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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Slovakia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="#Rügen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>Rügen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rügen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.2</span> <span>Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Berlin-Brandenburg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berlin-Brandenburg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.3</span> <span>Berlin-Brandenburg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berlin-Brandenburg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saxony-Anhalt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saxony-Anhalt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.4</span> <span>Saxony-Anhalt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saxony-Anhalt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schleswig-Holstein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schleswig-Holstein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.5</span> <span>Schleswig-Holstein</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schleswig-Holstein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bavaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bavaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.6</span> <span>Bavaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bavaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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Burgwall – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Slawischer Burgwall" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grad_(terminaison)" title="Grad (terminaison) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grad (terminaison)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%93%9C" title="고르드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고르드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gord_(archeologia)" title="Gord (archeologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gord (archeologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gord" title="Gord – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gord" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B3d" title="Gród – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gród" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gord" title="Gord – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gord" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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.mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gord_(archaeology)" title="Special:EditPage/Gord (archaeology)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gord%22+archaeology">"Gord" archaeology</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gord%22+archaeology+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gord%22+archaeology&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gord%22+archaeology+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gord%22+archaeology">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gord%22+archaeology&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>gord</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavonic</a> fortified settlement, usually built on strategic sites such as hilltops, riverbanks, lake islets or peninsulas between the 6th and 12th centuries in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. A typical gord consisted of a group of wooden houses surrounded by a wall made of earth and wood, and a <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisade</a> running along the top of the bulwark. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gord_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B3ra_Bir%C3%B3w_w_Podzamczu_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/G%C3%B3ra_Bir%C3%B3w_w_Podzamczu_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-G%C3%B3ra_Bir%C3%B3w_w_Podzamczu_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/G%C3%B3ra_Bir%C3%B3w_w_Podzamczu_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-G%C3%B3ra_Bir%C3%B3w_w_Podzamczu_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/G%C3%B3ra_Bir%C3%B3w_w_Podzamczu_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-G%C3%B3ra_Bir%C3%B3w_w_Podzamczu_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Section of a reconstructed hilltop <i>gród</i> at the village of Birów near <a href="/wiki/Ogrodzieniec" title="Ogrodzieniec">Ogrodzieniec</a>, Poland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gro%C3%9F_Raden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Gro%C3%9F_Raden.jpg/220px-Gro%C3%9F_Raden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Gro%C3%9F_Raden.jpg/330px-Gro%C3%9F_Raden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Gro%C3%9F_Raden.jpg/440px-Gro%C3%9F_Raden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavic</a> fortified settlement (gord) in <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9F_Raden_Archaeological_Open_Air_Museum" title="Groß Raden Archaeological Open Air Museum">Groß Raden</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorod_PL.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/Gorod_PL.PNG/220px-Gorod_PL.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/Gorod_PL.PNG/330px-Gorod_PL.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/Gorod_PL.PNG/440px-Gorod_PL.PNG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Towns and villages in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> with names derived from <i>gród</i> (magenta circles)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragment_of_the_Slavic_wharf_in_Gda%C5%84sk,_10-12th_cent.,_Nar.Muz.Mor.,_Gda%C5%84sk,_Poland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fragment_of_the_Slavic_wharf_in_Gda%C5%84sk%2C_10-12th_cent.%2C_Nar.Muz.Mor.%2C_Gda%C5%84sk%2C_Poland.jpg/170px-Fragment_of_the_Slavic_wharf_in_Gda%C5%84sk%2C_10-12th_cent.%2C_Nar.Muz.Mor.%2C_Gda%C5%84sk%2C_Poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fragment_of_the_Slavic_wharf_in_Gda%C5%84sk%2C_10-12th_cent.%2C_Nar.Muz.Mor.%2C_Gda%C5%84sk%2C_Poland.jpg/255px-Fragment_of_the_Slavic_wharf_in_Gda%C5%84sk%2C_10-12th_cent.%2C_Nar.Muz.Mor.%2C_Gda%C5%84sk%2C_Poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fragment_of_the_Slavic_wharf_in_Gda%C5%84sk%2C_10-12th_cent.%2C_Nar.Muz.Mor.%2C_Gda%C5%84sk%2C_Poland.jpg/340px-Fragment_of_the_Slavic_wharf_in_Gda%C5%84sk%2C_10-12th_cent.%2C_Nar.Muz.Mor.%2C_Gda%C5%84sk%2C_Poland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A cross section of <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">early Slavic</a> <i>gród</i> bulwarks and <a href="/wiki/Wharf" title="Wharf">wharf</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, Poland</figcaption></figure> <p>The term ultimately descends from the reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> root <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/%C7%B5%CA%B0ort%C3%B3s" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰortós">ǵʰortós</a></i> 'enclosure'. The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a> word <i>*gordъ</i> later differentiated into <b>grad</b> (<a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>: град), <b>gorod</b> (Cyrillic: город), <b>gród</b> in <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <b>gard</b> in <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor1898_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor1898-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taylor1864_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor1864-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anthropologische_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthropologische-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the root of various words in modern <a href="/wiki/Slavic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic language">Slavic languages</a> pertaining to fences and fenced-in areas (Belarusian <b>гарадз</b>іць, Ukrainian <b>horod</b>yty, Slovak o<b>hrad</b>iť, Czech o<b>hrad</b>it, Russian o<b>grad</b>it, <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> o<b>grad</b>iti, and Polish o<b>grad</b>zać, <b>grod</b>zić, to fence off). It also has evolved into words for a <a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">garden</a> in certain languages. </p><p>Additionally, it has furnished numerous modern Slavic words for a <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a> or <a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">town</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <i>gród</i>, plural <i>grody</i> (toponymic; nowadays a town or city is termed <i>miasto</i>, but remnants of a <i>gród</i> are known as <i>grodzisko</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_language" title="Pomeranian language">Ancient Pomeranian</a> and modern <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a> <i>gard</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> <i>hrad</i> ("castle" in the modern language), or <i>hradisko/hradiště/hradec</i>, which are terms for gord</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> <i>grad</i> ("castle" in modern Slovene)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a> <span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">горад</span></span> (horad)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">город</span></span> (gorod)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">город</span></span> (<i>horod</i>, dialectal and toponymic; nowadays <i>misto</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> <i>grad</i>/<span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">град</span></span></li></ul> <p>The names of many Central and Eastern European cities harken back to their pasts as gords. Some of them are in countries which once were but no longer are mainly inhabited by Slavic-speaking peoples. </p><p>Examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horodok_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Horodok (disambiguation)">Horodok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorod_(toponymy)" title="Gorod (toponymy)">Gorod (toponymy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrod_(toponymy)" title="Hrod (toponymy)">Hrod (toponymy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrud" class="mw-redirect" title="Hrud">Hrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horod" title="Horod">Horod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrad_(toponymy)" title="Hrad (toponymy)">Hrad (toponymy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gard_(Slavic_toponymy)" title="Gard (Slavic toponymy)">Gard (Slavic toponymy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grod_(toponymy)" title="Grod (toponymy)">Grod (toponymy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grad_(toponymy)" title="Grad (toponymy)">Grad (toponymy)</a></li></ul> <p>The words in Polish and Slovak for <i>suburbium</i>, <i>podgrodzie</i> and <i>podhradie</i> correspondingly, literally mean a settlement beneath a gord: the <i>gród</i>/<i>hrad</i> was frequently built at the top of a hill, and the <i>podgrodzie</i>/<i>podhradie</i> at its foot. (The Slavic prefix <i>pod-</i>, meaning "under/below" and descending from the Proto-Indo-European root <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/p%E1%B9%93ds" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pṓds">pṓds</a>,</i> meaning foot, being equivalent to Latin <i>sub-</i>). The word survives in the names of several villages (<a href="/wiki/Podgrodzie,_Subcarpathian_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Podgrodzie, Subcarpathian Voivodeship">Podgrodzie, Subcarpathian Voivodeship</a>) and town districts (e.g., that of <a href="/wiki/Olsztyn" title="Olsztyn">Olsztyn</a>), as well as in the names of the German municipalities <a href="/wiki/Puttgarden" title="Puttgarden">Puttgarden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wagria" title="Wagria">Wagria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Putgarten" title="Putgarten">Putgarten</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCgen" title="Rügen">Rügen</a>. </p><p>From this same Proto-Indo-European root come the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> word elements *<i>gard</i> and *<i>gart</i> (as in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>), and likely also the names of <a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gartz" title="Gartz">Gartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. Cognate to these are English words such as <i>garden</i>, <i>yard</i>, <i>garth</i>, <i>girdle</i> and <i>court.</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also cognate but less closely related are Latin <i>hortus</i>, a garden, and its English descendant <i>horticulture</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <i>kert</i>, the word for a garden, literally means <i>encircled</i>. Because Hungarian is a <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> rather than an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> language, this is likely a <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a>. Further afield, in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">ancient Iran</a>, a fortified wooden settlement was called a <i>gerd</i>, or <i>certa</i>, which also means garden (as in the suffix <i>-certa</i> in the names of various ancient Iranian cities; e.g., <i>Hunoracerta</i>). The <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> word evolved into <i>jerd</i> under later <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> influence. Burugerd or <a href="/wiki/Borujerd" title="Borujerd">Borujerd</a> is a city in the west of Iran. The Indian suffix <i>-garh</i>, meaning a <a href="/wiki/Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort">fort</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a>, appears in many Indian place names.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given that both Slavic and Indo-Iranian are sub-branches of Indo-European and that there are numerous similarities between Slavic and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> vocabulary, it is plausible that <i>garh</i> and <i>gord</i> are related. However, this is strongly contradicted by the phoneme /g/ in Indo-Iranian, which cannot be a reflex of the Indo-European palatovelar /*ǵ/.<sup id="cite_ref-RBTH_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBTH-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gord_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A typical gord was a group of wooden houses built either in rows or in circles, surrounded by one or more rings of walls made of earth and wood, a <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisade</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moats</a>. Some gords were ring-shaped, with a round, oval, or occasionally polygonal fence or wall surrounding a hollow. Others, built on a natural hill or a man-made mound, were cone-shaped. Those with a natural defense on one side, such as a river or lake, were usually horseshoe-shaped. Most gords were built in densely populated areas on sites that offered particular natural advantages. </p><p>As Slavic tribes united to form states, gords were also built for defensive purposes in less-populated border areas. Gords in which rulers resided or that lay on trade routes quickly expanded. Near the gord, or below it in elevation, there formed small communities of servants, merchants, artisans, and others who served the higher-ranked inhabitants of the gord. Each such community was known as a <i>suburbium</i> (literally "undercity") (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">podgrodzie</i>). Its residents could shelter within the walls of the gord in the event of danger. Eventually the <i>suburbium</i> acquired its own fence or wall. In the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, the gord usually evolved into a <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kremlin_(fortification)" title="Kremlin (fortification)">kremlin</a>, and the <i>suburbium</i> into a <a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">town</a>. </p><p>Some gords did not stand the test of time and were abandoned or destroyed, gradually turning into more or less discernible mounds or rings of earth (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> <i>gorodishche,</i> <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <i>gród</i> or <i>grodzisko,</i> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> <i>horodyshche,</i> <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> <i>hradisko,</i> <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> <i>hradiště,</i> German <i>Hradisch</i>, Hungarian <i>hradis</i> and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> <i>gradiška</i>/<i>градишка</i>). Notable archeological sites include <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9F_Raden_Archaeological_Open_Air_Museum" title="Groß Raden Archaeological Open Air Museum">Groß Raden</a> in Germany and <a href="/wiki/Biskupin" title="Biskupin">Biskupin</a> in Poland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Important_gords_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe">Important gords in Central and Eastern Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gord_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Important gords in Central and Eastern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gord_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bnin,_K%C3%B3rnik" title="Bnin, Kórnik">Bnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherven_Cities" title="Cherven Cities">Cherven grods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giecz#Archaeological_finds" title="Giecz">Giecz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gniezno" title="Gniezno">Gniezno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grudzi%C4%85dz" title="Grudziądz">Grudziądz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grzybowo,_Wrze%C5%9Bnia_County" title="Grzybowo, Września County">Grzybowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C5%82dus" title="Kałdus">Kałdus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kołobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Lednicki" title="Ostrów Lednicki">Ostrów Lednici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Przemyśl">Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr%C3%B3wka_Hill_Fort" title="Piotrówka Hill Fort">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozprza" title="Rozprza">Rozprze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strad%C3%B3w,_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship#History" title="Stradów, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship">Stradów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrobry_fortified_village_in_Szprotawa" title="Chrobry fortified village in Szprotawa">Szprotawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82oc%C5%82awek" title="Włocławek">Włocławek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolin" title="Wolin">Wolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gord_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Czech Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%ADlina" title="Bílina">Bílina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bude%C4%8D_(gord)" title="Budeč (gord)">Budeč</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chot%C4%9Bbuz" title="Chotěbuz">Chotěbuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kou%C5%99im" title="Kouřim">Kouřim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%BD_Hradec" title="Levý Hradec">Levý Hradec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libice_nad_Cidlinou" title="Libice nad Cidlinou">Libice nad Cidlinou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libu%C5%A1%C3%ADn" title="Libušín">Libušín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikul%C4%8Dice-Valy" title="Mikulčice-Valy">Mikulčice-Valy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Castle" title="Prague Castle">Prague Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rub%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubín (page does not exist)">Rubín</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="de:Rubín">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star%C3%A1_Boleslav" class="mw-redirect" title="Stará Boleslav">Stará Boleslav</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star%C3%A9_Z%C3%A1mky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Staré Zámky (page does not exist)">Staré Zámky</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%C3%A9_Z%C3%A1mky" class="extiw" title="cs:Staré Zámky">cs</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tet%C3%ADn_(Beroun_District)" title="Tetín (Beroun District)">Tetín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhersk%C3%A9_Hradi%C5%A1t%C4%9B" title="Uherské Hradiště">Uherské Hradiště</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C5%A1ehrad" title="Vyšehrad">Vyšehrad</a> (Prague)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovakia">Slovakia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gord_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Slovakia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ducov%C3%A9" title="Ducové">Ducové</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gord_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilhorod_Kyivskyi" title="Bilhorod Kyivskyi">Bilhorod-Kyivskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernihiv" title="Chernihiv">Chernihiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Halych" title="Ancient Halych">Halych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liubech" title="Liubech">Liubech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novhorod-Siverskyi" title="Novhorod-Siverskyi">Novhorod-Siverskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pereiaslav" title="Pereiaslav">Pereiaslav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plisnesk_archaeological_complex" title="Plisnesk archaeological complex">Plisnensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Volodymyr (city)">Volodymyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyshhorod" title="Vyshhorod">Vyshhorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvenyhorod" title="Zvenyhorod">Zvenyhorod</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gord_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belarus">Belarus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gord_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Belarus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno">Grodno</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gord_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rügen"><span id="R.C3.BCgen"></span>Rügen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gord_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rügen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>the fort at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Arkona" title="Cape Arkona">Cape Arkona</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Jaromarsburg" title="Jaromarsburg">Jaromarsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garz_Castle" title="Garz Castle">Garz Castle</a></li> <li>the fort of <a href="/wiki/Charenza" title="Charenza">Charenza</a> near Venz in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Trent_(R%C3%BCgen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trent (Rügen)">Trent</a></li> <li>the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herthaburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herthaburg (page does not exist)">Herthaburg</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Stubbenkammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Stubbenkammer">Stubbenkammer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jasmund_National_Park" title="Jasmund National Park">Jasmund National Park</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania">Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gord_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg_Castle" title="Mecklenburg Castle">Mecklenburg Castle</a> in the village of <a href="/wiki/Dorf_Mecklenburg" title="Dorf Mecklenburg">Dorf Mecklenburg</a> near <a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a> (origin of the state name)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9F_Raden_Archaeological_Open_Air_Museum" title="Groß Raden Archaeological Open Air Museum">fort of Groß Raden</a> near <a href="/wiki/Sternberg,_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Sternberg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Sternberg</a></li> <li>the fort of <a href="/wiki/Behren-L%C3%BCbchin" title="Behren-Lübchin">Behren-Lübchin</a>, partly reconstructed in the <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9F_Raden_Archaeological_Open_Air_Museum" title="Groß Raden Archaeological Open Air Museum">Groß Raden Archaeological Open Air Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A4debehn_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gädebehn Castle (page does not exist)">Gädebehn Castle</a> (Gemeinde <a href="/wiki/Knorrendorf" title="Knorrendorf">Knorrendorf</a>) in the county of <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgische_Seenplatte" class="mw-redirect" title="Mecklenburgische Seenplatte">Mecklenburgische Seenplatte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganschendorf_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ganschendorf Castle (page does not exist)">Ganschendorf Castle</a> (Gemeinde <a href="/wiki/Sarow" title="Sarow">Sarow</a>) in the county of <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgische_Seenplatte" class="mw-redirect" title="Mecklenburgische Seenplatte">Mecklenburgische Seenplatte</a></li> <li>the fort of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grapenwerder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grapenwerder (page does not exist)">Grapenwerder</a> (Gemeinde <a href="/wiki/Penzlin" title="Penzlin">Penzlin</a>) in the county of <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgische_Seenplatte" class="mw-redirect" title="Mecklenburgische Seenplatte">Mecklenburgische Seenplatte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadensch%C3%B6nfeld_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quadenschönfeld Castle (page does not exist)">Quadenschönfeld Castle</a> in the county of <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgische_Seenplatte" class="mw-redirect" title="Mecklenburgische Seenplatte">Mecklenburgische Seenplatte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neu_Niek%C3%B6hr_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neu Nieköhr Castle (page does not exist)">Neu Nieköhr Castle</a> (Gemeinde <a href="/wiki/Behren-L%C3%BCbchin" title="Behren-Lübchin">Behren-Lübchin</a>) in the county of <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li>the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neu_Kentzlin_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neu Kentzlin Castle (page does not exist)">fort of Neu-Kentzlin</a> (Gemeinde <a href="/wiki/Kentzlin" title="Kentzlin">Kentzlin</a>) between <a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a> und <a href="/wiki/Stavenhagen" title="Stavenhagen">Stavenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B6lln_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mölln Castle (page does not exist)">Mölln Castle</a> (Gemeinde <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6lln_(Mecklenburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mölln (Mecklenburg)">Mölln (Mecklenburg)</a>) in the county of <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgische_Seenplatte" class="mw-redirect" title="Mecklenburgische Seenplatte">Mecklenburgische Seenplatte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B6llenhagen_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Möllenhagen Castle (page does not exist)">Möllenhagen Castle</a> (Gemeinde <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6llenhagen" title="Möllenhagen">Möllenhagen</a>) in the county of <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgische_Seenplatte" class="mw-redirect" title="Mecklenburgische Seenplatte">Mecklenburgische Seenplatte</a></li> <li>the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravensburg_(Neubrandenburg)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ravensburg (Neubrandenburg) (page does not exist)">Ravensburg (Neubrandenburg)</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Kastorfer_See" title="Kastorfer See">forts at Kastorfer See</a> near <a href="/wiki/Neubrandenburg" title="Neubrandenburg">Neubrandenburg</a></li> <li>the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Island_fort_of_Teterower_See&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Island fort of Teterower See (page does not exist)">island fort</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Teterower_See" title="Teterower See">Teterower See</a></li> <li>the <i>Schlossberg</i> near <a href="/wiki/Feldberg_(Mecklenburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Feldberg (Mecklenburg)">Feldberg</a></li> <li>the Slavic fort near Menkendorf, a village in the parish of <a href="/wiki/Grebs-Niendorf" title="Grebs-Niendorf">Grebs-Niendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wittenborn_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wittenborn Castle (page does not exist)">Wittenborn Castle</a> ( municipality of <a href="/wiki/Galenbeck" title="Galenbeck">Galenbeck</a>) in the county of <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgische_Seenplatte" class="mw-redirect" title="Mecklenburgische Seenplatte">Mecklenburgische Seenplatte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kieve_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kieve Castle (page does not exist)">Kieve Castle</a> in the county of <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgische_Seenplatte" class="mw-redirect" title="Mecklenburgische Seenplatte">Mecklenburgische Seenplatte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wulfsahl_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wulfsahl Castle (page does not exist)">Wulfsahl Castle</a> in the county of <a href="/wiki/Ludwigslust-Parchim" title="Ludwigslust-Parchim">Ludwigslust-Parchim</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Berlin-Brandenburg">Berlin-Brandenburg</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gord_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Berlin-Brandenburg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg_(Castle)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brandenburg (Castle) (page does not exist)">Brandenburg Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandau_Citadel" title="Spandau Citadel"> Spandau Castle</a> (Berlin)</li> <li>the <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6merschanze_near_Potsdam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Römerschanze near Potsdam (page does not exist)">Römerschanze near Potsdam</a></li> <li>the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reitweiner_Wallberge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reitweiner Wallberge (page does not exist)">Reitweiner Wallberge</a>, fortanlage near <a href="/wiki/Reitwein" title="Reitwein">Reitwein</a> in the Landkreis Märkisch-Oderland</li> <li>the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_fort_of_L%C3%BCbben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavic fort of Lübben (page does not exist)">Slavic fort of Lübben</a></li> <li>the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_fort_of_Raddusch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavic fort of Raddusch (page does not exist)">Slavic fort of Raddusch</a> near <a href="/wiki/Vetschau/Spreewald" class="mw-redirect" title="Vetschau/Spreewald">Vetschau/Spreewald</a></li> <li>the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_fort_of_Tornow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavic fort of Tornow (page does not exist)">Slavic fort of Tornow</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lossow_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lossow Castle (page does not exist)">Lossow Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt (Oder)</a></li> <li>the fort near <a href="/wiki/Kliestow" title="Kliestow">Kliestow</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gord_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Saxony-Anhalt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>the fort of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Altes_Dorf_(Pechau)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altes Dorf (Pechau) (page does not exist)">Altes Dorf</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> subdistrict of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pechau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pechau (page does not exist)">Pechau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wust_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wust Castle (page does not exist)">Wust Castle</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gord_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Schleswig-Holstein"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Early_Middle_Ages_castles_in_Hamburg_und_Schleswig-Holstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Early Middle Ages castles in Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein (page does not exist)">List of Early Middle Ages castles in Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_fr%C3%BChmittelalterlicher_Burganlagen_in_Hamburg_und_Schleswig-Holstein" class="extiw" title="de:Liste frühmittelalterlicher Burganlagen in Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein">de</a>]</span> including:</li> <li>the fort of the Slavic settlement of Starigard in present-day <a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_in_Holstein" title="Oldenburg in Holstein">Oldenburg</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldenburger_Wall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oldenburger Wall (page does not exist)">Oldenburger Wall</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburger_Wall" class="extiw" title="de:Oldenburger Wall">de</a>]</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bavaria">Bavaria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gord_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bavaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rauher_Kulm_(Upper_Palatinate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rauher Kulm (Upper Palatinate)">Rauher Kulm</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gord_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunau_am_Kamp" class="extiw" title="de:Thunau am Kamp">Thunau am Kamp</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gord_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">Oppidum</a>, a type of similar but often much bigger fortified wooden settlement used by ancient <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanics">Germanics</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordoservon" title="Gordoservon">Gordoservon</a> in Asia Minor, 680 AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar%C3%ADki" title="Garðaríki">Garðaríki</a> – <a href="/wiki/Varangian" class="mw-redirect" title="Varangian">Varangian</a> name for <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kievan Rus">Kievan Rus</a>, interpreted as "cities"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biskupin" title="Biskupin">Biskupin</a>, a life-size reconstruction of a gord-like <a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian culture</a> settlement in Poland.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraal" title="Kraal">Kraal</a> (South Africa);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey" class="mw-redirect" title="Motte-and-bailey">Motte-and-bailey</a> (Western Europe).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">Burgh, Borough, Burg</a> or bjerg (Scotland, England, Germany, Denmark)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringfort" title="Ringfort">Ringfort</a> (Ireland, Britain, Scandinavia)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gord_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Taylor1898-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor1898_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1898" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Taylor_(canon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Taylor (canon)">Taylor, Isaac</a> (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/namesandtheirhi01taylgoog"><i>Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature</i></a>. Original from the University of Michigan: Rivingtons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/namesandtheirhi01taylgoog/page/n345">331</a>. <q>wall Grad gorod.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Names+and+Their+Histories%3A+A+Handbook+of+Historical+Geography+and+Topographical+Nomenclature&rft.place=Original+from+the+University+of+Michigan&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=Rivingtons&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnamesandtheirhi01taylgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGord+%28archaeology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor1864-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor1864_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1864" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Taylor_(canon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Taylor (canon)">Taylor, Isaac</a> (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wordsandplaceso00unkngoog"><i>Words and Places, Or, Etymological Illustrations of History, Ethnology, and Geography</i></a>. Original from Oxford University: Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wordsandplaceso00unkngoog/page/n166">128</a>. <q>wall Grad gorod.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Words+and+Places%2C+Or%2C+Etymological+Illustrations+of+History%2C+Ethnology%2C+and+Geography&rft.place=Original+from+Oxford+University&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwordsandplaceso00unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGord+%28archaeology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthropologische-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anthropologische_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthropologische_Gesellschaft_in_Wien1880" class="citation book cs1">Anthropologische Gesellschaft in Wien (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mittheilungende01wiengoog"><i>Mittheilungen der anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien</i></a>. Original from the University of Michigan: F. Berger & Söhne. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mittheilungende01wiengoog/page/n51">40</a>. <q>Gord wall Grad gorod.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mittheilungen+der+anthropologischen+Gesellschaft+in+Wien&rft.place=Original+from+the+University+of+Michigan&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=F.+Berger+%26+S%C3%B6hne&rft.date=1880&rft.au=Anthropologische+Gesellschaft+in+Wien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmittheilungende01wiengoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGord+%28archaeology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ON. <i>garðr</i>; goth. gards; den. -gaard; island. -gard; cimb. -garthur; aleman. -gardo; welsh. -gardd; holln. -gaerde; span. -gardin; pomern. -gard; slav. -grod, -hrad</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A <i>Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language</i>. Oxford. 1911; and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Chance" title="Jane Chance">Jane Chance</a>, "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolkien_and_the_invention_of_myth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tolkien and the invention of myth (page does not exist)">Tolkien and the invention of myth</a>", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8LLxZXqgJdwC&dq=gar%C3%B0r+gaard+gard&pg=PA70">70</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/most/p2vidal.htm">"Urban vocabulary in Northern India – City Words WP No. 4"</a>. <i>www.unesco.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Urban+vocabulary+in+Northern+India+%E2%80%93+City+Words+WP+No.+4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fmost%2Fp2vidal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGord+%28archaeology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RBTH-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RBTH_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/blogs/2014/11/01/sanskrit_and_russian_ancient_kinship_39451">"Sanskrit and Russian: Ancient kinship"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Russia_Beyond" title="Russia Beyond">Russia Beyond</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russia+Beyond&rft.atitle=Sanskrit+and+Russian%3A+Ancient+kinship&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Fblogs%2F2014%2F11%2F01%2Fsanskrit_and_russian_ancient_kinship_39451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGord+%28archaeology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gord_(archaeology)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fortifications" title="Template:Fortifications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fortifications" title="Template talk:Fortifications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fortifications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fortifications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fortifications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortifications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abatis" title="Abatis">Abatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">Acropolis</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Agger_(ancient_Rome)" title="Agger (ancient Rome)">Agger</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco"><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Burgus" title="Burgus">Burgus</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Castellum" title="Castellum">Castellum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">Castra</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Castro_culture" title="Castro culture">Castros</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_city_wall" title="Chinese city wall">Chengqiang</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_rampart" title="Circular rampart">Circular rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_gate" title="City gate">City gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crannog" title="Crannog">Crannog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditch_(fortification)" title="Ditch (fortification)">Ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">Defensive wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dun_(fortification)" title="Dun (fortification)">Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faussebraye" title="Faussebraye">Faussebraye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatehouse" title="Gatehouse">Gatehouse</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">Hillfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landwehr_(border)" title="Landwehr (border)">Landwehr</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Limes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuraghe" title="Nuraghe">Nuraghe</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">Oppidum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">Palisade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pincer_gate" title="Pincer gate">Pincer gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_fort" title="Promontory fort">Promontory fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampart_(fortification)" title="Rampart (fortification)">Rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringfort" title="Ringfort">Ringfort</a> (Rath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_castle" title="Refuge castle">Refuge castle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schwedenschanze" title="Schwedenschanze">Schwedenschanze</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockade" title="Stockade">Stockade</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sudis_(stake)" title="Sudis (stake)">Sudis</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Trou_de_loup" title="Trou de loup">Trou de loup</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Vallum" title="Vallum">Vallum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon_fort" title="Wagon fort">Wagon fort</a> (<span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af">Laager</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrified_fort" title="Vitrified fort">Vitrified fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_work" title="Advanced work">Advanced work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcazaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcazaba">Alcazaba</a></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amba_(landform)" title="Amba (landform)">Amba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrowslit" title="Arrowslit">Arrowslit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbican" title="Barbican">Barbican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartizan" title="Bartizan">Bartizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">Bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_tower" title="Battery tower">Battery tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlement" title="Battlement">Battlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawn" title="Bawn">Bawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bent_entrance" title="Bent entrance">Bent entrance</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bergfried" title="Bergfried">Bergfried</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Berm" title="Berm">Berm</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_(navigational_barrier)" title="Boom (navigational barrier)">Boom</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Bret%C3%A8che" title="Bretèche">Bretèche</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_castle" title="Bridge castle">Bridge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_tower" title="Bridge tower">Bridge tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burh" title="Burh">Burh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter-churn_tower" title="Butter-churn tower">Butter-churn tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caer" title="Caer">Caer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caltrop" title="Caltrop">Caltrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_gate" title="Chamber gate">Chamber gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartaque" title="Chartaque">Chartaque</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chashi" title="Chashi">Chashi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chemin_de_ronde" title="Chemin de ronde">Chemin de ronde</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chemise_(wall)" title="Chemise (wall)">Chemise</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Cheval_de_frise" title="Cheval de frise">Cheval de frise</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">Citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion_castle" title="Coercion castle">Coercion castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">Concentric castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corner_tower" title="Corner tower">Corner tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-castle" title="Counter-castle">Counter-castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawbridge" title="Drawbridge">Drawbridge</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Enceinte" title="Enceinte">Enceinte</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Embrasure" title="Embrasure">Embrasure</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanking_tower" title="Flanking tower">Flanking tower</a></li> <li>Fortified buildings (<a href="/wiki/Fortified_church" title="Fortified church">church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortified_house" title="Fortified house">house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_tulou" title="Fujian tulou">Fujian tulou</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganerbenburg" title="Ganerbenburg">Ganerbenburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_tower" title="Gate tower">Gate tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Glacis" title="Glacis">Glacis</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_tower" title="Guard tower">Guard tower</a></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gulyay-gorod" title="Gulyay-gorod">Gulyay-gorod</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gusuku" title="Gusuku">Gusuku</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_tower" title="Half tower">Half tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoarding_(castle)" title="Hoarding (castle)">Hoarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_bailey" title="Inner bailey">Inner bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">Keep</a></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_(fortification)" title="Kremlin (fortification)">Kremlin</a></i></span> <small>(<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Detinets" title="Detinets">Detinets</a></i></span>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landesburg" title="Landesburg">Landesburg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-plan_castle" title="L-plan castle">L-plan castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machicolation" title="Machicolation">Machicolation</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Merlon" title="Merlon">Merlon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">Moat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte-and-bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_hole" title="Murder hole">Murder hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ditch" title="Neck ditch">Neck ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_bailey" title="Outer bailey">Outer bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outwork" title="Outwork">Outwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peel_tower" title="Peel tower">Peel tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portcullis" title="Portcullis">Portcullis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postern" title="Postern">Postern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_tower" title="Powder tower">Powder tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduit" title="Reduit">Reduit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricetto" title="Ricetto">Ricetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringwork" title="Ringwork">Ringwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundel_(fortification)" title="Roundel (fortification)">Roundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrangular_castle" title="Quadrangular castle">Quadrangular castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_keep" title="Shell keep">Shell keep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_wall_(castle)" title="Shield wall (castle)">Shield wall</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_castle" title="Japanese castle">Shiro</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_castle" title="Toll castle">Toll castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_castle" title="Tower castle">Tower castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_house" title="Tower house">Tower house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ring_fortress" title="Viking ring fortress">Viking ring fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_tower" title="Fortified tower">Wall tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_(castle)" title="Bailey (castle)">Bailey (or ward)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchtower" title="Watchtower">Watchtower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_tower" title="Witch tower">Witch tower</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yagura_(tower)" title="Yagura (tower)">Yagura</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yett" title="Yett">Yett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwinger" title="Zwinger">Zwinger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Abwurfdach" class="mw-redirect" title="Abwurfdach">Abwurfdach</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barricade" title="Barricade">Barricade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">Bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">Blockhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastwork_(fortification)" title="Breastwork (fortification)">Breastwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Caponier" title="Caponier">Caponier</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">Casemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_(fortification)" title="Cavalier (fortification)">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterguard" title="Counterguard">Counterguard</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Couvreface" title="Couvreface">Couvreface</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Coupure" title="Coupure">Coupure</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covertway" title="Covertway">Covertway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crownwork" title="Crownwork">Crownwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_Forts" title="Device Forts">Device Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrenchment_(fortification)" title="Entrenchment (fortification)">Entrenchment</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A8che_(fortification)" title="Flèche (fortification)">Flèche</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorge_(fortification)" title="Gorge (fortification)">Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_magazine" title="Gunpowder magazine">Gunpowder magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornwork" title="Hornwork">Hornwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Kotta mara</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Lunette_(fortification)" title="Lunette (fortification)">Lunette</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)" title="Magazine (artillery)">Magazine</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Orillon" title="Orillon">Orillon</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ostrog_(fortress)" title="Ostrog (fortress)">Ostrog</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palanka_(fortification)" title="Palanka (fortification)">Palanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place-of-arms" title="Place-of-arms">Place-of-arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">Polygonal fort</a></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Presidio" title="Presidio">Presidio</a></i></span> (Spanish America)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punji_stick" title="Punji stick">Punji sticks</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ravelin" title="Ravelin">Ravelin</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Redan" title="Redan">Redan</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrenchment_(military)" title="Retrenchment (military)">Retrenchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_port" title="Sally port">Sally port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandbag" title="Sandbag">Sandbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterscarp" title="Counterscarp">Scarp and Counterscarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sconce_(fortification)" title="Sconce (fortification)">Sconce</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Schanze" title="Schanze">Schanze</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea fort">Sea fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_(frontier_defensive_structure)" title="Station (frontier defensive structure)">Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Star fort">Star fort</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Tenaille" title="Tenaille">Tenaille</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">Barbed wire</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Barbette" title="Barbette">Barbette</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_outpost" title="Border outpost">Border outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">Bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">Coastal artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearing_gun" title="Disappearing gun">Disappearing gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_control_tower" title="Fire control tower">Fire control tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">Gun turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">Land mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martello_tower" title="Martello tower">Martello tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">Polygonal fort</a></li> <li><span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sangar_(fortification)" title="Sangar (fortification)">Sangar</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_obstacle" title="Wire obstacle">Wire obstacles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_scaffolding" title="Admiralty scaffolding">Admiralty scaffolding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">Air raid shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_trench" title="Anti-tank trench">Anti-tank trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbed_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbed tape">Barbed tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cointet-element" title="Cointet-element">Belgian gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_shelter" title="Blast shelter">Blast shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_wall" title="Blast wall">Blast wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Border security">Border security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_shelter" title="Bomb shelter">Bomb shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buoy_anti-tank_obstacle" title="Buoy anti-tank obstacle">Buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremer_wall" title="Bremer wall">Bremer wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concertina_wire" title="Concertina wire">Concertina wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Defensive fighting position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_anti-invasion_preparations_of_the_Second_World_War#Lines_and_islands" title="British anti-invasion preparations of the Second World War">British "hedgehog" road block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_hedgehog" title="Czech hedgehog">Czech hedgehog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_teeth_(fortification)" title="Dragon's teeth (fortification)">Dragon's teeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">Entry control point (ECP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_fence" title="Electric fence">Electric fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">Fallout shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_support_base" title="Fire support base">Fire support base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flak_tower" title="Flak tower">Flak tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardened_aircraft_shelter" title="Hardened aircraft shelter">Hardened aircraft shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesco_bastion" title="Hesco bastion">Hesco bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabal_(earthworks)" title="Kabal (earthworks)">Kabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loophole_(firearm)" title="Loophole (firearm)">Loophole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_line_of_resistance" title="Main line of resistance">Main line of resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_launch_facility" title="Missile launch facility">Missile launch facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillbox_(military)" title="Pillbox (military)">Pillbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revetment_(aircraft)" title="Revetment (aircraft)">Revetment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentry_gun" title="Sentry gun">Sentry gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_hole" title="Spider hole">Spider hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pen" title="Submarine pen">Submarine pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hangar" title="Underground hangar">Underground hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon_storage_area" title="Weapon storage area">Weapon storage area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_Storage_and_Security_System" title="Weapons Storage and Security System">Weapons Storage and Security System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_castle" title="Cave castle">Cave castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_castle" title="Hill castle">Hill castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">Hillfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillside_castle" title="Hillside castle">Hillside castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilltop_castle" title="Hilltop castle">Hilltop castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_castle" title="Island castle">Island castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_castle" title="Lowland castle">Lowland castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_castle" title="Marsh castle">Marsh castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_castle" title="Water castle">Moated castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_fort" title="Promontory fort">Promontory fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_castle" title="Ridge castle">Ridge castle</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Rocca_(fortification)" title="Rocca (fortification)">Rocca</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_castle" title="Rock castle">Rock castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spur_castle" title="Spur castle">Spur castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_castle" title="Water castle">Water castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Floating water castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By role</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_barrier" title="Border barrier">Border barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion_castle" title="Coercion castle">Coercion castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-castle" title="Counter-castle">Counter-castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence" title="Fence">Fence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganerbenburg" title="Ganerbenburg">Ganerbenburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdschloss" title="Jagdschloss">Hunting lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_castle" title="Imperial castle">Imperial castle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kaiserpfalz" title="Kaiserpfalz">Kaiserpfalz</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landesburg" title="Landesburg">Landesburg</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lustschloss" title="Lustschloss">Lustschloss</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Military base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstacle" title="Obstacle">Obstacle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ordensburg" title="Ordensburg">Ordensburg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_castle" title="Refuge castle">Refuge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_castle" title="Toll castle">Toll castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_castle" title="Urban castle">Urban castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bastion_fort" title="Bastion fort">Bastion fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_castle" title="Bridge castle">Bridge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_rampart" title="Circular rampart">Circular rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">Concentric castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-plan_castle" title="L-plan castle">L-plan castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte-and-bailey castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrangular_castle" title="Quadrangular castle">Quadrangular castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringfort" title="Ringfort">Ringfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringwork" title="Ringwork">Ringwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_castle" title="Tower castle">Tower castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-plan_castle" title="Z-plan castle">Z-plan castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bastion_forts" title="List of bastion forts">Bastion forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles" title="List of castles">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_defensive_walls" title="List of cities with defensive walls">Cities with defensive walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_line" title="Defense line">Defense line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortified estate">Fortified estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fortifications" title="List of fortifications">Fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forts" title="List of forts">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_installations" title="Lists of military installations">Military installations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_walls" title="List of walls">Walls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related word</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle_town" title="Castle town">Castle town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Château">Château</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon" title="Dungeon">Dungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festung" title="Festung">Festung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_gateway" title="Fortified gateway">Fortified gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeper" title="Gatekeeper">Gatekeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loophole_(firearm)" title="Loophole (firearm)">Loophole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_redoubt" title="National redoubt">National redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palas" title="Palas">Palas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picket_(military)" title="Picket (military)">Picket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schloss" title="Schloss">Schloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedette_(sentry)" title="Vedette (sentry)">Vedette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_of_government" title="Continuity of government">Continuity of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_urbanism" title="Military urbanism">Military urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">Siege engine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_siege_engines" title="List of siege engines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_guerrilla_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nobold">See also</span>: <b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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