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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Computing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Phonetic_Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>International Phonetic Alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Phonetic_Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meteorology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meteorology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Meteorology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meteorology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematics_and_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics_and_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Mathematics and science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics_and_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rock_climbing_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rock_climbing_terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Rock climbing terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rock_climbing_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Slang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Typography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Videotape_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Videotape_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Videotape formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Videotape_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Beta</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_(letter)" title="Beta (letter) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Beta (letter)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92" title="Β – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Β" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92" title="Β – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Β" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7_(%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81)" title="بيتا (حرف) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيتا (حرف)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92" title="Β – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="Β" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta" title="Beta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Beta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta" title="Beta – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Beta" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE" title="বিটা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিটা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92" title="Β – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Β" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Бэта (літара) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бэта (літара)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Бэта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Бета (буква) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бета (буква)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta" title="Beta – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Beta" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BC%8D" title="པིས་ཐ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པིས་ཐ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_(slovo)" title="Beta (slovo) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Beta (slovo)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_(lizherenn)" title="Beta (lizherenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Beta (lizherenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta" title="Beta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Beta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta" title="Beta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Beta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_(llythyren)" title="Beta (llythyren) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Beta (llythyren)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta" title="Beta – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Beta" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92" title="Β – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Β" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta" title="Beta – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beta" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeta" title="Beeta – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Beeta" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Βήτα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βήτα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92" title="Β – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Β" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beto_(litero)" title="Beto (litero) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Beto (litero)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta" title="Beta – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Beta" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_(hizkia)" title="Beta (hizkia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Beta (hizkia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%A7_(%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81)" title="بتا (حرف) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بتا (حرف)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta" title="Beta – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Beta" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AAta" title="Bêta – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bêta" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ite" title="Béite – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Béite" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta" title="Beta – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Beta" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta" title="Beta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Beta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92" title="Β – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Β" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92" title="Β – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Β" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1_(%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC)" title="Բետա (տառ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բետա (տառ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_(slovo)" title="Beta (slovo) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Beta (slovo)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_(huruf_Yunani)" title="Beta (huruf Yunani) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Beta (huruf Yunani)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta" title="Beta – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Beta" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta" title="Beta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Beta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%98%D7%90" title="בטא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בטא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D)" title="ბეტა (ასო) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბეტა (ასო)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta" title="Beta – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Beta" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Бета – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Бета" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92" title="Β – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Β" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AAta" title="Bêta – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bêta" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta" title="Beta – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Beta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%93ta" title="Bēta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bēta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta" title="Beta – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Beta" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84)" title="Бета (гьарф) – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Бета (гьарф)" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_(raid%C4%97)" title="Beta (raidė) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Beta (raidė)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ta_(bet%C5%B1)" title="Béta (betű) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Béta (betű)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Бета (грчка буква) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бета (грчка буква)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1" title="ബീറ്റ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബീറ്റ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="बीटा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बीटा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta" title="Beta – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Beta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta" title="Beta – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Beta" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92" title="Β – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Β" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8ta_(letter)" title="Bèta (letter) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bèta (letter)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92" title="Β – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Β" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta" title="Beta – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Beta" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta" title="Beta – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Beta" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8ta" title="Bèta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bèta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE" title="ਬੀਟਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੀਟਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%90%D9%BC%D8%A7" title="بېټا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بېټا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta" title="Beta – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Beta" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta" title="Beta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Beta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92" title="Β – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Β" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_(liter%C4%83)" title="Beta (literă) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Beta (literă)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Бета (буква) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бета (буква)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_(shkronj%C3%AB)" title="Beta (shkronjë) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Beta (shkronjë)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta" title="Beta – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Beta" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_(gr%C3%A9cke_p%C3%ADsmeno)" title="Beta (grécke písmeno) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Beta (grécke písmeno)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta" title="Beta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Beta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="بیتا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بیتا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Бета (слово) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бета (слово)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_(slovo)" title="Beta (slovo) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Beta (slovo)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeta" title="Beeta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Beeta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta" title="Beta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Beta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE" title="பீற்றா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பீற்றா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2" title="บีตา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บีตา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Бета (літера) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бета (літера)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta" title="Beta – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Beta" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta" title="Beta – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Beta" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_(letter)" title="Beta (letter) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Beta (letter)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta" title="Beta – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Beta" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92" title="Β – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Β" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%90" title="בעטא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בעטא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92" title="Β – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Β" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92" title="Β – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Β" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92" title="Β – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Β" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92" title="Β – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Β" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14382#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Second letter of the Greek alphabet</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betta" title="Betta">Betta</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ve_(Cyrillic)" title="Ve (Cyrillic)">Ve (Cyrillic)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the German eszett, see <a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">ß</a>. For the Chinese radical, see <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%9D" title="阝">阝</a>. For the Malayalam script, see <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="ദ">ദ</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Beta_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Beta (disambiguation)">Beta (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Beta" title="Special:EditPage/Beta">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Beta%22">"Beta"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Beta%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Beta%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Beta%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Beta%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Beta%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2012</span>)</i></span><span 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks greek-alphabet-sidebar" style="width:20em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beta_uc_lc.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Beta_uc_lc.svg/120px-Beta_uc_lc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Beta_uc_lc.svg/250px-Beta_uc_lc.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;margin-left:0.7em;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Αα</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">Alpha</a></td><td> Νν</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">Nu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ββ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beta</a></td><td> Ξξ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">Xi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Γγ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">Gamma</a></td><td> Οο</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">Omicron</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Δδ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">Delta</a></td><td> Ππ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">Pi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Εε</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">Epsilon</a></td><td> Ρρ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">Rho</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ζζ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta">Zeta</a></td><td> Σσς</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">Sigma</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ηη</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">Eta</a></td><td> Ττ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">Tau</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Θθ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">Theta</a></td><td> Υυ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">Upsilon</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ιι</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">Iota</a></td><td> Φφ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">Phi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Κκ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">Kappa</a></td><td> Χχ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">Chi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Λλ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">Lambda</a></td><td> Ψψ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Psi_(Greek)" title="Psi (Greek)">Psi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Μμ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">Mu</a></td><td> Ωω</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">Omega</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets"><b>Archaic local variants</b></a></div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;margin-left:0.7em;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ϝϝ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">Digamma</a></td><td> Ͱͱ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Heta" title="Heta">Heta</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ϻϻ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/San_(letter)" title="San (letter)">San</a></td><td> Ϙϙ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">Koppa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Ͷͷ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsan">Tsan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Digamma#Pamphylian_digamma" title="Digamma">Digamma</a></li></ul></div></td><td> Ͳͳ</td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">Sampi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>Ϸϸ</td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sho_(letter)" title="Sho (letter)">Sho</a></td><td></td><td style="padding-right:0.6em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Diacritics and other symbols</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">ά</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">ὰ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">ᾶ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">ἀ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">ἁ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">ᾱ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">ᾰ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">ϊ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iota_subscript" title="Iota subscript">ᾳ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">σ̌</a></li></ul></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_ligatures" title="Greek ligatures">Ligatures</a></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Ou_(ligature)" title="Ou (ligature)">ȢȢ</a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Kai_(conjunction)" title="Kai (conjunction)">Ϗϗ</a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(ligature)" title="Stigma (ligature)">Ϛϛ</a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Staurogram" title="Staurogram">⳨</a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Chi_Rho" title="Chi Rho">☧</a></li></ul></div> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.1em;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Numerals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic</a>)</div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">ϛ <span style="font-size: 85%;">(6)</span></a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">ϟ <span style="font-size: 85%;">(90)</span></a></li><li style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">ϡ <span style="font-size: 85%;">(900)</span></a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_letters_used_in_mathematics,_science,_and_engineering" title="Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering">Use as scientific symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_letters" title="Category:Greek letters">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_alphabet_sidebar" title="Template:Greek alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_alphabet_sidebar" title="Template talk:Greek alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_alphabet_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek alphabet sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Beta</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; uppercase <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1180947483">.mw-parser-output .polytonic{font-family:"SBL BibLit","SBL Greek","New Athena Unicode","EB Garamond","EB Garamond 12","Foulis Greek","Garamond Libre","Noto Sans","Noto Serif","Cardo","Gentium Plus","Gentium Book Plus","Garamond","Palatino Linotype","DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif","FreeSerif","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Code2000",sans-serif}</style><span class="polytonic"><b>Β</b></span>, lowercase <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483" /><span class="polytonic"><b>β</b></span>, or <a href="/wiki/Cursive_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Cursive Greek">cursive</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483" /><span class="polytonic"><a href="#Typography">ϐ</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">βῆτα</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">bē̂ta</i></span> or <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">βήτα</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">víta</i></span>) is the second letter of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 2. In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, beta represented the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">voiced bilabial plosive</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[b]</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>, it represents the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">voiced labiodental fricative</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[v]</a></span> while <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[b]</a></span> in borrowed words is instead commonly transcribed as μπ.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Letters that arose from beta include the Roman letter <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a>⟩</span> and the Cyrillic letters <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Be_(Cyrillic)" title="Be (Cyrillic)">Б</a>⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/Ve_(Cyrillic)" title="Ve (Cyrillic)">В</a>⟩</span>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like the names of most other Greek letters, the name of beta was adopted from the <a href="/wiki/Acrophony" title="Acrophony">acrophonic</a> name of the corresponding letter in <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a>, which was the common <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> word <span title="Proto-Semitic-language text">*<i lang="sem">bayt</i></span> ('house', compare <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بيت</span> <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">bayt</i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">בית</span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">báyit</i></span>). In Greek, the name was <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βῆτα</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">bêta</i></span>, pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[bɛ̂ːta]</a></span> in Ancient Greek. It is spelled <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">βήτα</span></span> in modern monotonic orthography and pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[ˈvita]</a></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic Greek alphabets</a></div> <p>The letter beta was derived from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician letter</a> <a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">beth</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_beth.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beth"><img alt="Beth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/20px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/30px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/40px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span>. </p><p>The letter Β had the largest number of highly divergent local forms. Besides the standard form (either rounded or pointed, <span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_16.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>), there were forms as varied as <span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_12.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Greek_Beta_12.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_12.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Greek_Beta_12.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_12.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Greek_Beta_12.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_12.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Gortyn" title="Gortyn">Gortyn</a>), <span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Greek_Beta_01.svg/20px-Greek_Beta_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Greek_Beta_01.svg/40px-Greek_Beta_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> and <span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_10.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Greek_Beta_10.svg/20px-Greek_Beta_10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Greek_Beta_10.svg/40px-Greek_Beta_10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Thera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thera">Thera</a>), <span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Greek_Beta_03.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Greek_Beta_03.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Greek_Beta_03.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a>), <span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_05.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Greek_Beta_05.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Greek_Beta_05.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Greek_Beta_05.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Melos" class="mw-redirect" title="Melos">Melos</a>), <span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>), <span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg/20px-Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg/40px-Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>), and <span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg/20px-Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg/40px-Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/220px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/330px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/440px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>The Greek alphabet on an ancient <a href="/wiki/Black_figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Black figure">black figure</a> vessel, with the characteristically angular beta of the time</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algebraic_numerals">Algebraic numerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Algebraic numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the system of <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a>, beta has a value of 2. Such use is denoted by a number mark: Β′. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computing">Computing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Computing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Beta" title="Software release life cycle">Software release life cycle § Beta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alpha%E2%80%93beta_pruning" title="Alpha–beta pruning">Alpha–beta pruning</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance">Finance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Beta_(finance)" title="Beta (finance)">Beta is used in finance</a> as a measure of investment portfolio risk.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beta in this context is calculated as the covariance of the portfolio's returns with its benchmark's returns, divided by the variance of the benchmark's returns. A beta of 1.5 means that for every 1% change in the value of the benchmark, the portfolio's value tends to change by 1.5%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Phonetic_Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: International Phonetic Alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>, Greek minuscule beta denotes a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">voiced bilabial fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[β]</span>. </p><p>A superscript version may also indicate a <a href="/wiki/Compressed_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Compressed vowel">compressed vowel</a>, like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɯᵝ]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meteorology">Meteorology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Meteorology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beta has twice been used to <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_naming" title="Tropical cyclone naming">name</a> an Atlantic Basin <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Beta" title="Hurricane Beta">Hurricane Beta</a>, in <a href="/wiki/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="2005 Atlantic hurricane season">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Beta_(2020)" title="Tropical Storm Beta (2020)">Tropical Storm Beta</a>, in <a href="/wiki/2020_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="2020 Atlantic hurricane season">2020</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematics_and_science">Mathematics and science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mathematics and science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Beta is often used to denote a variable in mathematics and physics, where it often has specific meanings for certain applications.</li> <li>β is sometimes used as a placeholder for an <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_number" title="Ordinal number">ordinal number</a> if α is already used. For example, the two roots of a <a href="/wiki/Quadratic_equation" title="Quadratic equation">quadratic equation</a> are typically labelled <span class="texhtml"><i>α</i></span> and <span class="texhtml"><i>β</i></span>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">regression analysis</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨B⟩</span> symbolizes nonstandardized partial slope coefficients, whereas <span class="nowrap">⟨β⟩</span> represents <a href="/wiki/Standardized_coefficient" title="Standardized coefficient">standardized (standard deviation-score form) coefficients</a>; in both cases, the coefficients reflect the change in the criterion Y per one-unit change in the value of the associated predictor X.</li> <li>In spaceflight, <a href="/wiki/Beta_angle" title="Beta angle">beta angle</a> describes the angle between the orbit plane of a spacecraft or other body and the vector from the sun.</li> <li>In physics β is used for a <a href="/wiki/Beta_particle" title="Beta particle">beta particle</a> (an unbound energetic electron or positron).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>β is also used in biology, for instance in <a href="/wiki/Beta-Carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Carotene">β-Carotene</a>, a primary source of <a href="/wiki/Provitamin" title="Provitamin">provitamin</a> <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">A</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/%CE%92_Cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Β Cells">β cells</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">pancreatic islets</a>, which produce <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>.</li> <li>The uppercase letter beta is not generally used as a symbol because it tends to be rendered identically to the uppercase <a href="/wiki/B" title="B">Latin B</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirichlet_beta_function" title="Dirichlet beta function">Dirichlet beta function</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rock_climbing_terminology">Rock climbing terminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rock climbing terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Beta_(climbing)" title="Beta (climbing)">beta</a>" refers to advice on how to successfully complete a particular climbing route, boulder problem, or crux sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slang">Slang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Slang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_beta_male" title="Alpha and beta male">Alpha and beta male</a></div> <p><i>Beta male</i>, or simply <i>beta</i>, is a slang term for men derived from the designation for beta animals in ethology, along with its counterpart, <i><a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_beta_male" title="Alpha and beta male">alpha male.</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term has been used as a pejorative self-identifier among members of <a href="/wiki/Manosphere" title="Manosphere">manosphere</a> communities, particularly <a href="/wiki/Incel" title="Incel">incels</a>, who do not believe they are assertive or traditionally <a href="/wiki/Masculine" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculine">masculine</a>, and feel overlooked by women.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_2020_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones_2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nicholas_2018_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholas_2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used to negatively describe other men who are not assertive, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Heterosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterosexual">heterosexual</a> relationships. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics">Statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In statistics, beta may represent <a href="/wiki/Type_II_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Type II error">type II error</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">regression</a> slope. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="curled_beta"></span><span class="anchor" id="Curled_beta"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typography">Typography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Typography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some high-quality typesetting, especially in the French tradition, a typographic variant of the lowercase letter without a <a href="/wiki/Descender" title="Descender">descender</a> is used within a word for <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a>: <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">βίβλος</span></span> is printed <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">βίϐλος</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-haralambous_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haralambous-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In typesetting technical literature, it is a commonly made mistake to use the <a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">German letter ß</a> (a s–z or s–s ligature) as a replacement for β. The two letters resemble each other in some fonts, but they are unrelated.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Videotape_formats">Videotape formats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Videotape formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Beta" can be used to refer to several consumer and professional videotape formats developed by Japan's <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony Corporation</a>. Although similarly named, they are very different in function and obsolescence. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a> was the name of a domestic videotape format developed in the 1970s and 1980s. It competed with the Video Home System (<a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a>) format developed by the <a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">Japanese Victor Company</a>, to which it eventually succumbed. The Betamax format was also marketed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Betacord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betacord (page does not exist)">Betacord</a> by (Sanyo); some cassettes were simply labeled "Beta", and the logo was a lower-case beta. Betamax lost in the market and is an oft-used example of a technically superior solution that failed due to market forces.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam">Betacam</a>, including Beta SP and DigiBeta, is a family of professional videotape formats launched in 1982 that was the de facto standard for professional video, advertising, and television production through the 2000s. The formats outlasted analog <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> television, and their scarcity today is because the industry has moved to <a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">HD</a> formats.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+0392</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Β</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">&Beta;</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+03B2</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">β</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">&beta;</span>) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">\beta</span> in TeX)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+03D0</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ϐ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">GREEK BETA SYMBOL</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+1D5D</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ᵝ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MODIFIER LETTER SMALL BETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+1D66</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ᵦ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">GREEK SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER BETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+1DE9</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌ᷩ</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER BETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+2C82</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Ⲃ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER VIDA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+2C83</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ⲃ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">COPTIC SMALL LETTER VIDA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+333C</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">㌼</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">SQUARE BEETA</span> (Japanese square katakana of <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ベータ</span></span> <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">bēta</i></span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+A7B4</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Ꞵ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">LATIN CAPITAL LETTER BETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+A7B5</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ꞵ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">LATIN SMALL LETTER BETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+10381</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𐎁</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">UGARITIC LETTER BETA</span></li></ul> <p>These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style: </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+1D6A9</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝚩</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL BETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+1D6C3</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝛃</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL BETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+1D6E3</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝛣</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL BETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+1D6FD</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝛽</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL BETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+1D71D</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝜝</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL BETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+1D737</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝜷</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL BETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+1D757</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝝗</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL BETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+1D771</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝝱</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL BETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+1D791</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝞑</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL BETA</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+1D7AB</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝞫</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL BETA</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%92" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Β">Β</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B2" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:β">β</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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"Sluts and soyboys: MGTOW and the production of misogynistic online harassment". <i>New Media & Society</i>. <b>22</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1903–</span>1921. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1461444819887141">10.1177/1461444819887141</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1461-4448">1461-4448</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210530415">210530415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Media+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Sluts+and+soyboys%3A+MGTOW+and+the+production+of+misogynistic+online+harassment&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1903-%3C%2Fspan%3E1921&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210530415%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1461-4448&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1461444819887141&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Callum&rft.au=Trott%2C+Verity&rft.au=Wright%2C+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholas_2018-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nicholas_2018_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicholasAgius2018" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas, Lucy; Agius, Christine (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e8I9DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Persistence of Global Masculinism: Discourse, Gender and Neo-Colonial Re-Articulations of Violence</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cham,_Switzerland" title="Cham, Switzerland">Cham, Switzerland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-68360-7">10.1007/978-3-319-68360-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-68359-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-68359-1"><bdi>978-3-319-68359-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017954971">2017954971</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200811114131/https://books.google.com/books?id=e8I9DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persistence+of+Global+Masculinism%3A+Discourse%2C+Gender+and+Neo-Colonial+Re-Articulations+of+Violence&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2017954971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-68360-7&rft.isbn=978-3-319-68359-1&rft.aulast=Nicholas&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft.au=Agius%2C+Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De8I9DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBhandari2021" class="citation web cs1">Bhandari, Pritha (2021-01-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/type-i-and-type-ii-errors/">"Type I & Type II Errors | Differences, Examples, Visualizations"</a>. <i>Scribbr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-22</span></span>. <q>The probability of making a Type I error is the significance level, or alpha (α), while the probability of making a Type II error is beta (β).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scribbr&rft.atitle=Type+I+%26+Type+II+Errors+%7C+Differences%2C+Examples%2C+Visualizations&rft.date=2021-01-18&rft.aulast=Bhandari&rft.aufirst=Pritha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribbr.com%2Fstatistics%2Ftype-i-and-type-ii-errors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haralambous-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-haralambous_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaralambous1999" class="citation web cs1">Haralambous, Yannis (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615031345/http://omega.enstb.org/yannis/pdf/boston99.pdf">"From Unicode to typography, a case study: the Greek script"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://omega.enstb.org/yannis/pdf/boston99.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-06-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Unicode+to+typography%2C+a+case+study%3A+the+Greek+script&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Haralambous&rft.aufirst=Yannis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fomega.enstb.org%2Fyannis%2Fpdf%2Fboston99.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAguilar_Ruiz2013" class="citation journal cs1">Aguilar Ruiz, Manuel José (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medtrad.org/panacea/IndiceGeneral/n37-tribuna-MJAguilarRuiz.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Las normas ortográficas y ortotipográficas de la nueva Ortografía de la lengua española (2010) aplicadas a las publicaciones biomédicas en español: una visión de conjunto"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Panace@</i>. <b>14</b> (37): 104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Panace%40&rft.atitle=%22Las+normas+ortogr%C3%A1ficas+y+ortotipogr%C3%A1ficas+de+la+nueva+Ortograf%C3%ADa+de+la+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola+%282010%29+aplicadas+a+las+publicaciones+biom%C3%A9dicas+en+espa%C3%B1ol%3A+una+visi%C3%B3n+de+conjunto&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=104&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Aguilar+Ruiz&rft.aufirst=Manuel+Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medtrad.org%2Fpanacea%2FIndiceGeneral%2Fn37-tribuna-MJAguilarRuiz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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