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mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><i><b>Kanał</b></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Polish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ˈkanaw]</a></span>, <i>Sewer</i>) is a 1957 <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> film directed by <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda" title="Andrzej Wajda">Andrzej Wajda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first film made about the 1944 <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a>, telling the story of a company of <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a> resistance fighters escaping the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> onslaught through the city's <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sewers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film is adapted from the story “They Loved Life” by <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Stefan_Stawinski" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerzy Stefan Stawinski">Jerzy Stefan Stawinski</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kanał</i> is the second film of Wajda's War <a href="/wiki/Trilogy" title="Trilogy">Trilogy</a>, preceded by <i><a href="/wiki/A_Generation" title="A Generation">A Generation</a></i> and followed by <i><a href="/wiki/Ashes_and_Diamonds_(film)" title="Ashes and Diamonds (film)">Ashes and Diamonds</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;">Kanał</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kana%C5%82_(1956_film_poster).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Kana%C5%82_%281956_film_poster%29.jpg/220px-Kana%C5%82_%281956_film_poster%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/db/Kana%C5%82_%281956_film_poster%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="350"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Theatrical release poster.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Directed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda" title="Andrzej Wajda">Andrzej Wajda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Written by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Stefan_Stawi%C5%84ski" title="Jerzy Stefan Stawiński">Jerzy Stefan Stawiński</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Starring</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_I%C5%BCewska" title="Teresa Iżewska">Teresa Iżewska</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Janczar" title="Tadeusz Janczar">Tadeusz Janczar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wie%C5%84czys%C5%82aw_Gli%C5%84ski" title="Wieńczysław Gliński">Wieńczysław Gliński</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Gwiazdowski" title="Tadeusz Gwiazdowski">Tadeusz Gwiazdowski</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Mikulski" title="Stanisław Mikulski">Stanisław Mikulski</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Karewicz" title="Emil Karewicz">Emil Karewicz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maciej_Maciejewski" title="Maciej Maciejewski">Maciej Maciejewski</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vladek_Sheybal" title="Vladek Sheybal">Vladek Sheybal</a></li><li>Teresa Berezowska</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Production<br>company</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/KADR_(studio)" title="KADR (studio)">KADR</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Release date</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist film-date"> <ul><li>1957<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1957</span>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Running time</div></th><td class="infobox-data">95 minutes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The film was the winner of the <a href="/wiki/Jury_Prize_(Cannes_Film_Festival)" title="Jury Prize (Cannes Film Festival)">Special Jury Award</a> at the 1957 <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Plot"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Plot</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Cast"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Cast</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Production"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Production</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Releases"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Releases</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Reception"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Reception</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Theme"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Theme</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Political_assessment"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Political assessment</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kana%C5%82&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Plot" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>It is 25 September 1944, during the last days of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">Lieutenant</a> Zadra leads a unit of 43 soldiers and civilians to a new position amidst the ruins of the now isolated southern <a href="/wiki/Mokot%C3%B3w" title="Mokotów">Mokotów</a> district of Warsaw. </p><p>The composer Michał manages to telephone his wife and child in another part of the city that is being overrun by the Germans. After a few words, she tells him that the Germans are clearing the building and that they are coming for her. Then the line goes dead. The next morning, 23-year-old Officer Cadet Korab apologizes after walking into a room to find the second in command, Lieutenant Mądry, and messenger girl Halinka in bed together (Halinka later reveals that Mądry is her first lover). A <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> attack is stopped, but Korab is wounded while disabling a <a href="/wiki/Goliath_tracked_mine" title="Goliath tracked mine">Goliath tracked mine</a>. </p><p>Surrounded by the enemy, Zadra is ordered to retreat through the sewers to the city centre. Now down to 27 fit to travel, including Korab, they slog through the filth. </p><p>Daisy, their guide, asks Zadra to let her help Korab, claiming that the others can find their way easily enough. Zadra consents. However, the pair fall further and further behind. When they reach the designated exit at Wilcza Street, Korab is too weak to climb the upward sloping tunnel, so they rest for a while. He notices some <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> on the opposite wall, but cannot quite make it out. Daisy tells him it says "I love Janek", when the name is actually Jacek, Korab's first name. She decides that they should head in the direction of the river, which is only a short distance away and drives him on, not letting him stop. Finally, they see sunlight. By this time, Korab is half blind and at the end of his strength. He cannot see that the exit is closed off by metal bars.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daisy finally reveals her feelings for him, kissing him before telling him that he can rest for a while. </p><p>The main group follows Zadra for a while, but they become lost without Daisy. Finally, when Zadra tells Sergeant Kula to order them onward after a brief rest, they remain where they are. Kula lies and tells Zadra they are following in order to get him to keep going. Eventually, the only remaining soldier following Zadra and Kula is the mechanic Smukły. </p><p>Meanwhile, Mądry, Halinka and Michał are also lost. Eventually, Michał loses his mind and wanders away, playing an <a href="/wiki/Ocarina" title="Ocarina">ocarina</a>. Upon reaching a dead end, Mądry cries out that he has somebody to live for. When Halinka asks who, he tells her that he has a wife and child. She asks him to turn off his flashlight, and then shoots herself. Mądry finds an exit, but as soon as he has climbed out of the sewer he is disarmed by a German soldier and placed into the courtyard along with others who have come through the same manhole. Despondent, he kneels beside the bodies of others who have already been executed. </p><p>Zadra, Kula and Smukły miss the exit at Wilcza Street but find another - however it is booby trapped. Smukły disarms two German grenades, but is killed by the third and last. Zadra and Kula emerge from the sewer to find themselves in a deserted part of the ruined city. When Zadra tells Kula to bring up the rest of the men, Kula admits he lied and that they left them behind a long time ago. Enraged, Zadra shoots Kula and reluctantly heads back down into the sewer to search for his men. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Cast">Cast</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kana%C5%82&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cast" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_I%C5%BCewska" title="Teresa Iżewska">Teresa Iżewska</a> as "Stokrotka" (Daisy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Janczar" title="Tadeusz Janczar">Tadeusz Janczar</a> as "Korab" (Jacek)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wie%C5%84czys%C5%82aw_Gli%C5%84ski" title="Wieńczysław Gliński">Wieńczysław Gliński</a> as Lt. "Zadra"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Gwiazdowski" title="Tadeusz Gwiazdowski">Tadeusz Gwiazdowski</a> as Sgt. "Kula" (Bullet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Mikulski" title="Stanisław Mikulski">Stanisław Mikulski</a> as "Smukły" (Slim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Karewicz" title="Emil Karewicz">Emil Karewicz</a> as Lt. "Mądry" (Wise)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maciej_Maciejewski" title="Maciej Maciejewski">Maciej Maciejewski</a> as "Gustaw"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladek_Sheybal" title="Vladek Sheybal">Vladek Sheybal</a> as Michał, the composer (credited as Władysław Sheybal)</li> <li>Teresa Berezowska as Halinka</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kana%C5%82&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>The story and script were written by <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Stefan_Stawi%C5%84ski" title="Jerzy Stefan Stawiński">Jerzy Stefan Stawiński</a> who himself survived in the sewers as an officer of Armia Krajowa (the Polish underground resistance <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a>) during the Warsaw Uprising of August 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The film was produced by <a href="/wiki/KADR_(studio)" title="KADR (studio)">Zespół Filmowy "Kadr"</a> at Wytwornia Filmow Fabularnych (Feature Film Studio) in <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>, Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Kanal</i> premiered in Warsaw on April 20, 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Releases">Releases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kana%C5%82&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Releases" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p><i>Kanał</i> earned Wajda the <a href="/wiki/Jury_Prize_(Cannes_Film_Festival)" title="Jury Prize (Cannes Film Festival)">Special Jury Prize</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1957_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="1957 Cannes Film Festival">1957 Cannes Film Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-festival-cannes.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-festival-cannes.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film is largely free of the overt communist propaganda that characterised its predecessor, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Generation" title="A Generation">A Generation</a></i>. It was released after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a> regime of <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a>, which followed the death of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. </p><p>In April 2019, a restored version of the film was selected to be shown in the Cannes Classics section at the <a href="/wiki/2019_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="2019 Cannes Film Festival">2019 Cannes Film Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kana%C5%82&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reception" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>While Wajda’s debut film <i>A Generation</i> (1955) received a measured critical response, <i>Kanal</i> provoked widespread controversy and debate among Poles as to its merits. Donota Niemitz and Stefan Steinberg remark that “the film was not received favorably in Poland. The futile death of the uprising’s heroes, covered in dirt and excrement, did not correspond to the idealized picture of the nation’s martyrs.”<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critic Leon Buko in <i>Dziennik polski</i> complained “This whole Warsaw, this whole Rising wallows in filth, in the gutters of history…”<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Jackiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksander Jackiewicz (page does not exist)">Aleksander Jackiewicz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Jackiewicz" class="extiw" title="pl:Aleksander Jackiewicz">pl</a>]</span>, of the <i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i> wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Maybe <i>Kanal</i> will mark the beginning of the truth being told about history, about ourselves, about a whole generation. Perhaps it will prove to be art as a warning, art of purgation, a triumph of the heroism of life over the heroism of death.”<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Biographer Boleslaw Michalek adds that Jackiewicz placed emphasis on the skeptical note in the film, its confrontation with the legend of the Warsaw Rising, and by and large this was how reviewers hailed <i>Kanal</i> as a landmark in Polish cinema.”<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>, the film holds an approval rating of 100% based on <span class="nowrap">8 reviews</span>, with a <a href="/wiki/Weighted_average" class="mw-redirect" title="Weighted average">weighted average</a> rating of 8.1/10.<sup id="cite_ref-rotttomatoes_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rotttomatoes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Theme">Theme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kana%C5%82&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Theme" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>One of the principal themes in <i>Kanał</i> is “Polish heroism” and the notion that Poles have historically been prone to “acts of courage as futile as they [were] desperate.”<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wajda initially considered referencing some celebrated - and semi-suicidal - cavalry charges in Polish history, including those during the Napoleonic era’s <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samosierra" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Samosierra">Battle of Samosierra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Charge_of_Rokitna" title="Charge of Rokitna">Charge of Rokitna</a> in WWI and the legend of the <a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Krojanty" title="Charge at Krojanty">Charge at Krojanty</a>, reputedly on German tanks in 1939. These were to be presented in a pre-credit sequence of but ultimately were abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographer Bolesław Michałek observes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Here we have a definite comment “on Polish heroism”, an implicit critique of “Polishness”, the lack of political and social common sense, the propensity for disproportionately high sacrifices. According to this line of thinking, national history was one long chain of foolhardiness.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Historic manifestations of “romanticism and heroism” were deemed anachronistic in post-war Poland and challenged by appeals to “reason” and “political common sense.” Despite these political exposures, Wajda’s romantic, sensual style endows the characters in <i>Kanał</i> with “heroic dimensions.”<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The descent into the sewers has been compared to <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante’s</a> depiction of the souls damned in his <a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a>, and acknowledged as such by Wajda. Biographer Bolesław Michałek writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Kanał</i> is permeated by a virtually unrelieved mood of despair, bitterness and resignation. The whole structure is pivoted on the idea that there is no way out, no hope, no chance of deliverance. As in Dante, there is only a succession of narrowing circles of torment.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Political_assessment">Political assessment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kana%C5%82&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political assessment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p>The historical subject that Wajda addressed in <i>Kanal</i> was one of the most politically and socially charged topics in post-war Poland. Like the other films in his war trilogy, <i>Kanal</i> was “an honest and valuable attempt to portray the complexity of Polish contemporary history and politics.”<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film “masterfully” dramatizes the tragic fate of the men and women of a small unit of Polish Home Army resistance fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographer Bolestaw Michalek provides the context: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> One must bear in mind that the events in question were charged with controversy. The outbreak of the Rising on August 1, 1944 was ordered by the Home Army leaders in agreement with the Government-in-Exile in London, but no clear understanding was made with the command of the approaching Soviet armies…when a deadlock was reached at the Soviet front, a war of attrition was mounted [by the Nazis] against the insurgents…Gradually the remorseless German assault forced the insurgents to withdraw to <a href="/wiki/Mokot%C3%B3w" title="Mokotów">Mokotów</a>. After two months of fighting, the Home Army command surrendered,,,the price paid for the Rising was several hundred thousand dead and the immolation of the homes of over one million people.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Michalek adds that “Wajda’s treatment of the Warsaw Rising and the retreat through the sewers had a definite and deliberate historical and social edge.”<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-1950s, two fundamental perceptions had become established among Poles regarding the event. One was a popular romantic image of gallant young martyrs who died defending the homeland. The second was official skepticism as to the purity of the high-command’s motives in committing men and women patriots to a doomed endeavor.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wajda, responding to these dual social outlooks, attempted to synthesis these in <i>Kanal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polish critic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krzysztof_Teodor_Toeplitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krzysztof Teodor Toeplitz (page does not exist)">Krzysztof Teodor Toeplitz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Teodor_Toeplitz" class="extiw" title="pl:Krzysztof Teodor Toeplitz">pl</a>]</span> commented on the contrasting “heroic dimensions” of the characters in Kanal and the “latent skepticism” concerning the 1944 uprising: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> “Like all artists approaching this subject, Wajda has succumbed to certain pressures. On the one hand there was the rational pressure against delivering an <i>apologia</i> for the Rising and, on the other hand, the emotional pressure against taking a merciless criticism of the Rising. The film stopped halfway.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kana%C5%82&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Poland" title="Cinema of Poland">Cinema of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_language_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Polish language films">List of Polish language films</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kana%C5%82&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Footnotes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culture.pl/pl/dzielo/kanal">"Kanał"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kana%C5%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fculture.pl%2Fpl%2Fdzielo%2Fkanal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKana%C5%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michalek, 1973 p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Niemitz and Steinberg, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michalek, 1973 p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytv.pl/artykuly/najlepsze-filmy-historyczne-andrzeja-wajdy">"NAJLEPSZE FILMY HISTORYCZNE ANDRZEJA WAJDY"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NAJLEPSZE+FILMY+HISTORYCZNE+ANDRZEJA+WAJDY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytv.pl%2Fartykuly%2Fnajlepsze-filmy-historyczne-andrzeja-wajdy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKana%C5%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206032022/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/readArticleActu/55436.html">"festivalcannes.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/readArticleActu/55436.html">the original</a> on 6 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=festivalcannes.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festival-cannes.com%2Fen%2FreadArticleActu%2F55436.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKana%C5%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Niemitz and Steinberg, 2016: “Awarded the Silver Palm at the Cannes Film Festival…”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This scene is referenced toward the end of <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Chamber_of_Secrets_(film)" title="Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)">Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)</a> (2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michalek, 1973 p. 25: Stawiński’s “experiences as a young officer in the underground Army [during] the Warsaw Rising of August 1944…treatment of the events in which he had been directly involved…” And: “...story and screenplay…’ by Stawiński.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michalek, 1973 p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michalek, 1973 p. 36: “The premiere took place on April 20, 1957…”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-festival-cannes.com-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-festival-cannes.com_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3560/year/1957.html">"Festival de Cannes: Kanał"</a>. <i>festival-cannes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=festival-cannes.com&rft.atitle=Festival+de+Cannes%3A+Kana%C5%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festival-cannes.com%2Fen%2Farchives%2FficheFilm%2Fid%2F3560%2Fyear%2F1957.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKana%C5%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/press/press-articles/communique/articles/cannes-classics-2019-1">"Cannes Classics 2019"</a>. <i>Festival de Cannes</i>. 26 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Festival+de+Cannes&rft.atitle=Cannes+Classics+2019&rft.date=2019-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.festival-cannes.com%2Fen%2Fpress%2Fpress-articles%2Fcommunique%2Farticles%2Fcannes-classics-2019-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKana%C5%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Niemitz and Steinberg, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michalek, 1973 p. 35: “...a disgruntled critic…”, And see footnote p. 172 for source</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michalek, 1973 p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michalek, 1973 p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rotttomatoes-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rotttomatoes_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kanal_1957/">"Kanal (1961) - Rotten Tomatoes"</a>. <i>Rotten Tomatoes.com</i>. Rotten Tomatoes<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rotten+Tomatoes.com&rft.atitle=Kanal+%281961%29+-+Rotten+Tomatoes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Fm%2Fkanal_1957%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKana%C5%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michałek, 1973 p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michałek, 1973 p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michałek, 1973 p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michałek, 1973 p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michałek, 1973 p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michalek, 1973 p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Niemitz and Steinberg, 2016: Kanal “an honest and valuable attempt to portray the complexity of Polish contemporary history and politics.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Niemtz and Steinberg, 2016: “...Wajda masterfully recreates the last days in the lives of several Warsaw uprising fighters who attempt to make their way through the city’s sewer system.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michalek, 1973 p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WSWS, 2019: “When the Nazis abandoned the city in early 1945, 85 percent of its pre-war buildings no longer existed.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michalek, 1973 p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michalek, 1973 p. 30-31, And p. 53: “...two attitudes to this event were current in the public mind: skepticism…of what seemed another heroic but misguided episode in Polish history, and whole-hearted and unqualified acclamation of the legend of the valiant, indomitable young Poles.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Niemtz and Steinberg, 2016: “Controversy surrounded Wajda’s attitude towards national symbols and heroes…Wajda was widely criticized by some for accommodating himself to the Stalinist regime.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michalek, 1973 p. 25: “...a streak of skepticism as to the purpose and price of the heroism.” And: p.33: The “moral and historical ambiguity” of Kanal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michalek, 1973 p. 34-35</span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kana%C5%82&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boles%C5%82aw_Micha%C5%82ek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolesław Michałek (page does not exist)">Michalek, Boleslaw</a>. 1973. <i>The Cinema of Andrzej Wajda.</i> The Tanvity Press. A. S. Barnes and Company. New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-498-01325-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-498-01325-1">0-498-01325-1</a></li> <li>Niemitz, Dorata and Steinberg, Stefan. 2016. <i>Polish film and theatre director Andrzej Wajda dead at 90.</i> <a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Web_Site" title="World Socialist Web Site">World Socialist Web Site</a>, 14 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2016/10/14/wajd-o14.html">https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2016/10/14/wajd-o14.html</a> Retrieved 4 July 2022.</li> <li>World Socialist Web Site. 2019 <i>75 years ago: Warsaw uprising violently suppressed by Nazi occupiers</i>. World Socialist Web Site. 30 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2019/09/30/twih-s30.html">https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2019/09/30/twih-s30.html</a> Retrieved 8 July 2022.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kana%C5%82&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0050585/"><i>Kanal</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v26916"><i>Kanał</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMovie" title="AllMovie">AllMovie</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kanal_1957"><i>Kanal</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/1054-kanal"><i>Kanał</i></a> an essay by <a href="/wiki/John_Simon_(critic)" title="John Simon (critic)">John Simon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Criterion_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Criterion Collection">Criterion Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmpolski.pl/fp/index.php/122392"><i>Kanał</i></a> on <i>filmpolski.pl</i> database</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wajda.pl/en/filmy/film02.html">Andrzej Wajda on <i>Kanał</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanał&oldid=1252381182">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanał&oldid=1252381182</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Kana%C5%82&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Mellamelina" data-user-gender="female" data-timestamp="1729478122"> <span>Last edited on 21 October 2024, at 02:35</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal_(film,_1956)" title="Kanal (film, 1956) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kanal (film, 1956)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC)" title="Канал (филм) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Канал (филм)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana%C5%82" title="Kanał – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kanał" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Kanal" title="Der Kanal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Der Kanal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal" title="Kanal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kanal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanalo_(filmo)" title="Kanalo (filmo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kanalo (filmo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84_(%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B5%DB%B6)" title="کانال (فیلم ۱۹۵۶) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کانال (فیلم ۱۹۵۶)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ils_aimaient_la_vie" title="Ils aimaient la vie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ils aimaient la vie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%82%A0_(%EC%98%81%ED%99%94)" title="카날 (영화) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카날 (영화)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81%D6%84_(%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B4,_1957)" title="Ջրանցք (ֆիլմ, 1957) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջրանցք (ֆիլմ, 1957)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_dannati_di_Varsavia" title="I dannati di Varsavia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="I dannati di Varsavia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%9C_(%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98)" title="קנל (סרט) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קנל (סרט)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan%C4%81ls_(filma)" title="Kanāls (filma) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kanāls (filma)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csatorna_(film)" title="Csatorna (film) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csatorna (film)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D0%B4_1957)" title="Канал (филм од 1957) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Канал (филм од 1957)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het_riool_der_verschrikking" title="Het riool der verschrikking – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Het riool der verschrikking" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%B4%E9%81%93_(%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB)" title="地下水道 (映画) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地下水道 (映画)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana%C5%82_(film)" title="Kanał (film) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kanał (film)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana%C5%82" title="Kanał – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kanał" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalul_(film_din_1957)" title="Canalul (film din 1957) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Canalul (film din 1957)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC,_1957)" title="Канал (фильм, 1957) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Канал (фильм, 1957)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana%C5%82" title="Kanał – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kanał" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal_(film)" title="Kanal (film) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kanal (film)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal_%E2%80%93_kirottujen_tie" title="Kanal – kirottujen tie – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kanal – kirottujen tie" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medan_d%C3%B6den_v%C3%A4ntar" title="Medan döden väntar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Medan döden väntar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana%C5%82" title="Kanał – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kanał" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC,_1957)" title="Канал (фільм, 1957) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Канал (фільм, 1957)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%B4%E9%81%93_(%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1)" title="下水道 (电影) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="下水道 (电影)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page 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