raw and <a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_music" title="Lo-fi music">lo-fidelity</a>. Originally, this was merely because many early second-wave bands lacked the resources to record properly,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn-Harris20074-35">[35]</a> but the practice was continued by successful bands in order to identify with their genre's underground origins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDome2007-42">[42]</a> Though featuring these common traits, black metal spawned diverse musical approaches and subgenres, with some bands taking more experimental and <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">avant-garde</a> directions.<a href="#cite_note-Kalis_2004-43">[43]</a> Other bands, such as <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_Filth" title="Cradle of Filth">Cradle of Filth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dimmu_Borgir" title="Dimmu Borgir">Dimmu Borgir</a>, embraced a more commercial sound and production aesthetic instead.<a href="#cite_note-Kalis_2004-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_metal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Precursors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manowar_band.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Manowar_band.jpg/220px-Manowar_band.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Manowar_band.jpg/330px-Manowar_band.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Manowar_band.jpg/440px-Manowar_band.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manowar" title="Manowar">Manowar</a> (seen here in 2009) is an early example of a band that made use of Viking themes.</figcaption></figure> The use of Viking themes and imagery in <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal music</a> predates the advent of Viking metal. For instance, the lyrics to <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Immigrant_Song" title="Immigrant Song">Immigrant Song</a>" (1970) and "<a href="/wiki/No_Quarter_(song)" title="No Quarter (song)">No Quarter</a>" (1973) feature allusions to Viking voyages, violence, and exploration,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> the former being inspired by the band's visit to <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> while on tour. The Swedish band <a href="/wiki/Heavy_Load_(band)" title="Heavy Load (band)">Heavy Load</a> often wrote Viking-themed songs, such as the 1978 song "Son of the Northern Light" and the 1983 songs "Singing Swords" and "Stronger than Evil" from their album Stronger Than Evil (which features an imagined Norse warrior on the cover art), the latter song which music journalist Eduardo Rivadavia claims establishes a case for Heavy Load as the first Viking metal group.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Silver Mountain, another Swedish group, according to Rivadavia possessed better "Viking metal credentials" than any other predecessors to the genre; they released the song "Vikings" in 1983 on their album Shakin' Brains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivadavia2018-46">[46]</a> Many other bands in the early and mid-1980s featured Viking-themed music. Two British groups released Viking-themed songs: <a href="/wiki/Iron_Maiden" title="Iron Maiden">Iron Maiden</a> released "Invaders", a song about Norse marauders from their album <a href="/wiki/The_Number_of_the_Beast_(album)" title="The Number of the Beast (album)">The Number of the Beast</a>, and <a href="/wiki/A_II_Z" title="A II Z">A II Z</a> released "Valhalla Force" on their <a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">extended play</a> No Fun After Midnight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivadavia2018-46">[46]</a> In 1985, the American group <a href="/wiki/Pantera" title="Pantera">Pantera</a> released the song "Valhalla" on their album <a href="/wiki/I_Am_the_Night_(album)" title="I Am the Night (album)">I Am the Night</a>, and the American band <a href="/wiki/Crimson_Glory" title="Crimson Glory">Crimson Glory</a> released a song of the same name a year later on their <a href="/wiki/Crimson_Glory_(album)" title="Crimson Glory (album)">self-titled debut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivadavia2018-46">[46]</a> Swedish <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_metal" title="Neoclassical metal">neoclassical metal</a> guitarist <a href="/wiki/Yngwie_Malmsteen" title="Yngwie Malmsteen">Yngwie Malmsteen</a> sometimes featured themes of hyper-masculinity, heroic warriors, and Vikings; for example, on his 1985 album <a href="/wiki/Marching_Out" title="Marching Out">Marching Out</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The British band <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg_(metal_band)" title="Blitzkrieg (metal band)">Blitzkrieg</a>'s 1985 album <a href="/wiki/A_Time_of_Changes_(album)" title="A Time of Changes (album)">A Time of Changes</a> frequently references Viking themes with songs such as "Ragnorak" and "Vikings".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivadavia2018-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elixir_(British_band)" title="Elixir (British band)">Elixir</a>, also from Britain, titled their 1986 debut <a href="/wiki/The_Son_of_Odin" title="The Son of Odin">The Son of Odin</a>, a album which includes a song of the same name that urges listeners to put their faith in Odin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivadavia2018-46">[46]</a> The German band <a href="/wiki/Grave_Digger_(band)" title="Grave Digger (band)">Grave Digger</a> and American band <a href="/wiki/Manowar" title="Manowar">Manowar</a>, both of which formed in 1980, drew upon Norse myth as envisioned in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeesch201072-48">[48]</a> Faithful Breath – which wore fur and horned helmet costumes – and <a href="/wiki/TNT_(Norwegian_band)" title="TNT (Norwegian band)">TNT</a> also experimented with Viking themes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEadmin2010-49">[49]</a> Manowar adopted Viking imagery much more heavily than other bands, turning out copious amounts of songs devoted to Viking lore, and became known as the "champions of the furry loincloth"; they met with ridicule even within the metal community but attracted a cult following.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Unlike the later Viking metal bands, Manowar did not bother with the historicity of popular Viking image, and did not in any way identify with the Vikings, religiously or racially.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200762-51">[51]</a> Trafford and Pluskowski explain that "the Manowar version of the Vikings owes as much to <a href="/wiki/Conan_the_Barbarian" title="Conan the Barbarian">Conan the Barbarian</a> as it does to history, saga, or <a href="/wiki/Edda" title="Edda">Edda</a>: What matters to Manowar is untamed masculinity, and the Vikings are for them merely the archetypal barbarian males."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200762-51">[51]</a> Similarly, Vlad Nichols of <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Guitar" title="Ultimate Guitar">Ultimate Guitar</a> states that on Heavy Load's Stronger Than Evil, which might be the earliest contribution to the idea of Viking metal, most of the songs have as much to do with historical Vikings as the 1958 <a href="/wiki/The_Vikings_(film)" title="The Vikings (film)">The Vikings</a> film; that is, the portrayal of <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a> is of warmongering invaders at best, and more so uses the Vikings as a means to sing about macho, loin-cloth wearing barbarians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols2019-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_metal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_traits">Musical traits</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_metal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Musical traits">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turock_Open_Air_2013_-_Wolfchant_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Turock_Open_Air_2013_-_Wolfchant_12.jpg/170px-Turock_Open_Air_2013_-_Wolfchant_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Turock_Open_Air_2013_-_Wolfchant_12.jpg/255px-Turock_Open_Air_2013_-_Wolfchant_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Turock_Open_Air_2013_-_Wolfchant_12.jpg/340px-Turock_Open_Air_2013_-_Wolfchant_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="4632" /></a><figcaption>Govern of <a href="/wiki/Wolfchant" title="Wolfchant">Wolfchant</a>. Keyboards are commonly used by Viking metal artists, and are often played at a "swift, galloping pace".</figcaption></figure> The term "Viking metal" has sometimes been used as a nickname for the 1990s Norwegian black metal scene, which was "noisy, chaotic, and often augmented by sorrowful keyboard melodies".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllMusic_staffn.d.a-53">[53]</a> It has also been variously described as a subgenre of black metal, albeit one that abandoned black metal's Satanic imagery,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagen2011190–191-54">[54]</a> "slow black metal" with influences from Nordic folk music,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonsson2011-55">[55]</a> straddling black metal and <a href="/wiki/Folk_metal" title="Folk metal">folk metal</a> almost equally,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDare2014-56">[56]</a> or running the gamut from "folk to black to death metal".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2006-57">[57]</a> Typically, Viking metal artists rely extensively on keyboards, which are often played at a "swift, galloping pace".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein201460-58">[58]</a> These artists often add "local cultural flourishes" such as traditional instruments and ethnic melodies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein201460-58">[58]</a> It is similar to folk metal, and is sometimes categorized as such, but it uses folk instruments less extensively.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> For vocals, Viking metal incorporates both singing and the typical black metal screams and growls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeborn2010843-60">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20140830_Wuppertal_Feuertal_0441_Korpiklaani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/20140830_Wuppertal_Feuertal_0441_Korpiklaani.jpg/170px-20140830_Wuppertal_Feuertal_0441_Korpiklaani.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/20140830_Wuppertal_Feuertal_0441_Korpiklaani.jpg/255px-20140830_Wuppertal_Feuertal_0441_Korpiklaani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/20140830_Wuppertal_Feuertal_0441_Korpiklaani.jpg/340px-20140830_Wuppertal_Feuertal_0441_Korpiklaani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3466" data-file-height="5193" /></a><figcaption>Sámi Perttula of <a href="/wiki/Korpiklaani" title="Korpiklaani">Korpiklaani</a>. Viking metal often uses folk instruments, though not as extensively as the related genre of <a href="/wiki/Folk_metal" title="Folk metal">folk metal</a>.</figcaption></figure> Overall, Viking metal is hard to define since, apart from certain elements like anthem-like choruses, it is not based entirely on musical features and overlaps with other metal genres, with origins in black and death metal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Helden2010257-61">[61]</a> Some bands, such as <a href="/wiki/Unleashed_(band)" title="Unleashed (band)">Unleashed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amon_Amarth" title="Amon Amarth">Amon Amarth</a>, play death metal, but incorporate Viking themes and thus are labeled as part of the genre.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Generally, Viking metal is defined more by its thematic material and imagery than musical qualities. Rather than being a mock-up of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">medieval music</a>, "it is in the band names, album titles, artwork of album covers and, especially, in the song lyrics that Viking themes are so evident."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donoghue2008178-63">[63]</a> Viking metal, and the closely related style <a href="/wiki/Pagan_metal" title="Pagan metal">pagan metal</a>, is more of a term or "etiquette" than a musical style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManea2015187–188-64">[64]</a> Since they are defined chiefly by lyrical focus, any musical categorizations of these two styles is controversial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManea2015188-65">[65]</a> Thus, Viking metal is more of a cross-genre term than a descriptor of a certain sound. Ashby and Schofield write that "The term 'Viking metal' is one of many that falls within a complex web of genres and subgenres, the precise form of which is constantly shifting, as trends and fads emerge and fade."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshbySchofield2015497-66">[66]</a> From its origins in black metal, Viking metal "has diversified (at least in aural terms), and now covers a range of styles that run the gamut between black metal and what one might justifiably term <a href="/wiki/Classic_rock" title="Classic rock">classic rock</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshbySchofield2015497-66">[66]</a> Christopher McIntosh writes that Viking metal, Viking rock, pagan metal, folk metal, <a href="/wiki/Neofolk" title="Neofolk">neofolk</a>, and more could all fall under a broader genre term of "neo-Nordic."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntosh2019186-67">[67]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bathory_-_Shores_in_Flames.ogg" title="File:Bathory - Shores in Flames.ogg">"Shores in Flames" by Bathory</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="Bathory_-_Shores_in_Flames.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a6/Bathory_-_Shores_in_Flames.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/a/a6/Bathory_-_Shores_in_Flames.ogg/Bathory_-_Shores_in_Flames.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">"Shores in Flames" by Bathory, from the album <a href="/wiki/Hammerheart" title="Hammerheart">Hammerheart</a> (1990), describes a Viking raid and features the sound of waves and prayerful singing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiotrowska2015104–105-68">[68]</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Enslaved_-_793_(Slaget_Om_Lindisfarne).ogg" title="File:Enslaved - 793 (Slaget Om Lindisfarne).ogg">"793 (Slaget Om Lindisfarne)" by Enslaved</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="31" data-mwtitle="Enslaved_-_793_(Slaget_Om_Lindisfarne).ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e6/Enslaved_-_793_%28Slaget_Om_Lindisfarne%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/e/e6/Enslaved_-_793_%28Slaget_Om_Lindisfarne%29.ogg/Enslaved_-_793_%28Slaget_Om_Lindisfarne%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">"793 (Slaget Om Lindisfarne)" by Enslaved, from the album <a href="/wiki/Eld_(album)" title="Eld (album)">Eld</a> (1997), features "Viking themes, razor sharp guitars, blastbeat drums, and an ear for orchestration resulting in complex structures, bountiful harmonies and time changes".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivadavian.d.f-69">[69]</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Starting with the album <a href="/wiki/Blood_Fire_Death" title="Blood Fire Death">Blood Fire Death</a>, one of the first definitive Viking metal releases, Bathory incorporated a diverse range of musical elements. While retaining the noise and chaos of previous recordings, the band took a more sorrowful and melodic approach, working in ballads based on Germanic and Norse folklore, <a href="/wiki/Sea_shanty" title="Sea shanty">shanty</a>-like melodies, <a href="/wiki/Ambience_(sound_recording)" title="Ambience (sound recording)">ambience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choral</a> intros, <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_music" title="Acoustic music">acoustic instruments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthemics" title="Anthemics">anthemic</a> sections, and folk music elements such as <a href="/wiki/Drone_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone (music)">bourdon</a> sounds, Jew's harps, and <a href="/wiki/Fife_(instrument)" title="Fife (instrument)">fifes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Bathory added natural <a href="/wiki/Found_object#Music" title="Found object">found sounds</a>, such as ocean waves, thunder, and wild animal noises, in a style similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">musique concrète</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiotrowska2015104–105-68">[68]</a> Instruments were sometimes used to create <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeic</a> effects such as drum sounds imitating thunder or a sledgehammer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiotrowska2015105-71">[71]</a> The songs typically featured multi-sectional formal structures, following a pattern of three instrumental sections – <a href="/wiki/Introduction_(music)" title="Introduction (music)">introduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(music)" title="Bridge (music)">bridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Finale_(music)" title="Finale (music)">finale</a> – and two vocal sections – <a href="/wiki/Stanza" title="Stanza">stanza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Refrain" title="Refrain">refrain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiotrowska2015105–106-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Enslaved_(band)" title="Enslaved (band)">Enslaved</a>, a formative band in Viking metal, performs primarily a black metal style, but has over time become more progressive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharpe-Young2007212-73">[73]</a> Eduardo Rivadavia described the hallmarks of Enslaved as "Viking themes, razor sharp guitars, <a href="/wiki/Blastbeat" class="mw-redirect" title="Blastbeat">blastbeat</a> drums, and an ear for orchestration resulting in complex structures, bountiful harmonies and time changes."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivadavian.d.f-69">[69]</a> The band evolved significantly with every album since <a href="/wiki/Mardraum_%E2%80%93_Beyond_the_Within" title="Mardraum – Beyond the Within">Mardraum – Beyond the Within</a> (2000).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivadavian.d.g-74">[74]</a> The Faroese band Týr has a standard rock band lineup with electric instruments, but makes extensive use of traditional Faroese music in its songs. Faroese ballads typically involve unusual time signatures, most commonly 7 4 or the alternative rhythms 12 8 or 9 8. In an attempt to replicate these uneven signatures, Týr often places the <a href="/wiki/Accent_(music)" title="Accent (music)">accent</a> on the weak beat of the <a href="/wiki/Bar_(music)" title="Bar (music)">bar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiotrowska2015107-19">[19]</a> In songs based on old Faroese ballads, Týr usually play in harmonic or melodic <a href="/wiki/Minor_scale" title="Minor scale">minor scale</a> or else in <a href="/wiki/Mixolydian_mode#Modern_Mixolydian" title="Mixolydian mode">mixolydian mode</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiotrowska2015107-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Influence_from_sea_shanties_and_popular_media">Influence from sea shanties and popular media</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_metal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Influence from sea shanties and popular media">edit</a>]</div> Mulvany states that "Viking metal ... is much less concerned with traditional aural materials like instruments and melodies. Instead, Viking bands limit themselves mainly to the use of Norse mythology as a textual source, which they often augment with stylized shanty-like melodies that are meant to evoke apropos images".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulvany2000iv-75">[75]</a> He elaborates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Although the majority of Viking metal bands ... limit themselves primarily to textual borrowings, many others can be additionally classified as musically evocative of the Vikings. Unlike folk metal bands drawing from other mythologies, bands using Norse mythology as text have no musical-historical examples to augment their illusion. This has led to the creation of an ahistorical 'Viking music' that is used in tandem with the metal style to conjure up appropriate images.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulvany200036-76">[76]</a></blockquote> According to Mulvany, Viking metal draws heavily on <a href="/wiki/Sea_shanty" title="Sea shanty">sea shanties</a> and media images of <a href="/wiki/Piracy#History" title="Piracy">pirates</a> and Vikings, an influence evident in two basic forms of the genre. The first type "is largely <a href="/wiki/Steps_and_skips" title="Steps and skips">stepwise</a> in motion with many repeated note figures", is frequently in <a href="/wiki/Minor_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor key">minor key</a>, and is primarily sung in unison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulvany200036-76">[76]</a> The second type uses an "arching ascent-descent structure" and is less dependent on lyrics, making it "more evocative of rolling waves on the open sea".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulvany200036-76">[76]</a> As examples of the first type, Mulvany examined the structures of sea shanties such as "<a href="/wiki/Drunken_Sailor" title="Drunken Sailor">Drunken Sailor</a>", the 1934 and 1996 film soundtrack versions of "<a href="/wiki/Dead_Man%27s_Chest" title="Dead Man's Chest">Dead Man's Chest</a>", <a href="/wiki/Mario_Nascimbene" title="Mario Nascimbene">Mario Nascimbene</a>'s "Viking" song for the 1958 film <a href="/wiki/The_Vikings_(1958_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vikings (1958 film)">The Vikings</a>, and the chant from Monty Python's "<a href="/wiki/Spam_(Monty_Python)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam (Monty Python)">Spam</a>" sketch, and found similar structures in compositions by Viking and black metal bands such as Einherjer, <a href="/wiki/Mithotyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithotyn">Mithotyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naglfar_(band)" title="Naglfar (band)">Naglfar</a>, and Vargevinter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulvany200036–42-77">[77]</a> The second type, that of arching ascent and descent, Mulvany noticed in compositions by Einherjer and <a href="/wiki/Borknagar" title="Borknagar">Borknagar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulvany200037–38-78">[78]</a> The shanty influence results from stereotyping in which certain aural associations are equated with "images of sailors, sea-borne marauders, and Vikings", and "though rooted in traditional sea shanties, these aural images have been perpetuated through the media of pirate movies and television shows, and they have been extended – by association – to Vikings".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulvany200039-79">[79]</a> Ashby and Schofield agree with Mulvany that musically, Viking metal bands generally are unconnected with a real Viking past, but instead connote a broader sense of the maritime, presuming that "this conflation of maritime contexts is a knowing one, but one nonetheless felt to be somehow evocative."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshbySchofield2015497-66">[66]</a> Keith Fay of the folk metal band <a href="/wiki/Cruachan_(band)" title="Cruachan (band)">Cruachan</a> has also noted the influence of sea shanties on Viking metal, although disparagingly. In an interview with British magazine <a href="/wiki/Terrorizer_(magazine)" title="Terrorizer (magazine)">Terrorizer</a>, he said that there is "no real defined 'Viking music', so all these Nordic bands use 'sea shanty' type tunes to match their music. A lot of these bands, especially the bigger ones, are called folk metal but they don't really understand what real folk music is; though I know this is not true for all of them."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulaimanYardley2010-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thematic_and_lyrical_focus">Thematic and lyrical focus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_metal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Thematic and lyrical focus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mjollnir.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Mjollnir.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="296" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>Viking metal makes extensive use of Viking iconography, such as this <a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lnir" title="Mjölnir">Mjölnir</a> pendant.</figcaption></figure>Thematically, Viking metal draws extensively on elements of black metal, but the lyrics and imagery are pagan and Norse rather than anti-Christian or Satanic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeborn2010843-60">[60]</a> It combines the exaltation of violence and virility through weapons and battlefields, which is common to many death and black metal bands, with an interest in ancestral roots, particularly a pre-Christian heritage, which is expressed through Viking mythology and imagery of northern landscapes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200765-81">[81]</a> Some bands such as Sorhin keep the Satanic elements of black metal but musically are influenced by more recent folk tunes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulvany200042-82">[82]</a> Visuals such as album art, band photos, website design, and merchandise all highlight the dark and violent outlook of Viking metal lyrics and themes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200765-81">[81]</a> Seascapes and Viking ships are commonly invoked by Viking metal artists. For example, the cover to <a href="/wiki/Blodhemn" title="Blodhemn">Blodhemn</a> (1998) by Enslaved, which features the band as Viking warriors with their boat anchored behind them, or the cover to <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6dsf%C3%A4rd" title="Dödsfärd">Dödsfärd</a> (2003) by <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A5negarm" title="Månegarm">Månegarm</a>, which features a stereotypical <a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Viking funeral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200768-69-83">[83]</a> The art on albums by Viking metal artists frequently depicts Viking Age archeological finds: <a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lnir" title="Mjölnir">Thor's hammers</a> are especially common, but other artifacts such as <a href="/wiki/Oseberg_Ship" title="Oseberg Ship">Oseberg posts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">runestones</a>, and even the <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet" title="Sutton Hoo helmet">Sutton Hoo helmet</a> have appeared (though this last artifact is neither Viking nor from the Viking age).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200765,_69-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[a]</a> Some bands incorporate far more ancient, pre-medieval imagery, such as the Finnish band <a href="/wiki/Moonsorrow" title="Moonsorrow">Moonsorrow</a>'s use of prehistoric rock carvings and <a href="/wiki/Megaliths" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaliths">megaliths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200769-88">[87]</a> Other Finnish bands, such as <a href="/wiki/Ensiferum" title="Ensiferum">Ensiferum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turisas" title="Turisas">Turisas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Korpiklaani" title="Korpiklaani">Korpiklaani</a>, focus on Sámi traditions and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">shamanism</a>, further stretching the definition of Viking metal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshbySchofield2015498-89">[88]</a> Not all bands rely on Viking-related visuals or other ancestral images to aid their musical character: for instance, the members of Týr do not wear Viking costumes on stage, and only their folk-influenced music and lyrical themes distinguish them from other heavy metal bands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshbySchofield2015500-90">[89]</a> While heavy metal throughout its history has referenced the occult, Viking metal bands use a very specific mythology, which informs their textual choices, album imagery, and, frequently, musical compositions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulvany200042–43-91">[90]</a> Despite a whole <a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">pantheon of Norse gods</a> to choose from, Viking metal bands typically focus on <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>, the god of war, and on <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a> and his hammer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein201460-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcohol</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">mead</a>, is also a common lyrical focus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Helden2010259-92">[91]</a> Viking metal bands tend to follow one of two approaches. The first is one of romanticism and escapist ideas, where bands cultivate an image of strength and barbarism and quote passages from various poems and <a href="/wiki/Sagas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagas">sagas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Helden2010258-93">[92]</a> For example, English professor Heather Lusty writes that the lyrical content of Amon Amarth is historically inaccurate and is misappropriated to glorify drinking and pillaging.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELusty2020166-94">[93]</a> The second approach emphasizes historical accuracy, typically relying on Norse mythology as the sole focus of lyricism and identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Helden2010258-93">[92]</a> The multi-national group <a href="/wiki/Heilung" title="Heilung">Heilung</a> include excerpts of texts from the Viking Age and broader <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Northern_Europe#Germanic_Iron_Age" title="Archaeology of Northern Europe">Germanic Iron Age</a> in their song lyrics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECombe2022-95">[94]</a> Many Viking metal bands identify first with local roots – for instance, Moonsorrow with Finland, <a href="/wiki/Einherjer" title="Einherjer">Einherjer</a> with Norway, <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1lm%C3%B6ld" title="Skálmöld">Skálmöld</a> with Iceland – with a wider northern European identity coming second.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Many songs are composed in English, but Viking metal bands often write lyrics in other languages, usually of the <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a> family – <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> and, less commonly, <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a> – and also in <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, which is non-Germanic and of the <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_languages" title="Finno-Ugric languages">Finno-Ugric family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Other historic and contemporary European languages, such as the Germanic languages <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi languages</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a> are sometimes used.<a href="#cite_note-106">[b]</a> Heavy metal fans around the world sometimes learn languages such as Norwegian or Finnish in order to understand the lyrics of their favorite bands and improve their appreciation of the music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossiJervell2013-107">[105]</a> Irina-Maria Manea considers this preference to sing in a native language, along with the imagery of album covers, and stage performances which often involve warrior costumes, weapons, and sometimes reenactments, a demonstration of a <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">völkisch</a> aspect to Viking metal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManea2015187-108">[106]</a> Specifically, the thematic focus of Viking metal bands conceptualizes ethnicity as uniform, unchanged history from "time immemorial," which is, state Manea, "precisely in the völkisch framework."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManea2015187-108">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paganism_and_opposition_to_Christianity">Paganism and opposition to Christianity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_metal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Paganism and opposition to Christianity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamla_Uppsala.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Gamla_Uppsala.JPG/220px-Gamla_Uppsala.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Gamla_Uppsala.JPG/330px-Gamla_Uppsala.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Gamla_Uppsala.JPG/440px-Gamla_Uppsala.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Burial mounds at <a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Gamla Uppsala</a>, the center of religious worship in Sweden until the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">its temple</a> in the late 11th century.</figcaption></figure> The imagery in Viking metal draws upon the material culture created during the Viking Age, but — according to Trafford and Pluskowski — it also "encompasses the broad <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotic</a> system favored by many black and death metal bands, not least of all the exultation of violence and hyper-masculinity expressed through weapons and battlefields".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200765-81">[81]</a> In Viking metal this semiotic system is melded with an interest in ancestral roots, specifically a pre-Christian heritage, "expressed visually through Viking mythology and the aesthetics of northern landscapes".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200765-81">[81]</a> Extreme and obsessive loathing of Christianity had long been the norm for black and death metal bands, but in the 1990s Bathory and many other bands began turning away from Satanism as the primary opposition to Christianity, instead placing their faith in the Vikings, Norse pantheon figures such Odin, Thor, and Loki, and trolls and beasts.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> Many artists claim affiliation to the modern Pagan religion of <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a>, treating Christianity as a foreign influence that was forcibly imposed, and therefore as a wrong to be righted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200763-110">[108]</a> Some members of the Norwegian black metal scene were motivated to take violent action against this influence – for instance, the church burnings by black metal musicians <a href="/wiki/Varg_Vikernes" title="Varg Vikernes">Varg Vikernes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoth" title="Samoth">Samoth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faust_(musician)" title="Faust (musician)">Faust</a>, and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Inge_Tunsberg" title="Jørn Inge Tunsberg">Jørn Inge Tunsberg</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> While most bands or individuals did not go that far, an undercurrent of racism, <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a> continues to permeate parts of the black metal scene.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> Many Viking metal artists, including bands such as Enslaved and <a href="/wiki/Einherjer" title="Einherjer">Einherjer</a>, simply express interest in Vikings and Norse mythology and entirely reject the Satanic inclination of black metal, writing almost exclusively on Norse themes, without any racist or anti-Semitic undertones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200764-113">[111]</a> Whereas black metal during the 1990s took a militant and destructive stance toward the status quo, Viking metal looked to the past and took a populist, anti-system approach which eschewed violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyazoğlu200951-114">[112]</a> Viking metal is both pre-Christian and post-apocalyptic – it looks to a pre-Christian past and imagines a post-Christian future.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoad201364-115">[113]</a> While opposition to Christianity drove the formation of Viking metal, some bands that play, or have played, Viking metal, such as <a href="/wiki/Slechtvalk" title="Slechtvalk">Slechtvalk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drottnar" title="Drottnar">Drottnar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vard%C3%B8ger_(band)" title="Vardøger (band)">Vardøger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Blood_(band)" title="Holy Blood (band)">Holy Blood</a>, subscribe to Christian beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> David Keevill argues that the explicitly anti-Christian attitude of most Viking metal artists is an anachronistic view of the Viking Age. Keevill explains that "while bands have used [Viking mythology] as the basis for their musical existence ... the historical reality of the Viking Age (late 8th century to the 11th century) is a chequered backdrop of a multitude of belief systems and disparate political mechanisms".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeevill2012-117">[115]</a> As an historical example, he cites the <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne#Vikings" title="Lindisfarne">raid on Lindisfarne</a> in 793, an event considered the beginning of the Viking Age and celebrated by Enslaved in its song "793 (Slaget Om Lindisfarne)". He contends that this attack was merely an opportunistic raid, not a concerted attack on the growing power of Christianity,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeevill2012-117">[115]</a> and that the terms "heathen" and "pagan" historically did not necessarily mean "anti-Christian", but that the people in question did not fit under a denominational label.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeevill2012-117">[115]</a> Furthermore, Norse religion and Christianity intermingled and influenced each other throughout the era, and Christianity was often imposed through monarchical regimes such as <a href="/wiki/Harald_Klak" title="Harald Klak">Harald Klak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth" title="Harald Bluetooth">Harald Bluetooth</a> or conversion movements such as those initiated by <a href="/wiki/Ansgar" title="Ansgar">Ansgar</a>. Keevill concludes that, "It's not that bands like Amon Amarth shouldn't flout their Norse heritage, the bellicose nature of the ancestors or the kind of practices that would have taken place in far flung tribal societies, it's just that ruling out the presence of an overbearing Christian influence on the Viking Age is incredibly close-minded."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeevill2012-117">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relationship_to_pagan_metal">Relationship to pagan metal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_metal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Relationship to pagan metal">edit</a>]</div> Viking metal has been considered the progenitor of the pagan metal genre, with Bathory's <a href="/wiki/Hammerheart" title="Hammerheart">Hammerheart</a> as the first pagan metal recording. Weinstein writes that "it is fitting that pagan metal began with Viking metal, given that the Vikings were Europe's last Pagans, converted slowly and with reluctance to Christianity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein201460-58">[58]</a> Imke von Helden explains some key differences: "[Pagan metal] deals mainly with <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Pagan religions</a> and lies in a broader context where not only Old Norse mythology is dealt with, but also <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic myths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic history">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tales</a> and other elements of <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>. Traditional instruments like the violin or flute are used more often in pagan than in Viking metal music."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Helden2010257-61">[61]</a> The idea of incorporating and revering exclusively national or regional myths, stories, and tales first took root in the work of artists such as <a href="/wiki/Adorned_Brood" title="Adorned Brood">Adorned Brood</a>, Falkenbach, <a href="/wiki/Black_Messiah_(band)" title="Black Messiah (band)">Black Messiah</a>, Enslaved or Einherjer, but, as a musical phenomenon, has grown far beyond Europe into a global trend in which artists express their affinity with an ethnic heritage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManea2015187-108">[106]</a> Viking metal, along with pagan and folk metal, forms part of a trend within cultural heritage movements toward wider acceptance of the heritage of ordinary and the everyday life, not just nationally significant and the iconic imagery, and also a trend to explore the outer reaches of heritage, where the definitions of heritage and heritage communities are stretched and contested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshbySchofield2015504-118">[116]</a> Baldrs Drauma, a <a href="/wiki/West_Frisia" title="West Frisia">West Frisian</a> band, stated in an interview that they "find it important that people in general (so, not only Frisians but everyone around the world) know where they come from, what their history is, who they are and what led to this point in history. We find that during this digital age, people are searching for their identity, and what better way to research that than with the awesome tunes that we provide?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECombe2022-95">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Masculinity,_heroism,_and_racial_identity">Masculinity, heroism, and racial identity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_metal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Masculinity, heroism, and racial identity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kari_Ruesl%C3%A5tten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kari_Ruesl%C3%A5tten.jpg/220px-Kari_Ruesl%C3%A5tten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kari_Ruesl%C3%A5tten.jpg/330px-Kari_Ruesl%C3%A5tten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kari_Ruesl%C3%A5tten.jpg/440px-Kari_Ruesl%C3%A5tten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kari_Ruesl%C3%A5tten" title="Kari Rueslåtten">Kari Rueslåtten</a>, formerly of <a href="/wiki/Storm_(Norwegian_band)" title="Storm (Norwegian band)">Storm</a>, and seen here with The Sirens. Women musicians are not common among Viking metal bands.</figcaption></figure> According to music studies scholar Catherine Hoad, the Viking image in popular understanding is that of <a href="/wiki/Hypermasculinity" title="Hypermasculinity">hypermasculinity</a>, and thus Viking metal is inherently <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a>. While some bands, such as <a href="/wiki/Kivimets%C3%A4n_Druidi" title="Kivimetsän Druidi">Kivimetsän Druidi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Storm_(Norwegian_band)" title="Storm (Norwegian band)">Storm</a>, and Irminsul, have included female members, and female fans comprise a substantial part of Viking metal's audience, it is argued that women are subordinated within the Viking metal scene, and are rarely present in the production of Viking metal music, which can be seen as a form of "nation-building": while women may participate in the nation building process, it is still controlled by men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoad201364-115">[113]</a> Within Viking metal, themes of war and masculinity predominate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManea2015188-65">[65]</a> Hoad also contends that black and Viking metal express whiteness through a confluence of notions of nation, nature, monstrosity, and masculinity. Per Hoad, constructions of "authentic" nationhood continue to be directly informed by conceptions of race.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoad202196-119">[117]</a> The ethnoromantic fantasy of Vikings and pagans as premodern people subsisting off of the land is informed by the confluence of nationalism, racialism, and masculinity. "Unknowable" land is valorized, econationalism is fiercely advocated, and wilderness is prized as simultaneously impermeable to, yet under threat, from <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoad202196-119">[117]</a> "Authentic" Nordic whiteness is contested against what is perceived as the colonizing force of Christianity and the weakening of society via modernism. Hoad argues that "the ethnonationalism of Norwegian metal then emerges through textual representations of Norway, and Norwegian whiteness, as terrifying and discomforting; yet ancient, pure, elite and unique."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoad202197-120">[118]</a> Whiteness, writes Hoad, is embedded within a wider national effort of "maintaining Norwegianness in an increasingly globalised context."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoad202197-120">[118]</a> Hoad does not believe that this understanding of Norwegian metal means that these scenes are inherently racist or fascist, but rather acknowledges that representations of Nordic history within both metal music and broader nationalist discussions exist within a dominant structure of power which can and has been used to support the cultural hegemony of whiteness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoad202197-120">[118]</a> Some artists, such as Burzum, link manliness with Norse tradition and gender ideals, and thus see the Viking male as representing traditional masculinity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMørk2011139–140-121">[119]</a> Most of the Norse references in black metal are heroic, masculine, and militaristic in theme – Mjölnir, Odin, the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Berserker" title="Berserker">berserkers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">einherjar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> Conversely, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, though a male figure, is seen in songs such as "Jesu død" by Burzum as cold, dark, and life-extinguishing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMørk2011140-123">[121]</a> Christianity is viewed as stigmatizing and suppressing the natural "dark" sides of men, and so, from the perspective of black metal, true masculinity is achieved through exploring the dark sides of man's nature – warfare and killing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMørk2011140-123">[121]</a> Sociologist Karl Spracklen notes that the folk music band <a href="/wiki/Wardruna" title="Wardruna">Wardruna</a> does not play black metal at al yet was nonetheless immediately accepted by black metal fans both because some black metal artists had transitioned from black metal to neofolk, <a href="/wiki/Drone_music" title="Drone music">drone</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ambient_music" title="Ambient music">ambient music</a> and because Wardruna is "heroic, masculine and associated with the well-worn epic trope of Viking metal".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpracklen2020120-124">[122]</a> Cultural historian Nina Witoszec found that within Norway, images of nature are often symbolic with cultural affiliation to Norway. Witoszec traces the roots of this ideal to <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>'s German-heathen identity narrative which romanticized the Germanic people as superior through their connection with nature, and whose brutality and belligerence opposed the apathetic and decadent Roman elite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMørk2011140–141-125">[123]</a> Within black metal, Norse imagery is used to build a view of natural and authentic masculinity to counter the oppressive force of the Judeo-Christian tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMørk2011144-126">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_metal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bathory">Bathory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_metal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bathory">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_caza_salvaje_de_Od%C3%ADn,_por_Peter_Nicolai_Arbo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/La_caza_salvaje_de_Od%C3%ADn%2C_por_Peter_Nicolai_Arbo.jpg/220px-La_caza_salvaje_de_Od%C3%ADn%2C_por_Peter_Nicolai_Arbo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/La_caza_salvaje_de_Od%C3%ADn%2C_por_Peter_Nicolai_Arbo.jpg/330px-La_caza_salvaje_de_Od%C3%ADn%2C_por_Peter_Nicolai_Arbo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/La_caza_salvaje_de_Od%C3%ADn%2C_por_Peter_Nicolai_Arbo.jpg/440px-La_caza_salvaje_de_Od%C3%ADn%2C_por_Peter_Nicolai_Arbo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2733" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Hunt_of_Odin" title="The Wild Hunt of Odin">The Wild Hunt of Odin</a> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Nicolai_Arbo" title="Peter Nicolai Arbo">Peter Nicolai Arbo</a> was used as the cover for Bathory's <a href="/wiki/Blood_Fire_Death" title="Blood Fire Death">Blood Fire Death</a> album, considered the first example of Viking metal.</figcaption></figure> The roots of Viking metal are generally found in Scandinavian metal, particularly the death and black metal scenes of the late 1980s. Inspired by the Viking themes used by Manowar, some bands identified with the Vikings far more completely than Manowar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200762-51">[51]</a> At the forefront of this movement stood the Swedish band Bathory, which influenced the emergence not only of Viking metal but also of folk metal, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_folk_rock" title="Medieval folk rock">medieval folk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neofolk" title="Neofolk">neofolk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharpe-Young2007478-127">[125]</a> The band's fourth album Blood Fire Death, released in 1988, includes two early examples of Viking metal – the songs "A Fine Day to Die" and "Blood Fire Death".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivadavian.d.b-128">[126]</a> The cover to Blood Fire Death even features <a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Hunt_of_Odin" title="The Wild Hunt of Odin">The Wild Hunt of Odin</a>, a painting by Norwegian artist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Nicolai_Arbo" title="Peter Nicolai Arbo">Peter Nicolai Arbo</a> which depicts the Norse god Odin on a <a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200762-51">[51]</a> Vlad Nichols writes that while the parts of the album that were dedicated to Viking themes had more in common with Wagnerian imagination than Nordic music, the album "came closer to an intuited essence of a 'Viking feel' in music than any before".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols2019-52">[52]</a> Bathory followed up on this Viking theme in 1990 with the release of Hammerheart, a <a href="/wiki/Concept_album" title="Concept album">concept album</a> fully devoted to Vikings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200762-51">[51]</a> Like its predecessor, this album features a Viking-themed painting, this time The Funeral of a Viking by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Dicksee" title="Frank Dicksee">Sir Frank Dicksee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200762-51">[51]</a> Following up this release were 1991's <a href="/wiki/Twilight_of_the_Gods_(album)" title="Twilight of the Gods (album)">Twilight of the Gods</a>, titled after Wagner's <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung">opera of the same name</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blood_on_Ice" title="Blood on Ice">Blood on Ice</a>, recorded in 1988–1989 but released in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200762-51">[51]</a> Hammerheart is considered a landmark that introduced the metal world to the Viking metal archetype.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivadavian.d.c-129">[127]</a> With this album, Quorthon, the band's founder, inspired a generation of Nordic teens, and seeded a deep anti-Christian sentiment which culminated in the violence and hate crimes committed by members of the Norwegian black metal community in the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivadavian.d.c-129">[127]</a> The artistic choices by Quorthon contain völkisch elements which emphasize a return to heathen Europe rather than a "destructive" Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManea2015187-108">[106]</a> Quorthon later explained, in the liner notes to Blood on Ice, that his shift to Viking themes was an intentional move away from Satanism: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I came to the personal conclusion that this whole Satanic bit was a fake: a hoax created by another hoax – the Christian church, the very institution they were attempting to attack using Satanic lyrics in the first place. Since I am an avid fan of history, the natural step would be to find something in history that could replace a thing like the dark side of life. And what could be more simple and natural than to pick up on the Viking era? Being Swedish and all, having a personal relation to, and linked by blood to, that era at the same time as it was an internationally infamous moment in history, I sensed that here I might just have something. Especially well suited was it since it was an era that reached its peak just before the Christian circus came around northern Europe and Sweden in the tenth century, establishing itself as the dictatorial way of life and death. And so that Satan and hell type of soup was changed for proud and strong nordsmen, shiny blades of broadswords, dragon ships and party-'til-you-puke type of living up there in the great halls.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Quorthon, Liner notes of Blood on Ice<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulvany200030-130">[128]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Bathory's Viking metal features Wagnerian-style epics, ostentatious arrangements, choruses, and ambient keyboards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivadavian.d.d-131">[129]</a> Mulvany notes that Bathory's 1990s work marks the beginning of a Viking-themed trend initially slow, even confusing, in formation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulvany200032-132">[130]</a> For example, the Austrian black metal band <a href="/wiki/Abigor" title="Abigor">Abigor</a> incorporated Viking themes and Germanic paganism in "Unleashed Axe-Age", the first track on its 1994 album Nachthymnen, but said it "should not be seen as a part of the upcoming Viking trend".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulvany200032-132">[130]</a> According to Mulvany, "The Viking trend presaged by Abigor was actually taking place around them, and it remains more 'true' to how black metal is often defined than the folk influenced metal that followed. Its folk elements are predominantly textual or musically evocative rather than musically-historically accurate."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulvany200033-133">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enslaved">Enslaved</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_metal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Enslaved">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Enslaved_(band)" title="Enslaved (band)">Enslaved (band)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enslaved,_Barge_to_Hell_2012_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Enslaved%2C_Barge_to_Hell_2012_02.jpg/220px-Enslaved%2C_Barge_to_Hell_2012_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Enslaved%2C_Barge_to_Hell_2012_02.jpg/330px-Enslaved%2C_Barge_to_Hell_2012_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Enslaved%2C_Barge_to_Hell_2012_02.jpg/440px-Enslaved%2C_Barge_to_Hell_2012_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ivar_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Ivar Bjørnson">Ivar Bjørnson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Enslaved_(band)" title="Enslaved (band)">Enslaved</a> at Barge to Hell, December 2012</figcaption></figure> Enslaved, formed in Norway in 1991,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHueyn.d.b-134">[132]</a> has also been cited as the first truly Viking metal band,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulvany200033-133">[131]</a> with the 1993 EP by the band, <a href="/wiki/Hordanes_Land" title="Hordanes Land">Hordanes Land</a>, named as the first true Viking metal release.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller201138-135">[133]</a> A review of <a href="/wiki/Eld_(album)" title="Eld (album)">Eld</a> (1997) noted that "Among the countless bands who were inspired by Bathory's seminal Viking metal, arguably none were as true to its gospel as Norway's Enslaved, whose utmost commitment even extended to donning vintage Norse armor and outfits on-stage".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivadavian.d.f-69">[69]</a> The band's 1994 debut album <a href="/wiki/Vikingligr_Veldi" title="Vikingligr Veldi">Vikingligr Veldi</a> had "many melodies being borrowed from ethnic Scandinavian <a href="/wiki/Nordic_folk_music" title="Nordic folk music">folk music</a> to lend additional authenticity to the vicious, fast-paced black metal".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERivadavian.d.e-136">[134]</a> Inspired by Bathory, Enslaved set out to "create Viking metal devoted to retelling Norway's legends and traditions of old – not attacking Christianity by means of its own creation: Satan."<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> Its second album <a href="/wiki/Frost_(album)" title="Frost (album)">Frost</a>, also released in 1994, served as "an important release for the extreme music subgenre of Viking metal".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonn.d.a-138">[136]</a> Though the previous recordings by Enslaved all featured the same thematic material, Frost was the first album that Enslaved described as Viking metal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEadmin2010-49">[49]</a> This album also defined the band's lyrical approach. <a href="/wiki/Decibel_(magazine)" title="Decibel (magazine)">Decibel</a> explains that on Frost, bassist and vocalist Grutle Kjellson "knew it was time to reclaim the gods and goddesses of his ancestors, especially if it meant his version of things would inevitably clash with the Christianized fairytales so often associated with Nordic myth."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEadmin2010-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burzum">Burzum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_metal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Burzum">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varg_Vikernes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Varg_Vikernes.jpg/220px-Varg_Vikernes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Varg_Vikernes.jpg/330px-Varg_Vikernes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Varg_Vikernes.jpg/440px-Varg_Vikernes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Varg_Vikernes" title="Varg Vikernes">Varg Vikernes</a>, 2009</figcaption></figure> Ideologically, Varg Vikernes's one-man project Burzum helped inspire the Viking metal scene through his strongly held racist, nationalistic, and anti-<a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a> beliefs, and his longing for a return to paganism.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> In Trafford and Pluskowski's opinion, Vikernes' beliefs, which had culminated in the burning of several churches, including the twelfth-century <a href="/wiki/Fantoft_Stave_Church" title="Fantoft Stave Church">Fantoft Stave Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>, reveal the confused nature of ideas about Vikings in the Norwegian black metal scene. They note, "His tastes seem originally not for the unmediated medieval itself as for <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>: he adopted the name 'Count Grishnackh', based upon an <a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">orc</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a>, and named Burzum after a Tolkienian word for 'darkness'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200763–64-140">[138]</a> They postulate that only in retrospect did Vikernes "cloak his actions in an Oðinic garb and claim the motivation of an attempt to restore Norse paganism for his church burning".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200764-113">[111]</a> While in prison, Vikernes released the book Vargsmål, which Trafford and Pluskowski call an echoing of the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1vam%C3%A1l" title="Hávamál">Hávamál</a>, though with "an eye on <a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200764-113">[111]</a> According to Trafford and Pluskowski, "proving both that it is not just the early medieval past to which he looks for inspiration, and that he will use any historical weapon at his disposal to offend Norwegian liberal opinion, it is notable that he has recently added the name <a href="/wiki/Quisling" title="Quisling">Quisling</a> to his own, and is even attempting to claim some sort of kinship to <a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">the wartime collaborator</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200764-113">[111]</a> Vikernes himself has connected the church burnings to an idea of resurgent Viking paganism. The first such burning, that of Fantoft Church on June 6, 1992, was thought by many to be related to Satanism, since the burning occurred on the sixth day of the week, on day six of the sixth month and was thus a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200392–93-141">[139]</a> Vikernes contends that the date June 6 was really picked because the first recorded Viking raid (upon Lindisfarne) occurred, according to Vikernes, on June 6, 793.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[c]</a> Quorthon acknowledged that nationalist elements had always been present in the Viking metal scene, and, in the early 1990s, these elements hardened into explicit racism and anti-Semitism, particularly among Heathen adherents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrafford20135-146">[143]</a> By the late 1990s, Viking metal pulled back from the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazi">neo-Nazi</a> direction toward which it was headed, once many musicians from the Oslo scene died or were jailed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrafford20135-146">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_pioneers">Other pioneers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_metal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other pioneers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moonsorrow_MTR_20110617_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ville Sorvali, co-founder of Moonsorrow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Moonsorrow_MTR_20110617_06.jpg/200px-Moonsorrow_MTR_20110617_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Moonsorrow_MTR_20110617_06.jpg/300px-Moonsorrow_MTR_20110617_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Moonsorrow_MTR_20110617_06.jpg/400px-Moonsorrow_MTR_20110617_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2138" data-file-height="2850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ville_Sorvali" title="Ville Sorvali">Ville Sorvali</a>, co-founder of the Viking metal band <a href="/wiki/Moonsorrow" title="Moonsorrow">Moonsorrow</a></figcaption></figure> Besides Bathory, Enslaved, and Burzum, several other artists are credited as pioneers of the style. The original bassist for Emperor, Håvard Ellefsen, also known as <a href="/wiki/Mortiis" title="Mortiis">Mortiis</a>, was "an indispensable force in the genesis of Norway's epic Viking metal sound."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHueyn.d.d-147">[144]</a> Despite Ellefsen's short tenure in the band, it was his musical interests that catalyzed the band to mix chaotic black metal with <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizer</a> melodies based on Norwegian folk music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHueyn.d.d-147">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Helheim_(band)" title="Helheim (band)">Helheim</a> was another major pioneer in the early scene.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> Helheim emerged on the scene before other bands such as Einherjer and <a href="/wiki/Thyrfing" title="Thyrfing">Thyrfing</a>, when even Enslaved was in its infancy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaut.de_staffn.d.a-149">[146]</a> Not only was Helheim one of the first bands to meld black metal with Viking themed-music, but one of the first to include stylistically unconventional instruments such as horns and violins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaut.de_staffn.d.a-149">[146]</a> Robert Müller of <a href="/wiki/Metal_Hammer" title="Metal Hammer">Metal Hammer Germany</a> argues that Viking metal never solidified as a genre, and attributes this to <a href="/wiki/Jormundgand" title="Jormundgand">Jormundgand</a>, Helheim's 1995 debut album.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller201138-135">[133]</a> Jormundgand included an ambitious track – "Galder" – but that song was considered incompatible with metal, and audiences, looking for a specific musical style, merged with the pagan metal scene, which had no particular "Viking" identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller201138-135">[133]</a> Other highly influential Viking metal bands are Borknagar,<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Darkwoods_My_Betrothed" title="Darkwoods My Betrothed">Darkwoods My Betrothed</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisn.d.a-151">[148]</a> Einherjer,<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> Ensiferum,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPughWeisl2012108–109-153">[150]</a> Moonsorrow,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200765-81">[81]</a> Thyrfing,<a href="#cite_note-ref3-154">[151]</a> and Windir.<a href="#cite_note-ref3-154">[151]</a> Trafford and Pluskowski regard Einherjer, Moonsorrow, Thyrfing, and Windir as the "most influential" Viking metal bands, with Einherjer's album covers, which include many images of Viking artifacts, giving Einherjer the most Viking feel of all bands except Enslaved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200765-81">[81]</a> Einherjer's artwork spans the full chronology of <a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking art</a>: 8th- and 9th-century <a href="/wiki/Viking_art#Oseberg_Style" title="Viking art">Oseberg</a> to 11th- and 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Viking_art#Urnes_Style" title="Viking art">Urnes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200766-155">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[d]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amon_Amarth_and_Unleashed">Amon Amarth and Unleashed</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_metal&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Amon Amarth and Unleashed">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unleashed,_Johnny_Hedlund_at_Party.San_Metal_Open_Air_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Unleashed%2C_Johnny_Hedlund_at_Party.San_Metal_Open_Air_2013.jpg/190px-Unleashed%2C_Johnny_Hedlund_at_Party.San_Metal_Open_Air_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Unleashed%2C_Johnny_Hedlund_at_Party.San_Metal_Open_Air_2013.jpg/285px-Unleashed%2C_Johnny_Hedlund_at_Party.San_Metal_Open_Air_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Unleashed%2C_Johnny_Hedlund_at_Party.San_Metal_Open_Air_2013.jpg/379px-Unleashed%2C_Johnny_Hedlund_at_Party.San_Metal_Open_Air_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="3480" /></a><figcaption>Johnny Hedlund of <a href="/wiki/Unleashed_(band)" title="Unleashed (band)">Unleashed</a>, performing at Party.San Metal Open Air, 2013</figcaption></figure> Amon Amarth and Unleashed's music could be described as death metal, but it incorporates Viking lyrical themes and thus the bands are considered to have broadened the scope of Viking metal. While Norse myths were mostly important for black metal, especially the early 1990s Norwegian scene, as well as for the younger pagan metal genre, bands as the Swedish Unleashed started fitting these myths into death metal even before Amon Amarth appeared.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeesch201072-48">[48]</a> Unleashed set a precedent for many of the coming black metal bands by shying away from the common death metal theme of gore and instead focusing on pre-Christian Swedish heathenism, particularly the Viking Age and old Norse religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200330-158">[154]</a> Amon Amarth and Unleashed resist the Viking metal label. Amon Amarth claims that they are merely a melodic death metal band with Viking-inspired lyrics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols2019-52">[52]</a> Johan Hegg from that band stated, "It's weird to label a band after the lyrical content because, in that case, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Maiden" title="Iron Maiden">Iron Maiden</a> is a Viking metal band, <a href="/wiki/Black_Sabbath" title="Black Sabbath">Black Sabbath</a> is a Viking metal band, Led Zeppelin is a Viking metal band."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELach2014-159">[155]</a> Johnny Hedlund of Unleashed maintains that the band has always played and always will play death metal, commenting, "The Viking lyrics you will find on about three to five songs on every Unleashed album from 1991 and on. I don't think that fact alone re-defines our style in some way."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrgin2006-160">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread_outside_the_Nordic_countries">Spread outside the Nordic countries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_metal&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Spread outside the Nordic countries">edit</a>]</div> Some members of the Viking metal scene believe that it is impossible for someone to be a Viking unless they themselves are of northern European descent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200771-161">[157]</a> According to Trafford and Pluskowski, the members of practically all Viking metal bands claim Viking ancestry, and after its inception in Scandinavia, Viking metal spread to areas historically settled by Vikings, including England, Russia, and <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200770–71-162">[158]</a> Viking metal bands have even formed in the United States and Canada, with their members claiming Viking descent either directly from Scandinavia or through England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200770–71-162">[158]</a> The scene also spread to other parts of Northern Europe in areas united by a common Germanic heritage, such as Austria, Germany, and the Netherlands. For instance, the Austrian band Valhalla makes extensive use of Viking iconography, including <a href="/wiki/Horned_helmet#Popular_association_with_Vikings" title="Horned helmet">horned helmets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200770–71-162">[158]</a> Another Austrian example is <a href="/wiki/Amestigon" title="Amestigon">Amestigon</a>, which on the cover of its promotional album Remembering Ancient Origins depicts a wood carved scene of <a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Sigurd</a> killing <a href="/wiki/Regin" title="Regin">Regin</a>, an image taken from a panel held in <a href="/wiki/Hylestad_Stave_Church" title="Hylestad Stave Church">Hylestad Stave Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200768-163">[159]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slechtvalk1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Slechtvalk1.jpg/220px-Slechtvalk1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Slechtvalk1.jpg/330px-Slechtvalk1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Slechtvalk1.jpg/440px-Slechtvalk1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Shamgar of the Dutch band <a href="/wiki/Slechtvalk" title="Slechtvalk">Slechtvalk</a>, 2008</figcaption></figure> One of the first non-Nordic Viking metal bands was the German project <a href="/wiki/Falkenbach" title="Falkenbach">Falkenbach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStöver199748-164">[160]</a> Formed in 1989 and primarily the work of front-man <a href="/wiki/Vratyas_Vakyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vratyas Vakyas">Vratyas Vakyas</a>, Falkenbach performs a mixture of black metal and folk music,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowar2014-165">[161]</a> with lyrics drawing from Western and Northern European mythologies, religions, and folk traditions.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> The Dutch bands <a href="/wiki/Heidevolk" title="Heidevolk">Heidevolk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slechtvalk" title="Slechtvalk">Slechtvalk</a>, and Fenris have also been labeled as Viking metal, though Heidevolk's former vocalist Joris Boghtdrincker claims that Heidevolk has never tried to "play the Viking card or the Pan-Germanic card", instead choosing to write about local Dutch history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeigfried2013-167">[163]</a> The Swiss band <a href="/wiki/Eluveitie" title="Eluveitie">Eluveitie</a> has been referred to as "Celtic Viking metal"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDieters2006-168">[164]</a> and the band itself jokingly calls its music "the new wave of folk metal".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulch2014-169">[165]</a> Vocalist <a href="/wiki/Chrigel_Glanzmann" title="Chrigel Glanzmann">Chrigel Glanzmann</a> explains was because the "whole folk metal thing was still quite new back then, and the scene and the music press was looking for new labels for that kind of music, so they came up with Forest Metal, Viking Metal, Heathen Metal, Pagan Metal, blah blah blah, and we just felt like it was really really ridiculous."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulch2014-169">[165]</a> Catherine Hoad finds the issue of national and racial identity central to Viking metal. For instance, she writes that when Trafford and Pluskowski claim that Manowar could not claim religious or racial identity with the Vikings when the band had a bandleader with the "'less than wholly Scandinavian name of <a href="/wiki/Joey_DeMaio" title="Joey DeMaio">Joey di Maio</a>', [Trafford and Pluskowski] are approaching a more complex and racially-charged issue than their offhandedness would suggest."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoad201365-170">[166]</a> While Viking imagery may be readily appropriated, according to Hoad the definition of a "true" Viking is quite rigid, a rigidity which non-Nordic, and especially non-White, musicians must contend with.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoad201365-170">[166]</a> As an example, she cites the Brazilian band Viking Throne, which claims legitimacy through European ancestry and historical references to explorations of South America by Nordic countries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoad201365-170">[166]</a> and quotes their front-man, Count Nidhogg: "Some people understand perfectly that it doesn't matter where you live, what's really important is your heritage and ancestry. Even living in a South American country as Brazil we all have European blood."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoad201365–66-171">[167]</a> Hoad argues that Viking Throne illustrates the cultural importance of claiming Viking ancestry, a culture that operates on largely geographic lines. In contrast to Viking Throne, she cites the band Slechtvalk, which is well known for its brand of <a href="/wiki/Christian_metal" title="Christian metal">Christian</a> Viking metal, but is rarely criticized as inauthentic by the scene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoad201366-172">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[e]</a> Hoad speculates that the European ethnicity of the band is enough to compensate for its otherwise counter-intuitive music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoad201366-172">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_pagan_metal_and_Modern_Pagan_movements">Influence on pagan metal and Modern Pagan movements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_metal&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Influence on pagan metal and Modern Pagan movements">edit</a>]</div> The German literary scholar <a href="/wiki/Stefanie_von_Schnurbein" title="Stefanie von Schnurbein">Stefanie von Schnurbein</a> list Viking metal as one of the many influences on <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a> and popular images of Nordic myth and religion, influences that have even shaped academic discourse on Nordic myth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnurbein2016298-176">[171]</a> According to Weinstein, "Viking metal has travelled further than any Viking ship. Self-defined pagan metal bands who describe their music as Viking metal can be found in the United States, Brazil and Uruguay, among other places."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein201461-177">[172]</a> The sensationalism of the early Norwegian black metal scene might be responsible for some of this popularity, but Weinstein considers the genre's greatest influence to be "the inspiration it has given to others to explore their own roots".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein201461-177">[172]</a> This impact was particularly strong in the Baltic states, where Viking metal influenced the development of a distinct pagan metal scene known as "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_war_metal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baltic war metal (page does not exist)">Baltic war metal</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein201461–62-178">[173]</a> The Lithuanian band <a href="/wiki/Obtest" title="Obtest">Obtest</a>, formed as a black metal band in 1993 with <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> lyrics, birthed the war metal scene with the 1997 album Tūkstantmetis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein201461–62-178">[173]</a> Michael F. Strmiska comments that despite the claim that Scandinavia was home to the last pagans in Europe, within the scene: "A point of particular pride is the knowledge that Lithuania was the last country in all of Europe to officially abandon its native Pagan traditions and convert to Christianity in 1387."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiskaDundzila2005241-179">[174]</a> Another Baltic band influenced by Viking metal is the Latvian project <a href="/wiki/Skyforger" title="Skyforger">Skyforger</a>, which composes its lyrics in the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein201461–62-178">[173]</a> A third example of the influence of Viking metal on pagan metal is the <a href="/wiki/National_socialist_black_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="National socialist black metal">national socialist black metal</a> band <a href="/wiki/Graveland" title="Graveland">Graveland</a> from Poland, which on its second album, Thousand Swords, released in 1995, featured a variety of folk styles mixed in with the band's black metal sound, and introduced lyrics about Polish history and Slavic gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein201461–62-178">[173]</a> Viking metal has also influenced the Russian <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith_in_Russia" title="Slavic Native Faith in Russia">Rodnoverie</a> movement, particularly the texts of Varg Vikernes, many of which have been translated into Russian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitamurto201654-180">[175]</a> Though some of his readers within Rodnoverie distance themselves from the racism and political statements within Vikernes' work, other followers have embraced racist and National Socialist ideas. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitamurto201654-180">[175]</a> Contemporaneous to the rise of Viking metal has been the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_metal" title="Celtic metal">Celtic metal</a> in Ireland, France, and even Germany, a style which sounds essentially like Viking metal, apart from the addition of <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harps</a>, but with lyrics celebrating <a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic gods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">myths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200770–71-162">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_metal&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Viking_metal_bands" title="List of Viking metal bands">List of Viking metal bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_rock" title="Viking rock">Viking rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_metal" title="Medieval metal">Medieval metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Medieval_music" title="Neo-Medieval music">Neo-Medieval music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology_in_popular_culture" title="Norse mythology in popular culture">Norse mythology in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_metal&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_metal&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> The Sutton Hoo burial site technically is not Viking. It belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">East Angles</a>, and dates to a century before the Viking Age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarver1998164-85">[85]</a> The site is often misconstrued to be a Viking one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2009-86">[86]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> For example, the German project <a href="/wiki/Falkenbach" title="Falkenbach">Falkenbach</a>, in addition to English and Old Norse, has written in German, Old High German, and Latin (this last being an <a href="/wiki/Italic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Italic language">Italic language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The German band <a href="/wiki/Obscurity_(band)" title="Obscurity (band)">Obscurity</a> also writes lyrics in German.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPonton2010-99">[98]</a> The lyrics of <a href="/wiki/Heilung" title="Heilung">Heilung</a> include text in Gothic, Old High German, Old English, and Proto-Norse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECombe2022-95">[94]</a> The Dutch band <a href="/wiki/Heidevolk" title="Heidevolk">Heidevolk</a> writes entirely in Dutch,<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> and Fenris and <a href="/wiki/Slechtvalk" title="Slechtvalk">Slechtvalk</a>, also Dutch projects, have, in addition to English, written in Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Slechtvalk has also recorded a song in Latin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetal_MarcFlex187xRTxHeidendoder2002-102">[101]</a> Baldrs Draumar, from the <a href="/wiki/West_Frisia" title="West Frisia">West Frisian</a> area of the Netherlands, write lyrics exclusively in their native West Frisian.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> The Finnish band <a href="/wiki/Korpiklaani" title="Korpiklaani">Korpiklaani</a>, when it recorded under the previous name Shaman, wrote in <a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sami languages</a>, but dropped the use of these languages when it changed its name and style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngelique2005-104">[103]</a> The Swiss band <a href="/wiki/Eluveitie" title="Eluveitie">Eluveitie</a> writes much of its music in reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic language">Celtic language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> The raid actually occurred on June 8, 793, not June 6. The annals of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a> state that the raid occurred the six days before the ides of June, which were on the 13th, which would place the date at June 8 rather than 6.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanton1998p._57,_n._15-143">[141]</a> Vikernes did state, "According to other sources it was the 8th of June ..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMørk2011127–128-144">[142]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Specifically, the EPs <a href="/wiki/Leve_Viking%C3%A5nden" title="Leve Vikingånden">Leve Vikingånden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far_Far_North" title="Far Far North">Far Far North</a> use a Mjölnir pendant, <a href="/wiki/Dragons_of_the_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragons of the North">Dragons of the North</a> depicts a carved post from the <a href="/wiki/Oseberg_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Oseberg ship">Oseberg ship</a> burial, and <a href="/wiki/Blot_(album)" title="Blot (album)">Blot</a> includes part of a harness bow in the <a href="/wiki/Viking_art#Jellinge_Style" title="Viking art">Jelling Style</a>. More complex is the artwork for <a href="/wiki/Odin_Owns_Ye_All" title="Odin Owns Ye All">Odin Owns Ye All</a>, which, in the style of a fire-lit wooden carving, portrays a representation of the <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">one-eyed god</a> and his two watchful ravens, surrounded by ornamentation similar to the tendrils and animals found on the <a href="/wiki/Urnes_stave_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Urnes stave church">Urnes stave church</a> carvings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200765–66-156">[153]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> However, in 2010, an appearance by Slechtvalk was canceled after Enslaved, which was also scheduled for the same show, told the venue that it refused to play with a band with religious or political intentions.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> Slechtvalk later claimed that this was a misunderstanding on Enslaved's part, and that Enslaved told Slechtvalk that it did not know about the cancellation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeithan2010-174">[170]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_metal&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECouper201534-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECouper201534_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCouper2015">Couper 2015</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHistory_staffn.d.">History staff n.d.</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLovgren2004">Lovgren 2004</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHistory_staffn.d.">History staff n.d.</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJames2011">James 2011</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSjåvik2010">Sjåvik 2010</a>, pp. xxiii, 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHistory_staffn.d.">History staff n.d.</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJakobsen2013">Jakobsen 2013</a>; <a href="#CITEREFKendrick2012">Kendrick 2012</a>, pp. 143–388; <a href="#CITEREFLovgren2004">Lovgren 2004</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPeterson2016">Peterson 2016</a>, p. 230 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHistory_staffn.d.">History staff n.d.</a>; <a href="#CITEREFKasekamp2010">Kasekamp 2010</a>, pp. 21–23 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_staffn.d.-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_staffn.d._6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_staffn.d._6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHistory_staffn.d.">History staff n.d</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnttonen2012">Anttonen 2012</a>, pp. 185–221; <a href="#CITEREFNordberg2012">Nordberg 2012</a>, pp. 125–126 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2011-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2011_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2011">Williams 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-ref1-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLingKjellbergRonström2013">Ling, Kjellberg & Ronström 2013</a>, pp. 517–518; <a href="#CITEREFNorden_Folkn.d.">Norden Folk n.d.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArmstrong2002">Armstrong 2002</a>, p. 359; <a href="#CITEREFNorden_Folkn.d.">Norden Folk n.d.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLing1997">Ling 1997</a>, p. 222; <a href="#CITEREFLingKjellbergRonström2013">Ling, Kjellberg & Ronström 2013</a>, pp. 517–518 </li> <li id="cite_note-ref2-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref2_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref2_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref2_12-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLingKjellbergRonström2013">Ling, Kjellberg & Ronström 2013</a>, pp. 517–518; <a href="#CITEREFYoell1974">Yoell 1974</a>, p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoell197431-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoell197431_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoell1974">Yoell 1974</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLingKjellbergRonström2013">Ling, Kjellberg & Ronström 2013</a>, pp. 516–517; <a href="#CITEREFRandel2003">Randel 2003</a>, p. 237 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELing199798-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELing199798_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELing199798_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLing1997">Ling 1997</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELingKjellbergRonström2013517-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELingKjellbergRonström2013517_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLingKjellbergRonström2013">Ling, Kjellberg & Ronström 2013</a>, pp. 517. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHopkins2013a">Hopkins 2013a</a>, p. 507; <a href="#CITEREFLing1997">Ling 1997</a>, pp. 91–93 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELing199791,_98-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELing199791,_98_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLing1997">Ling 1997</a>, pp. 91, 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiotrowska2015107-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiotrowska2015107_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiotrowska2015107_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiotrowska2015107_19-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiotrowska2015">Piotrowska 2015</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins2013b512-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2013b512_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins2013b512_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHopkins2013b">Hopkins 2013b</a>, p. 512. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeistö2013523-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeistö2013523_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeistö2013523_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeistö2013523_21-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeistö2013">Leistö 2013</a>, p. 523. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELingKjellbergRonström2013516-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELingKjellbergRonström2013516_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLingKjellbergRonström2013">Ling, Kjellberg & Ronström 2013</a>, p. 516. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2002359-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2002359_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2002359_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFArmstrong2002">Armstrong 2002</a>, p. 359. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrew2015">Andrew 2015</a>; <a href="#CITEREFKalis2004">Kalis 2004</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherryAldis200680-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherryAldis200680_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSherryAldis2006">Sherry & Aldis 2006</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerriern.d.a-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerriern.d.a_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerriern.d.a">Ferrier n.d.a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEkeroth2009247-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEkeroth2009247_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEkeroth2009">Ekeroth 2009</a>, p. 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson201359-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson201359_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatterson2013">Patterson 2013</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampion2005">Campion 2005</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEkeroth2009">Ekeroth 2009</a>, p. 247; <a href="#CITEREFKalis2004">Kalis 2004</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLeeVoegtlin2006">Lee & Voegtlin 2006</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampion2005">Campion 2005</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLeeVoegtlin2006">Lee & Voegtlin 2006</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHagen2011">Hagen 2011</a>, p. 190; <a href="#CITEREFKahn-Harris2011">Kahn-Harris 2011</a>, p. 220; <a href="#CITEREFKalis2004">Kalis 2004</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLeeVoegtlin2006">Lee & Voegtlin 2006</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWeinstein2011">Weinstein 2011</a>, p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalis2004-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalis2004_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalis2004_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKalis2004">Kalis 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampion2005">Campion 2005</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHagen2011">Hagen 2011</a>, p. 184 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampion2005-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampion2005_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampion2005">Campion 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn-Harris20074-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn-Harris20074_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn-Harris20074_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn-Harris2007">Kahn-Harris 2007</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagen2011187-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagen2011187_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagen2011187_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagen2011187_36-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHagen2011">Hagen 2011</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHagen2011">Hagen 2011</a>, p. 187; <a href="#CITEREFKalis2004">Kalis 2004</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHagen2011">Hagen 2011</a>, p. 184; <a href="#CITEREFKahn-Harris2007">Kahn-Harris 2007</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagen2011184-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagen2011184_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHagen2011">Hagen 2011</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHagen2011">Hagen 2011</a>, p. 184; <a href="#CITEREFKalis2004">Kalis 2004</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagen2011185-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagen2011185_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagen2011185_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHagen2011">Hagen 2011</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDome2007-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDome2007_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDome2007">Dome 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalis_2004-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kalis_2004_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kalis_2004_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKalis2004">Kalis 2004</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLeeVoegtlin2006">Lee & Voegtlin 2006</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTraffordPluskowski2007">Trafford & Pluskowski 2007</a>, p. 60; <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2019">McIntosh 2019</a>, p. 186; <a href="#CITEREFRivadavia2018">Rivadavia 2018</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRivadavian.d.a">Rivadavia n.d.a</a><a href="#CITEREFRivadavia2018">Rivadavia 2018</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERivadavia2018-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivadavia2018_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivadavia2018_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivadavia2018_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivadavia2018_46-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivadavia2018_46-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFRivadavia2018">Rivadavia 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200762_51-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200762_51-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200762_51-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200762_51-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFTraffordPluskowski2007">Trafford & Pluskowski 2007</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols2019-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols2019_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols2019_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols2019_52-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNichols2019">Nichols 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllMusic_staffn.d.a-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllMusic_staffn.d.a_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllMusic_staffn.d.a">AllMusic staff n.d.a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagen2011190–191-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagen2011190–191_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHagen2011">Hagen 2011</a>, pp. 190–191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonsson2011-55"><a 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshbySchofield2015500-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshbySchofield2015500_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAshbySchofield2015">Ashby & Schofield 2015</a>, p. 500. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulvany200042–43-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulvany200042–43_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMulvany2000">Mulvany 2000</a>, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Helden2010259-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Helden2010259_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Helden2010">von Helden 2010</a>, p. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Helden2010258-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Helden2010258_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Helden2010258_93-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Helden2010">von Helden 2010</a>, p. 258. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELusty2020166-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELusty2020166_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLusty2020">Lusty 2020</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECombe2022-95">^ <a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoad201364_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoad201364_115-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoad2013">Hoad 2013</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoad2013">Hoad 2013</a>, p. 67; <a href="#CITEREFMoberg2015">Moberg 2015</a>, p. 38; <a href="#CITEREFThrashboy2014">Thrashboy 2014</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJonsson2011">Jonsson 2011</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeevill2012-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeevill2012_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeevill2012_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeevill2012_117-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeevill2012_117-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeevill2012">Keevill 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshbySchofield2015504-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshbySchofield2015504_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAshbySchofield2015">Ashby & Schofield 2015</a>, p. 504. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoad202196-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoad202196_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoad202196_119-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoad2021">Hoad 2021</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoad202197-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoad202197_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoad202197_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoad202197_120-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoad2021">Hoad 2021</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMørk2011139–140-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMørk2011139–140_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMørk2011">Mørk 2011</a>, pp. 139–140. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMørk2011">Mørk 2011</a>, p. 140; <a href="#CITEREFWeinstein2014">Weinstein 2014</a>, p. 60 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMørk2011140-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMørk2011140_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMørk2011140_123-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMørk2011">Mørk 2011</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpracklen2020120-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpracklen2020120_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpracklen2020">Spracklen 2020</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMørk2011140–141-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMørk2011140–141_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMørk2011">Mørk 2011</a>, pp. 140–141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMørk2011144-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMørk2011144_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMørk2011">Mørk 2011</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharpe-Young2007478-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharpe-Young2007478_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharpe-Young2007">Sharpe-Young 2007</a>, p. 478. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERivadavian.d.b-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivadavian.d.b_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRivadavian.d.b">Rivadavia n.d.b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERivadavian.d.c-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivadavian.d.c_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivadavian.d.c_129-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRivadavian.d.c">Rivadavia n.d.c</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulvany200030-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulvany200030_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMulvany2000">Mulvany 2000</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERivadavian.d.d-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivadavian.d.d_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRivadavian.d.d">Rivadavia n.d.d</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulvany200032-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulvany200032_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulvany200032_132-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMulvany2000">Mulvany 2000</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulvany200033-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulvany200033_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulvany200033_133-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMulvany2000">Mulvany 2000</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHueyn.d.b-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHueyn.d.b_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHueyn.d.b">Huey n.d.b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller201138-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller201138_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller201138_135-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller201138_135-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMüller2011">Müller 2011</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERivadavian.d.e-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERivadavian.d.e_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRivadavian.d.e">Rivadavia n.d.e</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRivadavian.d.e">Rivadavia n.d.e</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRivadavian.d.f">Rivadavia n.d.f</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonn.d.a-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonn.d.a_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndersonn.d.a">Anderson n.d.a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHueyn.d.c">Huey n.d.c</a>; <a href="#CITEREFUnger2016b">Unger 2016b</a>, p. 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200763–64-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200763–64_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTraffordPluskowski2007">Trafford & Pluskowski 2007</a>, pp. 63–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200392–93-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200392–93_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoynihanSøderlind2003">Moynihan & Søderlind 2003</a>, pp. 92–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMørk2011">Mørk 2011</a>, pp. 127–128; <a href="#CITEREFMoynihanSøderlind2003">Moynihan & Søderlind 2003</a>, pp. 92–93 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanton1998p._57,_n._15-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwanton1998p._57,_n._15_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwanton1998">Swanton 1998</a>, p. 57, n. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMørk2011127–128-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMørk2011127–128_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMørk2011">Mørk 2011</a>, pp. 127–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrafford20135-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrafford20135_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrafford20135_146-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrafford2013">Trafford 2013</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHueyn.d.d-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHueyn.d.d_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHueyn.d.d_147-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHueyn.d.d">Huey n.d.d</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoad2013">Hoad 2013</a>, p. 63; <a href="#CITEREFLaut.de_staffn.d.a">Laut.de staff n.d.a</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaut.de_staffn.d.a-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaut.de_staffn.d.a_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaut.de_staffn.d.a_149-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaut.de_staffn.d.a">Laut.de staff n.d.a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreeborn2010">Freeborn 2010</a>, p. 846; <a href="#CITEREFWeinstein2014">Weinstein 2014</a>, p. 60 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisn.d.a-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisn.d.a_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrisn.d.a">Harris n.d.a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaRoncon.d.a">DaRonco n.d.a</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMüller2011">Müller 2011</a>, p. 38; <a href="#CITEREFTraffordPluskowski2007">Trafford & Pluskowski 2007</a>, p. 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPughWeisl2012108–109-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPughWeisl2012108–109_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPughWeisl2012">Pugh & Weisl 2012</a>, pp. 108–109. </li> <li id="cite_note-ref3-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref3_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref3_154-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTraffordPluskowski2007">Trafford & Pluskowski 2007</a>, p. 65; <a href="#CITEREFMüller2011">Müller 2011</a>, p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200766-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200766_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTraffordPluskowski2007">Trafford & Pluskowski 2007</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200765–66-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200765–66_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTraffordPluskowski2007">Trafford & Pluskowski 2007</a>, pp. 65–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200330-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoynihanSøderlind200330_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoynihanSøderlind2003">Moynihan & Søderlind 2003</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELach2014-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELach2014_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLach2014">Lach 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrgin2006-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrgin2006_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrgin2006">Krgin 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200771-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200771_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTraffordPluskowski2007">Trafford & Pluskowski 2007</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200770–71-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200770–71_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200770–71_162-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200770–71_162-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200770–71_162-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFTraffordPluskowski2007">Trafford & Pluskowski 2007</a>, pp. 70–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200768-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraffordPluskowski200768_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTraffordPluskowski2007">Trafford & Pluskowski 2007</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStöver199748-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStöver199748_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStöver1997">Stöver 1997</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowar2014-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowar2014_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowar2014">Bowar 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowar2015">Bowar 2015</a>; <a href="#CITEREFManea2015">Manea 2015</a>, p. 187 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeigfried2013-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeigfried2013_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeigfried2013">Seigfried 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDieters2006-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDieters2006_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDieters2006">Dieters 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulch2014-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulch2014_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulch2014_169-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMulch2014">Mulch 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoad201365-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoad201365_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoad201365_170-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoad201365_170-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoad2013">Hoad 2013</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoad201365–66-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoad201365–66_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoad2013">Hoad 2013</a>, pp. 65–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoad201366-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoad201366_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoad201366_172-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoad2013">Hoad 2013</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeithan2010">Neithan 2010</a>; <a href="#CITEREFUnger2016a">Unger 2016a</a>, p. 535 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeithan2010-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeithan2010_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeithan2010">Neithan 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnurbein2016298-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnurbein2016298_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchnurbein2016">Schnurbein 2016</a>, p. 298. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein201461-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein201461_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein201461_177-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinstein2014">Weinstein 2014</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein201461–62-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein201461–62_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein201461–62_178-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein201461–62_178-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein201461–62_178-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinstein2014">Weinstein 2014</a>, pp. 61–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiskaDundzila2005241-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiskaDundzila2005241_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrmiskaDundzila2005">Strmiska & Dundzila 2005</a>, p. 241, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFWeinstein2014">Weinstein (2014</a>, p. 61) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitamurto201654-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitamurto201654_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitamurto201654_180-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAitamurto2016">Aitamurto 2016</a>, p. 54. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_metal&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAitamurto2016" class="citation book cs1">Aitamurto, Kaarina (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external 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Oxford. pp. 71–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904710-87-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904710-87-5"><bdi>978-1-904710-87-5</bdi></a>. 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Dunedin. pp. 62–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9757747-9-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9757747-9-3"><bdi>978-0-9757747-9-3</bdi></a> – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Hold+the+Heathen+Hammer+High%27%3A+Viking+Metal+from+the+Local+to+the+Global&rft.btitle=Shifting+Sounds%3A+Musical+Flow+%E2%80%93+A+Collection+of+Papers+from+the+2012+IASPM+Australia%2FNew+Zealand+Conference&rft.place=Dunedin&rft.pages=62-70&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-9757747-9-3&rft.aulast=Hoad&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5768762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoad2021" class="citation book cs1">Hoad, Catherine (2021-10-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rW9KEAAAQBAJ">Heavy Metal Music, Texts, and Nationhood: (Re)sounding Whiteness</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cham,_Switzerland" title="Cham, Switzerland">Cham, Switzerland</a>: Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-67619-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-67619-3"><bdi>978-3-030-67619-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heavy+Metal+Music%2C+Texts%2C+and+Nationhood%3A+%28Re%29sounding+Whiteness&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2021-10-25&rft.isbn=978-3-030-67619-3&rft.aulast=Hoad&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrW9KEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2013a" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Pandora (2013a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ajMsBgAAQBAJ">"Iceland"</a>. 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Oxford: Berg Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-399-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-399-3"><bdi>978-1-84520-399-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extreme+Metal%3A+Music+and+Culture+on+the+Edge&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&rft.date=2007-12-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84520-399-3&rft.aulast=Kahn-Harris&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj498eOosXxEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahn-Harris2011" class="citation book cs1">Kahn-Harris, Keith (December 27, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1WgxKHHr-2kC">"'You Are from Israel and That Is Enough to Hate You Forever': Racism, Globalization, and Play within the Global Extreme Metal Scene"</a>. 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Durham, North Carolina: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/metalrulesglobeh00wall/page/n209">200</a>–226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4733-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4733-0"><bdi>978-0-8223-4733-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27You+Are+from+Israel+and+That+Is+Enough+to+Hate+You+Forever%27%3A+Racism%2C+Globalization%2C+and+Play+within+the+Global+Extreme+Metal+Scene&rft.btitle=Metal+Rules+the+Globe%3A+Heavy+Metal+Music+Around+the+World&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=200-226&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2011-12-27&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4733-0&rft.aulast=Kahn-Harris&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1WgxKHHr-2kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalis2004" class="citation web cs1">Kalis, Quentin (August 31, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110831140019/http://www.chroniclesofchaos.com/articles/rants/6-668_black_metal_a_brief_guide.aspx">"CoC : Rant : Black Metal: A Brief Guide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chronicles_of_Chaos_(webzine)" title="Chronicles of Chaos (webzine)">Chronicles of Chaos</a>. 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Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. pp. 516–518. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-09562-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-09562-7"><bdi>978-1-136-09562-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sweden&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.pages=516-518&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-09562-7&rft.aulast=Ling&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Kjellberg%2C+Erik&rft.au=Ronstr%C3%B6m%2C+Owe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DajMsBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols2019" class="citation web cs1">Nichols, Vlad (September 26, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ultimate-guitar.com/articles/features/the_beginners_guide_to_evolution_of_viking_metal-97514">"The Beginner's Guide to Evolution of Viking Metal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Guitar" title="Ultimate Guitar">Ultimate Guitar</a>. 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The Microgenre: A Quick Look at Small Culture. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 163–169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5013-4583-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5013-4583-8"><bdi>978-1-5013-4583-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heavy+Metal+Microgenres&rft.btitle=The+Microgenre%3A+A+Quick+Look+at+Small+Culture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=163-169&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2020-01-23&rft.isbn=978-1-5013-4583-8&rft.aulast=Lusty&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRkzODwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManea2015" class="citation book cs1">Manea, Irina-Maria (April 16, 2015). 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Czech Institute of Academic Education z.s. pp. 185–193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-905791-2-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-905791-2-5"><bdi>978-80-905791-2-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Primal+Roots%3A+Ancestry+and+Race+in+Extreme+Music+Discourses&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+IAC-SSaH+2015%3A+International+Academic+Conference+on+Social+Sciences+and+Humanities+in+Prague+2015&rft.pages=185-193&rft.pub=Czech+Institute+of+Academic+Education+z.s.&rft.date=2015-04-16&rft.isbn=978-80-905791-2-5&rft.aulast=Manea&rft.aufirst=Irina-Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHzcnCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntosh2019" class="citation book cs1">McIntosh, Christopher (2019-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6vpwDwAAQBAJ">Beyond the North Wind: The Fall and Rise of the Mystic North</a>. Newburyport: Weiser Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63341-090-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63341-090-9"><bdi>978-1-63341-090-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+North+Wind%3A+The+Fall+and+Rise+of+the+Mystic+North&rft.place=Newburyport&rft.pub=Weiser+Books&rft.date=2019-05-01&rft.isbn=978-1-63341-090-9&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6vpwDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetal_MarcFlex187xRTxHeidendoder2002" class="citation web cs1">Metal Marc; Flex187; xRTx; Heidendoder (November 13, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artfortheears.nl/NL/r/i/slechtvalk3.htm">"An interview with Slechtvalk"</a>. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-7986-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-7986-7"><bdi>978-1-4725-7986-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Metal%3A+History%2C+Ideology%2C+Scene&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-7986-7&rft.aulast=Moberg&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMørk2011" class="citation book cs1">Mørk, Gry (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VdHauOW_XOsC&pg=PA124">"Why Didn't the Churches Begin to Burn a Thousand Years Earlier?"</a>. In Thomas Bossius, Thomas; Häger, Andreas; <a href="/wiki/Keith_Kahn-Harris" title="Keith Kahn-Harris">Kahn-Harris, Keith</a> (eds.). Religion and Popular Music in Europe: New Expressions of Sacred and Secular Identity. Studier av Inter-Religiösa Relationer. London: <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. pp. 124–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-809-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-809-1"><bdi>978-1-84885-809-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1650-8718">1650-8718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+Didn%27t+the+Churches+Begin+to+Burn+a+Thousand+Years+Earlier%3F&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Popular+Music+in+Europe%3A+New+Expressions+of+Sacred+and+Secular+Identity&rft.place=London&rft.series=Studier+av+Inter-Religi%C3%B6sa+Relationer&rft.pages=124-144&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=1650-8718&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-809-1&rft.aulast=M%C3%B8rk&rft.aufirst=Gry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVdHauOW_XOsC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoynihanSøderlind2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moynihan_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Moynihan (journalist)">Moynihan, Michael</a>; Søderlind, Didrik (2003). <a href="/wiki/Lords_of_Chaos:_The_Bloody_Rise_of_the_Satanic_Metal_Underground" class="mw-redirect" title="Lords of Chaos: The Bloody Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground">Lords of Chaos: The Bloody Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground</a> (revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Port_Townsend,_Washington" title="Port Townsend, Washington">Port Townsend, Washington</a>: <a href="/wiki/Feral_House" title="Feral House">Feral House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-922915-94-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-922915-94-1"><bdi>978-0-922915-94-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lords+of+Chaos%3A+The+Bloody+Rise+of+the+Satanic+Metal+Underground&rft.place=Port+Townsend%2C+Washington&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Feral+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-922915-94-1&rft.aulast=Moynihan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=S%C3%B8derlind%2C+Didrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulch2014" class="citation web cs1">Mulch, Nathan (December 17, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kuoi.org/2014/12/17/eluveitie/">"Chrigel Glanzmann | Eluveitie"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KUOI-FM" title="KUOI-FM">KUOI-FM</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Idaho" title="University of Idaho">University of Idaho</a>. 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London: Jawbone Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906002-01-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906002-01-5"><bdi>978-1-906002-01-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metal%3A+The+Definitive+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jawbone+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-906002-01-5&rft.aulast=Sharpe-Young&rft.aufirst=Garry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKNrV3iQ_qrIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherryAldis2006" class="citation book cs1">Sherry, James; Aldis, Neil (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ML0Rko9QlggC">Heavy Metal Thunder: Kick-Ass Cover Art from Kick-Ass Albums</a>. San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/Chronicle_Books" title="Chronicle Books">Chronicle Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-5353-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-5353-8"><bdi>978-0-8118-5353-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heavy+Metal+Thunder%3A+Kick-Ass+Cover+Art+from+Kick-Ass+Albums&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8118-5353-8&rft.aulast=Sherry&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Aldis%2C+Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DML0Rko9QlggC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSjåvik2010" class="citation book cs1">Sjåvik, Jan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_lNV6AnqTl4C&pg=PA6">The A to Z of Norway</a>. 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De Verdrongen Tekenen (musical song) (in Dutch). Netherlands: Fear Dark Records.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+Verdrongen+Tekenen&rft.place=Netherlands&rft.pub=Fear+Dark+Records&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Slechtvalk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988">{</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpracklen2020" class="citation book cs1">Spracklen, Karl (2020-05-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TJreDwAAQBAJ">Metal Music and the Re-imagining of Masculinity, Place, Race and Nation</a>. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83867-445-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83867-445-8"><bdi>978-1-83867-445-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metal+Music+and+the+Re-imagining+of+Masculinity%2C+Place%2C+Race+and+Nation&rft.place=Bingley&rft.pub=Emerald+Group+Publishing&rft.date=2020-05-11&rft.isbn=978-1-83867-445-8&rft.aulast=Spracklen&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTJreDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStöver1997" class="citation journal cs1">Stöver, Frank (1997). "Falkenbach". Voices from the Darkside (10).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voices+from+the+Darkside&rft.atitle=Falkenbach&rft.issue=10&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=St%C3%B6ver&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrmiskaDundzila2005" class="citation book cs1">Strmiska, Michael; Dundzila, Vilius Rudra (2005). "Romuva: Lithuanian Paganism in Lithuania and America". In Strmiska, Michael F. (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism_in_World_Cultures" title="Modern Paganism in World Cultures">Modern Paganism in World Cultures</a>. Santa Barbara: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernpaganismwo00strm/page/n250">241</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-608-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-608-4"><bdi>978-1-85109-608-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Romuva%3A+Lithuanian+Paganism+in+Lithuania+and+America&rft.btitle=Modern+Paganism+in+World+Cultures&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-608-4&rft.aulast=Strmiska&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Dundzila%2C+Vilius+Rudra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSulaimanYardley2010" class="citation web cs1">Sulaiman, Ann; Yardley, Miranda (December 13, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terrorizer.com/news/features-2/ann-s-presents-an-interview-with-keith-fay-cruachan/">"Ann S. Presents – An Interview with Keith Fay (Cruachan)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Terrorizer_(magazine)" title="Terrorizer (magazine)">Terrorizer</a>. Dark Arts. Retrieved August 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrorizer&rft.atitle=Ann+S.+Presents+%E2%80%93+An+Interview+with+Keith+Fay+%28Cruachan%29&rft.date=2010-12-13&rft.aulast=Sulaiman&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft.au=Yardley%2C+Miranda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terrorizer.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures-2%2Fann-s-presents-an-interview-with-keith-fay-cruachan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanton1998" class="citation book cs1">Swanton, Michael (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f8B4NAl2r48C">The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a>. New York: Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92129-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92129-9"><bdi>978-0-415-92129-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+Chronicle&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92129-9&rft.aulast=Swanton&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df8B4NAl2r48C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThrashboy2014" class="citation web cs1">Thrashboy (February 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mauce.nl/site/interview-with-fedor-buzilevich-of-holy-blood/">"Interview with 'Fedor Buzilevich' of 'Holy Blood'"</a>. Mauce.nl. The Metal Resource. Retrieved August 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mauce.nl&rft.atitle=Interview+with+%27Fedor+Buzilevich%27+of+%27Holy+Blood%27&rft.date=2014-02-18&rft.au=Thrashboy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmauce.nl%2Fsite%2Finterview-with-fedor-buzilevich-of-holy-blood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraffordPluskowski2007" class="citation book cs1">Trafford, Simon; Pluskowski, Aleks (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/521897">"Antichrist Superstars: The Vikings in Hard Rock and Heavy Metal"</a>. In Marshall, David W. (ed.). Mass Market Medieval: Essays on the Middle Ages in Popular Culture. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. pp. 57–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2922-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2922-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-2922-6</bdi></a> – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antichrist+Superstars%3A+The+Vikings+in+Hard+Rock+and+Heavy+Metal&rft.btitle=Mass+Market+Medieval%3A+Essays+on+the+Middle+Ages+in+Popular+Culture&rft.pages=57-73&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2922-6&rft.aulast=Trafford&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Pluskowski%2C+Aleks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F521897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrafford2013" class="citation book cs1">Trafford, Simon (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2566791">"Blood, Fire, Death: Bathory and the Birth of Viking Metal"</a>. In Goodall, Mark (ed.). Gathering of the Tribe: Music and Heavy Conscious Creation. London: Headpress. pp. 302–308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900486-85-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900486-85-9"><bdi>978-1-900486-85-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blood%2C+Fire%2C+Death%3A+Bathory+and+the+Birth+of+Viking+Metal&rft.btitle=Gathering+of+the+Tribe%3A+Music+and+Heavy+Conscious+Creation&rft.place=London&rft.pages=302-308&rft.pub=Headpress&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-900486-85-9&rft.aulast=Trafford&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2566791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlrika2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ulrika (March 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033851/http://swedenmetal.nu/fenris/">"Fenris"</a>. SwedenMetal.nu (in Dutch). Christer Holm. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swedenmetal.nu/fenris/">the original</a> on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SwedenMetal.nu&rft.atitle=Fenris&rft.date=2014-03-01&rft.au=Ulrika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fswedenmetal.nu%2Ffenris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2016a" class="citation book cs1">Unger, Matthew Peter (2016a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fCaPCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA535">"Contingency and the Symbolic Experience of Christian Extreme Metal"</a>. In Reily, Suzel Ana; Dueck, Jonathan (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Music and World Christianities. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-985999-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-985999-3"><bdi>978-0-19-985999-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contingency+and+the+Symbolic+Experience+of+Christian+Extreme+Metal&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Music+and+World+Christianities&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-985999-3&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfCaPCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2016b" class="citation book cs1">Unger, Matthew Peter (2016b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uSHkDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79">Sound, Symbol, Sociality: The Aesthetic Experience of Extreme Metal Music</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-47835-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-47835-1"><bdi>978-1-137-47835-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound%2C+Symbol%2C+Sociality%3A+The+Aesthetic+Experience+of+Extreme+Metal+Music&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-137-47835-1&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuSHkDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deena_Weinstein" title="Deena Weinstein">Weinstein, Deena</a> (December 27, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1WgxKHHr-2kC">"The Globalization of Metal"</a>. In Wallach, Jeremy; Berger, Harris B.; Greene, Paul D. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/metalrulesglobeh00wall">Metal Rules the Globe: Heavy Metal Music Around the World</a>. Durham, North Carolina: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/metalrulesglobeh00wall/page/n43">34</a>–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4733-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4733-0"><bdi>978-0-8223-4733-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Globalization+of+Metal&rft.btitle=Metal+Rules+the+Globe%3A+Heavy+Metal+Music+Around+the+World&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=34-62&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2011-12-27&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4733-0&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Deena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1WgxKHHr-2kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein2014" class="citation book cs1">Weinstein, Deena (October 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gcXoBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA58">"Pagan metal"</a>. In Weston, Donna; Bennet, Andy (eds.). Pop Pagans: Paganism and Popular Music. London: Routledge. pp. 58–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-54665-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-54665-8"><bdi>978-1-317-54665-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pagan+metal&rft.btitle=Pop+Pagans%3A+Paganism+and+Popular+Music&rft.place=London&rft.pages=58-75&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-10-20&rft.isbn=978-1-317-54665-8&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Deena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgcXoBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2011" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Gareth (February 17, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/religion_01.shtml">"Viking Religion"</a>. BBC. Retrieved January 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viking+Religion&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fancient%2Fvikings%2Freligion_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoell1974" class="citation book cs1">Yoell, John H. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nordicsoundexplo00yoel">The Nordic Sound: Explorations Into the Music of Denmark, Norway, Sweden</a>. Boston: Crescendo Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87597-090-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87597-090-5"><bdi>978-0-87597-090-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nordic+Sound%3A+Explorations+Into+the+Music+of+Denmark%2C+Norway%2C+Sweden&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Crescendo+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-87597-090-5&rft.aulast=Yoell&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnordicsoundexplo00yoel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZed2012" class="citation web cs1">Zed, Natalie (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924073207/http://heavymetal.about.com/od/heidevolk/fr/Heidevolk-Batavi-Review.htm">"Heidevolk – Batavi Review"</a>. About Entertainment. IAC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heavymetal.about.com/od/heidevolk/fr/Heidevolk-Batavi-Review.htm">the original</a> on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About+Entertainment&rft.atitle=Heidevolk+%E2%80%93+Batavi+Review&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Zed&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheavymetal.about.com%2Fod%2Fheidevolk%2Ffr%2FHeidevolk-Batavi-Review.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_metal&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAitamurto2011" class="citation book cs1">Aitamurto, Kaarina (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5CqS3ILwnmsC&pg=PA231">"Modern Pagan Warriors: Violence and Justice in Rodnoverie"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. Lewis (scholar)">Lewis, James R.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Violence_and_New_Religious_Movements" title="Violence and New Religious Movements">Violence and New Religious Movements</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 231–248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973563-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973563-1"><bdi>978-0-19-973563-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modern+Pagan+Warriors%3A+Violence+and+Justice+in+Rodnoverie&rft.btitle=Violence+and+New+Religious+Movements&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=231-248&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973563-1&rft.aulast=Aitamurto&rft.aufirst=Kaarina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5CqS3ILwnmsC%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAitamurto2014" class="citation book cs1">Aitamurto, Kaarina (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2L3oBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA146">"Russian Rodnoverie: Six Portraits of a Movement"</a>. In Aitamurto, Kaarina; Simpson, Scott (eds.). Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 146–163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-54462-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-54462-3"><bdi>978-1-317-54462-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russian+Rodnoverie%3A+Six+Portraits+of+a+Movement&rft.btitle=Modern+Pagan+and+Native+Faith+Movements+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pages=146-163&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-54462-3&rft.aulast=Aitamurto&rft.aufirst=Kaarina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2L3oBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarratt-PeacockHagen2019" class="citation book cs1">Barratt-Peacock, Ruth; Hagen, Ross, eds. (September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GwSqDwAAQBAJ">Medievalism and Metal Music Studies: Throwing Down the Gauntlet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bingley" title="Bingley">Bingley</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emerald_Group_Publishing" title="Emerald Group Publishing">Emerald Group Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781787563957" title="Special:BookSources/9781787563957"><bdi>9781787563957</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medievalism+and+Metal+Music+Studies%3A+Throwing+Down+the+Gauntlet&rft.place=Bingley&rft.pub=Emerald+Group+Publishing&rft.date=2019-09&rft.isbn=9781787563957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGwSqDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiVita2023" class="citation web cs1">DiVita, Joe (2023-12-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loudwire.com/albums-define-viking-metal-evolution/">"20 Albums That Define Viking Metal's Evolution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Loudwire" title="Loudwire">Loudwire</a>. Retrieved 2024-10-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Loudwire&rft.atitle=20+Albums+That+Define+Viking+Metal%27s+Evolution&rft.date=2023-12-21&rft.aulast=DiVita&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Floudwire.com%2Falbums-define-viking-metal-evolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyck2016" class="citation book cs1">Dyck, Kirsten (2016-10-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sREVDQAAQBAJ">Reichsrock: The International Web of White-Power and Neo-Nazi Hate Music</a>. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-7473-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-7473-8"><bdi>978-0-8135-7473-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reichsrock%3A+The+International+Web+of+White-Power+and+Neo-Nazi+Hate+Music&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2016-10-03&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-7473-8&rft.aulast=Dyck&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsREVDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranholm2011" class="citation journal cs1">Granholm, Kennet (2011). Alles, Gregory D.; <a href="/wiki/Olav_Hammer" title="Olav Hammer">Hammer, Olav</a> (eds.). "'Sons of Northern Darkness': Heathen Influences in Black Metal and Neofolk Music". <a href="/wiki/Numen_(journal)" title="Numen (journal)">Numen</a>. 58 (4): 514–544. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852711X577069">10.1163/156852711X577069</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1568-5276">1568-5276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=%27Sons+of+Northern+Darkness%27%3A+Heathen+Influences+in+Black+Metal+and+Neofolk+Music&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=514-544&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852711X577069&rft.issn=1568-5276&rft.aulast=Granholm&rft.aufirst=Kennet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranholm2012" class="citation book cs1">Granholm, Kennet (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5aRyJ-vbrJsC&pg=553">"Metal and Magic: The Intricate Relation Between the Metal Band Therion and the Magic Order Dragon Rouge"</a>. In Cusack, Carole; Norman, Alex (eds.). Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 553–581. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22187-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22187-1"><bdi>978-90-04-22187-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Metal+and+Magic%3A+The+Intricate+Relation+Between+the+Metal+Band+Therion+and+the+Magic+Order+Dragon+Rouge&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+New+Religions+and+Cultural+Production&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=553-581&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-22187-1&rft.aulast=Granholm&rft.aufirst=Kennet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5aRyJ-vbrJsC%26pg%3D553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagenNordvig2024" class="citation book cs1">Hagen, Ross; Nordvig, Mathias (2024-04-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yNX8EAAAQBAJ">Ancestral North: Spirituality and Cultural Imagination in Nordic Ritual Folk Music</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lanham,_Maryland" title="Lanham, Maryland">Lanham, Maryland</a>; London: Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6669-1757-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6669-1757-4"><bdi>978-1-6669-1757-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancestral+North%3A+Spirituality+and+Cultural+Imagination+in+Nordic+Ritual+Folk+Music&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland%3B+London&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2024-04-11&rft.isbn=978-1-6669-1757-4&rft.aulast=Hagen&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft.au=Nordvig%2C+Mathias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyNX8EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaines2013" class="citation book cs1">Haines, John (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FXfhAQAAQBAJ">Music in Films on the Middle Ages: Authenticity vs. Fantasy</a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-92776-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-92776-9"><bdi>978-1-135-92776-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+Films+on+the+Middle+Ages%3A+Authenticity+vs.+Fantasy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-92776-9&rft.aulast=Haines&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFXfhAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardingGriffithsRoyles2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Harding" title="Stephen E. Harding">Harding, Stephen E.</a>; Griffiths, David; Royles, Elizabeth, eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ttDMBQAAQBAJ">In Search of Vikings: Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Scandinavian Heritage of North-West England</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boca_Raton" class="mw-redirect" title="Boca Raton">Boca Raton</a>: <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4822-0759-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4822-0759-0"><bdi>978-1-4822-0759-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Vikings%3A+Interdisciplinary+Approaches+to+the+Scandinavian+Heritage+of+North-West+England&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4822-0759-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DttDMBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHecker2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hecker, Pierre (Autumn 2005). Douwes, Linda Herrera (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/17007/ISIM_16_Heavy_Metal_in_a_Muslim_Context.pdf?sequence=1">"Heavy Metal in a Muslim Context"</a> (PDF). ISIM Review. 16 (1): 8–9. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1388-9788">1388-9788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ISIM+Review&rft.atitle=Heavy+Metal+in+a+Muslim+Context&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8-9&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=1388-9788&rft.aulast=Hecker&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenaccess.leidenuniv.nl%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1887%2F17007%2FISIM_16_Heavy_Metal_in_a_Muslim_Context.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoad2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hoad, Catherine (2015). Overell, Rosemary; Wilson, Oli (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11157%2Fmedianz-vol15iss1id139">"Whiteness With(out) Borders: Translocal narratives of whiteness in heavy metal scenes in Norway, South Africa and Australia"</a>. 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Séminaire "Représentations Modernes et Contemporaines des Nords Médiévaux". 1e journée : Université Charles-de-Gaulle Lille III. Lille, Boulogne-sur-Mer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S%C3%A9minaire+%22Repr%C3%A9sentations+Modernes+et+Contemporaines+des+Nords+M%C3%A9di%C3%A9vaux%22&rft.atitle=%27Runar+munt+%C3%BEu+finna%27%3A+rock+and+pop+songs+in+Old+Norse&rft.volume=1e+journ%C3%A9e+%3A+Universit%C3%A9+Charles-de-Gaulle+Lille+III&rft.date=2016-02-05&rft.aulast=Trafford&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ff.hypotheses.org%2Fwp-content%2Fblogs.dir%2F368%2Ffiles%2F2016%2F04%2F0502_RIM-Nord_Resumes_Trafford.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallis2010" class="citation journal cs1">Wallis, Robert J. (March 2010). Deveraux, Paul; Nash, George; Skeates, Robin (eds.). "From Asgard to Valhalla: The Remarkable History of the Norse Myths". <a href="/wiki/Time_and_Mind" title="Time and Mind">Time and Mind</a>. 3 (1): 115–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175169710X12608784601217">10.2752/175169710X12608784601217</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1751-6978">1751-6978</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161539594">161539594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+and+Mind&rft.atitle=From+Asgard+to+Valhalla%3A+The+Remarkable+History+of+the+Norse+Myths&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=115-117&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161539594%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1751-6978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2752%2F175169710X12608784601217&rft.aulast=Wallis&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Elizabeth I. (Fall 2001). MacKinnon, Richard; McSween, Marie (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/MCR/article/view/17894/22065">"Viking Pop Culture on Display: The Case of the Horned Helmets"</a>. Material Culture Review. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1927-9264">1927-9264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Material+Culture+Review&rft.atitle=Viking+Pop+Culture+on+Display%3A+The+Case+of+the+Horned+Helmets&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=54&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=1927-9264&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lib.unb.ca%2Findex.php%2FMCR%2Farticle%2Fview%2F17894%2F22065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWetzel2013" class="citation book cs1">Wetzel, Richard (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kjS9PnHJUE4C">The Globalization of Music in History</a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-62624-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-62624-1"><bdi>978-1-136-62624-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Globalization+of+Music+in+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-62624-1&rft.aulast=Wetzel&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkjS9PnHJUE4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitulski2014" class="citation book cs1">Witulski, Maciej (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2L3oBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA298">"'Imported' Paganisms in Poland in the Twenty-First Century: A Sketch of the Developing Landscape"</a>. In Aitamurto, Kaarina; Simpson, Scott (eds.). Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe. London: Routledge. pp. 298–314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-54462-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-54462-3"><bdi>978-1-317-54462-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Imported%27+Paganisms+in+Poland+in+the+Twenty-First+Century%3A+A+Sketch+of+the+Developing+Landscape&rft.btitle=Modern+Pagan+and+Native+Faith+Movements+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pages=298-314&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-54462-3&rft.aulast=Witulski&rft.aufirst=Maciej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2L3oBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+metal" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heavy_metal_music" title="Template:Heavy metal music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heavy_metal_music" title="Template talk:Heavy metal music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heavy_metal_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heavy metal music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heavy_metal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">Heavy metal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_genres" title="Heavy metal genres">Subgenres and fusion genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_metal" title="Alternative metal">Alternative metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_metal" title="Avant-garde metal">Avant-garde metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatdown_hardcore" title="Beatdown hardcore">Beatdown hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biker_metal" title="Biker metal">Biker metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">Black metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_black_metal" title="National Socialist black metal">National Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_black_metal" title="Symphonic black metal">Symphonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unblack_metal" title="Unblack metal">Unblack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackened_death_metal" title="Blackened death metal">Blackened death metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackgaze" title="Blackgaze">Blackgaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_metal" title="Christian metal">Christian metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crust_punk" title="Crust punk">Crust punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_metal" title="Death metal">Death metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brutal_death_metal" title="Brutal death metal">Brutal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_death_metal" title="Melodic death metal">Melodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_death_metal" title="Technical death metal">Technical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_%27n%27_roll" title="Death 'n' roll">Death 'n' roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathcore" title="Deathcore">Deathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-doom" title="Death-doom">Death-doom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_doom" title="Funeral doom">Funeral doom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djent" title="Djent">Djent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doom_metal" title="Doom metal">Doom metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_metal" title="Drone metal">Drone metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronicore" title="Electronicore">Electronicore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_metal" title="Extreme metal">Extreme metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_metal" title="Folk metal">Folk metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_metal" title="Celtic metal">Celtic metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_metal" title="Medieval metal">Medieval metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk_metal" title="Funk metal">Funk metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glam_metal" title="Glam metal">Glam metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goregrind" title="Goregrind">Goregrind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_metal" title="Gothic metal">Gothic metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grindcore" title="Grindcore">Grindcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">Grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_metal" title="Groove metal">Groove metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_metal" title="Industrial metal">Industrial metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii_metal" title="Kawaii metal">Kawaii metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_metal" title="Latin metal">Latin metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathcore" title="Mathcore">Mathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalcore" title="Metalcore">Metalcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_metalcore" title="Melodic metalcore">Melodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_metalcore" title="Progressive metalcore">Progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_metal" title="Neoclassical metal">Neoclassical metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_H%C3%A4rte" title="Neue Deutsche Härte">Neue Deutsche Härte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendocore" title="Nintendocore">Nintendocore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">Nu metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_metal" title="Pagan metal">Pagan metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_metal" title="Pirate metal">Pirate metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornogrind" title="Pornogrind">Pornogrind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal">Post-metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_metal" title="Pop metal">Pop metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_metal" title="Power metal">Power metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_metal" title="Progressive metal">Progressive metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_metal" title="Rap metal">Rap metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sludge_metal" title="Sludge metal">Sludge metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_metal" title="Speed metal">Speed metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoner metal">Stoner metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_metal" title="Symphonic metal">Symphonic metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">Thrash metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_thrash" title="Crossover thrash">Crossover thrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Viking metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_bass" title="Heavy metal bass">Bass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzz_bass" title="Fuzz bass">Fuzz bass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_drumming" title="Heavy metal drumming">Drumming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blast_beat" title="Blast beat">Blast beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbal_choke" title="Cymbal choke">Cymbal choke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_gallop" title="Heavy metal gallop">Gallop drumbeat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_guitar" title="Heavy metal guitar">Guitar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_solo" title="Guitar solo">Guitar solo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_mute" title="Palm mute">Palm muting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_chord" title="Power chord">Power chord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shred_guitar" title="Shred guitar">Shred guitar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_lyrics" title="Heavy metal lyrics">Lyrics</a></li> <li>Vocals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_growl" title="Death growl">Death growl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screaming_(music)" title="Screaming (music)">Screaming</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable scenes and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_heavy_metal" title="African heavy metal">African heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_heavy_metal" title="Argentine heavy metal">Argentine heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_thrash_metal" title="Australian thrash metal">Australian thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_heavy_metal" title="Australian heavy metal">Australian heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_heavy_metal" title="Bangladeshi heavy metal">Bangladeshi heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_thrash_metal" title="Bay Area thrash metal">Bay Area thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_thrash_metal" title="Brazilian thrash metal">Brazilian thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heavy_metal" title="Canadian heavy metal">Canadian heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_heavy_metal" title="Chinese heavy metal">Chinese heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_death_metal" title="Florida death metal">Florida death metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_metal" title="Hungarian metal">Hungarian metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_metal_music" title="Indigenous metal music">Indigenous metal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_metal" title="Japanese metal">Japanese metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_L%C3%A9gions_Noires" title="Les Légions Noires">Les Légions Noires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_of_American_heavy_metal" title="New wave of American heavy metal">New wave of American heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_of_British_heavy_metal" title="New wave of British heavy metal">New wave of British heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Norwegian_black_metal_scene" title="Early Norwegian black metal scene">Early Norwegian black metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Desert_Scene" title="Palm Desert Scene">Palm Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_death_metal" title="Swedish death metal">Swedish death metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_thrash_metal" title="Teutonic thrash metal">Teutonic thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_metal" title="Ukrainian metal">Ukrainian metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_subculture" title="Heavy metal subculture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heavy_metal_bands" title="List of heavy metal bands">Bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_heavy_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmentalism in heavy metal">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion" title="Heavy metal fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heavy_metal_festivals" title="List of heavy metal festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headbanging" title="Headbanging">Headbanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_subculture" title="Heavy metal subculture">Heavy metal subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseur" title="Poseur">Poseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_umlaut" title="Metal umlaut">Umlaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">Hard rock</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Heavy_metal_music" title="Category:Heavy metal music">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extreme_metal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Extreme_metal" title="Template:Extreme metal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extreme_metal" title="Template talk:Extreme metal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extreme_metal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extreme metal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extreme_metal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Extreme_metal" title="Extreme metal">Extreme metal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">Black metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_black_metal" title="National Socialist black metal">National Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_black_metal" title="Symphonic black metal">symphonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unblack_metal" title="Unblack metal">unblack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_metal" title="Death metal">death metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brutal_death_metal" title="Brutal death metal">brutal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_death_metal" title="Melodic death metal">melodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_death_metal" title="Technical death metal">technical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doom_metal" title="Doom metal">doom metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_metal" title="Speed metal">speed metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">thrash metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fusion genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackened_death_metal" title="Blackened death metal">Blackened death metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackgaze" title="Blackgaze">blackgaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_thrash" title="Crossover thrash">crossover thrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crust_punk" title="Crust punk">crust punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-doom" title="Death-doom">death-doom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_doom" title="Funeral doom">funeral doom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_%27n%27_roll" title="Death 'n' roll">death 'n' roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_metal" title="Drone metal">drone metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grindcore" title="Grindcore">grindcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goregrind" title="Goregrind">goregrind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornogrind" title="Pornogrind">pornogrind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalcore" title="Metalcore">metalcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deathcore" title="Deathcore">deathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronicore" title="Electronicore">electronicore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathcore" title="Mathcore">mathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_metalcore" title="Melodic metalcore">melodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendocore" title="Nintendocore">Nintendocore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_metalcore" title="Progressive metalcore">progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_metal" title="Pagan metal">pagan metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sludge_metal" title="Sludge metal">sludge metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_rock" title="Stoner rock">stoner rock</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Viking metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivative forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_metal" title="Avant-garde metal">Avant-garde metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatdown_hardcore" title="Beatdown hardcore">beatdown hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon_synth" title="Dungeon synth">dungeon synth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk_metal" title="Funk metal">funk metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_metal" title="Gothic metal">gothic metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_metal" title="Groove metal">groove metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperpop" title="Hyperpop">hyperpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_metal" title="Neoclassical metal">neoclassical metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">nu metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal">post-metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_metal" title="Power metal">power metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_thrash_metal" title="Australian thrash metal">Australian thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_thrash_metal" title="Bay Area thrash metal">Bay Area thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_thrash_metal" title="Brazilian thrash metal">Brazilian thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Norwegian_black_metal_scene" title="Early Norwegian black metal scene">Early Norwegian black metal scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_death_metal" title="Florida death metal">Florida death metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_L%C3%A9gions_Noires" title="Les Légions Noires">Les Légions Noires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Desert_Scene" title="Palm Desert Scene">Palm Desert Scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_death_metal" title="Swedish death metal">Swedish death metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_thrash_metal" title="Teutonic thrash metal">Teutonic thrash metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_growl" title="Death growl">Death growl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_genres" title="Heavy metal genres">heavy metal genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshing" title="Moshing">moshing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_of_British_heavy_metal" title="New wave of British heavy metal">New wave of British heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screaming_(music)" title="Screaming (music)">screaming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_metal_bands" title="List of extreme metal bands">List of bands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viking_metal&oldid=1259381991">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viking_metal&oldid=1259381991</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Viking_metal" title="Category:Viking metal">Viking metal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heavy_metal_genres" title="Category:Heavy metal genres">Heavy metal genres</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Norse_mythology_in_popular_culture" title="Category:Norse mythology in popular culture">Norse mythology in popular culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extreme_metal" title="Category:Extreme metal">Extreme metal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_styles_of_music" title="Category:Swedish styles of music">Swedish styles of music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Norwegian_styles_of_music" title="Category:Norwegian styles of music">Norwegian styles of music</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location 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= 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaRoncon.d.a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDare2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiVita2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDieters2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDome2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyck2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEkeroth2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerriern.d.a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeborn2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranholm2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranholm2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHagen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHagenNordvig2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaines2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardingGriffithsRoyles2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrisn.d.a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHecker2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeesch2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHistory_staffn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoad2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoad2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoad2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkins2013a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkins2013b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHueyn.d.a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHueyn.d.b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHueyn.d.c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHueyn.d.d\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJakobsen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJensma2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonsson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahn-Harris2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahn-Harris2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKallioniemiKärki2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKasekamp2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeevill2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKendrick2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrgin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLach2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaut.de_staffn.d.a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeVoegtlin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeistö2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLing1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLingKjellbergRonström2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLovgren2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLusty2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManea2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcIntosh2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetal_MarcFlex187xRTxHeidendoder2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichalewicz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoberg2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoynihanSøderlind2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulch2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulvany2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMørk2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeithan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNichols2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNordberg2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorden_Folkn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Donoghue2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatterson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaxson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenkeTeichert2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillipsCogan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiotrowska2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPonton2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPughWeisl2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRandel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRivadavia2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRivadavian.d.a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRivadavian.d.b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRivadavian.d.c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRivadavian.d.d\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRivadavian.d.e\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRivadavian.d.f\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRivadavian.d.g\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossiJervell2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS.,_Mike\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchnurbein2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeigfried2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSellheim2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharpe-Young2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherryAldis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilvaAlbuquerque2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSjåvik2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlechtvalk2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpracklan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpracklen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrmiska2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrmiskaDundzila2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStöver1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSulaimanYardley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwanton1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThrashboy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrafford2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrafford2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTraffordPluskowski2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUlrika2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnger2016a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnger2016b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinstein2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinstein2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWetzel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitulski2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoell1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZed2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFadmin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Helden2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Schnurbein2016\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 66,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite video\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 53,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"Extreme metal\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 109,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 1,\n [\"Heavymetal\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox music genre\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Music\"] = 8,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Quotation\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 210,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 19,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","20.8"],["?","200","13.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","8.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","8.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","80","5.6"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","60","4.2"],["pairs","40","2.8"],["tostring","40","2.8"],["[others]","340","23.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-75c465f4c6-qmpnw","timestamp":"20241125141028","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Viking metal","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Viking_metal","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q213149","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q213149","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-14T09:35:47Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T21:30:55Z","headline":"subgenre of heavy metal"}</script> </body> </html>