Critical Lessons from US Withdrawals in Afghanistan and Vietnam

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Blinken, who is currently attending the UN General Assembly, did not attend the hearing and Committee Chair McCaul held a vote to hold Blinken in contempt of Congress. 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</div><div class="columns-wrap pagewidth pw1400 clearfix"><div id="secondary-left" class="secondary"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rscottadams12/" title="Profile and articles by R. Scott Adams" class="author url fn" rel="author">R. Scott Adams</a></p><p class="date">October 3, 2024</p><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-bluesky"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-bluesky-103348" class="share-bluesky sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103348/afghanistan-protect-allies/?share=bluesky" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Bluesky" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Bluesky (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-twitter-103348" class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103348/afghanistan-protect-allies/?share=twitter" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Twitter" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-103348" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103348/afghanistan-protect-allies/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-linkedin-103348" class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103348/afghanistan-protect-allies/?share=linkedin" target="_blank" title="Click to share on LinkedIn" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103348/afghanistan-protect-allies/?share=reddit" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Reddit" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-print sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103348/afghanistan-protect-allies/#print" target="_blank" title="Click to print" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to print (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/afghanistan/" rel="tag">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congress/" rel="tag">Congress</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congressional-oversight/" rel="tag">Congressional Oversight</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/state-department/" rel="tag">Department of State</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/henry-kissinger/" rel="tag">Henry Kissinger</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/house-foreign-affairs-committee-hfac/" rel="tag">House Foreign Affairs Committee (HFAC)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/house-of-representatives/" rel="tag">House of Representatives</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/military/" rel="tag">Military</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/protection-of-civilians/" rel="tag">Protection of civilians</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/richard-nixon/" rel="tag">Richard Nixon</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/special-immigrant-visa/" rel="tag">Special Immigrant Visa</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/taliban/" rel="tag">Taliban</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-states/" rel="tag">United States (US)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/vietnam/" rel="tag">Vietnam</a></p></div></div><main id="primary" tabindex="-1" class="content-body clearfix" role="main"><article class="client-ui clearfix"><div class="print-authors"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rscottadams12/" title="Profile and articles by R. Scott Adams" class="author url fn" rel="author">R. Scott Adams</a></p><p class="date">October 3, 2024</p></div><p>Last month, the U.S. House of Representatives <a href="https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/">Committee on Foreign Affairs</a> released the final <a href="https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/WILLFULL-BLINDNESS-An-Assessment-of-the-Biden-Harris%20Administrations-Withdrawal-from-Afghanistan-and-the-Chaos-that-Followed.pdf">report</a> of an investigation into the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan. The report follows a substantially similar House Republican interim <a href="https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/HFAC-Republican-Interim-Report-A-22Strategic-Failure22-Assessing-the-Administrations-Afghanistan-Withdrawal.pdf">r</a><a href="https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/HFAC-Republican-Interim-Report-A-22Strategic-Failure22-Assessing-the-Administrations-Afghanistan-Withdrawal.pdf">eport</a> published in 2022, but was ostensibly broader in its consideration of the “catastrophe” caused during the U.S. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/08/10/afghanistan-withdrawal-timeline/">exit</a> in the summer of 2021.</p> <p>The report provides a trove of new information about the withdrawal along with recommendations for future operations. In particular, it encourages Congress to pass legislation to require executive branch agencies to better prepare for and plan “noncombatant evacuation operations” – the evacuation of civilians from a threatened area outside the United States, which are often referred to as “NEOs” – when certain security conditions deteriorate abroad. In pursuing any such reform, it would be wise to look to other historical precedents, including the U.S. government’s evacuation of 140,000 Vietnamese and Cambodian allies from North Vietnam in the mid-1970s.</p> <h2><strong>Political Dynamics of the Committee’s Report</strong></h2> <p>The Committee is transparently motivated by more than a desire to document historical lessons, as demonstrated by the descriptive title on its cover (“Willful Blindness: An Assessment of the Biden-Harris Administration’s Withdrawal from Afghanistan and the Chaos that Followed”). Before the report was released, the Democratic members of the Committee released a <a href="https://democrats-foreignaffairs.house.gov/_cache/files/a/0/a05d09c4-4b27-4382-9818-0227a0156896/70CCFC2998DF868322F60057FF59079D.hfac-democratic-staff-memo-afghanistan-investigation-final-for-posting.pdf">minority staff memorandum</a> criticizing the report, and suggesting the Congressionally-mandated <a href="https://www.afghanistanwarcommission.org">Afghanistan </a><a href="https://www.afghanistanwarcommission.org">War </a><a href="https://www.afghanistanwarcommission.org">Commission</a> is conducting a more meaningful effort to draw lessons from the end of America’s longest war. The Commission released its first <a href="https://www.afghanistanwarcommission.org/s/Afghanistan-War-Commission-First-Interim-Report-td3r.pdf">interim report</a> last month detailing its objectives and methodology to meet its mandate by 2026.</p> <p>Shortly after the Committee released its report, the State Department released a lengthy <a href="https://www.state.gov/state-department-comment-on-house-foreign-affairs-committee-afghanistan-review/">rebuttal</a>, stating it would “not stand by silently” while being used to “further partisan agendas.” The National Security Council also <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/press-briefings/2024/09/09/press-briefing-by-press-secretary-karine-jean-pierre-and-national-security-communications-adviser-john-kirby/">dismissed</a> the report as partisan, and much of the <a href="https://apnews.com/article/house-republicans-afghanistan-withdrawal-kabul-abbey-gate-cdf9578d3fef6201ee44fafb5f5d5acd">media</a> seems to agree.</p> <p>Notwithstanding the many disagreements between the Committee and executive branch agencies, the report provides a trove of information on the withdrawal, including over 100 pages endnotes pointing to interview transcripts, hearings, and 20,000 pages of U.S. government records, among others. The report also provides substantial recommendations for future operations, some of which are similar to the State Department’s unclassified March 2022 <a href="https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/State-AAR-AFG.pdf">After-Action Review</a>, including organizational changes for crisis response, and communication with U.S. citizens abroad. When it comes to future NEOs, the report recommends concrete legislative action which, if implemented, could provide a clearly codified process for initiating these important operations.</p> <h2><strong>A U.S. Mistake to Sign the Doha Agreement</strong></h2> <p>Additionally, the Democratic members of the Committee and the State Department forcefully object to the Committee’s description of the planning shortfalls for the NEO, and efforts to process former U.S. government employees applying for the <a href="https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/immigrate/special-immg-visa-afghans-employed-us-gov.html">Special Immigrant Visa</a> (SIV), among others. However, there is one point on which all of these groups agree: That it was a mistake to <a href="https://www.npr.org/2020/02/29/810537586/u-s-signs-peace-deal-with-taliban-after-nearly-2-decades-of-war-in-afghanistan">sign</a> the “<a href="https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Agreement-For-Bringing-Peace-to-Afghanistan-02.29.20.pdf">Doha Agreement</a><u>,</u>” which committed the United States to withdrawing its troops and contractors from Afghanistan, with the Taliban in February 2020. Even before Congress’ interim report in 2022, the U.S. Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) <a href="https://www.sigar.mil/pdf/evaluations/SIGAR-22-22-IP.pdf">concluded</a> that the “single most important factor” for the collapse of the Afghan National Defense and Security Forces was “signing the U.S.-Taliban agreement.” The State Department similarly <a href="https://www.state.gov/state-department-comment-on-house-foreign-affairs-committee-afghanistan-review/">called</a> it “a flawed agreement,” and the Committee report (and its minority memorandum) provided a series of criticisms of both the negotiation process and the substance of the final agreement.</p> <p>A more thorough analysis of the Doha Agreement, published soon after it was signed, can be found <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/69154/the-u-s-taliban-agreement-not-a-ceasefire-or-a-peace-agreement-and-other-international-law-issues/">here</a>. But the Committee report provides helpful background and insight into the negotiations. U.S. officials had been attempting to <a href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2011/02/156815.htm">negotiate</a> peace with the Taliban since at least 2011. Those efforts had mostly been fruitless until a <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/28/world/asia/us-taliban-afghanistan-talks.html">batch of negotiations</a> began in 2018, after President Donald Trump selected Ambassador Zalmay Khalilzad to <a href="https://www.npr.org/2018/09/05/641094135/zalmay-khalilzad-appointed-as-u-s-special-adviser-to-afghanistan">serve</a> as the Special Representative for Afghanistan Reconciliation. The Committee’s <a href="https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Interview-of-Zalmay-Khalilzad_Redacted_COMPILED.pdf">interview</a> of Khalilzad is especially helpful in understanding the thinking of U.S. officials before, during, and after negotiations with the Taliban.</p> <p>Khalilzad ostensibly seemed like a good choice, given his background. He was raised in Kabul, received a Ph.D. in political science from the University of Chicago, and had previously <a href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/government/khalilzad-bio.html">served</a> as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, Iraq, and Afghanistan. But the Committee report seems determined to place blame for the agreement on Khalilzad, describing his efforts to work with the Taliban as naïve, at best. The minority memorandum points to testimony from Khalilzad (and that of other U.S. officials) indicating that Trump “was impatient to get out of Afghanistan” regardless of any agreement. The Committee report states that Khalilzad was dismissive of reports that the Taliban was not negotiating in good faith, emphasizing instead the written agreement itself, which in fact, was decidedly lopsided in favor of the Taliban. In substance, the agreement requires specific, measurable steps from the United States, in exchange for vague promises about security from the Taliban (e.g., “the Taliban will not allow any of its members, or other individuals or groups … to use the soil of Afghanistan to threaten the security of the United States and its allies.”).</p> <p>The Doha Agreement required the United States to remove all U.S. Forces from Afghanistan (down to 8,600 within 135 days of signing, and full withdrawal 9.5 months later), and agreed to seek a 5:1 prisoner swap within a short period of time. The Committee report repeats SIGAR’s finding that the agreement de-legitimized the Afghan government by cutting it out of the negotiations. Although the agreement consistently refers to the Taliban by qualifying that it “is not recognized by the United States as a state,” the terms of the agreement clearly envisioned the Taliban as the controlling power over Afghanistan. For example, the Doha Agreement prohibits the Taliban from issuing passports or visas to enter Afghanistan “to those who pose a threat to the security of the United States.”</p> <p>The Committee report points to other specifics in the agreement, which accelerated the collapse of the Afghan government, including the removal of U.S. contractors, which effectively eliminated the Afghan government’s ability to continue air operations, and the demoralizing effect the agreement had on Afghan Forces. The report even goes so far as to assert that the agreement undermined long-standing U.S. policy not to negotiate with terrorists.</p> <h2><strong>Learning from the U.S. Withdrawal from Vietnam</strong></h2> <p>But of course, the Doha Agreement is not the first U.S. experience in negotiating peace with an enemy over the objections of a more proximate ally. In January 1973, the U.S. signed “The Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Viet Nam” (also known as “<a href="https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20935/volume-935-I-13295-English.pdf">the Paris Accords</a>”). The Paris Accords was the first agreement signed by the United States to <a href="https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1914&context=cilj">end an armed conflict</a> since 1951, as peace treaties became less common following the U.N. Charter. Similar to the Doha Agreement, it was not submitted to the Senate for ratification, but was concluded as an <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/62180/executive-agreements-international-lawmaking-accountability/">e</a><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/62180/executive-agreements-international-lawmaking-accountability/">xecutive </a><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/62180/executive-agreements-international-lawmaking-accountability/">a</a><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/62180/executive-agreements-international-lawmaking-accountability/">greement</a> (authorized by statute rather than treaties under <a href="https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/article-2/">Article II</a> of the U.S. Constitution). In the case of Vietnam, the United States had been conducting formal negotiations to end the war since May 1968.</p> <p>For years, North Vietnam would not compromise on its demands, a negotiating posture which President Richard Nixon found unacceptable and <a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-the-nation-making-public-plan-for-peace-vietnam">described</a> as requiring the United States to “join our enemy to overthrow our ally.” More <a href="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/download.aspx?name=17-053.pdf">productive negotiations</a> occurred privately in late 1972 between the U.S. National Security Advisor, Henry Kissinger, and North Vietnam’s lead negotiator, Le Duc Thu. The two men who would later receive the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts (Thu <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/tho/facts/">refused to accept</a>). Substantively, the Paris Accords agreed to, among other things, an indefinite cease-fire, withdrawal of U.S. Forces (but not contractors), and a return of all prisoners of war. It also established an international organization to observe the agreement’s implementation.</p> <p>Unlike the Doha Agreement, the Paris Accords included South Vietnam as a party, though South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Theiu did not agree to sign the final draft until after Nixon issued an <a href="https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/sites/default/files/pdf_documents/library/document/0005/1561601.pdf">ultimatum</a>, and a written promise to respond to violations with U.S. airpower. Also, unlike the Doha Agreement, U.S. officials negotiating the Paris Accords understood they were under extreme domestic pressure to withdraw U.S. forces, with or without any agreement in place. For example, earlier that year the U.S. House Democratic Caucus, in the majority in 1973, voted in favor of a <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/03/archives/congress-critics-of-war-threaten-to-fight-funding-house-democrats.html">policy</a> requiring the immediate withdrawal of all U.S. Forces from Vietnam, conditioned only on the return of U.S. prisoners of war.</p> <p>Many critics question Nixon and Kissinger’s motives in concluding the agreement, arguing they did not seek peace, but a “<a href="https://millercenter.org/kissingers-foreign-policy-legacy-tainted-vietnam">decent interval</a>” to avoid the appearance of defeat. But Kissinger states in his <a href="https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Ending-the-Vietnam-War/Henry-Kissinger/9780743215329">memoir</a>, <em>Ending the Vietnam War</em>, that he understood the Paris Accords were unlikely to result in lasting peace. He <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1973/kissinger/acceptance-speech/">optimistically hoped</a> North Vietnam would adhere to its terms because of what he viewed as the agreement’s carrot and stick. The stick, though not mentioned in the agreement itself, was the <a href="https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/sites/default/files/pdf_documents/library/document/0005/1561601.pdf">threat</a> of U.S. airpower. The carrot was an unspecified amount of financial reparations that Article 21 of the Paris Accords promised the United States would provide North Vietnam for “healing the wounds of war.” In fact, when North Vietnam commenced its <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tet-Offensive">full-scale invasion</a> two years later, there was no U.S. airpower response, and Congress never appropriated any funds for reparations.</p> <p>In the abstract, an international agreement is naturally an ideal solution when both sides hold the same primary goal. Namely, in these two cases, the withdrawal of U.S. Forces. But perhaps the single biggest lesson to learn <strong>again</strong> from the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan is one that seems obvious: It is generally a mistake to negotiate an agreement with an enemy that does not respect the rule of law.</p> <h2><strong>Better Planning for NEO Procedures</strong></h2> <p>Perhaps one other item worth highlighting from the Committee report is its recommendation for legislative action to establish authorities, responsibilities, and mandatory triggers for NEO planning and execution. This recommendation was provided, in part, because the Committee report describes a series of challenges faced by U.S. officials in executing the NEO from Afghanistan. Among other challenges, U.S. officials in Kabul in August 2021 were often unclear about who qualified for evacuation among the vaguely defined “at-risk Afghans.” Three clear categories eventually surfaced: (1) U.S. citizens and their family members, (2) Special Immigrant Visa, applicants with documents or other evidence to <a href="https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/immigrate/special-immg-visa-afghans-employed-us-gov.html">indicate</a> they “could be approvable,” for the visa, and (3) others permitted for undefined humanitarian reasons. The Committee reports that in August 2021 the first category included approximately 12,000, the second approximately 20,000, with the remainder in the final category of humanitarian parolees. The report states that ultimately 120,000 were evacuated. But just as in Saigon in 1975, the report states that “the heartbreaking task of determining who could or could not get inside the gates” was determined primarily by “rank-and-file servicemembers and foreign service officers,” often in moments of chaos.</p> <p>In 1975 the U.S. Ambassador to Vietnam was similarly <a href="https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/Bitter-Memories.pdf">reluctant</a> to plan for an evacuation, fearing it would incite panic. But when evacuation of U.S. citizens became inevitable, U.S. officials sought to bring those Vietnamese persons for whom the United States held what President Gerald Ford <a href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v16/d143">called</a> “a direct and special obligation.” It would ultimately include approximately 140,000 Vietnamese and Cambodians. But in April 1975, there was ambiguity as to whether the U.S. government had the legal authority to evacuate Vietnamese citizens and bring them to the United States. This question was answered through two actions: (1) The Attorney General exercised a rarely used <a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-66/pdf/STATUTE-66-Pg163.pdf">power</a> to formally grant parole status to certain categories of Vietnamese and Cambodian persons under what was Section 212(d)(5) of the Immigration and Naturalization Act (INA), and (2) Congress created the <a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-89/pdf/STATUTE-89-Pg87.pdf">Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1975</a>, authorizing $455 million to assist persons “who have fled from Cambodia or Vietnam.”</p> <p>In Afghanistan, Congress had already created a statutory framework for many evacuees through the <a href="https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title8-section1101&num=0&edition=prelim">Afghan Allies Protection Act</a>, and others were similarly granted parole by the secretary for homeland security under the INA. However, as the State Department rebuttal suggests, NEOs are complex operations that require extensive coordination within the U.S. government, and international agreements with allies. Currently, <a href="https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/12656.html">Executive Order 12656</a>, makes clear that the State Department holds primary responsibility for the evacuation of U.S. citizens abroad, in consultation with the Department of Defense. But perhaps the most comprehensive source on NEOs is the Department of Defense’s doctrine, <a href="https://www.afpc.af.mil/Portals/70/documents/CRISIS%20SUPPPORT/JP3_68%20Joint%20Noncombatant%20Evacuation%20Opeations%20(Leadership).pdf">Joint Publication 3-68</a>, “Joint Noncombatant Evacuation Operations.” Though not legally binding, the document establishes clear roles and responsibilities for Defense Department personnel and describes the roles performed by other agencies.</p> <p>Questions of broad authority and responsibility are not generally problematic for NEOs once the process has begun. However, a binding law may help codify these roles, and more specifically, as the Committee report recommends, a statute could also create specific, mandatory triggers for NEO planning and execution. This could, potentially, clarify some confusion over the initiation of a NEO. Whereas today JP 3-68 states a NEO is initiated upon request by the secretary of state, the Committee report suggests a requirement for NEO preparations to begin anytime a U.S. diplomatic mission is designated at <a href="https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/international-travel/before-you-go/about-our-new-products.html">Level 4 Travel Advisory</a> (Level 4 is the highest level of travel warning issued by the State Department, based on safety and security concerns. Level 4 indicates “Do Not Travel”). Formal travel advisory designations may also be subject to secretary of state discretion, but establishing a statutory trigger would, at least, place NEO initiation within clear, formalized process. The Committee optimistically hopes such a process could more effectively avoid repeating the chaos seen in Saigon and Kabul.</p> <h6><em>IMAGE: U.S. House of Representatives Foreign Affairs Committee Chair Michael McCaul (R-TX) (C) presides over a hearing scheduled with Secretary of State Antony Blinken on the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan at the Rayburn House Office Building on Sept. 24, 2024, in Washington, D.C. (Photo by Kevin Dietsch via Getty Images)</em></h6> <div class="icon-end-post"></div><div class="mobile-post-tags"><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/afghanistan/" rel="tag">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congress/" rel="tag">Congress</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congressional-oversight/" rel="tag">Congressional Oversight</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/state-department/" rel="tag">Department of State</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/henry-kissinger/" rel="tag">Henry Kissinger</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/house-foreign-affairs-committee-hfac/" rel="tag">House Foreign Affairs Committee (HFAC)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/house-of-representatives/" rel="tag">House of Representatives</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/military/" rel="tag">Military</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/protection-of-civilians/" rel="tag">Protection of civilians</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/richard-nixon/" rel="tag">Richard Nixon</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/special-immigrant-visa/" rel="tag">Special Immigrant Visa</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/taliban/" rel="tag">Taliban</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-states/" rel="tag">United States (US)</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/vietnam/" rel="tag">Vietnam</a></p></div></div></article></main><div id="secondary-right" class="secondary" role="complementary"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-signup/" class="button has-icon icon-pm">Signups for A.M. & P.M. Emails</a><aside id="search-3" class="widget widget_search clearfix"> <form role="search" method="get" id="default-searchform" class="searchform" data-author-action="https://www.justsecurity.org/author-search/" data-default-action="https://www.justsecurity.org/search-results/" action="https://www.justsecurity.org/search-results/"> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Search for: </span> <input type="search" class="search-field" name="searchwp" placeholder="Search posts, authors, media..." value="" title="Search for:" /> <button type="submit" class="search-submit"><i class="fa fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></i></button> </form> <div class="advanced-search"> <input type="checkbox" autocomplete="off" id="author-search" /> Search authors only </div> </aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Featured Articles</h3></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-3" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><div class="flexible-content posts custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:450px;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/107929/us-foreign-aid-freeze-middle-east-north-africa/">The Disastrous Costs of the Foreign Aid Freeze on US Interests in the Middle East and North Africa</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/binderseth/" title="Profile and articles by Seth Binder" class="author url fn" rel="author">Seth Binder</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/colesheridan/" title="Profile and articles by Sheridan Cole" class="author url fn" rel="author">Sheridan Cole</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/welchhaydn/" title="Profile and articles by Haydn Welch" class="author url fn" rel="author">Haydn Welch</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 14th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/107708/purges-doj-fbi-civil-service-laws/">What Just Happened: Purges at the DOJ and FBI — How Do and Don’t the Civil Service Laws Apply</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hillsroderick/" title="Profile and articles by Roderick M. Hills" class="author url fn" rel="author">Roderick M. Hills</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 14th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106653/collection-trump-administration-executive-actions/">Collection: Just Security’s Coverage of the Trump Administration Executive Actions</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 14th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/107842/democracy-human-rights-activists-undermined/">Freezing Support to Democracy and Human Rights Activists Undermines US Interests</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/busbyscott/" title="Profile and articles by Scott Busby" class="author url fn" rel="author">Scott Busby</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 13th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/107864/foreign-aid-freeze-incompatible-freedom/">Supporting Freedom and a Foreign Aid Freeze are Incompatible — But Perhaps the Point? A Case Study</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/thorntonlaura/" title="Profile and articles by Laura Thornton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Laura Thornton</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 13th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/107809/tech-companies-election-threats-regulation/">The Munich Security Conference Provides an Opportunity to Improve on the AI Elections Accord</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/givensalexandrareeve/" title="Profile and articles by Alexandra Reeve Givens" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alexandra Reeve Givens</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 13th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/107770/cartels-foreign-terrorism-designation/">The Need for Course Correction: The Risks of Treating Drug Cartels as Terrorist Threats</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/harvindonell/" title="Profile and articles by Donell Harvin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Donell Harvin</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 12th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/107584/what-just-happened-security-implications-of-trumps-efforts-to-trim-the-cia-workforce/">What Just Happened: Security Implications of Trump’s Efforts to Trim the CIA Workforce</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/finleyalex/" title="Profile and articles by Alex Finley" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alex Finley</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 7th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/107245/deepseek-ai-competition/">What DeepSeek Really Changes About AI Competition</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/pilzkonstantinf/" title="Profile and articles by Konstantin F. Pilz" class="author url fn" rel="author">Konstantin F. Pilz</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/heimlennart/" title="Profile and articles by Lennart Heim" class="author url fn" rel="author">Lennart Heim</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 3rd, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/107267/can-president-dissolve-usaid-by-executive-order/">Can the President Dissolve USAID by Executive Order?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 1st, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/107110/trump-purge-justice-department/">The Real Reason Trump’s Purge of Career DOJ Officials Should Alarm You</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/zdebsara/" title="Profile and articles by Sara Zdeb" class="author url fn" rel="author">Sara Zdeb</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 30th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/107094/deferred-resignation-dubious-federal-employees/">Beware the “Deferred Resignation” Offer: A Legally Dubious Proposal for Federal Employees</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/summerlinsuzanne/" title="Profile and articles by Suzanne Summerlin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Suzanne Summerlin</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 29th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/107030/invasion-executive-order-military-authorities/">What Just Happened: The Framing of a Migration “Invasion” and the Use of Military Authorities</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bankswilliam/" title="Profile and articles by William Banks" class="author url fn" rel="author">William Banks</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 29th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/107029/fbi-director-weaponization-government-executive-order/">Understanding Trump’s Choice for FBI Leadership in Light of the“Weaponization of the Federal Government” Executive Order</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/gersonstuart/" title="Profile and articles by Stuart M. Gerson" class="author url fn" rel="author">Stuart M. Gerson</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 29th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106969/trump-dictatorial-theory-presidential-power-executive-orders/">Trump’s Dictatorial Theory of Presidential Power – What the Executive Orders, in the Aggregate, Tell Us</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/coxadam/" title="Profile and articles by Adam Cox" class="author url fn" rel="author">Adam Cox</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/morrisontrevor/" title="Profile and articles by Trevor Morrison" class="author url fn" rel="author">Trevor Morrison</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 28th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106953/invasion-executive-order-implications/">What Just Happened: The “Invasion” Executive Order and Its Dangerous Implications</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sominilya/" title="Profile and articles by Ilya Somin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ilya Somin</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 28th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106919/stopped-security-assistance/">Stopped Security Assistance: From Counter-Narcotics to Combating Human Trafficking Programs</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/randdafnah/" title="Profile and articles by Dafna H. Rand" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dafna H. Rand</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 28th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106856/international-criminal-court-call-for-justice/">We Need the International Legal Order: A Call to Protect the International Criminal Court</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/iccasppresidents/" title="Profile and articles by The Current and Former Presidents of the Assembly of States Parties of the International Criminal Court" class="author url fn" rel="author">The Current and Former Presidents of the Assembly of States Parties of the International Criminal Court</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 27th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106775/israel-hamas-ceasefire/">Israel-Hamas Ceasefire: Temporary Reprieve or Sustainable Peace?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/millerandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Miller" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Miller</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 27th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106846/syria-international-criminal-court/">Syria Needs the International Criminal Court</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rothkenneth/" title="Profile and articles by Kenneth Roth" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kenneth Roth</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 27th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106804/what-just-happened-trumps-executive-actions-us-climate-security/">What Just Happened: Trump’s Executive Actions on Environment and Implications for US Climate Security</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ellisontom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Ellison" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Ellison</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 24th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106738/trump-privacy-oversight-board-surveillance/">What Just Happened: What Trump’s Hobbling of the Privacy Oversight Board Portends for Exercise of Surveillance Powers</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 22nd, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106689/january-6-pardons-statistics/">What Just Happened: Trump’s January 6 Pardons and Assaults on Law Enforcement Officers By The Numbers</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 22nd, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106593/national-emergency-southern-border-order/">What Just Happened: Unpacking Exec Order on National Emergency at the Southern Border</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nevittmark/" title="Profile and articles by Mark Nevitt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mark Nevitt</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 21st, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106627/what-just-happened-with-icc-sanctions/">What Just Happened: With ICC Sanctions</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hamiltonrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Hamilton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Hamilton</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 21st, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106567/bidens-cybersecurity-eo-what-comes-next-trump/">Biden’s Cybersecurity Executive Order and What Comes Next Under Trump</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aarondavid/" title="Profile and articles by David Aaron" class="author url fn" rel="author">David Aaron</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 21st, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106509/georgia-protests-trump-influence/">Crisis in Georgia: Why the Trump Administration Should Step In To Shore Up US Influence</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kellyian/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kramerdavidj/" title="Profile and articles by David J. Kramer" class="author url fn" rel="author">David J. Kramer</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 17th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106427/unpacking-the-biden-administrations-executive-order-on-ai-infrastructure/">Unpacking the Biden Administration’s Executive Order on AI Infrastructure</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 16th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106278/highlights-jack-smith-january-6th-final-report/">3 Highlights in Special Counsel Jack Smith’s Final Report on 2020 Election Subversion Case</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 14th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106313/questions-pam-bondi-attorney-general/">Questions for Senators (And Journalists) to Ask Attorney General Nominee Pam Bondi</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 14th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106317/questions-rubio-secretary-of-state-nominee/">Questions for Senators (and Journalists) to Ask Secretary of State Nominee Marco Rubio</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 14th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106283/how-not-to-decide-tiktok-u-s-press-freedom-hangs-in-the-balance/">How Not to Decide TikTok: U.S. press freedom hangs in the balance</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/coledavid/" title="Profile and articles by David Cole" class="author url fn" rel="author">David Cole</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 13th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106247/inspector-general-january-6th/">Unpacking the Inspector General Report on January 6th and FBI “False Flag” Conspiracies</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 10th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106146/national-security-resilience-reform/">National Security Resilience and Reform: Trump 2.0 and Beyond</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kohharold/" title="Profile and articles by Harold Hongju Koh" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harold Hongju Koh</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 8th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106105/announcement-ai-emerging-technologies-initiative/">Announcing Just Security’s Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technologies Initiative</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 6th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105879/suing-taliban-icj-abuses-afghan-women/">Suing the Taliban at the ICJ Over Abuses of Afghan Women Isn’t a Panacea. Countries Must Do More Now.</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/huckerbyjayne/" title="Profile and articles by Jayne Huckerby" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jayne Huckerby</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 3rd, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105991/just-security-2024-book-recommendations/">The Just Security 2024 Year-End Book Recommendations</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 24th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105981/ukraine-russia-human-safari-tactic/">Russia’s “Human Safari” Terror Tactic in Key Southeastern Ukraine Region of Kherson</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sapuppomercedes/" title="Profile and articles by Mercedes Sapuppo" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mercedes Sapuppo</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105944/us-iran-diplomacy-nuclear/">U.S. Options for Iran Diplomacy in 2025</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/davenportkelsey/" title="Profile and articles by Kelsey Davenport" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kelsey Davenport</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105917/interim-report-icj-climate-opinion/">An Interim Report on the ICJ’s Climate Advisory Opinion</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hericorina/" title="Profile and articles by Corina Heri" class="author url fn" rel="author">Corina Heri</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105909/challenging-china-human-rights/">New Challenges to Xi Jinping’s Alternative Facts on Taiwan: Lessons for the Human Rights Space, Too</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/richardsonsophie/" title="Profile and articles by Sophie Richardson" class="author url fn" rel="author">Sophie Richardson</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105752/ai-presidency/">The AI Presidency: What “America First” Means for Global AI Governance</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105735/trump-administration-sanctions-africa/">The First Trump Administration Used Sanctions Effectively in Africa. Here’s How That Can Resume in the Second Term.</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bradbrooksrubin/" title="Profile and articles by Brad Brooks-Rubin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brad Brooks-Rubin</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 13th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105708/icc-standard-proof-head-state/">Does the Int’l Criminal Court Impose Too Low a Standard of Proof to Arrest a Head of State?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/buchwaldtodd/" title="Profile and articles by Todd Buchwald" class="author url fn" rel="author">Todd Buchwald</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/trumbullcharlie/" title="Profile and articles by Charlie Trumbull" class="author url fn" rel="author">Charlie Trumbull</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105638/biden-bosnia-security-troops/">Biden’s Unfinished Business: A Bridge to Shore Up a European Flank – in the Balkans</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bassuenerkurt/" title="Profile and articles by Kurt Bassuener" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kurt Bassuener</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105640/georgia-protests-us-sanctions/">Georgia Risks Falling to a Violent One-Party Regime. The Biden Administration Must Act Now to Stop Its Slide.</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kramerdavidj/" title="Profile and articles by David J. Kramer" class="author url fn" rel="author">David J. Kramer</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kellyian/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 11th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105627/syria-freedom-governance-local-approach-constitutionalism/">Syrians’ Pursuit of Freedom and Self-Governance: Prioritizing a Locally-Driven and Incremental Approach to Constitutionalism</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/alrwishdideyaa/" title="Profile and articles by Deyaa Alrwishdi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Deyaa Alrwishdi</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hamiltonrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Hamilton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Hamilton</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 11th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105593/foreign-agent-laws-impact/">The Spreading Impact of Restrictive ‘Foreign Agent’ Laws and How to Stop Them</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/cameronjasmine/" title="Profile and articles by Jasmine D. Cameron" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jasmine D. Cameron</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nicolafernandag/" title="Profile and articles by Fernanda G. Nicola" class="author url fn" rel="author">Fernanda G. Nicola</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105064/mapping-state-reactions-icc/">Mapping State Reactions to the ICC Arrest Warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ingberrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Ingber" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Ingber</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105552/public-framing-mass-deportation/">The Public Framing of Mass Deportation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/coxadam/" title="Profile and articles by Adam Cox" class="author url fn" rel="author">Adam Cox</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 9th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105538/interpol-transparency-reform/">Interpol General Assembly Inches Forward on Transparency, Still Needs Reform Strategy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bromundted/" title="Profile and articles by Ted R. Bromund" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ted R. Bromund</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/grossmansandra/" title="Profile and articles by Sandra Grossman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Sandra Grossman</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 9th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105406/georgia-protests-letter-us-diplomats/">Open Letter on Georgia from Former US Diplomats</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kramerdavidj/" title="Profile and articles by David J. Kramer" class="author url fn" rel="author">David J. Kramer</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/herbstjohne/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador (ret) John E. Herbst" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador (ret) John E. Herbst</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105321/military-immigration-enforcement-deportation/">Deployment of the U.S. Military for Immigration Enforcement: A Primer</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goiteinelizabeth/" title="Profile and articles by Elizabeth Goitein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elizabeth Goitein</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105181/drones-graves-mexicos-disappeared/">Camera-Fitted Drones May Help Locate Graves of Mexico’s Disappeared</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/garciareyeskarina/" title="Profile and articles by Karina García-Reyes" class="author url fn" rel="author">Karina García-Reyes</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/moctezumamiguel/" title="Profile and articles by Miguel Moctezuma" class="author url fn" rel="author">Miguel Moctezuma</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105176/birthright-citizenship-undocumented-immigrants-2/">Birthright Citizenship and Undocumented Immigrants</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sominilya/" title="Profile and articles by Ilya Somin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ilya Somin</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105048/icc-arrest-warrants/">Nuts & Bolts of the International Criminal Court Arrest Warrants in the ‘Situation in Palestine’</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/dannenbaumtom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Dannenbaum" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Dannenbaum</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105019/trump-ukraine-policy-peace-talks/">To ‘End’ War in Ukraine, Trump Might Be Tougher on Putin Than Critics Think</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104929/ukraine-biden-trump-missiles/">Biden’s Final Efforts on Ukraine — and Trump’s First Moves</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/frieddaniel/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Daniel Fried" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Daniel Fried</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104770/new-technology-atrocity-prevention/">Thinking Beyond Risks: A Symposium on Tech and Atrocity Prevention</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiddengwendolyn/" title="Profile and articles by Gwendolyn Whidden" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gwendolyn Whidden</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104800/sanctions-effectiveness-models/">Do Sanctions Work? It Depends. Burma and the West Bank Might Be Models.</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bradbrooksrubin/" title="Profile and articles by Brad Brooks-Rubin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brad Brooks-Rubin</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 13th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104728/ukraine-constitution-conscientious-objectors/">As Ukraine Struggles for Troops, Its Constitutional Court Considers the Rights of Conscientious Objectors</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nekoliakandrii/" title="Profile and articles by Andrii Nekoliak" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrii Nekoliak</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104676/american-ai-leadership-requires-support-open-source/">The United States Must Win The Global Open Source AI Race</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mcbridekeegan/" title="Profile and articles by Keegan McBride" class="author url fn" rel="author">Keegan McBride</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/woodleyballdean/" title="Profile and articles by Dean W. Ball" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dean W. Ball</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104622/journalist-in-exile-laments-kyrgyzstan-crackdown-now-extending-to-his-12-year-old-son/">Journalist in Exile Laments Kyrgyzstan Crackdown, Now Extending to His 12-Year-Old Son</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/temirovbolot/" title="Profile and articles by Bolot Temirov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Bolot Temirov</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104655/real-time-litigation-tracker-election/">Election 2024 Real-Time Litigation Tracker</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/vancejoyce/" title="Profile and articles by Joyce Vance" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joyce Vance</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/geemadison/" title="Profile and articles by Madison Gee" class="author url fn" rel="author">Madison Gee</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104564/election-top-10-nov-4/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104448/older-people-human-rights-africa/">A Historic Day for Older People and Human Rights Across Africa</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mugabowishemaelie/" title="Profile and articles by Elie Mugabowishema" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elie Mugabowishema</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/buchananjane/" title="Profile and articles by Jane Buchanan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jane Buchanan</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104398/new-interpol-chief-abuses-reforms/">As Interpol Gets New Secretary General, What are the Risks of Abuses Over Reforms?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bromundted/" title="Profile and articles by Ted R. Bromund" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ted R. Bromund</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/grossmansandra/" title="Profile and articles by Sandra Grossman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Sandra Grossman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greenbergilan/" title="Profile and articles by Ilan Greenberg" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ilan Greenberg</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104416/congress-protect-americans-transnational-repression/">Congress Should Protect Americans from Transnational Repression</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ahmedrasheed/" title="Profile and articles by Rasheed Ahmed" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rasheed Ahmed</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104451/pentagon-plan-protect-civilians-promises/">Is The Pentagon’s Plan to Protect Civilians Living up to its Promises?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hunkemadison/" title="Profile and articles by Madison Hunke" class="author url fn" rel="author">Madison Hunke</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104393/election-top-10-oct-29/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 30th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104407/authoritarianism-plutocracy-press-freedom/">Rising Authoritarianism and Plutocracy Are a Dangerous Mix for Press Freedom</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kleinfeldrachel/" title="Profile and articles by Rachel Kleinfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rachel Kleinfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 30th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104385/presumptive-privilege-trump-pence/">Does a “Presumptive” Privilege Protect President Trump from Prosecution for Pressuring Pence?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/alschuleralbert/" title="Profile and articles by Albert W. Alschuler" class="author url fn" rel="author">Albert W. Alschuler</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104255/frictionless-government-national-security-constitution/">Frictionless Government and the National Security Constitution</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/deeksashley/" title="Profile and articles by Ashley Deeks" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ashley Deeks</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eichensehrkristen/" title="Profile and articles by Kristen Eichensehr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kristen Eichensehr</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104348/israel-strikes-against-iran/">Making Sense of International Law in Light of Israel and Iran’s Latest Round of “Retaliation”</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lieblicheliav/" title="Profile and articles by Eliav Lieblich" class="author url fn" rel="author">Eliav Lieblich</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104334/washington-post-endorsement-bezos/">On Dictatorship and Self-Censorship: Lessons the Owner of a Sudanese Newspaper Could Give Jeff Bezos</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hamiltonrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Hamilton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Hamilton</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104328/dod-directive-changes/">Much Ado About Nothing: Recent Changes to Department of Defense Directive 5240.01</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nunnjoseph/" title="Profile and articles by Joseph Nunn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joseph Nunn</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goiteinelizabeth/" title="Profile and articles by Elizabeth Goitein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elizabeth Goitein</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104242/memorandum-ai-national-security/">The U.S. National Security Memorandum on AI: Leading Experts Weigh In</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104206/fair-fast-asylum-processing-switzerland/">Fair and Fast Asylum Processing: Lessons from Switzerland</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ghezelbashdaniel/" title="Profile and articles by Daniel Ghezelbash" class="author url fn" rel="author">Daniel Ghezelbash</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hruschkaconstantin/" title="Profile and articles by Constantin Hruschka" class="author url fn" rel="author">Constantin Hruschka</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 24th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104174/election-top-10-oct-23/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104130/rule-of-law-index-2024/">Rule of Law Index Shows Some Rays of Hope Amidst Continuing Global Recession</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/andersenelizabeth/" title="Profile and articles by Elizabeth Andersen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elizabeth Andersen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/evangelidesalicia/" title="Profile and articles by Alicia Evangelides" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alicia Evangelides</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104036/heat-map-january-6th-defendants-2/">Heat Map of January 6th Defendants Across the United States</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103956/proud-boys-threat-assessment/">Proud Boys Threat Assessment: From the Planning of January 6th to Future Scenarios</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103773/top-10-election-litigation/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103743/lifting-russia-sanctions/">Lifting Russia Sanctions – What Can a President Do Unilaterally?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/markustaisa/" title="Profile and articles by Taisa Markus" class="author url fn" rel="author">Taisa Markus</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103918/jack-goldsmith-jack-smith-explanation/">Refuting the Latest Baseless Attacks Against Special Counsel Jack Smith</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103838/un-future-summit-can-teach/">What the UN’s Summit of the Future Can Teach Us – When the Dust Settles</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/streetjordan/" title="Profile and articles by Jordan Street" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jordan Street</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 11th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103818/scenario-planning-january-6th/">The “War Game” Documentary, and Simulating a Worse January 6th</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rudesilldakota/" title="Profile and articles by Dakota S. Rudesill" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dakota S. Rudesill</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103777/maintaining-the-rule-of-law-in-the-age-of-ai/">Maintaining the Rule of Law in the Age of AI</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/szilagyikatie/" title="Profile and articles by Katie Szilagyi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katie Szilagyi</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 9th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103478/2024-election-litigation-top-10/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 8th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103317/shattering-illusions-how-cyber-threat-intelligence-augments-legal-action-against-russias-influence-operations/">Shattering Illusions: How Cyber Threat Intelligence Augments Legal Action against Russia’s Influence Operations</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kruschmasonw/" title="Profile and articles by Mason W. Krusch" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mason W. Krusch</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 8th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103464/beyond-law-reaffirming-the-centrality-of-ethics-in-war/">Beyond Law: Reaffirming the Centrality of Ethics in War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schwarzelke/" title="Profile and articles by Elke Schwarz" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elke Schwarz</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/renicneil/" title="Profile and articles by Neil Renic" class="author url fn" rel="author">Neil Renic</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103533/whos-who-jack-smith-immunity-brief/">Who’s Who in Jack Smith’s Immunity Brief</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/klasfeldadam/" title="Profile and articles by Adam Klasfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Adam Klasfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103433/unlawful-private-militias-government-response/">The Threat from Unlawful Private Militias Has Evolved. The Federal Government’s Response Must Evolve Too.</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mccordmary/" title="Profile and articles by Mary B. McCord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mary B. McCord</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/glickjacob/" title="Profile and articles by Jacob Glick" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jacob Glick</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103348/afghanistan-protect-allies/">US Should Learn from Afghanistan and Vietnam Withdrawals to Better Protect Vulnerable Allies</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rscottadams12/" title="Profile and articles by R. Scott Adams" class="author url fn" rel="author">R. Scott Adams</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103406/iran-israel-escalation/">Threats and Response Options in the Escalating Israel-Iran Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103380/un-future-pact-reform/">The UN’s New Pact for the Future: A Milestone That Can Set a Path for Change</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ponziorichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Ponzio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Ponzio</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103339/artificial-intelligence-at-2024-united-nations/">AI at UNGA79: Recapping Key Themes</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88039/trumps-legal-and-political-calendar-all-the-dates-you-need-to-know/">Master Calendar of Trump Court Dates: Criminal and Civil Cases</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barrilleauxfrancois/" title="Profile and articles by Francois Barrilleaux" class="author url fn" rel="author">Francois Barrilleaux</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103200/state-department-reform-commission/">The State Department Reform Commission: A Once in A Generation Opportunity to Reform American Diplomacy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/spokojnydan/" title="Profile and articles by Dan Spokojny" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dan Spokojny</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 30th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103265/analysis-iran-2024-election-interference-indictment/">Analysis of Remarkable and Unremarkable Aspects of Iranian 2024 Election Interference Indictment </a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aarondavid/" title="Profile and articles by David Aaron" class="author url fn" rel="author">David Aaron</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 28th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Resources</h3></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-4" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Trackers</h3><div class="flexible-content posts clearfix" style="height:auto;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106653/collection-trump-administration-executive-actions/">Collection: Just Security’s Coverage of the Trump Administration Executive Actions</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 14th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/107087/tracker-litigation-legal-challenges-trump-administration/">Litigation Tracker: Legal Challenges to Trump Administration Actions</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 16th, 2025</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105064/mapping-state-reactions-icc/">Mapping State Reactions to the ICC Arrest Warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ingberrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Ingber" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Ingber</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100235/unga-79-expert-analysis-resources/">UNGA 79: Expert Analysis & Resources</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 19th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><aside id="js-scrolling-content-6" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Series</h3><div class="flexible-content posts custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:350px;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104770/new-technology-atrocity-prevention/">Thinking Beyond Risks: A Symposium on Tech and Atrocity Prevention</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiddengwendolyn/" title="Profile and articles by Gwendolyn Whidden" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gwendolyn Whidden</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96975/icc-prosecutor-policy-complementarity-cooperation/">Symposium: ICC Prosecutor Launches Policy on Complementarity and Cooperation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/uruenarene/" title="Profile and articles by René Urueña" class="author url fn" rel="author">René Urueña</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96881/symposium-on-ai-and-human-rights/">Introducing the Symposium on AI and Human Rights</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/peakejessica/" title="Profile and articles by Jessica Peake" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jessica Peake</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/94368/symposium-view-from-lviv/">Symposium: International Law in Ukraine – The View from Lviv</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Apr 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/95879/symposium-international-criminal-court-gaza/">A Symposium on the International Criminal Court and the Israel-Hamas War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/90411/2024-and-beyond-just-securitys-us-election-protection-coverage/">2024 and Beyond: Just Security’s US Election Protection Coverage</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mollenkampallison2/" title="Profile and articles by Allison Mollenkamp" class="author url fn" rel="author">Allison Mollenkamp</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 4th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92429/introducing-just-securitys-series-on-reparations-in-russias-war-against-ukraine/">Introducing Just Security’s Series on Reparations in Russia’s War Against Ukraine</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/corrarinomegan/" title="Profile and articles by Megan Corrarino" class="author url fn" rel="author">Megan Corrarino</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92446/establish-syria-victims-fund/">It’s Time to Establish a Syria Victims Fund</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/seifjoumana/" title="Profile and articles by Joumana Seif" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joumana Seif</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89838/the-future-of-atrocity-prevention-a-joint-symposium/">The Future of Atrocity Prevention: A Joint Symposium</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiddengwendolyn/" title="Profile and articles by Gwendolyn Whidden" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gwendolyn Whidden</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89583/introduction-to-symposium-governing-artificial-intelligence-power-justice-and-the-limits-of-the-law/">Introducing the Symposium on AI Governance: Power, Justice, and the Limits of the Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 18th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88143/introduction-to-symposium-ending-perpetual-war/">Introduction to Symposium: Ending Perpetual War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 11th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/87280/joint-symposium-on-u-s-cooperation-with-the-international-criminal-courts-ukraine-investigation/">Joint Symposium on U.S. Cooperation with the International Criminal Court’s Ukraine Investigation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/86748/u-n-general-assembly-and-international-criminal-tribunal-for-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/">U.N. General Assembly and International Criminal Tribunal for the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">May 9th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/85110/introducing-the-symposium-on-u-s-support-for-the-iccs-trust-fund-for-victims/">Introducing the Symposium on U.S. Support for the ICC’s Trust Fund for Victims</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/williamspaul/" title="Profile and articles by Paul R. Williams" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paul R. Williams</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/steriomilena/" title="Profile and articles by Milena Sterio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Milena Sterio</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/duttonyvonne/" title="Profile and articles by Yvonne Dutton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Yvonne Dutton</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kochalexandra/" title="Profile and articles by Alexandra Koch" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alexandra Koch</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/waldocklilian/" title="Profile and articles by Lilian Waldock" class="author url fn" rel="author">Lilian Waldock</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lavaudfloriane/" title="Profile and articles by Floriane Lavaud" class="author url fn" rel="author">Floriane Lavaud</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/singhashika/" title="Profile and articles by Ashika Singh" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ashika Singh</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/glimcherisabelle/" title="Profile and articles by Isabelle Glimcher" class="author url fn" rel="author">Isabelle Glimcher</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 13th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84901/antisemitism-and-threats-to-american-democracy/">Antisemitism and Threats to American Democracy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hershenoveileen/" title="Profile and articles by Eileen B. Hershenov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Eileen B. Hershenov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greerryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan B. Greer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan B. Greer</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 26th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84636/toward-a-values-based-foreign-policy-developing-an-ethical-checklist/">Toward a Values-Based Foreign Policy: Developing an Ethical Checklist</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mulreanpeter/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Peter Mulrean (ret.)" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Peter Mulrean (ret.)</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hawkwilliamj/" title="Profile and articles by William J. Hawk" class="author url fn" rel="author">William J. Hawk</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 4th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83994/tracking-cop27-notable-moments-and-key-themes/">Tracking COP27: Notable Moments and Key Themes</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fangkatherine/" title="Profile and articles by Katherine Fang" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katherine Fang</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 18th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83460/on-indigenous-peoples-day-reflections-on-tribal-sovereignty-in-haaland-v-brackeen/">On Indigenous Peoples’ Day, Reflections on Tribal Sovereignty in Haaland v. Brackeen</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiteeagleamanda/" title="Profile and articles by Amanda L. White Eagle" class="author url fn" rel="author">Amanda L. White Eagle</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 10th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83749/ending-perpetual-war/">Ending Perpetual War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/83117/the-case-for-creating-an-international-tribunal-to-prosecute-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/">The Case for Creating an International Tribunal to Prosecute the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine (Part I)</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hathawayoona/" title="Profile and articles by Oona A. Hathaway" class="author url fn" rel="author">Oona A. Hathaway</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 20th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/80800/introduction-to-symposium-still-at-war-where-and-why-the-united-states-is-fighting-the-war-on-terror/">Introduction to Symposium: Still at War – Where and Why the United States is Fighting the “War on Terror”</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Mar 24th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/82665/after-a-year-of-privation-with-the-talibans-return-the-people-of-afghanistan-deserve-better-from-the-us-and-the-world/">After a Year of Privation With the Taliban’s Return, the People of Afghanistan Deserve Better from the US and the World</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/andishanasir/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Nasir A. Andisha" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Nasir A. Andisha</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/marastonimarzia/" title="Profile and articles by Marzia Marastoni" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marzia Marastoni</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 15th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/80290/introduction-to-just-securitys-series-on-executive-order-9066-80-years-after-signing/">Introduction to Just Security’s Series on Executive Order 9066, 80 Years After Signing</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/corrarinomegan/" title="Profile and articles by Megan Corrarino" class="author url fn" rel="author">Megan Corrarino</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 18th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/79951/congress-can-and-should-address-the-threat-from-unauthorized-paramilitary-activity/">Congress Can and Should Address the Threat from Unauthorized Paramilitary Activity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mccordmary/" title="Profile and articles by Mary B. McCord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mary B. McCord</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 24th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/79900/the-good-governance-papers-a-january-2022-report-card-update/">The Good Governance Papers: A January 2022 “Report Card” Update</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bermanemily/" title="Profile and articles by Emily Berman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Emily Berman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/corrarinomegan/" title="Profile and articles by Megan Corrarino" class="author url fn" rel="author">Megan Corrarino</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rudesilldakota/" title="Profile and articles by Dakota S. Rudesill" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dakota S. Rudesill</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 20th, 2022</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/78797/symposium-recap-security-privacy-and-innovation-reshaping-law-for-the-ai-era/">Symposium Recap: Security, Privacy and Innovation – Reshaping Law for the AI Era</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brawleylaura/" title="Profile and articles by Laura Brawley" class="author url fn" rel="author">Laura Brawley</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joardarantara/" title="Profile and articles by Antara Joardar" class="author url fn" rel="author">Antara Joardar</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/narasimhanmadhu/" title="Profile and articles by Madhu Narasimhan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Madhu Narasimhan</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 29th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/78063/towards-a-new-treaty-on-crimes-against-humanity-next-steps/">Towards a New Treaty on Crimes Against Humanity: Next Steps</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sadatleila/" title="Profile and articles by Leila Nadya Sadat" class="author url fn" rel="author">Leila Nadya Sadat</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 13th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/78118/introduction-to-a-symposium-how-perpetual-war-has-changed-us-reflections-on-the-anniversary-of-9-11/">Introduction to Symposium: How Perpetual War Has Changed Us — Reflections on the Anniversary of 9/11</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goldbrennerrachel/" title="Profile and articles by Rachel Goldbrenner" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rachel Goldbrenner</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 7th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/77536/new-just-security-series-beyond-the-myanmar-coup/">New Just Security Series: Beyond the Myanmar Coup</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 19th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/77262/new-just-security-series-reflections-on-afghanistan-on-the-eve-of-withdrawal/">New Just Security Series: Reflections on Afghanistan on the Eve of Withdrawal</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brannenkate/" title="Profile and articles by Kate Brannen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kate Brannen</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 30th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/76906/introducing-a-symposium-on-the-un-global-counterterrorism-strategy/">Introducing a Symposium on the UN Global Counterterrorism Strategy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/niaolainfionnuala/" title="Profile and articles by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Fionnuala Ní Aoláin</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brannenkate/" title="Profile and articles by Kate Brannen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kate Brannen</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 14th, 2021</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/76709/the-mendez-principles-leadership-to-transform-interrogation-via-science-law-and-ethics/">The Méndez Principles: Leadership to Transform Interrogation via Science, Law, and Ethics</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barelasteven/" title="Profile and articles by Steven J. Barela" class="author url fn" rel="author">Steven J. Barela</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fallonmark/" title="Profile and articles by Mark Fallon" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mark Fallon</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 1st, 2021</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Key Topics</h3><div class="sub-title">Scroll within to view all topics.</div></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-2" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><div class="flexible-content links custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:255px;"><ul class="link-list"><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/artificial-intelligence/">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84303/just-securitys-climate-archive/">Climate Change</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congressional-oversight/">Congressional Oversight</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/counterterrorism/">Counterterrorism</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/cybersecurity/">Cybersecurity</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/democracy/">Democracy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/diplomacy/">Diplomacy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/disinformation/">Disinformation</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/human-rights/">Human Rights</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/immigration/">Immigration</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/intelligence/">Intelligence activities</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-criminal-law/">International Criminal Law</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/armed-conflict/israel-hamas-war/">Israel-Hamas War</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/january-6th-attack-on-us-capitol/">January 6th Attack on US Capitol</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/law-of-armed-conflict-loac/">Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/local-voices/">Local Voices</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/racial-justice/">Racial Justice</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/social-media-platforms/">Social Media Platforms</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/united-nations/">United Nations (UN)</a></li><li><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/use-of-force/">Use of Force</a></li></ul></div></aside></div></div><div id="post-meta-after" class="pagewidth pw1400 clearfix"><div class="post-bottom-row about-authors clearfix"><div class="secondary-left"><h3>About the Author(s)</h3></div><div class="primary"><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rscottadams12/">R. Scott <span>Adams</span></a></h4><p>Major R. 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