CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Electronic waste recycling - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"3f2882c9-6bb9-4bdb-a66d-af5f0e615156","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Electronic_waste_recycling","wgTitle":"Electronic waste recycling","wgCurRevisionId":1247954329,"wgRevisionId":1247954329,"wgArticleId":1664937,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: archived copy as title","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from July 2019","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2017","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from January 2011", "Commons category link from Wikidata","Computer recycling","Data security","Water conservation","Energy conservation"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Electronic_waste_recycling","wgRelevantArticleId":1664937,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Computer_recycling","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Electronic_waste_recycling","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[] ,"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3243428","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready", "ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Recycling_Computers.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1538"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Recycling_Computers.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1026"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="821"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Electronic waste recycling - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste_recycling"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste_recycling"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Electronic_waste_recycling rootpage-Electronic_waste_recycling skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Electronic+waste+recycling" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Electronic+waste+recycling" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Electronic+waste+recycling" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Electronic+waste+recycling" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Reasons_for_recycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reasons_for_recycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Reasons for recycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reasons_for_recycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Regulations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regulations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regulations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Federal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recycling_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recycling_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Recycling methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recycling_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recycling methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recycling_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consumer_recycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumer_recycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Consumer recycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumer_recycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scrapping_recycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scrapping_recycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Scrapping recycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scrapping_recycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Sale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Take_back" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Take_back"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Take back</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Take_back-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Exchange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Donations/nonprofits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Donations/nonprofits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Donations/nonprofits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Donations/nonprofits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Junkyard_Computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Junkyard_Computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Junkyard Computing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Junkyard_Computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-E-cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#E-cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>E-cycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-E-cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pros_of_e-cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pros_of_e-cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Pros of e-cycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pros_of_e-cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms_of_e-cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms_of_e-cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Criticisms of e-cycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms_of_e-cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_fate_of_e-waste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_fate_of_e-waste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>The fate of e-waste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_fate_of_e-waste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policy_issues_and_current_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policy_issues_and_current_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Policy issues and current efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policy_issues_and_current_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Data security</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Data_security-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Data security subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Data_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reasons_to_destroy_and_recycle_securely" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reasons_to_destroy_and_recycle_securely"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Reasons to destroy and recycle securely</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reasons_to_destroy_and_recycle_securely-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secure_recycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secure_recycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Secure recycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secure_recycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Electronic waste recycling</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8" title="إعادة تدوير الحاسوب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إعادة تدوير الحاسوب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repasovan%C3%BD_po%C4%8D%C3%ADta%C4%8D" title="Repasovaný počítač – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Repasovaný počítač" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroonika_taaskasutus" title="Elektroonika taaskasutus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektroonika taaskasutus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciclaje_de_computadoras" title="Reciclaje de computadoras – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reciclaje de computadoras" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recikligo_de_elektroniko" title="Recikligo de elektroniko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Recikligo de elektroniko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Համակարգչային տեխնիկայի վերամշակում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համակարգչային տեխնիկայի վերամշակում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%97%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="מיחזור אלקטרוניקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיחזור אלקטרוניקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciclagem_de_computadores" title="Reciclagem de computadores – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reciclagem de computadores" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Переработка электроники – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Переработка электроники" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="පරිගණක ප්‍රතිචක්‍රීකරණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පරිගණක ප්‍රතිචක්‍රීකරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_recycling" title="Computer recycling – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Computer recycling" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%27%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Переробка комп'ютерів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Переробка комп'ютерів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1i_ch%E1%BA%BF_m%C3%A1y_t%C3%ADnh" title="Tái chế máy tính – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tái chế máy tính" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%A2%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E5%9B%9E%E6%94%B6%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="廢電腦回收技術 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="廢電腦回收技術" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3243428#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste_recycling" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Electronic_waste_recycling" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste_recycling"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste_recycling"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Electronic_waste_recycling" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Electronic_waste_recycling" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&oldid=1247954329" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Electronic_waste_recycling&id=1247954329&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FElectronic_waste_recycling"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FElectronic_waste_recycling"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electronics_recycling" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3243428" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_recycling&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer recycling">Computer recycling</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of recycling</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recycling_Computers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Recycling_Computers.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="156" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Computer monitors are typically packed into low stacks on wooden pallets for <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> and then shrink-wrapped.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Electronic waste recycling</b>, <b>electronics recycling</b>, or <b>e-waste recycling</b> is the disassembly and separation of components and raw materials of waste <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>; when referring to specific types of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">e-waste</a>, the terms like <b>computer recycling</b> or <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_recycling" title="Mobile phone recycling">mobile phone recycling</a> may be used. Like other waste streams, <a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">reuse</a>, donation, and repair are common <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainable</a> ways to dispose of <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT</a> waste. </p><p>Since its inception in the early 1990s, more and more devices are recycled worldwide due to increased awareness and investment. Electronic recycling occurs primarily in order to recover valuable <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">rare-earth metals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metals</a>, which are in short supply, as well as <a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">plastics</a> and metals. These are resold or used in new devices after purification, in effect creating a <a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">circular economy</a>. Such processes involve specialised facilities and premises, but within the home or ordinary workplace, sound components of damaged or obsolete computers can often be reused, reducing replacement costs. </p><p>Recycling is considered environmentally friendly because it prevents hazardous waste, including <a href="/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal" title="Toxic heavy metal">heavy metals</a> and carcinogens, from entering the atmosphere, landfill or waterways. While electronics consist a small fraction of total waste generated, they are far more dangerous. There is stringent legislation designed to enforce and encourage the sustainable disposal of appliances, the most notable being the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> National Computer Recycling Act.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, 38% of <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a> and a quarter of total electronic waste was recycled in the United States, 5% and 3% up from 3 years prior respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reasons_for_recycling">Reasons for recycling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Reasons for recycling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Obsolete computers and old electronics are valuable sources for secondary raw materials if recycled; otherwise, these devices are a source of <a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">toxins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogens</a>. Rapid technology change, low initial cost, and <a href="/wiki/Planned_obsolescence" title="Planned obsolescence">planned obsolescence</a> have resulted in a fast-growing surplus of computers and other electronic components around the globe. Technical solutions are available, but in most cases a legal framework, collection system, logistics, and other services need to be implemented before applying a technical solution. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a>, estimates 30 to 40 million surplus <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">PCs</a>, classified as "hazardous household waste",<sup id="cite_ref-sb_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would be ready for end-of-life management in the next few years. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Safety_Council" title="National Safety Council">National Safety Council</a> estimates that 75% of all personal computers ever sold are now surplus electronics.<sup id="cite_ref-to_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-to-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) stated that more than 63 million computers in the U.S. were traded in for replacements or discarded. Today, 15% of electronic devices and equipment are recycled in the United States. Most electronic waste is sent to <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfills</a> or <a href="/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration">incinerated</a>, which releases materials such as <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> into the soil, <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>, and atmosphere, thus having a negative impact on the environment. </p><p>Many materials used in computer hardware can be recovered by recycling for use in future production. Reuse of <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, and a variety of <a href="/wiki/Plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastics">plastics</a> that are present in bulk in computers or other electronics can reduce the costs of constructing new systems. Components frequently contain <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> as well as other valuable materials suitable for reclamation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Computer components</a> contain many toxic substances, like <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">dioxins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">polychlorinated biphenyls</a> (PCBs), <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radioactive isotopes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>. A typical computer monitor may contain more than 6% lead by weight, much of which is in the <a href="/wiki/Lead_glass" title="Lead glass">lead glass</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathode ray tube">cathode ray tube</a> (CRT). A typical 15 inch (38 cm) computer monitor may contain 1.5 pounds (1 kg) of lead<sup id="cite_ref-sb_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but other monitors have been estimated to have up to 8 pounds (4 kg) of lead.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Circuit boards contain considerable quantities of lead-tin solders that are more likely to leach into groundwater or create <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> due to incineration. In US landfills, about 40% of the lead content levels are from e-waste.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The processing (e.g. incineration and acid treatments) required to reclaim these precious substances may release, generate, or synthesize toxic byproducts. </p><p>Export of waste to countries with lower environmental standards is a major concern. The <a href="/wiki/Basel_Convention" title="Basel Convention">Basel Convention</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous wastes</a> such as, but not limited to, CRT screens as an item that may not be exported transcontinentally without prior consent of both the country exporting and receiving the waste. Companies may find it cost-effective in the short term to sell outdated computers to less developed countries with lax regulations. It is commonly believed that a majority of surplus laptops are routed to <a href="/wiki/Developing_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing nation">developing nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tmc_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high value of working and reusable laptops, computers, and components (e.g. <a href="/wiki/RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM">RAM</a>) can help pay the cost of transportation for many worthless commodities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Laws governing the exportation of waste electronics are put in place to govern recycling companies in developed countries which ship waste to Third World countries. However, concerns about the impact of e-recycling on human health, the health of recycling workers and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> remain.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, due to the lack of strict regulations in developing countries, sometimes workers smash old products, propelling toxins on to the ground, contaminating the soil and putting those who do not wear shoes in danger. Other procedures include burning away wire insulation and acid baths to resell circuit boards. These methods pose environmental and health hazards, as toxins are released into the air and acid bath residue can enter the water supply.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulations">Regulations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monitor_in_gutter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Monitor_in_gutter.jpg/220px-Monitor_in_gutter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Monitor_in_gutter.jpg/330px-Monitor_in_gutter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Monitor_in_gutter.jpg/440px-Monitor_in_gutter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2393" data-file-height="1987" /></a><figcaption>An abandoned Taxan <a href="/wiki/Computer_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display">monitor</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">electronic waste</a> recycling system was implemented in 1991, beginning with collection of old refrigerators; over the years, all other electric and electronic devices were gradually added to the system. The established producer responsibility organization is SWICO, mainly handling information, communication, and organization technology.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> implemented a similar system in February 2003, under the <a href="/wiki/Waste_Electrical_and_Electronic_Equipment_Directive" title="Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive">Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive</a> (WEEE Directive, 2002/96/EC).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pan-European adoption of the legislation was slow on take-up, with Italy and the United Kingdom being the final member states to pass it into law. The success of the WEEE directive has varied significantly from state to state, with collection rates varying between 13 kilograms per capita per annum to as little as 1 kg per capita per annum. Computers & electronic waste collected from households within Europe are treated under the WEEE directive via Producer Compliance Schemes (whereby manufacturers of electronics pay into a scheme that funds its recovery from household waste recycling centres (HWRCs) and nominated waste treatment facilities (known as Obligated WEEE). </p><p>However, recycling of ex-corporate computer hardware and associated electronic equipment falls outside the Producer Compliance Scheme (known as non-obligated). In the UK, waste or obsolete corporate related computer hardware is treated via third party authorized treatment facilities, who normally impose a charge for its collection and treatment. </p><p>Since mid 2020 the classification of WEEE changed with regards to POPs (<a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">persistent organic pollutants</a>). In the UK WEEE containing POPs is now classified as a hazardous waste, this includes printed circuit boards, cable from WEEE and categories 1,2,3,6,7 (cat 4 and 5 unless evidence provided to the contrary). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal">Federal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Federal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> considers a number of electronic waste bills, like the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Computer_Recycling_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Computer Recycling Act (page does not exist)">National Computer Recycling Act</a> introduced by Congressman <a href="/wiki/Mike_Thompson_(California_politician)" title="Mike Thompson (California politician)">Mike Thompson</a> (D-CA). The main federal law governing solid waste is the <a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">Resource Conservation and Recovery Act</a> of 1976. It covers only CRTs, though state regulations may differ.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also separate <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)#Toxic_hazards,_regulations,_and_recycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">laws concerning battery disposal</a>. On March 25, 2009, the House Science and Technology Committee approved funding for research on reducing electronic waste and mitigating environmental impact, regarded by sponsor <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Hall" title="Ralph Hall">Ralph Hall</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>-<a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a>) as the first federal bill to directly address electronic waste.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State">State</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many states have introduced legislation concerning recycling and reuse of computers or computer parts or other electronics.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most <a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste#State" title="Electronic waste">American computer recycling legislations</a> address it from within the larger electronic waste issue. </p><p>In 2001, Arkansas enacted the Arkansas Computer and Electronic Solid Waste Management Act, which requires that state agencies manage and sell surplus computer equipment, establishes a computer and electronics recycling fund, and authorizes the Department of Environmental Quality to regulate and/or ban the disposal of computer and electronic equipment in Arkansas landfills.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2011)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> passed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_Device_Recycling_Research_and_Development_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electronic Device Recycling Research and Development Act (page does not exist)">Electronic Device Recycling Research and Development Act</a> distributes grants to universities, government labs and private industries for research in developing projects in line with e-waste recycling and refurbishment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, sellers and manufacturers of certain electronics (such as televisions and <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioners" class="mw-redirect" title="Air conditioners">air conditioners</a>) are required to recycle them.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is covered by at least two legislations: the Law for the Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources (LPUR); and, the Law for the Recycling of Specified Kinds of Home Appliances (LRHA). The former, which was passed in 2001, encouraged manufacturers to voluntarily help recycle goods while the LRHA, which was adopted in 2009, required more recycling efforts by both consumers and manufacturers of home appliances.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, no legislation exists to cover the recycling of computer or cellphone-related wastes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is required in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> that sellers and manufacturers of electronics be responsible for recycling 75% of their used products. In South Korea, some local governments have introduced recycling initiatives such as the case of <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, which launched its specialized e-waste recycling program. This includes the SR Center recycling facility, which takes apart and salvages materials from a fifth of the 10-ton e-waste that the city generates each year.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a report by UNEP titled, "Recycling – from E-Waste to Resources," the amount of e-waste being produced – including mobile phones and computers – could rise by as much as 500 percent over the next decade in some countries, such as India.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste_by_country" title="Electronic waste by country">Electronic waste by country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ewaste-crtkid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ewaste-crtkid.jpg/220px-Ewaste-crtkid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ewaste-crtkid.jpg/330px-Ewaste-crtkid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ewaste-crtkid.jpg/440px-Ewaste-crtkid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Electronic waste is often exported to developing countries.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batteries_comparison_4,5_D_C_AA_AAA_AAAA_A23_9V_CR2032_LR44_matchstick-1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Batteries_comparison_4%2C5_D_C_AA_AAA_AAAA_A23_9V_CR2032_LR44_matchstick-1.jpeg/220px-Batteries_comparison_4%2C5_D_C_AA_AAA_AAAA_A23_9V_CR2032_LR44_matchstick-1.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Batteries_comparison_4%2C5_D_C_AA_AAA_AAAA_A23_9V_CR2032_LR44_matchstick-1.jpeg/330px-Batteries_comparison_4%2C5_D_C_AA_AAA_AAAA_A23_9V_CR2032_LR44_matchstick-1.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Batteries_comparison_4%2C5_D_C_AA_AAA_AAAA_A23_9V_CR2032_LR44_matchstick-1.jpeg/440px-Batteries_comparison_4%2C5_D_C_AA_AAA_AAAA_A23_9V_CR2032_LR44_matchstick-1.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4212" data-file-height="1076" /></a><figcaption>4.5-volt, D, C, AA, AAA, AAAA, A23, 9-volt, CR2032 and LR44 cells are all recyclable in most countries.</figcaption></figure> <p>One theory is that increased regulation of electronic waste and concern over the environmental harm in mature economies creates an economic disincentive to remove residues prior to export. Critics of trade in used electronics maintain that it is too easy for brokers calling themselves recyclers to export unscreened electronic waste to developing countries, such as China,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India and parts of Africa, thus avoiding the expense of removing items like bad cathode ray tubes (the processing of which is expensive and difficult). The developing countries are becoming big dump yards of e-waste. Proponents of international trade point to the success of <a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">fair trade</a> programs in other industries, where cooperation has led creation of sustainable jobs, and can bring affordable technology in countries where repair and reuse rates are higher. </p><p>Organizations like <a href="/wiki/A2Z_Group" title="A2Z Group">A2Z Group</a> have stepped in to own up the responsibility to collect and recycle e-waste at various locations in India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thanks to the National Environmental Management Act 1998 and National Environmental Management Waste Act 2008, any person in any position causing harm to the environment and failing to comply with the Waste Act could be fined R10 Million or put into jail or receive both penalties for their transgressions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recycling_methods">Recycling methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Recycling methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Computer_Recycling.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Computer_Recycling.JPG/220px-Computer_Recycling.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Computer_Recycling.JPG/330px-Computer_Recycling.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Computer_Recycling.JPG/440px-Computer_Recycling.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Computers being collected for recycling at a pickup event in <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Washington" title="Olympia, Washington">Olympia, Washington</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumer_recycling">Consumer recycling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Consumer recycling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consumer recycling options consists of (see below) sale, donating computers directly to organizations in need, sending devices directly back to their original manufacturers, or getting components to a convenient recycler or refurbisher. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scrapping_recycling">Scrapping recycling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Scrapping recycling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the recycling process, TVs, monitors, mobile phones and computers are typically tested for reuse and repaired. If broken, they may be disassembled for parts still having high value if labour is cheap enough. Other e-waste is shredded to roughly 100 mm pieces and manually checked to separate out toxic batteries and <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitors</a> which contain poisonous metals. The remaining pieces are further shredded to ~10 mm and passed under a magnet to remove ferrous metals. An <a href="/wiki/Eddy_current" title="Eddy current">eddy current</a> ejects non-ferrous metals, which are sorted by density either by a centrifuge or vibrating plates. Precious metals can be dissolved in acid, sorted, and smelted into ingots. The remaining glass and plastic fractions are separated by density and sold to re-processors. TVs and monitors must be manually disassembled to remove either toxic lead in CRTs or the mercury in flat screens.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Corporations face risks both for incompletely destroyed data and for improperly disposed computers. In the UK, some recycling companies use a specialized WEEE-registered contractor to dispose IT equipment and electrical appliances, who disposes it safely and legally. In America, companies are liable for compliance with regulations even if the recycling process is outsourced under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Companies can mitigate these risks by requiring waivers of liability, audit trails, certificates of data destruction, signed confidentiality agreements, and random audits of <a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">information security</a>. The National Association of Information Destruction is an international trade association for data destruction providers.<sup id="cite_ref-abj_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abj-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sale">Sale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Online auctions are an alternative for consumers willing to resell for cash less fees, in a complicated, self-managed, competitive environment<sup id="cite_ref-cad_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cad-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where paid listings might not sell.<sup id="cite_ref-pcm_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcm-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Online classified ads can be similarly risky due to <a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">forgery</a> scams and uncertainty.<sup id="cite_ref-boston_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boston-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Take_back">Take back</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Take back"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When researching computer companies before a computer purchase, consumers can find out if they offer recycling services. Most major computer manufacturers offer some form of recycling. At the user's request they may mail in their old computers, or arrange for pickup from the manufacturer. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> also offers free recycling, but only one of its "national" recycling programs is available nationally, rather than in one or two specific states.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hewlett-Packard also offers to pick up any computer product of any brand for a fee, and to offer a coupon against the purchase of future computers or components; it was the largest computer recycler in America in 2003, and it has recycled over 750,000,000 pounds (340,000,000 kg) of electronic waste globally<sup id="cite_ref-sb_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-ft_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It encourages the shared approach of collection points for consumers and recyclers to meet.<sup id="cite_ref-wired_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exchange">Exchange</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Exchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manufacturers often offer a free replacement service when purchasing a new PC. For example, <a href="/wiki/Dell_Computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Dell Computers">Dell Computers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> may take back old products when one buys a new one. Both refurbish and resell their own computers with a one-year warranty.<sup id="cite_ref-boston_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boston-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many companies purchase and recycle all brands of working and broken <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Notebook_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Notebook computer">notebook computers</a> from individuals and corporations. Building a market for recycling of desktop computers has proven more difficult than exchange programs for laptops, <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> and other smaller electronics.<sup id="cite_ref-nnbw_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nnbw-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A basic business model is to provide a seller an instant online quote based on laptop characteristics, then to send a shipping label and prepaid box to the seller, to erase, reformat, and process the laptop, and to pay rapidly by cheque.<sup id="cite_ref-tmc_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A majority of these companies are also generalized <a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste_recyclers" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic waste recyclers">electronic waste recyclers</a> as well; organizations that recycle computers exclusively include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cash_For_Laptops&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cash For Laptops (page does not exist)">Cash For Laptops</a>, a laptop refurbisher in <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> that claims to be the first to buy laptops online, in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-nnbw_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nnbw-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Donations/nonprofits"><span id="Donations.2Fnonprofits"></span>Donations/nonprofits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Donations/nonprofits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the constant rising costs due to inflation, many families or schools do not have the sufficient funds available for computers to be used along with education standards. Families also impacted by disaster suffer as well due to the financial impact of the situation they have incurred. Many nonprofit organizations, such as <a href="/wiki/InterConnection.org" title="InterConnection.org">InterConnection.org</a>, can be found locally as well as around the web and give detailed descriptions as to what methods are used for dissemination and detailed instructions on how to donate. The impact can be seen locally and globally, affecting thousands of those in need. In Canada non profit organizations engaged in computer recycling, such as The Electronic Recycling Association Calgary, Edmonton, Vancouver, Winnipeg, Toronto, Montreal,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Computers for Schools Canada wide,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are very active in collecting and refurbishing computers and laptops to help the non profit and charitable sectors and schools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Junkyard_Computing">Junkyard Computing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Junkyard Computing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>junkyard computing</i> is a colloquial expression for using old or inferior hardware to fulfill computational tasks while handling reliability and availability on software level. It uses abstraction of computational resources via software, allowing hardware replacement at very low effort. Ease of replacement is hereby a corner point since hardware failures are expected at any time due to the condition of the underlying infrastructure. This paradigm became more widely used with the introduction of cluster orchestration software like <a href="/wiki/Kubernetes" title="Kubernetes">Kubernetes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Apache_Mesos" title="Apache Mesos">Apache Mesos</a>, since large monolithic applications require reliability and availability on machine level whereas this kind of software is fault tolerant by design. Those orchestration tools also introduced fairly fast set-up processes allowing to use junkyard computing economically and even making this pattern applicable in the first place. Further use cases were introduced when <a href="/wiki/Continuous_delivery" title="Continuous delivery">continuous delivery</a> was getting more widely accepted. Infrastructure to execute <a href="/wiki/Unit_testing" title="Unit testing">tests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Static_program_analysis" title="Static program analysis">static code analysis</a> was needed which requires as much performance as possible while being extremely cost effective. From an economical and technological perspective, junkyard computing is only practicable for a small number of users or companies. It already requires a decent number of physical machines to compensate for hardware failures while maintaining the required reliability and availability. This implies a direct need for a matching underling infrastructure to house all the computers and servers. Scaling this paradigm is also quite limited due to the increasing importance of factors like power efficiency and maintenance efforts, making this kind of computing perfect for mid-sized applications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although consumer electronics such as the radio have been popular since the 1920s, recycling was almost unheard of until the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the 1970s, the accelerating pace of domestic consumer electronics drastically shortened the lifespan of electronics such as TVs, VCRs and audio. New innovations appeared more quickly, making older equipment considered obsolete. Increased complexity and sophistication of manufacture made local repair more difficult. The retail market shifted gradually, but substantially, from a few high-value items that were cherished for years and repaired when necessary, to short-lived items that were rapidly replaced owing to wear or simply fashion, and discarded rather than repaired. This was particularly evident in computing, highlighted by <a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Moore's Law">Moore's Law</a>. In 1988 two severe incidents highlighted the approaching e-waste crisis. The cargo barge <a href="/wiki/Khian_Sea_waste_disposal_incident" title="Khian Sea waste disposal incident">Khian Sea</a>, was loaded with more than 14,000 tons of toxic ash from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> which had been refused acceptance in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">the Caribbean</a>. After sailing for 16 months, all the waste was dumped as "topsoil fertiliser" in Haiti and in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> by November 1988. In June 1988, a large illegal toxic waste dump which had been created by an Italian company was discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Basel_Convention" title="Basel Convention">Basel Convention</a> to stem the flow of poisonous substances from developed countries in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, the first electronic waste recycling system was implemented in Switzerland, beginning with collection of old refrigerators but gradually expanding to cover all devices. The organisation SWICO handles the programme, and is a partnership between IT retailers.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first publication to report the recycling of computers and electronic waste was published on the front page of the New York Times on April 14, 1993, by columnist Steve Lohr. It detailed the work of Advanced Recovery Inc., a small recycler, in trying to safely dismantle computers, even if most waste was landfilled.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other companies emerged in the early 1990s, chiefly in Europe, where national 'take back' laws compelled retailers to use them. </p><p>After these schemes were set up, many countries did not have the capacity to deal with the sheer quantity of e-waste they generated or its hazardous nature. They began to export the problem to developing countries without enforced environmental legislation. This is cheaper: the cost of recycling of computer monitors in the US is ten times more than in China. Demand in Asia for electronic waste began to grow when scrap yards found they could extract valuable substances such as copper, iron, silicon, nickel and gold, during the recycling process.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE Directive) became European Law in February 2003 and covers all aspects of recycling all types of appliance. This was followed by Electronic Waste Recycling Act, enshrined in Californian law in January 2005 </p><p>The 2000s saw a large increase in both the sale of electronic devices and their growth as a waste stream: in 2002 e-waste grew faster than any other type of waste in the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This caused investment in modern, automated facilities to cope with the influx of redundant appliances.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="E-cycling"><span class="anchor" id="E-Cycling"></span> E-cycling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: E-cycling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>E-cycling</b> or "E-waste" is an initiative by the United States <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) which refers to donations, reuse, shredding and general collection of used electronics. Generically, the term refers to the process of collecting, brokering, disassembling, repairing and recycling the components or metals contained in used or discarded electronic equipment, otherwise known as electronic waste (e-waste). "E-cyclable" items include, but are not limited to: televisions, computers, microwave ovens, vacuum cleaners, telephones and cellular phones, stereos, and VCRs and DVDs just about anything that has a cord, light or takes some kind of battery.<sup id="cite_ref-epa-ewaste-presentation_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa-ewaste-presentation-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Investment in e-cycling facilities has been increasing recently due to technology's rapid rate of obsolescence, concern over improper methods, and opportunities for manufacturers to influence the secondary market (used and reused products). Higher metal prices can result in more recycling taking place.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The controversy around methods stems from a lack of agreement over preferred outcomes. </p><p>World markets with lower disposable incomes, consider 75% repair and reuse to be valuable enough to justify 25% disposal. Debate and certification standards may be leading to better definitions, though civil law contracts, governing the expected process are still vital to any contracted process, as poorly defined as "e-cycling". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pros_of_e-cycling">Pros of e-cycling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pros of e-cycling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The e-waste disposal occurring after processing for reuse, repair of equipment, and recovery of metals may be unethical or illegal when e-scrap of many kinds is transported overseas to developing countries for such processing. It is transported as if to be repaired and/or recycled, but after processing the less valuable e-scrap becomes e-waste/pollution there. Another point of view is that the net environmental cost must be compared to and include the mining, refining and extraction with its waste and pollution cost of new products manufactured to replace secondary products which are routinely destroyed in wealthier nations, and which cannot economically be repaired in older or obsolete products. </p><p>As an example of negative impacts of e-waste, pollution of groundwater has become so serious in areas surrounding China's landfills that water must be shipped in from 18 miles (29 km) away.<sup id="cite_ref-ethicalshopping_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethicalshopping-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, mining of new metals can have even broader impacts on groundwater. Either thorough e-cycling processing, domestic processing or overseas repair, can help the environment by avoiding pollution. Such e-cycling can theoretically be a sustainable alternative to disposing of e-waste in landfills. In addition, e-cycling allows for the reclamation of potential <a href="/wiki/Conflict_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict minerals">conflict minerals</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolframite" title="Wolframite">wolframite</a>, which requires less of those to be mined and lessens the potential money flow to militias and other exploitative actors in third-world that profit from mining them. </p><p>Supporters of one form of "required e-cycling" legislation argue that e-cycling saves taxpayers money,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the financial responsibility would be shifted from the taxpayer to the manufacturers. Advocates of more simple legislation (such as landfill bans for e-waste) argue that involving manufacturers does not reduce the cost to consumers, if reuse value is lost, and the resulting costs are then passed on to consumers in new products, particularly affecting markets which can hardly afford new products. It is theorized that manufacturers who take part in e-cycling would be motivated to use fewer materials in the production process, create longer lasting products, and implement safer, more efficient recycling systems.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory is sharply disputed and has never been demonstrated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticisms_of_e-cycling">Criticisms of e-cycling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Criticisms of e-cycling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The critics of e-cycling are just as vocal as its advocates. According to the <a href="/wiki/Reason_Foundation" title="Reason Foundation">Reason Foundation</a>, e-cycling only raises the product and waste management costs of e-waste for consumers and limits innovation on the part of high-tech companies.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also believe that e-cycling facilities could unintentionally cause great harm to the environment. Critics claim that e-waste doesn't occupy a significant portion of total waste. </p><p>Another opposition to e-cycling is that many problems are posed in disassembly: the process is costly and dangerous because of the heavy metals of which the electronic products are composed, and as little as 1–5% of the original cost of materials can be retrieved. A final problem that people find is that <a href="/wiki/Identity_fraud" title="Identity fraud">identity fraud</a> is all too common in regards to the disposal of electronic products.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the programs are legislated, creating winners and losers among e-cyclers with different locations and processes, it may be difficult to distinguish between criticism of e-cycling as a practice, and criticism of the specific legislated means proposed to enhance it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_fate_of_e-waste">The fate of e-waste</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The fate of e-waste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agbogbloshie,_Ghana_-_September_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Agbogbloshie%2C_Ghana_-_September_2019.jpg/220px-Agbogbloshie%2C_Ghana_-_September_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Agbogbloshie%2C_Ghana_-_September_2019.jpg/330px-Agbogbloshie%2C_Ghana_-_September_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Agbogbloshie%2C_Ghana_-_September_2019.jpg/440px-Agbogbloshie%2C_Ghana_-_September_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7952" data-file-height="5304" /></a><figcaption>Workers recovering metals from e-waste in <a href="/wiki/Agbogbloshie" title="Agbogbloshie">Agbogbloshie</a>, a e-waste recovery site in Ghana. Exported e-waste is frequently processed in situations that are unhealthy for the workers, where they are exposed to toxics.</figcaption></figure> <p>A hefty criticism often lobbed at reuse based recyclers is that people think that they are recycling their electronic waste, when in reality it is actually being exported to developing countries like China, India, and Nigeria. For instance, at free recycling drives, "recyclers" may not be staying true to their word, but selling e-waste overseas<sup id="cite_ref-ethicalshopping_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethicalshopping-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to parts brokers.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies indicate that 50–80% of the 300,000 to 400,000 tons (270,000 to 360,000 tonnes) of e-waste is being sent overseas, and that approximately 2 million tons (1.8 million tonnes) per year go to U.S. landfills.<sup id="cite_ref-ethicalshopping_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethicalshopping-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although not possible in all circumstances, the best way to e-cycle is to upcycle e-waste.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the electronic products in question are generally manufactured, and repaired under warranty, in the same nations, which anti-reuse recyclers depict as primitive. Reuse-based e-recyclers believe that fair-trade incentives for export markets will lead to better results than domestic shredding. There has been a continued debate between export-friendly e-cycling and increased regulation of that practice.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the European Union, debate regarding the export of e-waste has resulted in a significant amendment to the WEEE directive (January 2012) with a view to significantly diminishing the export of WEEE (untreated e-waste). During debate in Strasburg, MEPs stated that "53 million tonnes of WEEE were generated in 2009 but only 18% collected for recycling"<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the remainder being exported or sent to landfill. The Amendment, voted through by a unanimous 95% of representatives, removed the re-use (repair and refurbishmet) aspect of the directive and placed more emphasis upon recycling and recovery of precious metals and base metals. The changes went further by placing the burden upon registered exporters to prove that used equipment leaving Europe was "fit for purpose". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Policy_issues_and_current_efforts">Policy issues and current efforts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Policy issues and current efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Currently, pieces of government legislation and a number of grassroots efforts have contributed to the growth of e-cycling processes which emphasize decreased exports over increased reuse rates. The <a href="/wiki/California_Electronic_Waste_Recycling_Act" title="California Electronic Waste Recycling Act">Electronic Waste Recycling Act</a> was passed in California in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It requires that consumers pay an extra fee for certain types of electronics, and the collected money be then redistributed to recycling companies that are qualified to properly recycle these products. It is the only state that legislates against e-waste through this kind of consumer fee; the other states' efforts focus on producer responsibility laws or waste disposal bans. No study has shown that per capita recovery is greater in one type of legislated program (e.g. California) versus ordinary waste disposal bans (e.g. Massachusetts), though recovery has greatly increased in states which use either method. </p><p>As of September, 2006, Dell developed the nation's first completely free recycling program,<sup id="cite_ref-csmonitor1_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csmonitor1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> furthering the responsibilities that manufacturers are taking for e-cycling. Manufacturers and retailers such as Best Buy, Sony, and Samsung have also set up recycling programs.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This program does not accept televisions, which are the most expensive used electronic item, and are unpopular in markets which must deal with televisions when the more valuable computers have been cherry picked. </p><p>Another step being taken is the recyclers’ pledge of true stewardship, sponsored by the Computer <a href="/wiki/Takeback" class="mw-redirect" title="Takeback">TakeBack</a> Campaign. It has been signed by numerous recyclers promising to recycle responsibly. Grassroots efforts have also played a big part in this issue, as they and other community organizations are being formed to help responsibly recycle e-waste.<sup id="cite_ref-csmonitor1_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csmonitor1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other grassroots campaigns are Basel, the Computer TakeBack Campaign (co-coordinated by the Grassroots Recycling Network), and the <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley_Toxics_Coalition" title="Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition">Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition</a>. No study has shown any difference in recycling methods under the Pledge, and no data is available to demonstrate difference in management between "Pledge" and non-Pledge companies, though it is assumed that the risk of making false claims will prevent Pledge companies from wrongly describing their processes. </p><p>Many people believe that the U.S. should follow the European Union model in regards to its management of e-waste, such as the <a href="/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended Producer Responsibility</a>, which was started in Sweden in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this program, a directive forces manufacturers to take responsibility for e-cycling; it also demands manufacturers' mandatory take-back and places bans on exporting e-waste to developing countries. British Columbia has more than 20 EPR programs under the Recycling Regulation legislation, which stops e-waste from being put into landfills and recycles them instead. There are more than 80 programs in Canada as of 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another longer-term solution is for computers to be composed of less dangerous products and many people disagree. No data has been provided to show that people who agree with the European model have based their agreement on measured outcomes or experience-based scientific method. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_security">Data security</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Data security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agbogbloshie.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Agbogbloshie.JPG/220px-Agbogbloshie.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Agbogbloshie.JPG/330px-Agbogbloshie.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Agbogbloshie.JPG/440px-Agbogbloshie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Electronic waste dump at <a href="/wiki/Agbogbloshie" title="Agbogbloshie">Agbogbloshie</a>, Ghana. Organized criminals commonly search the drives for information to use in local <a href="/wiki/Scams" class="mw-redirect" title="Scams">scams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-r4_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r4-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>E-waste presents a potential <a href="/wiki/Security" title="Security">security</a> threat to individuals and exporting countries. <a href="/wiki/Hard_drives" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard drives">Hard drives</a> that are not properly erased before the computer is disposed of can be reopened, exposing sensitive information. <a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">Credit card</a> numbers, private financial data, account information and records of <a href="/wiki/Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Online">online</a> transactions can be accessed by most willing individuals. Organized criminals in Ghana commonly search the drives for information to use in local <a href="/wiki/Scams" class="mw-redirect" title="Scams">scams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-r4_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r4-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Government contracts have been discovered on hard drives found in Agbogbloshie, Ghana. Multimillion-dollar agreements from United States security institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">Defense Intelligence Agency</a> (DIA), the <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">Transportation Security Administration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeland Security">Homeland Security</a> have all resurfaced in Agbogbloshie.<sup id="cite_ref-r4_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r4-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-r13_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r13-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reasons_to_destroy_and_recycle_securely">Reasons to destroy and recycle securely</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Reasons to destroy and recycle securely"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are ways to ensure that not only hardware is destroyed but also the private data on the hard drive. Having customer data stolen, lost, or misplaced contributes to the ever-growing number of people who are affected by <a href="/wiki/Identity_theft" title="Identity theft">identity theft</a>, which can cause corporations to lose more than just money. The image of a company that holds secure data, such as banks, law firms, pharmaceuticals, and credit corporations is also at risk. If a company's public image is hurt, it could cause consumers to not use their services and could cost millions in business losses and positive public relation campaigns. The cost of data breaches "varies widely, ranging from $90 to $50,000 (under HIPAA's new HITECH amendment, that came about through the American Recovery and Revitalization act of 2009), as per customer record, depending on whether the breach is “low-profile” or “high-profile” and the company is in a non-regulated or highly regulated area, such as banking or medical institutions.”<sup id="cite_ref-infosec_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infosec-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also a major backlash from the consumer if there is a data breach in a company that is supposed to be trusted to protect their private information. If an organization has any consumer info on file, they must by law (Red Flags Clarification act of 2010) have written information protection policies and procedures in place, that serve to combat, mitigate, and detect vulnerable areas that could result in identity theft. The United States Department of Defense has published a standard to which recyclers and individuals may meet in order to satisfy HIPAA requirements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secure_recycling">Secure recycling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Secure recycling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Countries have developed standards, aimed at businesses and with the purpose of ensuring the security of Data contained in 'confidential' computer media [NIST 800–88: US standard for Data Remanence][HMG CESG IS5, Baseline & Enhanced, UK Government Protocol for Data Destruction]. National Association for Information Destruction (NAID) "is the international trade association for companies providing information destruction services. Suppliers of products, equipment and services to destruction companies are also eligible for membership. NAID's mission is to promote the information destruction industry and the standards and ethics of its member companies."<sup id="cite_ref-naid_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naid-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are companies that follow the guidelines from NAID and also meet all Federal EPA and local DEP regulations. </p><p>The typical process for computer recycling aims to securely destroy hard drives while still recycling the byproduct. A typical process for effective computer recycling: </p> <ol><li>Receive hardware for destruction in locked and securely transported vehicles.</li> <li>Shred hard drives.</li> <li>Separate all aluminum from the waste metals with an electromagnet.</li> <li>Collect and securely deliver the shredded remains to an aluminum recycling plant.</li> <li>Mold the remaining hard drive parts into aluminum ingots.</li></ol> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Asset_Disposal_and_Information_Security_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Asset Disposal and Information Security Alliance">Asset Disposal and Information Security Alliance</a> (ADISA) publishes an <i>ADISA IT Asset Disposal Security Standard</i> that covers all phases of the e-waste disposal process from collection to transportation, storage and sanitization's at the disposal facility. It also conducts periodic audits of disposal vendors.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics" title="Portal:Electronics">Electronics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appliance_recycling" title="Appliance recycling">Appliance recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_recycling" title="Mobile phone recycling">Mobile phone recycling</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-smith-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoyte,_Elizabeth2005" class="citation news cs1">Royte, Elizabeth (2005-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-9604019_ITM">"E-gad! Americans discard more than 100 million computers, cellphones and other electronic devices each year. As "e-waste" piles up, so does concern about this growing threat to the environment"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Magazine">Smithsonian Magazine</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508163134/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-9604019_ITM">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=E-gad%21+Americans+discard+more+than+100+million+computers%2C+cellphones+and+other+electronic+devices+each+year.+As+%22e-waste%22+piles+up%2C+so+does+concern+about+this+growing+threat+to+the+environment.&rft.date=2005-08-01&rft.au=Royte%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessmylibrary.com%2Fcoms2%2Fsummary_0286-9604019_ITM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Computer Recycling Act of 2005, H.R. 425, 109th Cong. (2005–2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguemaleuMontheu2014" class="citation book cs1">Nguemaleu, Raoul-Abelin Choumin; Montheu, Lionel (2014-05-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G5l_AwAAQBAJ&q=38%2525%2520computers%2520recycling&pg=PA170"><i>Roadmap to Greener Computing</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781466506848" title="Special:BookSources/9781466506848"><bdi>9781466506848</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211007185503/https://books.google.com/books?id=G5l_AwAAQBAJ&q=38%2525%2520computers%2520recycling&pg=PA170">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roadmap+to+Greener+Computing&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2014-05-09&rft.isbn=9781466506848&rft.aulast=Nguemaleu&rft.aufirst=Raoul-Abelin+Choumin&rft.au=Montheu%2C+Lionel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG5l_AwAAQBAJ%26q%3D38%252525%252520computers%252520recycling%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sb-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sb_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sb_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sb_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan,_Russell2006" class="citation news cs1">Morgan, Russell (2006-08-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200506203605/http://www.smartbiz.com/article/articleprint/1525/-1/58">"Tips and Tricks for Recycling Old Computers"</a>. SmartBiz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smartbiz.com/article/articleprint/1525/-1/58">the original</a> on 2020-05-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tips+and+Tricks+for+Recycling+Old+Computers&rft.date=2006-08-21&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Russell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smartbiz.com%2Farticle%2Farticleprint%2F1525%2F-1%2F58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-to-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-to_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris,_Mark2008" class="citation news cs1">Harris, Mark (2008-08-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200507085223/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/">"E-mail from America: Buy-back gadgets"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Times">Sunday Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle, Washington</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/personal_tech/article4538181.ece">the original</a> on 2020-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=E-mail+from+America%3A+Buy-back+gadgets&rft.date=2008-08-17&rft.au=Harris%2C+Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechnology.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Ftech_and_web%2Fpersonal_tech%2Farticle4538181.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert-Tissot2011" class="citation web cs1">Robert-Tissot, Sarah (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226021016/https://www.raci.org.au/document/item/488">"TANTALUM"</a>. <i>Royal Australian Chemical Institute</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.raci.org.au/document/item/488">the original</a> on February 26, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Australian+Chemical+Institute&rft.atitle=TANTALUM&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Robert-Tissot&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.raci.org.au%2Fdocument%2Fitem%2F488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadilla2019" class="citation web cs1">Padilla, Abraham (February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niobium/mcs-2019-tanta.pdf">"TANTALUM"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United states geological survey</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043939/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niobium/mcs-2019-tanta.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 6, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+states+geological+survey&rft.atitle=TANTALUM&rft.date=2019-02&rft.aulast=Padilla&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fniobium%2Fmcs-2019-tanta.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleiwas2001" class="citation web cs1">Bleiwas, D (July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs060-01/fs060-01.pdf">"Obsolete Computers, "Gold Mine," or High-Tech Trash? Resource Recovery from Recycling"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>USGS</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111445/https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs060-01/fs060-01.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 6, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USGS&rft.atitle=Obsolete+Computers%2C+%22Gold+Mine%2C%22+or+High-Tech+Trash%3F+Resource+Recovery+from+Recycling&rft.date=2001-07&rft.aulast=Bleiwas&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Ffs%2Ffs060-01%2Ffs060-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeBlanc" class="citation web cs1">LeBlanc, Rick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebalancesmb.com/electronic-devices-source-of-metals-for-recyclers-2877986">"Electronic Devices a Rich Source of Precious Metals for Recyclers"</a>. <i>The Balance Small Business</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190724121002/https://www.thebalancesmb.com/electronic-devices-source-of-metals-for-recyclers-2877986">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Balance+Small+Business&rft.atitle=Electronic+Devices+a+Rich+Source+of+Precious+Metals+for+Recyclers&rft.aulast=LeBlanc&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebalancesmb.com%2Felectronic-devices-source-of-metals-for-recyclers-2877986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToothman2008" class="citation web cs1">Toothman, Jessika (2 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://computer.howstuffworks.com/discarded-old-computer1.htm">"What Happens to your Discarded Old Computer?"</a>. <i>HowStuffWorks</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200115233252/https://computer.howstuffworks.com/discarded-old-computer1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HowStuffWorks&rft.atitle=What+Happens+to+your+Discarded+Old+Computer%3F&rft.date=2008-06-02&rft.aulast=Toothman&rft.aufirst=Jessika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomputer.howstuffworks.com%2Fdiscarded-old-computer1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tmc-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tmc_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tmc_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrashant,_Nitya2008" class="citation web cs1">Prashant, Nitya (2008-08-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://green.tmcnet.com/topics/green/articles/37567-cash-laptops-offers-green-solution-broken-outdated-computers.htm">"Cash For Laptops Offers 'Green' Solution for Broken or Outdated Computers"</a>. <i>green.tmcnet.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Norwalk,_Connecticut" title="Norwalk, Connecticut">Norwalk, Connecticut</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150603075723/http://green.tmcnet.com/topics/green/articles/37567-cash-laptops-offers-green-solution-broken-outdated-computers.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-06-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=green.tmcnet.com&rft.atitle=Cash+For+Laptops+Offers+%27Green%27+Solution+for+Broken+or+Outdated+Computers&rft.date=2008-08-20&rft.au=Prashant%2C+Nitya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreen.tmcnet.com%2Ftopics%2Fgreen%2Farticles%2F37567-cash-laptops-offers-green-solution-broken-outdated-computers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span> In <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726022111/http://www.electronicsrecycling.org/public/NewsletterViewer.aspx?message=sent&id=40">"Opinion"</a>. <i>National Center For Electronics Recycling News Summary</i>. National Center For Electronics Recycling. 2008-08-28. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electronicsrecycling.org/public/NewsletterViewer.aspx?message=sent&id=40">the original</a> on 2011-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Center+For+Electronics+Recycling+News+Summary&rft.atitle=Opinion&rft.date=2008-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electronicsrecycling.org%2Fpublic%2FNewsletterViewer.aspx%3Fmessage%3Dsent%26id%3D40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakhiyiGravelCeballosFlynn2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bakhiyi, Bouchra; Gravel, Sabrina; Ceballos, Diana; Flynn, Michael A.; Zayed, Joseph (2018). "Has the question of e-waste opened a Pandora's box? An overview of unpredictable issues and challenges". <i>Environment International</i>. <b>110</b>: 173–192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envint.2017.10.021">10.1016/j.envint.2017.10.021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29122313">29122313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+International&rft.atitle=Has+the+question+of+e-waste+opened+a+Pandora%27s+box%3F+An+overview+of+unpredictable+issues+and+challenges&rft.volume=110&rft.pages=173-192&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.envint.2017.10.021&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29122313&rft.aulast=Bakhiyi&rft.aufirst=Bouchra&rft.au=Gravel%2C+Sabrina&rft.au=Ceballos%2C+Diana&rft.au=Flynn%2C+Michael+A.&rft.au=Zayed%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bafu.admin.ch/abfall/01472/01478/?lang=en">"Umwelt Schweiz, Electrical and electronic equipment"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220101911/http://www.bafu.admin.ch/abfall/01472/01478/?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Umwelt+Schweiz%2C+Electrical+and+electronic+equipment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bafu.admin.ch%2Fabfall%2F01472%2F01478%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:037:0024:0038:EN:PDF">"Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090126183016/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:037:0024:0038:EN:PDF">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-01-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Waste+Electrical+and+Electronic+Equipment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ%3AL%3A2003%3A037%3A0024%3A0038%3AEN%3APDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/recycle/electron/crt.htm">"Final Rules on Cathode Ray Tubes and Discarded Mercury-Containing Equipment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Rules+on+Cathode+Ray+Tubes+and+Discarded+Mercury-Containing+Equipment&rft.pub=U.S.+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fepaoswer%2Fhazwaste%2Frecycle%2Felectron%2Fcrt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090330220509/http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=cqmidday-000003084555">"House Panel Approves Bill to Aid Disposal of Unwanted Electronics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly" title="Congressional Quarterly">Congressional Quarterly</a></i>. 2009-03-25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=cqmidday-000003084555">the original</a> on 2009-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Quarterly&rft.atitle=House+Panel+Approves+Bill+to+Aid+Disposal+of+Unwanted+Electronics&rft.date=2009-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cqpolitics.com%2Fwmspage.cfm%3FdocID%3Dcqmidday-000003084555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20050216154916/http://www.ncsl.org/programs/environ/cleanup/elecwaste.htm">"Electronic Waste"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncsl.org/programs/environ/cleanup/elecwaste.htm">the original</a> on 2005-02-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electronic+Waste&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncsl.org%2Fprograms%2Fenviron%2Fcleanup%2Felecwaste.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060214204212/http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/ftproot/acts/2001/htm/act1410.pdf">"Arkansas Computer and Electronic Solid Waste Management Act"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/ftproot/acts/2001/htm/act1410.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-02-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arkansas+Computer+and+Electronic+Solid+Waste+Management+Act&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkleg.state.ar.us%2Fftproot%2Facts%2F2001%2Fhtm%2Fact1410.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306014327/http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Download/Spot/pdf/30/007.pdf">"A comparative study of e-waste recycling systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Sun-Woo Chung & Rei Murakama-Suzuki. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Download/Spot/pdf/30/007.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+comparative+study+of+e-waste+recycling+systems&rft.pub=Sun-Woo+Chung+%26+Rei+Murakama-Suzuki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ide.go.jp%2FEnglish%2FPublish%2FDownload%2FSpot%2Fpdf%2F30%2F007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicken2016" class="citation book cs1">Picken, Stuart (2016). <i>Historical Dictionary of Japanese Business, 2nd ed</i>. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442255883" title="Special:BookSources/9781442255883"><bdi>9781442255883</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Japanese+Business%2C+2nd+ed.&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781442255883&rft.aulast=Picken&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Hornyak2010" class="citation news cs1">Tim Hornyak (17 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314205552/http://www.cnngo.com/tokyo/shop/urban-mining-finding-value-amongst-old-electronics-464333">"Recycling electronic waste in Japan: Better late than never"</a>. CNN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnngo.com/tokyo/shop/urban-mining-finding-value-amongst-old-electronics-464333">the original</a> on 14 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Recycling+electronic+waste+in+Japan%3A+Better+late+than+never&rft.date=2010-09-17&rft.au=Tim+Hornyak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnngo.com%2Ftokyo%2Fshop%2Furban-mining-finding-value-amongst-old-electronics-464333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrother" class="citation news cs1">Strother, Jason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/south-korea-launches-initiative-recycle-ewaste/2497782.html">"South Korea Launches Initiative to Recycle More E-Waste"</a>. <i>VOA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180913073657/https://www.voanews.com/a/south-korea-launches-initiative-recycle-ewaste/2497782.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VOA&rft.atitle=South+Korea+Launches+Initiative+to+Recycle+More+E-Waste&rft.aulast=Strother&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fsouth-korea-launches-initiative-recycle-ewaste%2F2497782.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://picklaptop.com/global-e-waste/">"The global E-Waste Problem"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211007185440/https://picklaptop.com/global-e-waste/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+global+E-Waste+Problem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpicklaptop.com%2Fglobal-e-waste%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Grossman2006" class="citation news cs1">Elizabeth Grossman (10 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2006/04/10/ewaste/">"Where computers go to die – and kill"</a>. <i>Salon.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126102812/https://www.salon.com/2006/04/10/ewaste/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon.com&rft.atitle=Where+computers+go+to+die+%E2%80%93+and+kill&rft.date=2006-04-10&rft.au=Elizabeth+Grossman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2006%2F04%2F10%2Fewaste%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogye" class="citation web cs1">Hogye, Thomas Q. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200011/http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/homehazwaste/Events/AnnualConf/2006/April27/Session4/CompRecTH.pdf">"The Anatomy of a Computer Recycling Process"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/homehazwaste/Events/AnnualConf/2006/April27/Session4/CompRecTH.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Anatomy+of+a+Computer+Recycling+Process&rft.aulast=Hogye&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Q.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calrecycle.ca.gov%2Fhomehazwaste%2FEvents%2FAnnualConf%2F2006%2FApril27%2FSession4%2FCompRecTH.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sweeepkuusakoski.co.uk/resources/bbc.php">"Sweeep Kuusakoski – Resources – BBC Documentary"</a>. <i>www.sweeepkuusakoski.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130042254/http://www.sweeepkuusakoski.co.uk/resources/bbc.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sweeepkuusakoski.co.uk&rft.atitle=Sweeep+Kuusakoski+%E2%80%93+Resources+%E2%80%93+BBC+Documentary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sweeepkuusakoski.co.uk%2Fresources%2Fbbc.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sweeepkuusakoski.co.uk/glassrecycling/furness.php">"Sweeep Kuusakoski – Glass Recycling – BBC filming of CRT furnace"</a>. <i>www.sweeepkuusakoski.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130035706/http://www.sweeepkuusakoski.co.uk/glassrecycling/furness.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sweeepkuusakoski.co.uk&rft.atitle=Sweeep+Kuusakoski+%E2%80%93+Glass+Recycling+%E2%80%93+BBC+filming+of+CRT+furnace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sweeepkuusakoski.co.uk%2Fglassrecycling%2Ffurness.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abj-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abj_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhlenbeck,_Phil2006" class="citation news cs1">Kuhlenbeck, Phil (2006-06-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2006/06/12/focus3.html">"Law holds businesses responsible for disposal of computers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Austin_Business_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Austin Business Journal">Austin Business Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240824010533/https://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2006/06/12/focus3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-08-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Austin+Business+Journal&rft.atitle=Law+holds+businesses+responsible+for+disposal+of+computers&rft.date=2006-06-09&rft.au=Kuhlenbeck%2C+Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Faustin%2Fstories%2F2006%2F06%2F12%2Ffocus3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cad-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cad_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerepelkin,_Plato2008" class="citation news cs1">Perepelkin, Plato (2008-09-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090320074630/http://www.ambosmedios.com/ebooknews/computermacintosh_2008-09-29_digest.pdf">"Brisk sales of Apple's new 3G model have consumers scrambling to profit from their 'old' phones at Cashforiphones.com"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Computer Apple Digest</i>. pp. 16–18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ambosmedios.com/ebooknews/computermacintosh_2008-09-29_digest.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Apple+Digest&rft.atitle=Brisk+sales+of+Apple%27s+new+3G+model+have+consumers+scrambling+to+profit+from+their+%27old%27+phones+at+Cashforiphones.com&rft.pages=16-18&rft.date=2008-09-18&rft.au=Perepelkin%2C+Plato&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ambosmedios.com%2Febooknews%2Fcomputermacintosh_2008-09-29_digest.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pcm-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pcm_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbanesius,_Chloe2008" class="citation news cs1">Albanesius, Chloe (2008-07-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,1895,2326527,00.asp">"Gazelle Will Give You Cash for Your Gadgets"</a>. <i>News and Analysis</i>. <a href="/wiki/PC_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="PC Magazine">PC Magazine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090323070745/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,1895,2326527,00.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-03-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=Gazelle+Will+Give+You+Cash+for+Your+Gadgets&rft.date=2008-07-28&rft.au=Albanesius%2C+Chloe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Farticle2%2F0%2C1895%2C2326527%2C00.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boston-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boston_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boston_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray,_Hiawatha2008" class="citation news cs1">Bray, Hiawatha (2008-10-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2008/10/30/scrounge_up_cash_with_used_gadgets/">"Scrounge up cash with used gadgets"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a></i>. Globe Newspaper Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090218163946/http://boston.com/business/technology/articles/2008/10/30/scrounge_up_cash_with_used_gadgets/">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-02-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Scrounge+up+cash+with+used+gadgets&rft.date=2008-10-30&rft.au=Bray%2C+Hiawatha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fbusiness%2Ftechnology%2Farticles%2F2008%2F10%2F30%2Fscrounge_up_cash_with_used_gadgets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/globalcitizenship/environment/recycle/index.html">"HP Environment: Product Return & Recycling"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080605043947/http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/globalcitizenship/environment/recycle/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HP+Environment%3A+Product+Return+%26+Recycling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hp.com%2Fhpinfo%2Fglobalcitizenship%2Fenvironment%2Frecycle%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ft-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ft_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaffenreffer,_David2003" class="citation news cs1">Haffenreffer, David (2003-02-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-22405423_ITM">"Recycling, the Hewlett-Packard Way"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Recycling%2C+the+Hewlett-Packard+Way&rft.date=2003-02-13&rft.au=Haffenreffer%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessmylibrary.com%2Fcoms2%2Fsummary_0286-22405423_ITM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wired-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wired_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean,_Katie2003" class="citation news cs1">Dean, Katie (2003-06-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090729085149/http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2003/06/59372">"Bill Aims to Cut Computer Clutter"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wired Magazine">Wired Magazine</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2003/06/59372">the original</a> on 2009-07-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired+Magazine&rft.atitle=Bill+Aims+to+Cut+Computer+Clutter&rft.date=2003-06-25&rft.au=Dean%2C+Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fpolitics%2Flaw%2Fnews%2F2003%2F06%2F59372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nnbw-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nnbw_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nnbw_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNNBW_Staff2009" class="citation journal cs1">NNBW Staff (2009-03-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121231162940/http://www.nnbw.biz/ArticleRead.aspx?storyID=12872">"Cash-strapped consumers turn to laptops recycler"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nevada_Business_Weekly" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Nevada Business Weekly">Northern Nevada Business Weekly</a></i>. <b>7</b> (34). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nnbw.biz/ArticleRead.aspx?storyID=12872">the original</a> on 2012-12-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northern+Nevada+Business+Weekly&rft.atitle=Cash-strapped+consumers+turn+to+laptops+recycler&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=34&rft.date=2009-03-30&rft.au=NNBW+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nnbw.biz%2FArticleRead.aspx%3FstoryID%3D12872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.era.ca">The Electronic Recycling Association is doing computer recycling in Calgary, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Vancouver</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224053241/https://www.era.ca/">Archived</a> 2018-02-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved 19 December 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cfs-ope.nsf/eng/home">Anyone can give to Computers for Schools.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222143350/https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cfs-ope.nsf/eng/home">Archived</a> 2015-12-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved 19 December 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crc.org/about/crc_history.php">"CRC History – Computer Recycling Center"</a>. <i>www.crc.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331104014/http://www.crc.org/about/crc_history.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-03-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.crc.org&rft.atitle=CRC+History+%E2%80%93+Computer+Recycling+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crc.org%2Fabout%2Fcrc_history.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgbodo2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ogbodo, Dr. S. Gozie (30 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/annlsurvey/vol15/iss1/2/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Two Decades After the Koko Incident" by Dr. S. Gozie Ogbodo"</a>. <i>Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law</i>. <b>15</b> (1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141226062720/http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/annlsurvey/vol15/iss1/2/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Survey+of+International+%26+Comparative+Law&rft.atitle=%22Two+Decades+After+the+Koko+Incident%22+by+Dr.+S.+Gozie+Ogbodo&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2010-08-30&rft.aulast=Ogbodo&rft.aufirst=Dr.+S.+Gozie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.ggu.edu%2Fannlsurvey%2Fvol15%2Fiss1%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150813171755/http://e-wastedmovie.com/index.php/e-wasted-timeline.html">"E-Wasted Timeline"</a>. <i>www.e-wastedmovie.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-wastedmovie.com/index.php/e-wasted-timeline.html">the original</a> on 2015-08-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.e-wastedmovie.com&rft.atitle=E-Wasted+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-wastedmovie.com%2Findex.php%2Fe-wasted-timeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swicorecycling.ch/en/about-us/">"About us – Swico Recycling"</a>. <i>www.swicorecycling.ch</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331092626/http://www.swicorecycling.ch/en/about-us/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-03-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.swicorecycling.ch&rft.atitle=About+us+%E2%80%93+Swico+Recycling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swicorecycling.ch%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohr1993" class="citation news cs1">Lohr, Steve (1993-04-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/14/business/recycling-answer-sought-for-computer-junk.html">"Recycling Answer Sought for Computer Junk"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150526091356/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/14/business/recycling-answer-sought-for-computer-junk.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Recycling+Answer+Sought+for+Computer+Junk&rft.date=1993-04-14&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Lohr&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F04%2F14%2Fbusiness%2Frecycling-answer-sought-for-computer-junk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/detox/electronics/the-e-waste-problem/where-does-e-waste-end-up/">"Where does e-waste end up?"</a>. <i>www.greenpeace.org/</i>. Greenpeace. 24 February 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180122173520/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/detox/electronics/the-e-waste-problem/where-does-e-waste-end-up/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-01-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.greenpeace.org%2F&rft.atitle=Where+does+e-waste+end+up%3F&rft.date=2009-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenpeace.org%2Finternational%2Fen%2Fcampaigns%2Fdetox%2Felectronics%2Fthe-e-waste-problem%2Fwhere-does-e-waste-end-up%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinver2007" class="citation news cs1">Kinver, Mark (2007-07-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6254816.stm">"Mechanics of e-waste recycling"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090503181714/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6254816.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-05-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mechanics+of+e-waste+recycling&rft.date=2007-07-03&rft.aulast=Kinver&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F6254816.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ask-eu.com/Default.asp?Menue=142&Bereich=5&SubBereich=16&KW=130&NewsPPV=8492">"Bulgaria opens largest WEEE recycling factory in Eastern Europe"</a>. <i>www.ask-eu.com</i>. WtERT Germany GmbH. 12 Jul 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110914095226/http://www.ask-eu.com/Default.asp?Menue=142">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-09-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ask-eu.com&rft.atitle=Bulgaria+opens+largest+WEEE+recycling+factory+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.date=2010-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ask-eu.com%2FDefault.asp%3FMenue%3D142%26Bereich%3D5%26SubBereich%3D16%26KW%3D130%26NewsPPV%3D8492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100928172233/http://greenwisebusiness.co.uk/news/environcom-opens-largest-weee-recycling-facility-in-uk-1195.aspx">"EnvironCom opens largest WEEE recycling facility / waste & recycling news"</a>. <i>www.greenwisebusiness.co.uk</i>. The Sixty Mile Publishing Company. 4 March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenwisebusiness.co.uk/news/environcom-opens-largest-weee-recycling-facility-in-uk-1195.aspx">the original</a> on 28 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.greenwisebusiness.co.uk&rft.atitle=EnvironCom+opens+largest+WEEE+recycling+facility+%2F+waste+%26+recycling+news&rft.date=2010-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenwisebusiness.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fenvironcom-opens-largest-weee-recycling-facility-in-uk-1195.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2012" class="citation web cs1">Goodman, Peter S. (11 Jan 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/11/e-waste-recycling-las-vegas-us-micro-electronics_n_1200527.html">"Where Gadgets Go To Die: E-Waste Recycler Opens New Plant In Las Vegas"</a>. <i>The Huffington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170108030900/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/11/e-waste-recycling-las-vegas-us-micro-electronics_n_1200527.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Where+Gadgets+Go+To+Die%3A+E-Waste+Recycler+Opens+New+Plant+In+Las+Vegas&rft.date=2012-01-11&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Peter+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2012%2F01%2F11%2Fe-waste-recycling-las-vegas-us-micro-electronics_n_1200527.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoses2008" class="citation web cs1">Moses, Asher (19 Nov 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/technology/biztech/new-plant-tackles-our-electronic-leftovers/2008/11/19/1226770518649.html">"New plant tackles our electronic leftovers – BizTech – Technology – smh.com.au"</a>. <i>www.smh.com.au</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170826203500/http://www.smh.com.au/news/technology/biztech/new-plant-tackles-our-electronic-leftovers/2008/11/19/1226770518649.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.smh.com.au&rft.atitle=New+plant+tackles+our+electronic+leftovers+%E2%80%93+BizTech+%E2%80%93+Technology+%E2%80%93+smh.com.au&rft.date=2008-11-19&rft.aulast=Moses&rft.aufirst=Asher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2Ftechnology%2Fbiztech%2Fnew-plant-tackles-our-electronic-leftovers%2F2008%2F11%2F19%2F1226770518649.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epa-ewaste-presentation-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-epa-ewaste-presentation_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Gallo2013" class="citation web cs1">T. Gallo, Daniel (2013-07-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-05/documents/overview.pdf">"Broad Overview of E-Waste Management Policies in the U.S."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.epa.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200711130145/https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-05/documents/overview.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-07-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.epa.gov&rft.atitle=Broad+Overview+of+E-Waste+Management+Policies+in+the+U.S.&rft.date=2013-07-15&rft.aulast=T.+Gallo&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsites%2Fproduction%2Ffiles%2F2014-05%2Fdocuments%2Foverview.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1196-AA/pdf/circ1196-AA.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204085124/https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1196-AA/pdf/circ1196-AA.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-12-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fcirc%2Fcirc1196-AA%2Fpdf%2Fcirc1196-AA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethicalshopping-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ethicalshopping_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethicalshopping_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethicalshopping_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethicalshopping.com/electronics/cell-phones-service/most-u-s-electronic-waste-pollution-and-worker-danger-shipped-overse">"Most U.S. Electronic Waste is Pollution-and-Worker-Danger Shipped Overseas"</a>. Ethical Shopping. 19 November 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071121141517/http://www.ethicalshopping.com/electronics/cell-phones-service/most-u-s-electronic-waste-pollution-and-worker-danger-shipped-overse">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Most+U.S.+Electronic+Waste+is+Pollution-and-Worker-Danger+Shipped+Overseas&rft.pub=Ethical+Shopping&rft.date=2007-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethicalshopping.com%2Felectronics%2Fcell-phones-service%2Fmost-u-s-electronic-waste-pollution-and-worker-danger-shipped-overse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computertakeback.com/about/index.cfm"><i>About the Campaign</i></a>, Computer TakeBack Campaign, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071027102444/http://www.computertakeback.com/about/index.cfm">archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=About+the+Campaign&rft.pub=Computer+TakeBack+Campaign&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computertakeback.com%2Fabout%2Findex.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svtc.org/svtc_work">"Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silicon+Valley+Toxics+Coalition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.svtc.org%2Fsvtc_work&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.org/news/show/e-waste-politics">"E-Waste Politics"</a>. Scarlett, Lynn – Reason Foundation. 4 October 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130323110135/http://reason.org/news/show/e-waste-politics">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=E-Waste+Politics&rft.pub=Scarlett%2C+Lynn+%E2%80%93+Reason+Foundation&rft.date=2000-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freason.org%2Fnews%2Fshow%2Fe-waste-politics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eiae.org/why.php">"The Importance of Responsible Recycling for Used Electronics"</a>. Electronic Industries Alliance. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071010002815/http://www.eiae.org/why.php">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Importance+of+Responsible+Recycling+for+Used+Electronics&rft.pub=Electronic+Industries+Alliance&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eiae.org%2Fwhy.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2002/02/25/computer-waste.htm">"Much toxic computer waste lands in Third World"</a>. USA Today. 25 February 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070913003953/http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2002/02/25/computer-waste.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Much+toxic+computer+waste+lands+in+Third+World&rft.date=2002-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Fnews%2F2002%2F02%2F25%2Fcomputer-waste.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelanie_Kozlan2010" class="citation web cs1">Melanie Kozlan (2 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130085009/http://www.fourgreensteps.com/infozone/featured/features/what-is-e-waste-a-how-can-i-get-rid-of-it">"What is 'E-Waste' & How Can I Get Rid Of It?!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Four_Green_Steps" title="Four Green Steps">Four Green Steps</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fourgreensteps.com/infozone/featured/features/what-is-e-waste-a-how-can-i-get-rid-of-it">the original</a> on 30 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+%27E-Waste%27+%26+How+Can+I+Get+Rid+Of+It%3F%21&rft.pub=Four+Green+Steps&rft.date=2010-11-02&rft.au=Melanie+Kozlan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fourgreensteps.com%2Finfozone%2Ffeatured%2Ffeatures%2Fwhat-is-e-waste-a-how-can-i-get-rid-of-it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.discovery.com/tech/revenge-of-the-tv-monitor-zombies.html">"Revenge of the TV Monitor Zombies"</a>. Discovery News. 30 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101012025239/http://news.discovery.com/tech/revenge-of-the-tv-monitor-zombies.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Revenge+of+the+TV+Monitor+Zombies&rft.date=2010-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.discovery.com%2Ftech%2Frevenge-of-the-tv-monitor-zombies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120912054951/http://www.it-green.co.uk/uk_business_recycling/what-the-recast-weee-directive-means-for-the-uk/">"What the Recast WEEE Directive means for the UK"</a>. IT-Green. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.it-green.co.uk/uk_business_recycling/what-the-recast-weee-directive-means-for-the-uk/">the original</a> on 12 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+the+Recast+WEEE+Directive+means+for+the+UK&rft.pub=IT-Green&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.it-green.co.uk%2Fuk_business_recycling%2Fwhat-the-recast-weee-directive-means-for-the-uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070126011204/http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/Electronics/Act2003/">"Electronic Waste Recycling Act of 2003: Covered Electronic Waste Payment System (SB 20/SB 50)"</a>. California Integrated Waste Management Board. 1 November 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/Electronics/Act2003/">the original</a> on 26 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electronic+Waste+Recycling+Act+of+2003%3A+Covered+Electronic+Waste+Payment+System+%28SB+20%2FSB+50%29&rft.pub=California+Integrated+Waste+Management+Board&rft.date=2007-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciwmb.ca.gov%2FElectronics%2FAct2003%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-csmonitor1-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-csmonitor1_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csmonitor1_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, Elizabeth Armstrong. "Momentum Builds for 'Revolution' to Recycle Electronic Waste." 31 July 2006. The Christian Science Monitor. Accessed 29 November 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0731/p13s02-stct.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629203153/http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0731/p13s02-stct.html">Archived</a> 2011-06-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRob_Pegoraro2009" class="citation cs2">Rob Pegoraro (5 July 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/03/AR2009070302635.html?hpid=sec-tech">"Help File: Recycling Old Electronics"</a>, <i>The Washington Post</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194402/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/03/AR2009070302635.html?hpid=sec-tech">archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Help+File%3A+Recycling+Old+Electronics&rft.date=2009-07-05&rft.au=Rob+Pegoraro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F07%2F03%2FAR2009070302635.html%3Fhpid%3Dsec-tech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://recyclebc.ca/about-recyclebc/epr/">"Extended Producer Responsibility in BC"</a>. 14 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180626184911/https://recyclebc.ca/about-recyclebc/epr/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extended+Producer+Responsibility+in+BC&rft.date=2017-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frecyclebc.ca%2Fabout-recyclebc%2Fepr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r4-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r4_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r4_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r4_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/ghana804/video/video_index.html">"Africa’s Agbogbloshie Market Is a Computer Graveyard"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827123720/http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/ghana804/video/video_index.html">Archived</a> 2017-08-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> NewsBreakingOnline.com. Web. 20 February 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r13-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r13_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doctorow, Cory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boingboing.net/2009/06/25/illegal-e-waste-dump.html">"Illegal E-waste Dumped in Ghana Includes Unencrypted Hard Drives Full of US Security Secrets."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018184229/http://boingboing.net/2009/06/25/illegal-e-waste-dump.html">Archived</a> 2012-10-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Boing Boing. 25 June 2009. Web. 15 March 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-infosec-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-infosec_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831032057/http://www.idtheftcenter.org/workplace_facts.html">"ID Theft Center"</a>. 2009-01-01. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idtheftcenter.org/workplace_facts.html">the original</a> on 2009-08-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ID+Theft+Center&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idtheftcenter.org%2Fworkplace_facts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-naid-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-naid_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naidonline.org/">"NAID"</a>. 2009-01-01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805065828/http://www.naidonline.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-08-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NAID&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naidonline.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adisa.org.uk/">"ADISA – Asset Disposal & Information Security Alliance"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150529211740/http://www.adisa.org.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ADISA+%E2%80%93+Asset+Disposal+%26+Information+Security+Alliance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adisa.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+waste+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electronics_recycling" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Electronics recycling">Electronics recycling</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/index_en.htm">European Commission Circular Economy Package 2015</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep.org/PDF/PressReleases/E-Waste_publication_screen_FINALVERSION-sml.pdf">RECYCLING – FROM E-WASTE TO RESOURCES</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170201191456/http://www.unep.org/PDF/PressReleases/E-Waste_publication_screen_FINALVERSION-sml.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-02-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (UN Environmental Program, 2009, 120 pages)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101229014105/http://www.netregs.gov.uk/netregs/topics/WEEE/default.aspx">WEEE Directive (U.K.)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/weee_index.htm">WEEE Directive (E.C.)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/materials/ecycling/donate.htm">Computer Donation Locations (U.S.)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recycling" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Recycling" title="Template:Recycling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Recycling" title="Template talk:Recycling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Recycling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Recycling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recycling" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recycling_by_material" title="Recycling by material">Materials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_recycling" title="Aluminium recycling">Aluminium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete#Recycling" title="Asphalt concrete">Asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_recycling" title="Concrete recycling">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper#Recycling" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_recycling" title="Cotton recycling">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_recycling" title="Glass recycling">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsum_recycling" title="Gypsum recycling">Gypsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">Scrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_grease" title="Yellow grease">Cooking oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Recycling_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Recycling_symbol.svg/75px-Recycling_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Recycling_symbol.svg/113px-Recycling_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Recycling_symbol.svg/150px-Recycling_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="454" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recycling_by_product" title="Recycling by product">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appliance_recycling" title="Appliance recycling">Appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_oil_recycling" title="Automotive oil recycling">Automotive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Batteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_recycling" title="Bottle recycling">Bottles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PET_bottle_recycling" title="PET bottle recycling">PET bottles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_recycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer recycling">Computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_recycling" title="Drug recycling">Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp_recycling" title="Fluorescent lamp recycling">Fluorescent lamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_recycling" title="Mobile phone recycling">Mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_recycling" title="Paint recycling">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_disposal" title="Ship disposal">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_recycling" title="Tire recycling">Tires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_recycling" title="Vehicle recycling">Vehicles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apparatus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_bin" title="Recycling bin">Bins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_bag" title="Blue bag">Blue bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_box_recycling_system" title="Blue box recycling system">Blue boxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_codes" title="Recycling codes">Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerbside_collection" title="Kerbside collection">Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_recovery_facility" title="Materials recovery facility">Materials recovery facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_sorting" title="Waste sorting">Waste sorting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_rates_by_country" title="Recycling rates by country">Rate by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Australia" title="Recycling in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Brazil" title="Recycling in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Canada" title="Recycling in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Recycling in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Israel" title="Recycling in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Japan" title="Recycling in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Malaysia" title="Recycling in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Mongolia" title="Recycling in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_the_Netherlands" title="Recycling in the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland#Recycling" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Taiwan" title="Recycling in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Recycling in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Recycling in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_the_United_States" title="Recycling in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dematerialization_(products)" title="Dematerialization (products)">Dematerialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downcycling" title="Downcycling">Downcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-industrial_park" title="Eco-industrial park">Eco-industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_metabolism" title="Industrial metabolism">Industrial metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchangeable_parts" title="Interchangeable parts">Interchangeable parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_recycling" title="Land recycling">Land recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_flow_analysis" title="Material flow analysis">Material flow analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precycling" title="Precycling">Precycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">Recycling (ecological)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refill_(campaign)" title="Refill (campaign)">Refill (campaign)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repairability" title="Repairability">Repairability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_recovery" title="Resource recovery">Resource recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_bottles" title="Reuse of bottles">Reuse of bottles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_human_excreta" title="Reuse of human excreta">Reuse of human excreta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repurposing" title="Repurposing">Repurposing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">Reuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_symbol" title="Recycling symbol">Symbol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_Dot_(symbol)" title="Green Dot (symbol)">Green Dot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upcycling" title="Upcycling">Upcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumpster_diving" title="Dumpster diving">Urban lumberjacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_hierarchy" title="Waste hierarchy">Waste hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_picker" title="Waste picker">Waste picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishcycling" title="Wishcycling">Wishcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_cutting" title="Bottle cutting">Bottle cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">Composting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container-deposit_legislation" title="Container-deposit legislation">Container-deposit legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumpster_diving" title="Dumpster diving">Dumpster diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">Pallet crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_vending_machine" title="Reverse vending machine">Reverse vending machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_collection" title="Waste collection">Waste collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_law" title="Waste management law">Waste management law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Recycling" title="Category:Recycling">Category</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recycling_by_country" title="Category:Recycling by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recycling_by_material" title="Category:Recycling by material">by material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recycling_by_product" title="Category:Recycling by product">by product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recycling_organizations" title="Category:Recycling organizations">organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_recycling_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of recycling articles">Index</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Recycling" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Recycling">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biosolids,_waste,_and_waste_management" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Waste" title="Template:Waste"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Waste" title="Template talk:Waste"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Waste" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Waste"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biosolids,_waste,_and_waste_management" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">Biosolids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_waste_types" title="List of waste types">Major types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_waste" title="Biomedical waste">Biomedical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_waste" title="Chemical waste">Chemical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_waste" title="Demolition waste">Demolition waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste_by_country" title="Electronic waste by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_heat" title="Waste heat">Heat waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial wastewater">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">Mining waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">Scrap metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharps_waste" title="Sharps waste">Sharps waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic waste</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedrijfsafval.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/120px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/180px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/240px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">Anaerobic digestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balefill" title="Balefill">Balefill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">Biodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">Composting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_waste_dumping" title="Garden waste dumping">Garden waste dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_dumping" title="Illegal dumping">Illegal dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration">Incineration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_mining" title="Landfill mining">Landfill mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatment" title="Mechanical biological treatment">Mechanical biological treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_recovery_facility" title="Materials recovery facility">Mechanical sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodegradation" title="Photodegradation">Photodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appliance_recycling" title="Appliance recycling">appliance recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">battery recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_recycling" title="Bottle recycling">bottle recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp_recycling" title="Fluorescent lamp recycling">fluorescent lamp recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_recycling" title="Land recycling">land recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">plastic recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">textile recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_recycling" title="Tire recycling">tire recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">water recycling shower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repurposing" title="Repurposing">Repurposing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_recovery" title="Resource recovery">Resource recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_mining" title="Urban mining">Urban mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_collection" title="Waste collection">Waste collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_sorting" title="Waste sorting">Waste sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_waste_trade" title="Global waste trade">Waste trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_treatment" title="Waste treatment">Waste treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Waste_by_country" title="Waste by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Armenia" title="Waste management in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Australia" title="Waste management in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Bangladesh" title="Waste management in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Brazil#Waste" title="Environmental issues in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Egypt" title="Waste management in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Hong_Kong" title="Waste management in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_India#Solid_waste_policy" title="Waste management in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Japan" title="Waste management in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Kazakhstan" title="Waste management in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_New_Zealand" title="Waste in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia" title="Waste management in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_South_Korea" title="Waste management in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Taiwan" title="Waste management in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Thailand" title="Waste management in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey" title="Waste management in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Waste in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_States" title="Waste in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamako_Convention" title="Bamako Convention">Bamako Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Convention" title="Basel Convention">Basel Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">EU directives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_Directive" title="Battery Directive">batteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Recycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_framework_directive" title="Waste framework directive">framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_Incineration_Directive" title="Waste Incineration Directive">incineration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_Directive" title="Landfill Directive">landfills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive" title="Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive">RoHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_Life_Vehicles_Directive" title="End of Life Vehicles Directive">vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Waste_Water_Treatment_Directive" title="Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive">waste water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_Electrical_and_Electronic_Equipment_Directive" title="Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive">WEEE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Convention_on_the_Prevention_of_Marine_Pollution_by_Dumping_of_Wastes_and_Other_Matter" title="London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter">London Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Dumping_Convention" title="Oslo Dumping Convention">Oslo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSPAR_Convention" title="OSPAR Convention">OSPAR Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_worker" title="Sanitation worker">Sanitation worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_sweeper" title="Street sweeper">Street sweeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_collector" title="Waste collector">Waste collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_picker" title="Waste picker">Waste picker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Commission_on_America%27s_Nuclear_Future" title="Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future">Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_waste_import_ban" title="China's waste import ban">China's waste import ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downcycling" title="Downcycling">Downcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-industrial_park" title="Eco-industrial park">Eco-industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_radioactive_waste_management" title="High-level radioactive waste management">High-level radioactive waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_waste_management" title="History of waste management">History of waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_fire" title="Landfill fire">Landfill fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_regulation_and_administration" title="Sewage regulation and administration">Sewage regulation and administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upcycling" title="Upcycling">Upcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_hierarchy" title="Waste hierarchy">Waste hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_law" title="Waste management law">Waste legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Waste" title="Category:Waste">Category: Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_waste_management_articles" title="Index of waste management articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waste_management_journals" title="Category:Waste management journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waste-related_lists" title="Category:Waste-related lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waste_organizations" title="Category:Waste organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&oldid=1247954329">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&oldid=1247954329</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_recycling" title="Category:Computer recycling">Computer recycling</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Data_security" title="Category:Data security">Data security</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Water_conservation" title="Category:Water conservation">Water conservation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_conservation" title="Category:Energy conservation">Energy conservation</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2019" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2019">Articles with dead external links from July 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_October_2017" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2017">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_January_2011" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from January 2011">Vague or ambiguous time from January 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 September 2024, at 22:11<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_waste_recycling&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-knhz5","wgBackendResponseTime":147,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.939","walltime":"1.137","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4231,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":167794,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2301,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":248533,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 964.607 1 -total"," 53.47% 515.814 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.46% 206.994 20 Template:Cite_news"," 16.85% 162.551 36 Template:Cite_web"," 12.84% 123.851 2 Template:Navbox"," 11.88% 114.581 1 Template:Recycling"," 7.49% 72.255 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.59% 44.286 2 Template:Pagetype"," 4.50% 43.444 4 Template:Convert"," 4.41% 42.546 1 Template:Clarify"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.563","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8768915,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-4fsrh","timestamp":"20241122143740","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Electronic waste recycling","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electronic_waste_recycling","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3243428","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3243428","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-03-29T15:28:21Z","dateModified":"2024-09-26T22:11:53Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/ac\/Recycling_Computers.jpg","headline":"overview about computer recycling"}</script> </body> </html>