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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Living_in_the_Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living_in_the_Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Living in the Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living_in_the_Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Writing style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_views_of_Pausanias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_views_of_Pausanias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern views of Pausanias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_views_of_Pausanias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pausanias (geographer)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geograaf)" title="Pausanias (geograaf) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pausanias (geograaf)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_Periegetes" title="Pausanias Periegetes – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pausanias Periegetes" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_(%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A)" title="باوسانياس (جغرافي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باوسانياس (جغرافي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavsani_(co%C4%9Frafiya%C3%A7%C4%B1)" title="Pavsani (coğrafiyaçı) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pavsani (coğrafiyaçı)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84)" title="Паўсаній (географ) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўсаній (географ)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Павзаний – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Павзаний" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paosanias_ar_Beajour" title="Paosanias ar Beajour – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Paosanias ar Beajour" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus%C3%A0nias_(ge%C3%B2graf)" title="Pausànias (geògraf) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pausànias (geògraf)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausani%C3%A1s" title="Pausaniás – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pausaniás" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geograf)" title="Pausanias (geograf) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pausanias (geograf)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias" title="Pausanias – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pausanias" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias" title="Pausanias – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pausanias" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Παυσανίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παυσανίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(ge%C3%B3grafo)" title="Pausanias (geógrafo) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pausanias (geógrafo)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%ADzanio_(geografo)" title="Paŭzanio (geografo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paŭzanio (geografo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geografoa)" title="Pausanias (geografoa) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pausanias (geografoa)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3_(%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="پوسانیاس (جغرافی‌دان) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پوسانیاس (جغرافی‌دان)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_le_P%C3%A9ri%C3%A9g%C3%A8te" title="Pausanias le Périégète – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pausanias le Périégète" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(xe%C3%B3grafo)" title="Pausanias (xeógrafo) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pausanias (xeógrafo)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9A%B0%EC%82%AC%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%EC%8A%A4_(%EC%A7%80%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%9E%90)" title="파우사니아스 (지리학자) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파우사니아스 (지리학자)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BD" title="Պավսանիաս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պավսանիաս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauzanija_(zemljopisac)" title="Pauzanija (zemljopisac) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pauzanija (zemljopisac)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias" title="Pausanias – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pausanias" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausania_il_Periegeta" title="Pausania il Periegeta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pausania il Periegeta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A1_(%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A3)" title="פאוסניאס (גאוגרף) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאוסניאס (גאוגרף)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="პავსანიასი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პავსანიასი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(scriptor)" title="Pausanias (scriptor) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pausanias (scriptor)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanijs" title="Pausanijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pausanijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(Geograph)" title="Pausanias (Geograph) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pausanias (Geograph)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauzanijas" title="Pauzanijas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pauzanijas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauszaniasz_Peri%C3%A9g%C3%A9t%C3%A9sz" title="Pauszaniasz Periégétész – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pauszaniasz Periégétész" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_(%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AE)" title="باوسانياس (مؤرخ) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="باوسانياس (مؤرخ)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus%C3%A1nias_(ge%C3%B3grafo)" title="Pausánias (geógrafo) – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Pausánias (geógrafo)" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(schrijver)" title="Pausanias (schrijver) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pausanias (schrijver)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B5%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9_(%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85)" title="パウサニアス (地理学者) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パウサニアス (地理学者)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geograf)" title="Pausanias (geograf) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pausanias (geograf)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografen_Pausanias" title="Geografen Pausanias – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Geografen Pausanias" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauzaniasz_(geograf)" title="Pauzaniasz (geograf) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pauzaniasz (geograf)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus%C3%A2nias_(ge%C3%B3grafo)" title="Pausânias (geógrafo) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pausânias (geógrafo)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias" title="Pausanias – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pausanias" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84)" title="Павсаний (географ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Павсаний (географ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausania" title="Pausania – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pausania" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pausanias (geographer)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geograf)" title="Pausanias (geograf) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pausanias (geograf)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavzanij_(geograf)" title="Pavzanij (geograf) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pavzanij (geograf)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2nd-century AD Greek geographer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people by this name, see <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pausanias (disambiguation)">Pausanias</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Pausanias</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pausanias,_Florence,_BML,_Plut._56.11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pausanias%2C_Florence%2C_BML%2C_Plut._56.11.jpg/220px-Pausanias%2C_Florence%2C_BML%2C_Plut._56.11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pausanias%2C_Florence%2C_BML%2C_Plut._56.11.jpg/330px-Pausanias%2C_Florence%2C_BML%2C_Plut._56.11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pausanias%2C_Florence%2C_BML%2C_Plut._56.11.jpg/440px-Pausanias%2C_Florence%2C_BML%2C_Plut._56.11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2343" data-file-height="3302" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Illustrated page of a 1485 <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a> of<br /><i>Description of Greece</i> by Pausanias<br />(<a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Library" title="Laurentian Library">Laurentian Library</a> collection in Florence)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 110 AD</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 180 AD</span> (aged about 70)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Traveler and <a href="/wiki/Geographer" title="Geographer">geographer</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pausanias</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">paw-<span style="font-size:90%">SAY</span>-nee-əs</i></a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:Παυσανίας">Παυσανίας</a></span></span>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 110</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 180</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Greece">Greek</a> traveler and <a href="/wiki/Geographer" title="Geographer">geographer</a> of the second century AD. He is famous for his <i><a href="/wiki/Description_of_Greece" title="Description of Greece">Description of Greece</a></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἑλλάδος Περιήγησις</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Hēlládos Periḗgēsis</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a lengthy work that describes <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> from his firsthand observations. <i>Description of Greece</i> provides crucial information for making links between classical literature and <a href="/wiki/Modern_archaeology" title="Modern archaeology">modern archaeology</a>, which is providing evidence of the sites and cultural details he mentions although knowledge of their existence may have become lost or relegated to myth or legend. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pausanias_(geographer)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nothing is known about Pausanias apart from what historians can piece together from his own writing. However, it is probable that he was born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 110 AD</span> into a <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greek</a> family and was probably a native of <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> in Asia Minor.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150</span> until his death around 180, Pausanias travelled throughout the mainland of Greece, writing about various monuments, sacred spaces, and significant geographical sites along the way. In writing his <i><a href="/wiki/Description_of_Greece" title="Description of Greece">Description of Greece</a></i>, Pausanias sought to put together a lasting written account of "all things Greek", or <i>panta ta hellenika</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sidebottom2002_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidebottom2002-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Living_in_the_Roman_Empire">Living in the Roman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pausanias_(geographer)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Living in the Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Being born in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>, Pausanias was of Greek heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPausanias1918ix–x_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPausanias1918ix–x-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He grew up and lived under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, but valued his Greek identity, history, and culture. He was keen to describe the glories of a Greek past that still was relevant in his lifetime, even if the country was beholden to Rome as a dominating imperial force. Pausanias's pilgrimage throughout the land of his ancestors was his own attempt to establish a place in the world for this new Roman Greece, connecting myths and stories of ancient culture to those of his own time.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsner1992_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsner1992-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_style">Writing style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pausanias_(geographer)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Writing style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pausanias has a straightforward and simple writing style. He is, overall, direct in his language, writing his stories and descriptions unelaborately. However, some translators have noted that Pausanias's use of various prepositions and tenses may be confusing and difficult to render in English. For example, Pausanias may use a past tense verb rather than the present tense in some instances. Their interpretation is that he did this in order to make it seem as if he were in the same temporal setting as his audience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPausanias1918x–xi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPausanias1918x–xi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike a modern day travel guide, in <i><a href="/wiki/Description_of_Greece" title="Description of Greece">Description of Greece</a></i> Pausanias tends to elaborate with discussion of an ancient ritual or to impart a myth related to the site he is visiting. His style of writing would not become popular again until the early nineteenth century when contemporary travel guides resembled his.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsner1992_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsner1992-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the topographical aspect of his work, Pausanias makes many natural history digressions on the wonders of nature documented at the time, the signs that herald the approach of an <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a>, the phenomena of the <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a>, the ice-bound seas of the north, and that at the <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">summer solstice</a> the noonday sun casts no shadow at Syene (<a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>). </p><p>While he never doubts the existence of the deities and heroes, he criticizes some of the myths and legends he encountered during his travels as differing from earlier cultural traditions that he relates or notes. His descriptions of monuments of art are plain and unadorned, bearing a solid impression of reality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPausanias1918ix_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPausanias1918ix-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pausanias is frank in acknowledging personal limitations. When he quotes information at second hand rather than relating his own experiences, he is honest about his sourcing,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPausanias1918x_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPausanias1918x-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes confirming contemporary knowledge by him that may be lost to modern researchers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_views_of_Pausanias">Modern views of Pausanias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pausanias_(geographer)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern views of Pausanias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until twentieth-century archaeologists concluded that Pausanias was a reliable guide to sites being excavated, classicists largely had dismissed the writings of Pausanias as purely literary. Following their presumed authoritative contemporary <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Wilamowitz-Moellendorff" title="Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff">Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff</a>, classicists tended to regard him as little more than a purveyor of second-hand accounts and believed that Pausanias had not visited most of the places that he described. Modern archaeological research, however, has been revealing the accuracy of information imparted by Pausanias,<sup id="cite_ref-Habicht1985_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Habicht1985-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even its potential as a guide for further investigations. Research into <a href="/wiki/Tartessos" title="Tartessos">Tartessos</a> exemplifies where his writing about it is aiding contemporary archaeological research into its existence, location, and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pausanias_(geographer)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historical and Ethnological Society of Greece, Aristéa Papanicolaou Christensen, <i>The Panathenaic Stadium – Its History Over the Centuries</i> (2003), p. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also known in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Graecae descriptio</i></span>; see Pereira, Maria Helena Rocha (ed.), <i>Graecae descriptio</i>, B. G. Teubner, 1829.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoward2012" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Michael C (2012). <i>Transnationalism in ancient and medieval societies: the role of cross-border trade and travel</i>. McFarland. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9033-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9033-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-9033-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/779849477">779849477</a>. <q>Pausanias was a 2nd century ethnic Greek geographer who wrote a description of Greece that is often described as being the world's first travel guide.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transnationalism+in+ancient+and+medieval+societies%3A+the+role+of+cross-border+trade+and+travel&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F779849477&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-9033-2&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Michael+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APausanias+%28geographer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sidebottom2002-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sidebottom2002_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidebottom2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sidebottom, H. (December 2002). "Pausanias: Past, Present, and Closure". <i>The Classical Quarterly</i>. <b>52</b> (2): 494–499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcq%2F52.2.494">10.1093/cq/52.2.494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Pausanias%3A+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Closure&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=494-499&rft.date=2002-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcq%2F52.2.494&rft.aulast=Sidebottom&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APausanias+%28geographer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPausanias1918ix–x-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPausanias1918ix–x_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPausanias1918">Pausanias 1918</a>, pp. ix–x.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsner1992-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elsner1992_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elsner1992_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsner1992" class="citation journal cs1">Elsner, John (1992). "Pausanias: a Greek pilgrim in the Roman world". <i>Past and Present</i> (135): 3–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F135.1.3">10.1093/past/135.1.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/650969">650969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+and+Present&rft.atitle=Pausanias%3A+a+Greek+pilgrim+in+the+Roman+world&rft.issue=135&rft.pages=3-29&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F135.1.3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F650969%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Elsner&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APausanias+%28geographer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPausanias1918x–xi-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPausanias1918x–xi_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPausanias1918">Pausanias 1918</a>, pp. x–xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPausanias1918ix-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPausanias1918ix_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPausanias1918">Pausanias 1918</a>, p. ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPausanias1918x-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPausanias1918x_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPausanias1918">Pausanias 1918</a>, p. x.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Habicht1985-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Habicht1985_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabicht1985" class="citation journal cs1">Habicht, Christian (1985). "An Ancient Baedeker and His Critics: Pausanias' 'Guide to Greece'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</i>. <b>129</b> (2): 220–224. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/986990">986990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=An+Ancient+Baedeker+and+His+Critics%3A+Pausanias%27+%27Guide+to+Greece%27&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=220-224&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F986990%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Habicht&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APausanias+%28geographer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pausanias <i>Description of Greece</i> 6.XIX.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:6.19.1">Pausanias, Description of Greece, 6.19.1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:6.19.2">Pausanias, Description of Greece, 6.19.2</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Pausanias_(traveller)" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pausanias (traveller)">Pausanias (traveller)</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pausanias+%28traveller%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APausanias+%28geographer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pausanias_(geographer)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiller1957" class="citation journal cs1">Diller, Aubrey (1957). "The Manuscripts of Pausanias". <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</i>. <b>88</b>: 169–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F283902">10.2307/283902</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/283902">283902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=The+Manuscripts+of+Pausanias&rft.volume=88&rft.pages=169-188&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F283902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F283902%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Diller&rft.aufirst=Aubrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APausanias+%28geographer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsner1992" class="citation journal cs1">Elsner, John (1992). "Pausanias: a Greek pilgrim in the Roman world". <i>Past and Present</i> (135): 3–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F135.1.3">10.1093/past/135.1.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/650969">650969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+and+Present&rft.atitle=Pausanias%3A+a+Greek+pilgrim+in+the+Roman+world&rft.issue=135&rft.pages=3-29&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F135.1.3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F650969%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Elsner&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APausanias+%28geographer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1898" class="citation journal cs1">Fowler, Harold N. (September 1898). "Pausanias's Description of Greece". <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>2</b> (5): 357–366. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F496590">10.2307/496590</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/496590">496590</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192974043">192974043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Pausanias%27s+Description+of+Greece&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=357-366&rft.date=1898-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192974043%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F496590%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F496590&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Harold+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APausanias+%28geographer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabicht1985" class="citation journal cs1">Habicht, Christian (1985). "An Ancient Baedeker and His Critics: Pausanias' 'Guide to Greece'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</i>. <b>129</b> (2): 220–224. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/986990">986990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=An+Ancient+Baedeker+and+His+Critics%3A+Pausanias%27+%27Guide+to+Greece%27&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=220-224&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F986990%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Habicht&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APausanias+%28geographer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabicht1984" class="citation journal cs1">Habicht, Christian (April 1984). "Pausanias and the Evidence of Inscriptions". <i>Classical Antiquity</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 40–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25010806">10.2307/25010806</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25010806">25010806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Pausanias+and+the+Evidence+of+Inscriptions&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40-56&rft.date=1984-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25010806&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25010806%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Habicht&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APausanias+%28geographer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabicht1985" class="citation book cs1">Habicht, Christian (1985). <i>Pausanias' Guide to Ancient Greece</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2F9780520342200">10.1525/9780520342200</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-34220-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-34220-0"><bdi>978-0-520-34220-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pausanias%27+Guide+to+Ancient+Greece&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2F9780520342200&rft.isbn=978-0-520-34220-0&rft.aulast=Habicht&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APausanias+%28geographer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Howard, Michael C. (2012). <i>Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel</i>. McFarland. p. 178.</li> <li>Hutton, William. Describing Greece: Landscape and Literature in the Periegesis of Pausanias. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2008.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobMullen-Hohl1980" class="citation journal cs1">Jacob, Christian; Mullen-Hohl, Anne (1980). "The Greek Traveler's Areas of Knowledge: Myths and Other Discourses in Pausanias' Description of Greece". <i>Yale French Studies</i> (59): 65–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2929815">10.2307/2929815</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2929815">2929815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+French+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Greek+Traveler%27s+Areas+of+Knowledge%3A+Myths+and+Other+Discourses+in+Pausanias%27+Description+of+Greece&rft.issue=59&rft.pages=65-85&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2929815&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2929815%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jacob&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Mullen-Hohl%2C+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APausanias+%28geographer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCormack2010" class="citation journal cs1">MacCormack, S. (November 2010). "Pausanias and his commentator Sir James George Frazer". <i>Classical Receptions Journal</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 287–313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcrj%2Fclq010">10.1093/crj/clq010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Receptions+Journal&rft.atitle=Pausanias+and+his+commentator+Sir+James+George+Frazer&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=287-313&rft.date=2010-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcrj%2Fclq010&rft.aulast=MacCormack&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APausanias+%28geographer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPausanias1918" class="citation book cs1">Pausanias (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL093/1918/volume.xml"><i>Description of Greece</i></a>. Vol. 1. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-434-99093-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-434-99093-1"><bdi>978-0-434-99093-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Description+of+Greece&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1918&rft.isbn=978-0-434-99093-1&rft.au=Pausanias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loebclassics.com%2Fview%2FLCL093%2F1918%2Fvolume.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APausanias+%28geographer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidebottom2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sidebottom, H. (December 2002). "Pausanias: Past, Present, and Closure". <i>The Classical Quarterly</i>. <b>52</b> (2): 494–499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcq%2F52.2.494">10.1093/cq/52.2.494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Pausanias%3A+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Closure&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=494-499&rft.date=2002-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcq%2F52.2.494&rft.aulast=Sidebottom&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APausanias+%28geographer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pausanias_(geographer)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Akujärvi, J. (2005). <i>Researcher, Traveller, Narrator: Studies in Pausanias' Periegesis.</i> Studia graeca et Latina lundensia 12. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcockCherryElsner2003" class="citation book cs1">Alcock, Susan E.; Cherry, John F.; Elsner, Jas, eds. (9 October 2003). <i>Pausanias: Travel and Memory in Roman Greece</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534683-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534683-1"><bdi>978-0-19-534683-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pausanias%3A+Travel+and+Memory+in+Roman+Greece&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003-10-09&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534683-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APausanias+%28geographer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArafat1992" class="citation journal cs1">Arafat, K. W. (1992). "Pausanias' Attitude to Antiquities". <i>The Annual of the British School at Athens</i>. <b>87</b>: 387–409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0068245400015227">10.1017/S0068245400015227</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30103516">30103516</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:176428187">176428187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annual+of+the+British+School+at+Athens&rft.atitle=Pausanias%27+Attitude+to+Antiquities&rft.volume=87&rft.pages=387-409&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A176428187%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30103516%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0068245400015227&rft.aulast=Arafat&rft.aufirst=K.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APausanias+%28geographer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Arafat, K. (1996). <i>Pausanias' Greece: Ancient Artists and Roman Rulers.</i> Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiller1956" class="citation journal cs1">Diller, Aubrey (1956). "Pausanias in the Middle Ages". <i>Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association</i>. <b>87</b>: 84–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F283874">10.2307/283874</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/283874">283874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=Pausanias+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.volume=87&rft.pages=84-97&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F283874&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F283874%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Diller&rft.aufirst=Aubrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APausanias+%28geographer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn1995" class="citation journal cs1">Dunn, Francis M. 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E. (2005). Describing Greece: Landscape and Literature in the Periegesis of Pausanias. Greek Culture in the Roman World. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.</li> <li>Pirenne-Delforge, V. (2008). <i>Retour à la Source: Pausanias et la Religion Grecque.</i> Kernos Supplément 20. Liège, Belgium: Centre International d‘Étude de la Religion Grecque.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPretzler2004" class="citation journal cs1">Pretzler, Maria (2004). "Turning Travel into Text: Pausanias at Work". <i>Greece & Rome</i>. <b>51</b> (2): 199–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgr%2F51.2.199">10.1093/gr/51.2.199</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3567811">3567811</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/200048503">200048503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greece+%26+Rome&rft.atitle=Turning+Travel+into+Text%3A+Pausanias+at+Work&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=199-216&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgr%2F51.2.199&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3567811%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pretzler&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APausanias+%28geographer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPretzler2005" class="citation journal cs1">Pretzler, Maria (2005). "Pausanias and Oral Tradition". <i>The Classical Quarterly</i>. <b>55</b> (1): 235–249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcq%2Fbmi017">10.1093/cq/bmi017</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3556252">3556252</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/201669878">201669878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Pausanias+and+Oral+Tradition&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=235-249&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcq%2Fbmi017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3556252%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pretzler&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APausanias+%28geographer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pretzler, Maria (2007). Pausanias: Travel Writing in Ancient Greece. Classical Literature and Society. London: Duckworth.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pausanias_(geographer)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Pausanias (geographer)</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pausanias_(geographer)" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Pausanias (geographer)">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pausanias" class="extiw" title="q:Pausanias">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Pausanias" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Pausanias">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nWliAAAAMAAJ"><i>Pausanias Description of Greece</i></a>, tr. with a commentary by <a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">J.G. Frazer</a>, 6 volumes (1898) (also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22Paus%C3%A2nias+%28Pseudonym%29%22&sort=titleSorter">at the Internet Archive</a>)</li> <li>Pausanias at the Perseus Project: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0159">Greek</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0160">English (Jones trans. 1918)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theoi.com/Text/Pausanias1A.html">Description of Greece</a>, Jones translation at Theoi Project</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806062304/https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/6768">New translation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Nagy" title="Gregory Nagy">Gregory Nagy</a> of Harvard University's Center for Hellenic Studies (incomplete). (archived, 2020)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061126015642/http://bsa.biblio.univ-lille3.fr/pausanias.htm">Bibliography (in French)</a></li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/macmillansmagazi77macmuoft/page/414/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:macmillansmagazi77macmuoft/page/414/mode/2up">"The Oldest Guide-Book in the World"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Whibley" title="Charles Whibley">Charles Whibley</a> in <i>Macmillan's Magazine</i>, Vol. LXXVII, Nov. 1897 to Apr. 1898, pp. 415–421.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0008">Andrew Stewart, <i>One Hundred Greek Sculptors, Their Careers and Extant Works</i></a></li> <li>G. Hawes, <i>Rationalizing myth in antiquity</i>. Oxford: OUP, 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199672776" title="Special:BookSources/9780199672776">9780199672776</a> contains much discussion of Pausanias' sceptical approaches to myth.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192931#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192931#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192931#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000374376038">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/77132959">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/262940218">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/223503851">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7719159477789727990007">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100176033">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1872159474208127661439">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/238649357">7</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/832154381057130292004">8</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/203145858045423021678">9</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/262383154">10</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4022149544590900490001">11</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/457158790621838851363">12</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/264515169">13</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/422144647700935833697">14</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/112167803103017771072">15</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1840526/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjCfpdHPpMtKd4d4478gXb">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118592246">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93113203">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11918834h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11918834h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00472823">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pausanias"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV036955">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35529495">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990006407&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1057261">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/116336">Portugal</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1020503">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069882142">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90195412">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000042759&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000181870&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000214555">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=27507">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbdf4mj0nw8mgj">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810632307905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/12738">Vatican</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/12739">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007336959105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000158674">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515499706706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14875726">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00689613?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/986075">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118592246.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118592246">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028159969">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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