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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genus of parasitic worms</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Heptamegacanthus</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Heptamegacanthus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Archiacanthocephala" title="Archiacanthocephala">Archiacanthocephala</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oligacanthorhynchidae" title="Oligacanthorhynchidae">Oligacanthorhynchida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oligacanthorhynchidae" title="Oligacanthorhynchidae">Oligacanthorhynchidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Heptamegacanthus</i></a><br /><small>Spencer-Jones, 1990<sup id="cite_ref-Spencer-Jones1990_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spencer-Jones1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>H. niekerki</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Heptamegacanthus niekerki</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Spencer-Jones, 1990</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:242px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="H. niekerki is located in Africa"><img alt="H. niekerki is located in Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/240px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/360px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/480px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:92.015%;left:63.637%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="H. niekerki"><img alt="H. niekerki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:9em;left:5px"><div><i>H. niekerki</i></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" title="File:Africa relief location map.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Type_locality_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Type locality (biology)">type locality</a> for <i>H. niekerki</i> is Nqadu Forest, <a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a>, South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Spencer-Jones1990_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spencer-Jones1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Heptamegacanthus</b></i> is a genus of <a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">acanthocephalans</a> (thorny-headed or spiny-headed <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_worm" title="Parasitic worm">parasitic worms</a>) containing a single species, <i><b>Heptamegacanthus niekerki</b></i>, that is a <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasite</a> of the endangered <a href="/wiki/Giant_golden_mole" title="Giant golden mole">giant golden mole</a>. It is found only in isolated forests in the <a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a> and near <a href="/wiki/East_London,_South_Africa" title="East London, South Africa">East London</a>, both in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. The worms are about 4 mm long and 2 mm wide with minimal <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>. An individual's body consists of a short, wide <a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">trunk</a> and a tubular feeding and sucking organ called the <a href="/wiki/Proboscis" title="Proboscis">proboscis</a> which is covered with hooks. The hooks are used to pierce and hold the <a href="/wiki/Rectal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectal">rectal</a> wall of its host. There are 40 to 45 of these hooks arranged in rings surrounding the proboscis. They are not <a href="/wiki/Radially_symmetrical" class="mw-redirect" title="Radially symmetrical">radially symmetrical</a>. There are seven large <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anterior" class="extiw" title="wikt:anterior">anterior</a> hooks; the hooks in the anterior ring are twice as large as those in the second ring and the remaining hooks decrease progressively in size <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/posterior" class="extiw" title="wikt:posterior">posteriorly</a>. </p><p>The life cycle of <i>H. niekerki</i> remains unknown; however, like other acanthocephalans, it likely involves <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_life_cycles" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitic life cycles">complex life cycles</a> with at least two hosts. Although the <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_host" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate host">intermediate host</a> for <i>Heptamegacanthus</i> is not definitively identified, it is presumed to be an <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropod</a> such as an insect. In this host, the <a href="/wiki/Larvae" class="mw-redirect" title="Larvae">larvae</a> develop into an infectious stage known as a cystacanth. These are then ingested by the <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)#Types_of_hosts" title="Host (biology)">definitive host</a>, where they mature and reproduce sexually within the <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestines</a>. The resulting eggs are expelled and hatch into new larvae. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptamegacanthus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Heptamegacanthus</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Monotypic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotypic">monotypic</a> genus of <a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">acanthocephalans</a> (also called thorny-headed or spiny-headed parasitic worms). The genus and species <i>Heptamegacanthus niekerki</i> was <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">formally described</a> in 1990 by Mary E. Spencer Jones, <a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">curator</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum, London</a>, from specimens (5 females and 5 males) collected live, preserved, and sent from South Africa. The genus name <i>Heptamegacanthus</i> refers to the seven large hooks on its <a href="/wiki/Proboscis" title="Proboscis">proboscis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)" title="Specific name (zoology)">specific name</a> <i>niekerki</i> derives from Jan van Niekerk, who collected the species in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-Spencer-Jones1990_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spencer-Jones1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The classification of the genus <i>Heptamegacanthus</i> within the family <a href="/wiki/Oligacanthorhynchidae" title="Oligacanthorhynchidae">Oligacanthorhynchidae</a> is supported by six distinct <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> features. Firstly, its proboscis is more or less spherical, and equipped with hooks that feature an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anterior" class="extiw" title="wikt:anterior">anterior</a> strong base (manubrium) and a robust root for attachment. Additionally, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensory_papilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sensory papilla (page does not exist)">sensory papillae</a> on the proboscis enhance its sensory capabilities. The proboscis receptacle, a complex structure for housing the proboscis when retracted, consists of a thin, non-muscular outer layer and a thicker, muscular inner layer, which is pierced <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dorsal" class="extiw" title="wikt:dorsal">dorsally</a> by muscles that retract the proboscis. The <a href="/wiki/Lemniscus_(anatomy)" title="Lemniscus (anatomy)">lemnisci</a>, which are long, flattened structures containing several giant nuclei, play a role in the worm's sensory system. The presence of eight <a href="/wiki/Cement_glands" title="Cement glands">cement glands</a>, each with a large central nucleus, is another distinguishing feature; these glands produce a substance used in the reproductive process. Finally, the eggs of <i>Heptamegacanthus</i> have an oval shape and distinctly textured outer shell. It differs from other worms in the family Oligacanthorhynchidae mainly by its smaller size, and the number and greater size of hooks in the anterior ring.<sup id="cite_ref-Spencer-Jones1990_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spencer-Jones1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">National Center for Biotechnology Information</a> does not indicate that any <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> analysis has been published on <i>Heptamegacanthus</i> that would confirm its position as a unique genus in the family Oligacanthorhynchidae.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptamegacanthus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Heptamegacanthus niekerki</i> consists of a proboscis covered in hooks, a proboscis receptacle, and a trunk with a length twice that of the width. <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a> is minimal, with the male being 3.49–4.23 mm long by 1.42–2.14 mm wide, only slightly larger than female at 3.15–3.59 mm long by 1.53–1.94 mm wide. This is unusual for acanthocephalans where the female is usually much larger than the male, but has been found in other acanthocephalans including <i><a href="/wiki/Corynosoma" title="Corynosoma">Corynosoma</a></i>. <i>Heptamegacanthus</i> is also very small for a member of the family Oligacanthorhynchidae. Although acanthocephalans are able to survive in <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)#Types_of_hosts" title="Host (biology)">accidental</a> hosts without completing their development rendering them smaller than normal, this <a href="/wiki/Dwarfism" title="Dwarfism">dwarfism</a> has been ruled out for <i>Heptamegacanthus</i> as the samples collected were mature and females contained eggs indicating that the <a href="/wiki/Giant_golden_mole" title="Giant golden mole">giant golden mole</a> (<i>Chrysospalax trevelyani</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)#Types_of_hosts" title="Host (biology)">definitive</a> and not a <a href="/wiki/Paratenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paratenic">paratenic</a> (organism that harbors the sexually immature parasites) or accidental host.<sup id="cite_ref-Spencer-Jones1990_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spencer-Jones1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The proboscis is nearly spherical being 256–381 <a href="/wiki/%CE%9Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Μm">μm</a> long and 435–604 μm wide in males and 281–381 μm long and 416–635 μm wide in females. It is armed with 40 to 45 hooks that are not <a href="/wiki/Radially_symmetrical" class="mw-redirect" title="Radially symmetrical">radially symmetrical</a>, with seven large anterior hooks. The hooks come in four distinct types: the first two rings of hooks have large bases (manubria) and roots, with the hooks in the very front (243–275 μm long in males and 256–297 μm long in females) being twice the size of those in the second row (81–180 μm long in males 103–199 μm long in females). Hooks towards the rear are spine-like, tapering to smaller sizes (43–84 μm to 28–52 μm long in males and 34–71 μm to 31–58 μm long in females long in males). One sensory papilla is present on each side of neck and on the apex of the proboscis. The proboscis receptacle originates on the body wall at about one quarter of body-length from the anterior end of the worm. The proboscis receptacle is single walled, having a small, non-muscular layer and inner large, muscular wall with well-developed retractor muscles penetrating the receptacle wall dorsally. The brain is located in the mid-region of the proboscis receptacle. The lemnisci (bundles of <a href="/wiki/Sensory_nerve_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory nerve fibers">sensory nerve fibers</a>) are long, extending nearly half the body length, flat, and contain several giant nuclei (0.832–1.635 mm long and 89–333 μm wide in the female). The worm does not have <a href="/wiki/Protonephridia" class="mw-redirect" title="Protonephridia">protonephridia</a>, which are found in other acanthocephalan species for <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excretion</a> and water regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Spencer-Jones1990_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spencer-Jones1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Testes" class="mw-redirect" title="Testes">testes</a> of the male are large and tilted, 409 to 832 μm long and 204 to 525 μm wide, and are positioned towards the front half of the body before the central (pre-equatorial) dividing line. During <a href="/wiki/Copulation_(zoology)" title="Copulation (zoology)">copulation</a>, the male injects <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a> from its seminal vesicle into its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Copulatory_bursa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copulatory bursa (page does not exist)">copulatory bursa</a> (a fluid-filled sac). The <a href="/wiki/Saefftigen%27s_pouch" title="Saefftigen's pouch">Saefftigen's pouch</a> (a muscular sac 832–877 μm long and 236–365 μm wide) then contracts, ejecting fluid causing the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eversion" class="extiw" title="wikt:eversion">eversion</a> of the copulatory bursa. The shape of the copulatory bursa grips the female during copulation. There are eight pre-equatorial cement glands that are 281–404 μm long and 243–436 μm wide, which are used to temporarily close the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/posterior" class="extiw" title="wikt:posterior">posterior</a> end of the female after copulation, each with a single giant nucleus.<sup id="cite_ref-Spencer-Jones1990_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spencer-Jones1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Females have a short, muscular reproductive system, including a uterine bell (a funnel like opening continuous with the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>) that is large and short (179–218 μm long to 140–173 μm wide), a uterus (396–461 μm long and 166–224 μm wide), and a <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a> (102–186 μm long and 32–173 μm diameter). Females produce numerous oval eggs that are 56–96 μm long and 43–52 μm wide with highly sculptured outer shells, stored in a space called the <a href="/wiki/Pseudocoel" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudocoel">pseudocoel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spencer-Jones1990_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spencer-Jones1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptamegacanthus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The distribution of <i>H. niekerki</i> is determined by that of its host, the giant golden mole. <i>Heptamegacanthus niekerki</i> has been found in the Nqadu Forest, <a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Type_(biology)#type_locality" title="Type (biology)">type locality</a>. The giant golden mole's range is very limited (it is an <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consists only of isolated forest ranges in Pirie Forest and Komgha near <a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="King William's Town">King William's Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_London,_South_Africa" title="East London, South Africa">East London</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Port_St._Johns" title="Port St. Johns">Port St. Johns</a> in the Transkei.<sup id="cite_ref-Spencer-Jones1990_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spencer-Jones1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The giant golden mole, and thus <i>H. niekerki</i>, is threatened primarily by the <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> of the East London area causing <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">fragmentation</a> of forests and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Habitat_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat loss">habitat loss</a>. The forests are also being degraded by exploitation for firewood, bark, timber harvesting and livestock overgrazing/trampling.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hosts">Hosts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptamegacanthus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hosts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acanthocephala_LifeCycle_lg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram of the life cycle of Acanthocephala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Acanthocephala_LifeCycle_lg.jpg/220px-Acanthocephala_LifeCycle_lg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Acanthocephala_LifeCycle_lg.jpg/330px-Acanthocephala_LifeCycle_lg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Acanthocephala_LifeCycle_lg.jpg/440px-Acanthocephala_LifeCycle_lg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1550" /></a><figcaption>Life cycle of <a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NHM_Chrysospalax_trevelyani_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stuffed giant golden mole on display" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/NHM_Chrysospalax_trevelyani_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-NHM_Chrysospalax_trevelyani_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/NHM_Chrysospalax_trevelyani_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-NHM_Chrysospalax_trevelyani_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/NHM_Chrysospalax_trevelyani_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-NHM_Chrysospalax_trevelyani_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2129" data-file-height="1141" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Giant_golden_mole" title="Giant golden mole">giant golden mole</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Type_host" class="mw-redirect" title="Type host">type host</a> of <i>H. niekerki</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The specific <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycle</a> of <i>Heptamegacanthus</i> is unknown, but the life cycle of thorny-headed worms, or acanthocephala, in general unfolds in three distinct stages. It begins when an egg develops into an infective form known as an <i>acanthor</i>. This acanthor is released with the <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a> of its definitive host, typically a vertebrate, and must be ingested by an <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_host" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate host">intermediate host</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropod</a> such as an insect, to continue its development.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt1985_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt1985-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the specific intermediate hosts for the genus <i>Heptamegacanthus</i> are unidentified, it is generally accepted that insects serve as the primary intermediaries for the broader order <a href="/wiki/Oligacanthorhynchida" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligacanthorhynchida">Oligacanthorhynchida</a> to which it belongs.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt1985_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt1985-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once inside the intermediate host, the acanthor sheds its outer layer in a process called <a href="/wiki/Molt" class="mw-redirect" title="Molt">molting</a>, transitioning into its next stage, the acanthella.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathison2021_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathison2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this stage, when <i>H. niekerki</i> measures between 38–60 μm in length and 19–26 μm in width, it burrows into the host's <a href="/wiki/Intestinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal">intestinal</a> wall and continues to grow.<sup id="cite_ref-Spencer-Jones1990_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spencer-Jones1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The life cycle culminates in the formation of a cystacanth, a <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larval</a> stage that retains juvenile features (differing from the adult only in size and stage of sexual development) and awaits ingestion by the definitive host to mature fully. Once inside the definitive host, these larvae attach themselves to the intestinal walls, mature into sexually reproductive adults, and complete the cycle by releasing new acanthors into the host's feces.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathison2021_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathison2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Heptamegacanthus niekerki</i> has been found attached to the wall of the <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a> in the giant golden mole.<sup id="cite_ref-Spencer-Jones1990_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spencer-Jones1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no known paratenic hosts where <i>Heptamegacanthus</i> might reside without undergoing further development or reproduction. There are no reported cases of <i>H. niekerki</i> infesting humans in the English-language medical literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathison2021_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathison2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptamegacanthus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are no known human infections for <i>H. niekerki</i> species.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathison2021_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathison2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptamegacanthus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Spencer-Jones1990-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer-Jones1990_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer-Jones1990_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer-Jones1990_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer-Jones1990_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer-Jones1990_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer-Jones1990_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer-Jones1990_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer-Jones1990_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer-Jones1990_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer-Jones1990_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer-Jones1990_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Development+and+life+cycles&rft.btitle=Biology+of+the+Acanthocephala&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=273-305&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Gerald+D.&rft.au=Nickol%2C+Brent+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F17218255.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeptamegacanthus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heptamegacanthus&oldid=1260210443">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heptamegacanthus&oldid=1260210443</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archiacanthocephala" title="Category:Archiacanthocephala">Archiacanthocephala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monotypic_protostome_genera" title="Category:Monotypic protostome genera">Monotypic protostome genera</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Acanthocephala_genera" title="Category:Acanthocephala genera">Acanthocephala genera</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animals_described_in_1990" title="Category:Animals described in 1990">Animals described in 1990</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2020">Use dmy dates from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxonbars_desynced_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Taxonbars desynced from Wikidata">Taxonbars desynced from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxonbars_without_primary_Wikidata_taxon_IDs" title="Category:Taxonbars without primary Wikidata taxon IDs">Taxonbars without primary Wikidata taxon IDs</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 November 2024, at 14:29<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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