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vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prelude subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_attempt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_attempt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>First attempt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_attempt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_attempt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_attempt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Second attempt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_attempt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Takeover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Takeover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Takeover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Takeover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motivations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motivations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Motivations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documents_discovered_inside_the_American_embassy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documents_discovered_inside_the_American_embassy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Documents discovered inside the American embassy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documents_discovered_inside_the_American_embassy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_444-day_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_444-day_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The 444-day crisis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_444-day_crisis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The 444-day crisis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_444-day_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Living_conditions_of_the_hostages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living_conditions_of_the_hostages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Living conditions of the hostages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living_conditions_of_the_hostages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Impact in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_rescue_of_hostages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_rescue_of_hostages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Canadian rescue of hostages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_rescue_of_hostages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negotiations_for_release" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negotiations_for_release"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Negotiations for release</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negotiations_for_release-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rescue_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rescue_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Rescue attempts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rescue_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_rescue_attempt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_rescue_attempt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>First rescue attempt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_rescue_attempt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planned_second_attempt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planned_second_attempt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Planned second attempt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planned_second_attempt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resolution_of_the_crisis_based_on_the_Algerian_Proposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resolution_of_the_crisis_based_on_the_Algerian_Proposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Resolution of the crisis based on the Algerian Proposal</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Resolution_of_the_crisis_based_on_the_Algerian_Proposal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Resolution of the crisis based on the Algerian Proposal subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Resolution_of_the_crisis_based_on_the_Algerian_Proposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_vote_of_the_Majlis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_vote_of_the_Majlis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>The vote of the Majlis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_vote_of_the_Majlis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carter’s_demand_to_Algeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carter’s_demand_to_Algeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Carter’s demand to Algeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carter’s_demand_to_Algeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_phase_of_the_Algerian_intermediation_:_delivering_messages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_phase_of_the_Algerian_intermediation_:_delivering_messages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>First phase of the Algerian intermediation : delivering messages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_phase_of_the_Algerian_intermediation_:_delivering_messages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"The_mailmen"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"The_mailmen""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>"The mailmen"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"The_mailmen"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_deadlock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_deadlock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>The deadlock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_deadlock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_phase_:_The_Algerian_Proposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_phase_:_The_Algerian_Proposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Second phase : The Algerian Proposal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_phase_:_The_Algerian_Proposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_outcome_:_The_Algiers_Accords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_outcome_:_The_Algiers_Accords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Final outcome : The Algiers Accords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_outcome_:_The_Algiers_Accords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transfer_at_Algiers_Airport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transfer_at_Algiers_Airport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Transfer at Algiers Airport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transfer_at_Algiers_Airport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Release" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Release</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Release-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iran–Iraq_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran–Iraq_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Iran–Iraq War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran–Iraq_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences_for_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences_for_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Consequences for Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consequences_for_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences_for_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences_for_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Consequences for the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consequences_for_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Diplomatic relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hostages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hostages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Hostages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hostages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hostages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hostages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diplomats_who_evaded_capture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomats_who_evaded_capture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Diplomats who evaded capture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomats_who_evaded_capture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hostages_who_were_released_on_November_19,_1979" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hostages_who_were_released_on_November_19,_1979"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Hostages who were released on November 19, 1979</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hostages_who_were_released_on_November_19,_1979-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hostages_who_were_released_on_November_20,_1979" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hostages_who_were_released_on_November_20,_1979"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Hostages who were released on November 20, 1979</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hostages_who_were_released_on_November_20,_1979-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hostage_who_was_released_in_July_1980" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hostage_who_was_released_in_July_1980"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Hostage who was released in July 1980</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hostage_who_was_released_in_July_1980-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hostages_who_were_released_in_January_1981" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hostages_who_were_released_in_January_1981"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Hostages who were released in January 1981</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hostages_who_were_released_in_January_1981-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilian_hostages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian_hostages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Civilian hostages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian_hostages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hostages_who_were_honored" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hostages_who_were_honored"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Hostages who were honored</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hostages_who_were_honored-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compensation_payments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compensation_payments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>Compensation payments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compensation_payments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_hostage-takers,_guards,_and_interrogators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_hostage-takers,_guards,_and_interrogators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.9</span> <span>Notable hostage-takers, guards, and interrogators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_hostage-takers,_guards,_and_interrogators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October_Surprise_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October_Surprise_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>October Surprise theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October_Surprise_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Declassified_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declassified_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Declassified documents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declassified_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iran hostage crisis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="أزمة رهائن إيران – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أزمة رهائن إيران" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran_girov_b%C3%B6hran%C4%B1" title="İran girov böhranı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İran girov böhranı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F" title="ইরান জিম্মি সংকট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইরান জিম্মি সংকট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D1%83_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Захоп амерыканскіх заложнікаў у Іране – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Захоп амерыканскіх заложнікаў у Іране" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(1979_%E2%80%93_1981)" title="Криза с американски заложници в Иран (1979 – 1981) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Криза с американски заложници в Иран (1979 – 1981)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisi_dels_ostatges_a_l%27Iran" title="Crisi dels ostatges a l'Iran – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Crisi dels ostatges a l'Iran" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americk%C3%A1_rukojm%C3%AD_v_%C3%8Dr%C3%A1nu" title="Americká rukojmí v Íránu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Americká rukojmí v Íránu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyfwng_gwystlon_Iran" title="Argyfwng gwystlon Iran – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Argyfwng gwystlon Iran" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiselnahme_von_Teheran" title="Geiselnahme von Teheran – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geiselnahme von Teheran" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AE%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%99%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD_(1979)" title="Κρίση των ομήρων στο Ιράν (1979) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κρίση των ομήρων στο Ιράν (1979)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_de_los_rehenes_en_Ir%C3%A1n" title="Crisis de los rehenes en Irán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crisis de los rehenes en Irán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapto_de_usonaj_osta%C4%9Doj_en_Irano" title="Kapto de usonaj ostaĝoj en Irano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kapto de usonaj ostaĝoj en Irano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teherango_gatibuen_krisialdia" title="Teherango gatibuen krisialdia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Teherango gatibuen krisialdia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="گروگان‌گیری در سفارت ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گروگان‌گیری در سفارت ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_des_otages_am%C3%A9ricains_en_Iran" title="Crise des otages américains en Iran – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crise des otages américains en Iran" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraanske_gizelderskrisis" title="Iraanske gizelderskrisis – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Iraanske gizelderskrisis" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%9E%80_%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC%EA%B4%80_%EC%9D%B8%EC%A7%88_%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4" title="주이란 미국 대사관 인질 사건 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주이란 미국 대사관 인질 사건" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Իրանում ամերիկյան դեսպանատան պատանդներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իրանում ամերիկյան դեսպանատան պատանդներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisis_sandera_Iran" title="Krisis sandera Iran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Krisis sandera Iran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisi_degli_ostaggi_in_Iran" title="Crisi degli ostaggi in Iran – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crisi degli ostaggi in Iran" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F" title="משבר בני הערובה באיראן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משבר בני הערובה באיראן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irani_ingwate" title="Irani ingwate – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Irani ingwate" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AElgirtina_Tehran%C3%AA" title="Dîlgirtina Tehranê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dîlgirtina Tehranê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irano_%C4%AFkait%C5%B3_kriz%C4%97" title="Irano įkaitų krizė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Irano įkaitų krizė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1ni_t%C3%BAszdr%C3%A1ma" title="Iráni túszdráma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Iráni túszdráma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF" title="ഇറാൻ ബന്ദി പ്രതിസന്ധി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇറാൻ ബന്ദി പ്രതിസന്ധി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisis_tebusan_Iran" title="Krisis tebusan Iran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Krisis tebusan Iran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraanse_gijzelingscrisis" title="Iraanse gijzelingscrisis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Iraanse gijzelingscrisis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%BF%E9%A4%A8%E4%BA%BA%E8%B3%AA%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="イランアメリカ大使館人質事件 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イランアメリカ大使館人質事件" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisselkrisen_i_Iran" title="Gisselkrisen i Iran – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gisselkrisen i Iran" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryzys_zak%C5%82adnik%C3%B3w_(Iran)" title="Kryzys zakładników (Iran) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kryzys zakładników (Iran)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_dos_ref%C3%A9ns_americanos_no_Ir%C3%A3" title="Crise dos reféns americanos no Irã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crise dos reféns americanos no Irã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Захват американских заложников в Иране – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Захват американских заложников в Иране" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iran hostage crisis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Иранска талачка криза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Иранска талачка криза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranin_panttivankikriisi" title="Iranin panttivankikriisi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iranin panttivankikriisi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisslankrisen_i_Iran" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Americans taken hostage in Iran in 1979</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the siege of the American embassy in Tehran. For the siege of the Iranian embassy in London, see <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Embassy_siege" title="Iranian Embassy siege">Iranian Embassy siege</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Iran hostage crisis</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution">consolidation of the Iranian Revolution</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_hostage_crisis_-_Iraninan_students_comes_up_U.S._embassy_in_Tehran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Iran_hostage_crisis_-_Iraninan_students_comes_up_U.S._embassy_in_Tehran.jpg/300px-Iran_hostage_crisis_-_Iraninan_students_comes_up_U.S._embassy_in_Tehran.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Iran_hostage_crisis_-_Iraninan_students_comes_up_U.S._embassy_in_Tehran.jpg/450px-Iran_hostage_crisis_-_Iraninan_students_comes_up_U.S._embassy_in_Tehran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Iran_hostage_crisis_-_Iraninan_students_comes_up_U.S._embassy_in_Tehran.jpg/600px-Iran_hostage_crisis_-_Iraninan_students_comes_up_U.S._embassy_in_Tehran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2684" data-file-height="2019" /></a></span><br />Iranian students crowd the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Tehran" title="Embassy of the United States, Tehran">U.S. Embassy in Tehran</a> (November 4, 1979)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>November 4, 1979 – January 20, 1981<br />(444 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government of Iran</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Hostages released by <a href="/wiki/Algiers_Accords" title="Algiers Accords">Algiers Accords</a> </p> <ul><li>Severance (and end) of <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">Iran–United States relations</a></li> <li>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Bazargan" title="Mehdi Bazargan">Mehdi Bazargan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">his cabinet</a> resigned</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">Sanctions imposed on Iran</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government of Iran</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Student_Followers_of_the_Imam%27s_Line" title="Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line">Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Mujahedin of Iran">People's Mujahedin</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mousavi_Khoeiniha" title="Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha">Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massoud_Rajavi" title="Massoud Rajavi">Massoud Rajavi</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/James_B._Vaught" title="James B. Vaught">James B. Vaught</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%"> 8 American servicemen and 1 Iranian civilian killed during an <a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">attempt to rescue the hostages</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Category:Iran hostage crisis">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran hostage crisis</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_hostage_crisis_-_Iraninan_students_comes_up_U.S._embassy_in_Tehran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Iran_hostage_crisis_-_Iraninan_students_comes_up_U.S._embassy_in_Tehran.jpg/200px-Iran_hostage_crisis_-_Iraninan_students_comes_up_U.S._embassy_in_Tehran.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Iran_hostage_crisis_-_Iraninan_students_comes_up_U.S._embassy_in_Tehran.jpg/300px-Iran_hostage_crisis_-_Iraninan_students_comes_up_U.S._embassy_in_Tehran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Iran_hostage_crisis_-_Iraninan_students_comes_up_U.S._embassy_in_Tehran.jpg/400px-Iran_hostage_crisis_-_Iraninan_students_comes_up_U.S._embassy_in_Tehran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2684" data-file-height="2019" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Iranian_hostage_crisis" title="Timeline of the Iranian hostage crisis">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Interim_Government_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="The Interim Government of Iran">The Interim Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Hostage leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mousavi_Khoeiniha" title="Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha">Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Organizations_of_the_Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizations of the Iranian Revolution">Parties and organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Student_Followers_of_the_Imam%27s_Line" title="Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line">Student Followers of the Imam's Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Mujahedin of Iran">People's Mujahedin of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojahedin_of_the_Islamic_Revolution_Organization" title="Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization">Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Events</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Caper" title="Canadian Caper">Canadian Caper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Credible_Sport" title="Operation Credible Sport">Operation Credible Sport</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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#d69d36}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-title{font-size:110%;padding:0;line-height:150%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title-image{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:5px}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title>div{font-size:88%;line-height:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-content{padding:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-navbar{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color: #002466;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carter_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carter_cropped.jpg/75px-Carter_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carter_cropped.jpg/113px-Carter_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carter_cropped.jpg/150px-Carter_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="1490" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color: #002466;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">Jimmy Carter</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0; padding-bottom:0;"> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">76th Governor of Georgia</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter#Governor_of_Georgia_(1971–1975)" title="Jimmy Carter">Governorship</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">39th President of the United States</div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Presidency</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidential transition of Jimmy Carter">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Inauguration of Jimmy Carter">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Jimmy_Carter" title="List of federal judges appointed by Jimmy Carter">Judiciary appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Jimmy Carter judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Jimmy Carter administration">Foreign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Jimmy_Carter" title="List of international presidential trips made by Jimmy Carter">International trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">Egypt–Israel peace treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrijos%E2%80%93Carter_Treaties" title="Torrijos–Carter Treaties">Torrijos–Carter Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_rabbit_incident" title="Jimmy Carter rabbit incident">Rabbit incident</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran hostage crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Equivalent_of_War_speech" title="Moral Equivalent of War speech">Moral Equivalent of War speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Communiqu%C3%A9_on_the_Establishment_of_Diplomatic_Relations" title="Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations">U.S.–China relations</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1977)" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1977)">'77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1978)" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1978)">'78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1979)" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1979)">'79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1980%E2%80%931981)" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1980–1981)">'80–'81</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Electoral history of Jimmy Carter">Electoral history</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1976 presidential campaign">1976</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1976 United States presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">Election</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1980 United States presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">Election</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Post-presidency of Jimmy Carter">Post-presidency</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_Library_and_Museum" title="Jimmy Carter Library and Museum">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Jimmy_Carter" title="List of awards and honors received by Jimmy Carter">Awards and honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Bibliography of Jimmy Carter">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Post-presidency of Jimmy Carter">Activities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Center" title="Carter Center">Carter Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_Appeal" title="One America Appeal">One America Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_UFO_incident" title="Jimmy Carter UFO incident">UFO incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Death and state funeral of Jimmy Carter">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter's signature"><img alt="Jimmy Carter's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Jimmy_Carter_Signature-2.svg/150px-Jimmy_Carter_Signature-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Jimmy_Carter_Signature-2.svg/225px-Jimmy_Carter_Signature-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Jimmy_Carter_Signature-2.svg/300px-Jimmy_Carter_Signature-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="157" /></a></span></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Seal of the President of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></span></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jimmy_Carter_series" title="Template:Jimmy Carter series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jimmy_Carter_series" title="Template talk:Jimmy Carter series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jimmy_Carter_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jimmy Carter series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Iran hostage crisis</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">بحران گروگانگیری سفارت آمریکا</span>) was a terrorist attack on the United States embassy in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> in which 53 Americans were taken <a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">hostage</a> on November 4, 1979. The Americans, including diplomats and civilians, were seized by a group of armed students, supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, among them <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Dehghan" title="Hossein Dehghan">Hossein Dehghan</a> (future Iranian Minister of Defense), <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jafari" title="Mohammad Ali Jafari">Mohammad Ali Jafari</a> (future <a href="/wiki/IRGC" class="mw-redirect" title="IRGC">Revolutionary Guards</a> Commander-In-Chief) and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Bagheri_(Iranian_commander)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Bagheri (Iranian commander)">Mohammad Bagheri</a> (future Chief of the General Staff of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Army">Iranian Army</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crisis was a pivotal episode in the history of <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">Iran–United States relations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 20, 1981, after the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Algiers_Accords" title="Algiers Accords">Algiers Accords</a>, the hostages were released. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time magazine</a> described the crisis as an entanglement of vengeance and mutual incomprehension.<sup id="cite_ref-TIME_1981-01-26_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIME_1981-01-26-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/U.S._President" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. President">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> called the hostage-taking an act of "blackmail" and the hostages "victims of terrorism and anarchy".<sup id="cite_ref-Carter1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Iran, it was seen as an act against the U.S. and its perceived attempts to undermine the revolution and its <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">long-standing support</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Shah_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah of Iran">Shah of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>, who was overthrown in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-BG_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BG-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Pahlavi was overthrown, he was granted asylum and admitted to the U.S. for cancer treatment. The new Iranian regime demanded his return in order to stand trial for the crimes he was accused of committing against Iranians during his rule through <a href="/wiki/SAVAK" title="SAVAK">his secret police</a>. These demands were rejected, which Iran saw as U.S. complicity in those abuses. The U.S. saw the hostage-taking as an egregious violation of the principles of international law, such as the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Diplomatic_Relations" title="Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations">Vienna Convention</a>, which granted <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_immunity" title="Diplomatic immunity">diplomats immunity from arrest</a> and made diplomatic compounds inviolable.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Six American diplomats who had evaded capture were rescued by a <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Caper#Rescue" title="Canadian Caper">joint CIA–Canadian effort</a> on January 27, 1980. The crisis reached a climax in early 1980 after <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis_negotiations" title="Iran hostage crisis negotiations">diplomatic negotiations</a> failed to win the release of the hostages. Carter ordered the U.S. military to attempt a rescue mission – <a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a> – using warships that included <a href="/wiki/USS_Nimitz" title="USS Nimitz">USS <i>Nimitz</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Coral_Sea_(CV-43)" title="USS Coral Sea (CV-43)">USS <i>Coral Sea</i></a>, which were patrolling the waters near Iran. The failed attempt on April 24, 1980, resulted in the death of one Iranian civilian and the accidental deaths of eight American servicemen after one of the helicopters crashed into a transport aircraft. U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a> resigned his position following the failure. In September 1980, <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a> invaded Iran, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>. These events led the Iranian government to enter negotiations with the U.S., with <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> acting as a mediator. </p><p>Political analysts cited the standoff as a major factor in the continuing downfall of <a href="/wiki/Carter%27s_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Carter's presidency">Carter's presidency</a> and his landslide loss in the <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hostages were formally released into United States custody the day after the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Algiers_Accords" title="Algiers Accords">Algiers Accords</a>, just minutes after American President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> was <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="First inauguration of Ronald Reagan">sworn into office</a>. In Iran, the crisis strengthened the prestige of <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> and the political power of <a href="/wiki/Theocrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Theocrats">theocrats</a> who opposed any normalization of relations with the West.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crisis also led to American economic <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">sanctions against Iran</a>, which further weakened ties between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1953_coup_d'état"><span id="1953_coup_d.27.C3.A9tat"></span>1953 coup d'état</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1953 coup d'état"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ajax" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Ajax">Operation Ajax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet government">Soviet governments</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">invaded and occupied Iran</a>, forcing the first Pahlavi monarch, <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Reza Shah Pahlavi">Reza Shah Pahlavi</a>, to abdicate in favor of his eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two nations claimed that they acted preemptively in order to stop Reza Shah from aligning his petroleum-rich country with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. However, the Shah's declaration of neutrality, and his refusal to allow Iranian territory to be used to train or supply <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Soviet troops</a>, were probably the real reasons for the invasion of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States did not participate in the invasion but it secured Iran's independence after the war ended by applying intense diplomatic <a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">pressure on the Soviet Union which forced it to withdraw from Iran in 1946</a>. </p><p>By the 1950s, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was engaged in a power struggle with Iran's prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammad Mosaddegh</a>, an immediate descendant of the preceding <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a>. Mosaddegh led a general strike, demanding an increased share of the nation's petroleum revenue from the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iranian_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iranian Oil Company">Anglo-Iranian Oil Company</a> which was operating in Iran. The UK retaliated by reducing the amount of revenue which the Iranian government received.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (February 2014)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1953, the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> and <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a> helped Iranian royalists depose Mosaddegh in a military <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a></i> codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ajax" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Ajax">Operation Ajax</a>, allowing the Shah to extend his power. For the next two decades the Shah reigned as an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute monarch">absolute monarch</a>. "Disloyal" elements within the state were purged.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. continued to support the Shah after the coup, with the CIA training the <a href="/wiki/SAVAK" title="SAVAK">Iranian secret police</a>. In the subsequent decades of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, various economic, cultural, and political issues united Iranian opposition against the Shah and led to his eventual overthrow.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnn_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carter_administration">Carter administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Carter administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Months before the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, on New Year's Eve 1977, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> further angered anti-Shah Iranians with a televised toast to Pahlavi at a state dinner in Tehran, saluting the Shah's character.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the revolution commenced in February 1979 with the return of the Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a> from exile, the American Embassy was occupied, and its staff held hostage briefly. Rocks and bullets had broken so many of the embassy's front-facing windows that they were replaced with <a href="/wiki/Bulletproof_glass" title="Bulletproof glass">bulletproof glass</a>. The embassy's staff was reduced to just over 60 from a high of nearly one thousand earlier in the decade.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowden_2006,_p._19_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowden_2006,_p._19-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Farah_Leave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Shah_Farah_Leave.jpg/220px-Shah_Farah_Leave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Shah_Farah_Leave.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="175" /></a><figcaption>Iran attempted to use the occupation to provide leverage in its demand for the return of the Shah to stand trial in Iran</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Carter_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Carter administration">Carter administration</a> tried to mitigate anti-American feeling by promoting a new relationship with the <i>de facto</i> Iranian government and continuing military cooperation in hopes that the situation would stabilize. However, on October 22, 1979, the United States permitted the Shah, who had <a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphoma</a>, to enter <a href="/wiki/New_York_Hospital-Cornell_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center">New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center</a> for medical treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The State Department had discouraged this decision, understanding the political delicacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowden_2006,_p._19_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowden_2006,_p._19-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in response to pressure from influential figures including former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> Chairman <a href="/wiki/David_Rockefeller" title="David Rockefeller">David Rockefeller</a>, the Carter administration decided to grant it.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-David_Farber_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Farber-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shah's admission to the United States intensified Iranian revolutionaries' anti-Americanism and spawned rumors of another U.S.–backed coup that would re-install him.<sup id="cite_ref-multiref1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiref1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khomeini, who had been exiled by the Shah for 15 years, heightened the rhetoric against the "<a href="/wiki/Great_Satan" title="Great Satan">Great Satan</a>", as he called the U.S., talking of "evidence of American plotting."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to ending what they believed was American sabotage of the revolution, the hostage takers hoped to depose the <a href="/wiki/The_Interim_Government_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="The Interim Government of Iran">provisional revolutionary government</a> of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Bazargan" title="Mehdi Bazargan">Mehdi Bazargan</a>, which they believed was plotting to normalize relations with the U.S. and extinguish Islamic revolutionary order in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The occupation of the embassy on November 4, 1979, was also intended as leverage to demand the return of the Shah to stand trial in Iran in exchange for the hostages. </p><p>A later study claimed that there had been no American plots to overthrow the revolutionaries, and that a CIA intelligence-gathering mission at the embassy had been "notably ineffectual, gathering little information and hampered by the fact that none of the three officers spoke the local language, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>." Its work, the study said, was "routine, prudent espionage conducted at diplomatic missions everywhere."<sup id="cite_ref-Journal_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Journal-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_attempt">First attempt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First attempt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kraus" title="Kenneth Kraus">Kenneth Kraus</a></div> <p>On the morning of February 14, 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_People%27s_Fedai_Guerrillas" title="Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas">Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas</a> stormed the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and took a Marine named <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kraus" title="Kenneth Kraus">Kenneth Kraus</a> hostage. Ambassador <a href="/wiki/William_H._Sullivan" title="William H. Sullivan">William H. Sullivan</a> surrendered the embassy to save lives, and with the assistance of Iranian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Yazdi" title="Ebrahim Yazdi">Ebrahim Yazdi</a>, returned the embassy to U.S. hands within three hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Houghton_Book_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houghton_Book-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kraus was injured in the attack, kidnapped by the militants, tortured, tried, and convicted of murder. He was to be executed, but President Carter and Sullivan secured his release within six days.<sup id="cite_ref-Deseret_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deseret-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This incident became known as the Valentine's Day Open House.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_DAugherty_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_DAugherty-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shredded_1979-09-01_1305Z_CIA_cable_from_American_Embassy_Tehran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Shredded_1979-09-01_1305Z_CIA_cable_from_American_Embassy_Tehran.jpg/220px-Shredded_1979-09-01_1305Z_CIA_cable_from_American_Embassy_Tehran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Shredded_1979-09-01_1305Z_CIA_cable_from_American_Embassy_Tehran.jpg/330px-Shredded_1979-09-01_1305Z_CIA_cable_from_American_Embassy_Tehran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Shredded_1979-09-01_1305Z_CIA_cable_from_American_Embassy_Tehran.jpg/440px-Shredded_1979-09-01_1305Z_CIA_cable_from_American_Embassy_Tehran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption>Anticipating the takeover of the embassy, the Americans tried to destroy <a href="/wiki/Classified_document" class="mw-redirect" title="Classified document">classified documents</a> in a furnace. The furnace malfunctioned and the staff was forced to use cheap paper shredders.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skilled carpet weavers were later employed to reconstruct the documents.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_attempt">Second attempt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second attempt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next attempt to seize the American Embassy was planned for September 1979 by <a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Asgharzadeh" title="Ebrahim Asgharzadeh">Ebrahim Asgharzadeh</a>, a student at the time. He consulted with the heads of the Islamic associations of Tehran's main universities, including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tehran" title="University of Tehran">University of Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharif_University_of_Technology" title="Sharif University of Technology">Sharif University of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amirkabir_University_of_Technology" title="Amirkabir University of Technology">Amirkabir University of Technology</a> (Polytechnic of Tehran), and <a href="/wiki/Iran_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Iran University of Science and Technology">Iran University of Science and Technology</a>. They named their group <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Student_Followers_of_the_Imam%27s_Line" title="Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line">Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line</a>. </p><p>Asgharzadeh later said there were five students at the first meeting, two of whom wanted to target the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Russia,_Tehran" title="Embassy of Russia, Tehran">Soviet Embassy</a> because the USSR was "a <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> and anti-God regime". Two others, <a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Mirdamadi" title="Mohsen Mirdamadi">Mohsen Mirdamadi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habibolah_Bitaraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Habibolah Bitaraf">Habibolah Bitaraf</a>, supported Asgharzadeh's chosen target, the United States. "Our aim was to object against the American government by going to their embassy and occupying it for several hours," Asgharzadeh said. "Announcing our objections from within the occupied compound would carry our message to the world in a much more firm and effective way."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mirdamadi told an interviewer, "We intended to detain the diplomats for a few days, maybe one week, but no more."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Masoumeh_Ebtekar" title="Masoumeh Ebtekar">Masoumeh Ebtekar</a>, the spokeswoman for the Iranian students during the crisis, said that those who rejected Asgharzadeh's plan did not participate in the subsequent events.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The students observed the procedures of the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Security_Guard" title="Marine Security Guard">Marine Security Guards</a> from nearby rooftops overlooking the embassy. They also drew on their experiences from the recent revolution, during which the U.S. Embassy grounds were briefly occupied. They enlisted the support of police officers in charge of guarding the embassy and of the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Revolutionary Guards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the group and other sources, Ayatollah Khomeini did not know of the plan beforehand.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The students had wanted to inform him, but according to the author <a href="/wiki/Mark_Bowden" title="Mark Bowden">Mark Bowden</a>, Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mousavi_Khoeiniha" title="Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha">Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha</a> persuaded them not to do so. Khoeiniha feared that the government would use the police to expel the students as they had the occupiers in February. The provisional government had been appointed by Khomeini, so Khomeini was likely to go along with the government's request to restore order. On the other hand, Khoeiniha knew that if Khomeini first saw that the occupiers were faithful supporters of him (unlike the leftists in the first occupation) and that large numbers of pious Muslims had gathered outside the embassy to show their support for the takeover, it would be "very hard, perhaps even impossible," for him to oppose the takeover, and this would paralyze the Bazargan administration, which Khoeiniha and the students wanted to eliminate.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Supporters of the takeover stated that their motivation was fear of another American-backed coup against their popular revolution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Takeover">Takeover</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Takeover"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_American_hostages_in_Iran_hostage_crisis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Two_American_hostages_in_Iran_hostage_crisis.jpg/300px-Two_American_hostages_in_Iran_hostage_crisis.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Two_American_hostages_in_Iran_hostage_crisis.jpg/450px-Two_American_hostages_in_Iran_hostage_crisis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Two_American_hostages_in_Iran_hostage_crisis.jpg/600px-Two_American_hostages_in_Iran_hostage_crisis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2105" data-file-height="1626" /></a><figcaption>Two American hostages during the siege of the U.S. Embassy.</figcaption></figure> <p>On November 4, 1979, one of the demonstrations organized by Iranian student unions loyal to Khomeini erupted into an all-out conflict right outside the walled compound housing the U.S. Embassy. </p><p>At about 6:30 a.m., the ringleaders gathered between three hundred and five hundred selected students and briefed them on the battle plan. A female student was given a pair of metal cutters to break the chains locking the embassy's gates and hid them beneath her <a href="/wiki/Chador" title="Chador">chador</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At first, the students planned a symbolic occupation, in which they would release statements to the press and leave when government security forces came to restore order. This was reflected in placards saying: "Don't be afraid. We just want to sit in." When the embassy guards brandished firearms, the protesters retreated, with one telling the Americans, "We don't mean any harm."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But as it became clear that the guards would not use deadly force and that a large, angry crowd had gathered outside the compound to cheer the occupiers and jeer the hostages, the plan changed.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one embassy staff member, buses full of demonstrators began to appear outside the embassy shortly after the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line broke through the gates.<sup id="cite_ref-multiref2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiref2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2025)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As Khomeini's followers had hoped, Khomeini supported the takeover. According to Foreign Minister Yazdi, when he went to <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a> to tell Khomeini about it, Khomeini told him to "go and kick them out." But later that evening, back in Tehran, Yazdi heard on the radio that Khomeini had issued a statement supporting the seizure, calling it "the second revolution" and the embassy an "<a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Tehran" title="Embassy of the United States, Tehran">American spy den in Tehran</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Iran_Hostage_Crisis_Newsreel.ogv/220px-seek%3D7-Iran_Hostage_Crisis_Newsreel.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="121" data-mwtitle="Iran_Hostage_Crisis_Newsreel.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Iran_Hostage_Crisis_Newsreel.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Iran_Hostage_Crisis_Newsreel.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Iran_Hostage_Crisis_Newsreel.ogv/Iran_Hostage_Crisis_Newsreel.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Iran_Hostage_Crisis_Newsreel.ogv/Iran_Hostage_Crisis_Newsreel.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Iran_Hostage_Crisis_Newsreel.ogv/Iran_Hostage_Crisis_Newsreel.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption>A two-minute clip from a <a href="/wiki/Newsreel" title="Newsreel">newsreel</a> regarding the hostage crisis (1980)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Marines and embassy staff were blindfolded by the occupiers and then paraded in front of assembled photographers. In the first couple of days, many of the embassy workers who had sneaked out of the compound or had not been there at the time of the takeover were rounded up by Islamists and returned as hostages.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six American diplomats managed to avoid capture and went into hiding until one of the diplomats Robert Anders called his Canadian counterpart <a href="/wiki/John_Sheardown" title="John Sheardown">John Sheardown</a> seeking help. The group of six stayed in the personal homes of two Canadian diplomats. Two of the six stayed with Canadian Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_D._Taylor" title="Kenneth D. Taylor">Kenneth Taylor</a>, the other four staying with the Sheardown family for 79 days.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a joint covert operation known as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Caper" title="Canadian Caper">Canadian Caper</a>, the Canadian government and the CIA managed to smuggle them out of Iran on January 28, 1980, using Canadian passports and a cover story that identified them as a film crew.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others went to the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Sweden,_Tehran" title="Embassy of Sweden, Tehran">Swedish Embassy in Tehran</a> for three months. </p><p>A State Department diplomatic cable of November 8, 1979, details "A Tentative, Incomplete List of U.S. Personnel Being Held in the Embassy Compound."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motivations">Motivations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Motivations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line demanded that Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi return to Iran for trial and execution. The U.S. maintained that the Shah—who was to die less than a year later, in July 1980—had come to America for medical attention. The group's other demands included that the U.S. government apologize for its interference in the internal affairs of Iran, including the overthrow of Prime Minister Mosaddegh in 1953, and that <a href="/wiki/Iran%27s_frozen_assets" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran's frozen assets">Iran's frozen assets</a> in the United States be released. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran-hostages-b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ea/Iran-hostages-b.jpg/220px-Iran-hostages-b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ea/Iran-hostages-b.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barry_Rosen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barry Rosen (page does not exist)">Barry Rosen</a>, the embassy's press attaché, was among the hostages. The man on the right holding the briefcase is <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_and_the_1979_hostage_crisis" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and the 1979 hostage crisis">alleged by some former hostages</a> to be future President <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a>, although he, Iran's government, and the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> deny this.</figcaption></figure> <p>The initial plan was to hold the embassy for only a short time, but this changed after it became apparent how popular the takeover was and that Khomeini had given it his full support.<sup id="cite_ref-multiref2_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiref2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some attributed the decision not to release the hostages quickly to President Carter's failure to immediately deliver an ultimatum to Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His initial response was to appeal for the release of the hostages on humanitarian grounds and to share his hopes for a strategic <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> alliance with the Ayatollah.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As some of the student leaders had hoped, Iran's moderate prime minister, Bazargan, and his cabinet resigned under pressure just days after the takeover. </p><p>The duration of the hostages' captivity has also been attributed to internal Iranian revolutionary politics. As Ayatollah Khomeini told Iran's president: </p> <blockquote><p>This has united our people. Our opponents do not dare act against us. We can put the constitution to the people's vote without difficulty, and carry out presidential and parliamentary elections.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Various leftist student groups also supported the taking of hostages at the US embassy.<sup id="cite_ref-terronomics_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terronomics-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The embassy take-over was aimed at strengthening the new regime against liberal elements in the government, portraying the regime as a "revolutionary force" while winning over the major following that the People's Mojahedin of Iran had amongst students in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-twquarterly_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twquarterly-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to scholar <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pipes" title="Daniel Pipes">Daniel Pipes</a>, writing in 1980, the <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a>-leaning leftists and the Islamists shared a common antipathy toward market-based reforms under the late Shah, and both subsumed individualism, including the unique identity of women, under conservative, though contrasting, visions of collectivism. Accordingly, both groups favored the Soviet Union over the United States in the early months of the Iranian Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-PipesNYT1980_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PipesNYT1980-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviets, and possibly their allies <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi#Great_Socialist_People's_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya_(1977–2011)" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, were suspected of providing indirect assistance to the participants in the takeover of the U.S. embassy in Tehran. The <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> under <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> provided personnel, intelligence liaisons, funding, and training for Khomeini's forces before and after the revolution and was suspected of playing a role in the embassy crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergman_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergman-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> reportedly praised Khomeini as a revolutionary anti-imperialist who could find common cause between revolutionary leftists and anti-American Islamists. Both expressed disdain for modern <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and a preference for authoritarian collectivism.<sup id="cite_ref-Geyer_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geyer-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuba and its socialist ally <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>, would later form <a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">ALBA</a> in alliance with the Islamic Republic as a counter to <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal</a> American influence. </p><p>Revolutionary teams displayed secret documents purportedly taken from the embassy, sometimes painstakingly reconstructed after <a href="/wiki/Paper_shredder" title="Paper shredder">shredding</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Retrieved_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Retrieved-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to buttress their claim that the U.S. was trying to destabilize the new regime. </p><p>By embracing the hostage-taking under the slogan "America can't do a thing," Khomeini rallied support and deflected criticism of his controversial <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran">theocratic constitution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was scheduled for a <a href="/wiki/1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum" title="1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum">referendum vote in less than one month</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The referendum was successful, and after the vote, both leftists and theocrats continued to use allegations of <a href="/wiki/Pro-Americanism" title="Pro-Americanism">pro-Americanism</a> to suppress their opponents: relatively moderate political forces that included the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Movement_of_Iran" title="Freedom Movement of Iran">Iranian Freedom Movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Iran)" title="National Front (Iran)">National Front</a>, Grand Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Kazem_Shariatmadari" title="Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari">Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later President <a href="/wiki/Abolhassan_Banisadr" title="Abolhassan Banisadr">Abolhassan Banisadr</a>. In particular, carefully selected diplomatic dispatches and reports discovered at the embassy and released by the hostage-takers led to the disempowerment and resignation of moderate figures<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as Bazargan. The failed rescue attempt and the political danger of any move seen as accommodating America delayed a negotiated release of the hostages. After the crisis ended, leftists and theocrats turned on each other, with the stronger theocratic group annihilating the left. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Documents_Seized_from_the_US_Embassy_in_Tehran" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Portal:Documents Seized from the US Embassy in Tehran">Portal:Documents Seized from the US Embassy in Tehran</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Man_holding_sign_during_Iranian_hostage_crisis_protest,_1979.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Man_holding_sign_during_Iranian_hostage_crisis_protest%2C_1979.jpg/220px-Man_holding_sign_during_Iranian_hostage_crisis_protest%2C_1979.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Man_holding_sign_during_Iranian_hostage_crisis_protest%2C_1979.jpg/330px-Man_holding_sign_during_Iranian_hostage_crisis_protest%2C_1979.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Man_holding_sign_during_Iranian_hostage_crisis_protest%2C_1979.jpg/440px-Man_holding_sign_during_Iranian_hostage_crisis_protest%2C_1979.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4677" data-file-height="3117" /></a><figcaption>An anti-Iranian protest in Washington, D.C., in 1979. The front of the sign reads "Deport all Iranians" and "Get the hell out of my country", and the back reads "Release all Americans now".</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documents_discovered_inside_the_American_embassy">Documents discovered inside the American embassy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Documents discovered inside the American embassy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Revolutionary teams displayed secret documents purportedly taken from the embassy, sometimes painstakingly reconstructed after <a href="/wiki/Paper_shredder" title="Paper shredder">shredding</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Retrieved_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Retrieved-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to buttress their statement that the United States was trying to destabilize the new regime with the assistance of Iranian moderates who were in league with the U.S. The documents – including telegrams, correspondence, and reports from the U.S. <a href="/wiki/State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="State Department">State Department</a> and the CIA – were published in a series of books which were titled <i>Documents from the U.S. Espionage Den</i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اسناد لانه جاسوسی امریكا</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 1997 <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists" title="Federation of American Scientists">Federation of American Scientists</a> bulletin, by 1995, 77 volumes of <i>Documents from the U.S. Espionage Den</i> had been published.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these volumes are now available online.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_444-day_crisis">The 444-day crisis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The 444-day crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Iranian_hostage_crisis" title="Timeline of the Iranian hostage crisis">Timeline of the Iranian hostage crisis</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Living_conditions_of_the_hostages">Living conditions of the hostages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Living conditions of the hostages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The hostage-takers, declaring their solidarity with other "oppressed minorities" and declaring their respect for "the special place of <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">women in Islam</a>," released one woman and two <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> on November 19.<sup id="cite_ref-If_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-If-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before release, these hostages were required by their captors to hold a press conference in which Kathy Gross and William Quarles praised the revolution's aims,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but four further women and six African-Americans were released the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-If_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-If-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the then United States Ambassador to Lebanon, <a href="/wiki/John_Gunther_Dean" title="John Gunther Dean">John Gunther Dean</a>, the 13 hostages were released with the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Yassir_Arafat" class="mw-redirect" title="Yassir Arafat">Yassir Arafat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Jihad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Jihad">Abu Jihad</a> personally traveled to Tehran to secure a concession.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only African-American hostage not released that month was Charles A. Jones, Jr.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One more hostage, a white man named <a href="/wiki/Richard_Queen" title="Richard Queen">Richard Queen</a>, was released in July 1980 after he became seriously ill with what was later diagnosed as <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>. The remaining 52 hostages were held until January 1981, up to 444 days of captivity. </p><p>The hostages were initially held at the embassy, but after the takers took the cue from the failed rescue mission, the detainees were scattered around Iran in order to make a single rescue attempt impossible. Three high-level officials – <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Laingen" title="Bruce Laingen">Bruce Laingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_L._Tomseth" title="Victor L. Tomseth">Victor L. Tomseth</a>, and Mike Howland – were at the Foreign Ministry at the time of the takeover. They stayed there for several months, sleeping in the ministry's formal dining room and washing their socks and underwear in the bathroom. At first, they were treated as diplomats, but after the provisional government fell, the treatment of them deteriorated. By March, the doors to their living space were kept "chained and padlocked."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By midsummer 1980, the Iranians had moved the hostages to prisons in Tehran<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to prevent escapes or rescue attempts and to improve the logistics of guard shifts and food deliveries.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final holding area, from November 1980 until their release, was the <a href="/wiki/Teymur_Bakhtiar" title="Teymur Bakhtiar">Teymur Bakhtiar</a> mansion in Tehran, where the hostages were finally given tubs, showers, and hot and cold running water.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several foreign diplomats and ambassadors – including the former Canadian ambassador <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_D._Taylor" title="Kenneth D. Taylor">Ken Taylor</a> – visited the hostages over the course of the crisis and relayed information back to the U.S. government, including dispatches from Laingen. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Revolutionary_occupation_of_U.S._embassy_Title_of_Islamic_Republican_newspaper_in_November_5,_1979.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Revolutionary_occupation_of_U.S._embassy_Title_of_Islamic_Republican_newspaper_in_November_5%2C_1979.jpg/300px-Revolutionary_occupation_of_U.S._embassy_Title_of_Islamic_Republican_newspaper_in_November_5%2C_1979.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Revolutionary_occupation_of_U.S._embassy_Title_of_Islamic_Republican_newspaper_in_November_5%2C_1979.jpg/450px-Revolutionary_occupation_of_U.S._embassy_Title_of_Islamic_Republican_newspaper_in_November_5%2C_1979.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Revolutionary_occupation_of_U.S._embassy_Title_of_Islamic_Republican_newspaper_in_November_5%2C_1979.jpg/600px-Revolutionary_occupation_of_U.S._embassy_Title_of_Islamic_Republican_newspaper_in_November_5%2C_1979.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption>A headline in an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republican_newspaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republican newspaper">Islamic Republican newspaper</a> on November 5, 1979, read "Revolutionary occupation of U.S. embassy".</figcaption></figure> <p>Iranian propaganda stated that the hostages were "guests" and it also stated that they were being treated with respect. Asgharzadeh, the leader of the students, described the original plan as a nonviolent and symbolic action in which the students would use their "gentle and respectful treatment" of the hostages to dramatize the offended sovereignty and dignity of Iran to the entire world.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In America, an Iranian <a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires" title="Chargé d'affaires">chargé d'affaires</a>, Ali Agha, stormed out of a meeting with an American official, exclaiming: "We are not mistreating the hostages. They are being very well taken care of in Tehran. They are our guests."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The actual treatment of the hostages was far different. They described beatings,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> theft,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fear of bodily harm. Two of them, William Belk and Kathryn Koob, recalled being paraded blindfolded before an angry, chanting crowd outside the embassy.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others reported having their hands bound "day and night" for days<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even weeks,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> long periods of solitary confinement,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and months of being forbidden to speak to one another<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to stand, walk, or leave their space unless they were going to the bathroom.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of the hostages "were threatened repeatedly with execution, and took it seriously."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hostage-takers played <a href="/wiki/Russian_roulette" title="Russian roulette">Russian roulette</a> with their victims.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One hostage, Michael Metrinko, was kept in solitary confinement for several months. On two occasions, when he expressed his opinion of Ayatollah Khomeini, he was severely punished. The first time, he was kept in handcuffs for two weeks,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the second time, he was beaten and kept alone in a freezing cell for two weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another hostage, U.S. Army medic Donald Hohman, went on a <a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">hunger strike</a> for several weeks,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and two hostages attempted <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>. Steve Lauterbach broke a water glass and slashed his wrists after being locked in a dark basement room with his hands tightly bound. He was found and rushed to the hospital by guards.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jerry Miele, a CIA communications technician, smashed his head into the corner of a door, knocking himself unconscious and cutting a deep gash. "Naturally withdrawn" and looking "ill, old, tired, and vulnerable," Miele had become the butt of his guards' jokes, and they had rigged up a mock electric chair to emphasize the fate that awaited him. His fellow hostages applied <a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">first aid</a> and raised the alarm, and he was taken to a hospital after a long delay which was caused by the guards.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other hostages described threats to boil their feet in oil (Alan B. Golacinski),<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cut their eyes out (Rick Kupke),<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or kidnap and kill a disabled son in America and "start sending pieces of him to your wife" (David Roeder).<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four hostages tried to escape,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and all of them were punished with stretches of solitary confinement when their escape attempts were discovered. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DF-SN-82-06759.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/DF-SN-82-06759.jpg/220px-DF-SN-82-06759.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/DF-SN-82-06759.jpg/330px-DF-SN-82-06759.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/DF-SN-82-06759.jpg/440px-DF-SN-82-06759.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>A group photograph of the fifty-two hostages in a Wiesbaden hospital where they spent a few days after their release.</figcaption></figure> <p>Queen, the hostage who was sent home because of his <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>, first developed dizziness and numbness in his left arm six months before his release.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, the Iranians misdiagnosed his symptoms as a reaction to drafts of cold air. When warmer confinement did not help, he was told that it was "nothing" because the symptoms would disappear soon.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the months, the numbness spread to his right side, and the dizziness worsened until he "was literally flat on his back, unable to move without growing dizzy and throwing up."<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cruelty of the Iranian prison guards became "a form of slow torture."<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guards often withheld mail – telling one hostage, Charles W. Scott, "I don't see anything for you, Mr. Scott. Are you sure your wife has not found another man?"<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – and the hostages' possessions went missing.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the hostages were taken to the aircraft that would fly them out of Tehran, they were led through a gauntlet of students forming parallel lines and shouting, "Marg bar Amrika" ("<a href="/wiki/Death_to_America" title="Death to America">death to America</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the pilot announced that they were out of Iran, the "freed hostages went wild with happiness. Shouting, cheering, crying, clapping, falling into one another's arms."<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_in_the_United_States">Impact in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Impact in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heckler2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Heckler2.jpg/220px-Heckler2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Heckler2.jpg/330px-Heckler2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Heckler2.jpg/440px-Heckler2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4712" data-file-height="3115" /></a><figcaption>A heckler in Washington, D.C., leans across a police line toward a demonstration of Iranians in August 1980.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, the hostage crisis created "a surge of patriotism" and left "the American people more united than they have been on any issue in two decades."<sup id="cite_ref-TIMEkhomeini_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIMEkhomeini-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hostage-taking was seen "not just as a diplomatic affront," but as a "declaration of war on diplomacy itself."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Television news gave daily updates.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1980, the <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_Evening_News" title="CBS Evening News">CBS Evening News</a></i> anchor <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cronkite" title="Walter Cronkite">Walter Cronkite</a> began ending each show by saying how many days the hostages had been captive.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Carter applied economic and diplomatic pressure: Oil imports from Iran were ended on November 12, 1979, and with <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12170" title="Executive Order 12170">Executive Order 12170</a>, around US$8 billion of Iranian assets in the United States were frozen by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Foreign_Assets_Control" title="Office of Foreign Assets Control">Office of Foreign Assets Control</a> on November 14. </p><p>During the weeks leading up to Christmas in 1979, high school students made cards that were delivered to the hostages.<sup id="cite_ref-TIME_1981-01-26_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIME_1981-01-26-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Community groups across the country did the same, resulting in bales of Christmas cards. The <a href="/wiki/National_Christmas_Tree_(United_States)" title="National Christmas Tree (United States)">National Christmas Tree</a> was left dark except for the top star. </p><p>At the time, two Trenton, N.J., newspapers – <i><a href="/wiki/The_Trenton_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Trenton Times">The Trenton Times</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Trentonian" title="The Trentonian">The Trentonian</a></i> and perhaps others around the country – printed full-page color American flags in their newspapers for readers to cut out and place in the front windows of their homes as support for the hostages until they were brought home safely. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Americans" title="Iranian Americans">Iranian Americans</a> reported a backlash against them develop in the United States. According to activist <a href="/wiki/Maziar_Bahari" title="Maziar Bahari">Maziar Bahari</a>, an anonymous friend told him, "I had to hide my Iranian identity not to get beaten up, even at university."<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Bowden, a pattern emerged in President Carter's attempts to negotiate the hostages' release: "Carter would latch on to a deal proffered by a top Iranian official and grant minor but humiliating concessions, only to have it scotched at the last minute by Khomeini."<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_rescue_of_hostages">Canadian rescue of hostages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Canadian rescue of hostages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Caper" title="Canadian Caper">Canadian Caper</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ThanksCanada.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ThanksCanada.JPG/300px-ThanksCanada.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ThanksCanada.JPG/450px-ThanksCanada.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/ThanksCanada.JPG/600px-ThanksCanada.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">Americans</a> expressed gratitude for Canadian efforts to rescue American diplomats during the hostage crisis.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the day the hostages were seized, six American diplomats evaded capture and remained in hiding at the home of the Canadian diplomat <a href="/wiki/John_Sheardown" title="John Sheardown">John Sheardown</a>, under the protection of the Canadian ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_D._Taylor" title="Kenneth D. Taylor">Ken Taylor</a>. In late 1979, the government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a> secretly issued an <a href="/wiki/Order_in_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Order in council">Order in Council</a><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing Canadian passports to be issued to some American citizens so that they could escape. In cooperation with the CIA, which used the cover story of a film project, two CIA agents and the six American diplomats boarded a <a href="/wiki/Swissair" title="Swissair">Swissair</a> flight to <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, Switzerland, on January 28, 1980. Their rescue from Iran, known as the Canadian Caper,<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was fictionalized in the 1981 film <i><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Iran:_The_Canadian_Caper" title="Escape from Iran: The Canadian Caper">Escape from Iran: The Canadian Caper</a></i> and the 2012 film <i><a href="/wiki/Argo_(2012_film)" title="Argo (2012 film)">Argo</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negotiations_for_release">Negotiations for release</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Negotiations for release"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis_negotiations" title="Iran hostage crisis negotiations">Iran hostage crisis negotiations</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_role_of_Algeria_in_the_resolution_of_the_American_hostages_crisis" title="The role of Algeria in the resolution of the American hostages crisis">The role of Algeria in the resolution of the American hostages crisis</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rescue_attempts">Rescue attempts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rescue attempts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_rescue_attempt">First rescue attempt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: First rescue attempt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a>, had argued against the push by <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a>, for a military solution to the crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTmag_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTmag-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vance, struggling with <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a>, went to Florida on Thursday, April 10, 1980, for a long weekend.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTmag_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTmag-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Friday Brzezinski held a newly scheduled meeting of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a> where the president authorized <a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a>, a military expedition into Tehran to rescue the hostages.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTmag_125-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTmag-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deputy Secretary <a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Warren Christopher</a>, who attended the meeting in Vance's place, did not inform Vance.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTmag_125-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTmag-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furious, Vance handed in his resignation on principle, calling Brzezinski "evil."<sup id="cite_ref-NYTmag_125-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTmag-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Late in the afternoon of April 24, 1980, eight <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_CH-53_Sea_Stallion" title="Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion">RH‑53D</a> helicopters flew from the aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Nimitz" title="USS Nimitz">USS <i>Nimitz</i></a> to a remote road serving as an airstrip in the <a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Kavir" title="Dasht-e Kavir">Great Salt Desert</a> of Eastern Iran, near <a href="/wiki/Tabas" title="Tabas">Tabas</a>. They encountered severe dust storms that disabled two of the helicopters, which were traveling in complete <a href="/wiki/Radio_silence" title="Radio silence">radio silence</a>. Early the next morning, the remaining six helicopters met up with several waiting <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">Lockheed C-130 Hercules</a> transport aircraft at a landing site and refueling area designated "Desert One". </p><p>At this point, a third helicopter was found to be unserviceable, bringing the total below the six deemed vital for the mission. The commander of the operation, Col. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Alvin_Beckwith" title="Charles Alvin Beckwith">Charles Alvin Beckwith</a>, recommended that the mission be aborted, and his recommendation was approved by President Carter. As the helicopters repositioned themselves for refueling, one ran into a C‑130 tanker aircraft and crashed, killing eight U.S. servicemen and injuring several more.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two hours into the flight, the crew of helicopter No. 6 saw a warning light indicating that a main rotor might be cracked. They landed in the desert, confirmed visually that a crack had started to develop, and stopped flying in accordance with normal operating procedure. Helicopter No. 8 landed to pick up the crew of No. 6, and abandoned No. 6 in the desert without destroying it. The report by Holloway's group pointed out that a cracked helicopter blade could have been used to continue the mission and that its likelihood of catastrophic failure would have been low for many hours, especially at lower flying speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report found that the pilot of No. 6 would have continued the mission if instructed to do so. </p><p>When the helicopters encountered two <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">dust storms</a> along the way to the refueling point, the second more severe than the first, the pilot of No. 5 turned back because the mine-laying helicopters were not equipped with <a href="/wiki/Terrain-following_radar" title="Terrain-following radar">terrain-following radar</a>. The report found that the pilot could have continued to the refueling point if he had been told that better weather awaited him there, but because of the command for radio silence, he did not ask about the conditions ahead. The report also concluded that "there were ways to pass the information" between the refueling station and the helicopter force "that would have small likelihood of compromising the mission" – in other words, that the ban on communication had not been necessary at this stage.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Helicopter No. 2 experienced a partial <a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">hydraulic system</a> failure but was able to fly on for four hours to the refueling location. There, an inspection showed that a hydraulic fluid leak had damaged a pump and that the helicopter could not be flown safely, nor repaired in time to continue the mission. Six helicopters were thought to be the absolute minimum required for the rescue mission, so with the force reduced to five, the local commander radioed his intention to abort. This request was passed through military channels to President Carter, who agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-Holloway1980_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holloway1980-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1980, the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> commissioned a <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_(United_States_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces (United States Army)">Special Operations</a> review group of six senior military officers, led by Adm. <a href="/wiki/James_L._Holloway_III" title="James L. Holloway III">James L. Holloway III</a>, to thoroughly examine all aspects of the rescue attempt. The group identified 23 issues that were significant in the failure of the mission, 11 of which it deemed major. The overriding issue was <a href="/wiki/Operational_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational security">operational security</a> – that is, keeping the mission secret so that the arrival of the rescue team at the embassy would be a complete surprise. This severed the usual relationship between pilots and weather forecasters; the pilots were not informed about the local dust storms. Another security requirement was that the helicopter pilots come from the same unit. The unit picked for the mission was a U.S. Navy mine-laying unit flying <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_CH-53_Sea_Stallion" title="Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion">CH-53D Sea Stallions</a>; these helicopters were considered the best suited for the mission because of their long range, large capacity, and compatibility with shipboard operations. </p><p>After the mission and its failure were made known publicly, Khomeini credited divine intervention on behalf of Islam, and his prestige skyrocketed in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iranian officials who favored release of the hostages, such as President <a href="/wiki/Bani_Sadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Bani Sadr">Bani Sadr</a>, were weakened. In America, President Carter's political popularity and prospects for being re-elected in 1980 were further damaged after a television address on April 25 in which he explained the rescue operation and accepted responsibility for its failure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Planned_second_attempt">Planned second attempt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Planned second attempt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Credible_Sport" title="Operation Credible Sport">Operation Credible Sport</a></div> <p>A second rescue attempt, planned but never carried out, would have used highly modified YMC-130H Hercules aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-t241_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t241-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three aircraft, outfitted with rocket thrusters to allow an extremely short landing and takeoff in the <a href="/wiki/Shahid_Shiroudi_Stadium" title="Shahid Shiroudi Stadium">Shahid Shiroudi football stadium</a> near the embassy, were modified under a rushed, top-secret program known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Credible_Sport" title="Operation Credible Sport">Operation Credible Sport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One crashed during a demonstration at <a href="/wiki/Eglin_Air_Force_Base" title="Eglin Air Force Base">Eglin Air Force Base</a> on October 29, 1980, when its braking rockets were fired too soon. The misfire caused a hard touchdown that tore off the starboard wing and started a fire, but all on board survived. After Carter lost the <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">presidential election</a> in November, the project was abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The failed rescue attempt led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/160th_SOAR" class="mw-redirect" title="160th SOAR">160th SOAR</a>, a helicopter aviation Special Operations group. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resolution_of_the_crisis_based_on_the_Algerian_Proposal">Resolution of the crisis based on the Algerian Proposal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Resolution of the crisis based on the Algerian Proposal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_vote_of_the_Majlis">The vote of the <a href="/wiki/Majlis_of_iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis of iran">Majlis</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The vote of the Majlis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two days before the 1980 presidential elections in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Majlis_of_iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis of iran">the Iranian parliament</a> (Majlis) voted on November 2, 1980 <sup id="cite_ref-upi.com_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-upi.com-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the decision to release the American citizens detained in Iran if the United States accepted to meet a list of four conditions:<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-upi.com_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-upi.com-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>First and foremost to unfreeze Iranian assets in U.S. and international banks<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>To return the wealth collected by the late Shah during his reign</li> <li>To withdraw all lawsuits against Iran in the United States</li> <li>To pledge non-intervention in Iranian affairs</li></ol> <p>The message was immediately delivered by the Algerian foreign minister Sedikk Benyahia (Algeria being the <a href="/wiki/Protecting_power" title="Protecting power">protecting power</a> of Iran in the United States) to the State Department with a letter confirming that the Algerian government was officially considered an intermediary by Iran. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iran)">Iranian ministry of foreign affairs</a> stressed that the United States government was requested to "announce its response as soon as possible" and "to inform the world" of the American answer to the hostage release conditions". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carter’s_demand_to_Algeria"><span id="Carter.E2.80.99s_demand_to_Algeria"></span>Carter’s demand to Algeria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Carter’s demand to Algeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Previously, at the request of the U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, which had been representing Iranian interests in Washington, D.C. (while Switzerland was representing US interests in Tehran), agreed to undertake a good offices mission in an attempt to facilitate a last-chance negotiation and the release of the hostages before Jimmy Carter leaves the White House. This mission, led by the Algerian Minister of Foreign Affairs, involved engaging in a diplomatic shuttle by the Algerian ambassadors in each capital to enable indirect talks between the United States and Iran. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_phase_of_the_Algerian_intermediation_:_delivering_messages">First phase of the Algerian intermediation : delivering messages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: First phase of the Algerian intermediation : delivering messages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""The_mailmen""><span id=".22The_mailmen.22"></span>"The mailmen"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: "The mailmen""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two Algerian ambassadors in both countries were tasked only with transmitting messages between the negotiating teams without intervening in the substance of the discussions. Hence, they were dubbed "the mailmen" by the press.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_deadlock">The deadlock</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The deadlock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> As the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. State Department</a> negotiators were unable to reach an agreement, based on the demands set by the vote of the Majlis, and as the Algerian team consisting of two ambassadors lacking any specific expertise, the negotiations were in a deadlock.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>That, the sources said, is the case despite the State Department's announcement yesterday that Iran has raised several new questions about U.S. proposals for resolving the 14-month impasse. In another outwardly downbeat note yesterday, the department revealed that Deputy Secretary of State Warren M. Christopher, in a telephone message from Algiers, said that "serious problems continue to exist between the two sides." </p><p>Of principal concern to the Carter administration, the sources said, is that the linchpin of an agreement -- arrangements for transferring part of the estimated $8 to $14 billion in frozen Iranian assets held by the United States -- will take several weeks, or possibly months, to bring to the point that Iran feels sufficiently confident about U.S. faith to let the hostages go. </p><p> "U.S. Offers New Ideas To Iran To Expedite Freedom For Hostages U.S. Making New Hostage Proposals To Iran" in The Washington Post, Jan. 9, 1981</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_phase_:_The_Algerian_Proposal">Second phase : The Algerian Proposal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Second phase : The Algerian Proposal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote><p><i>Algeria started out as ''a simple mailman,'' delivering messages between the United States and Iran, but in the end it played a decisive mediator's role in the negotiations for the release of the 52 American hostages and the return to Iran of assets frozen in the United States.</i> </p><p><i>Algerian sources close to the negotiations said Algeria had faithfully observed its role as an intermediary until about a month ago, when ''a deadlock'' was reached between American and Iranian negotiators.</i> </p> <p><i>"Wary Algeria Edged into Pivotal Role" The New York Times, Jan. 26, 1981</i></p></blockquote><p>Realizing that the negotiations were certain to fail, just like previous attempts, due to complex issues that had remained unsolved, neither the State Department nor the Iranian authorities being unable to overcome the impasses, the Algerian authorities took the initiative to take an active part in the negotiations and entrusted the relaunch of these negotiations to <a href="/wiki/Seghir_Mostefai" title="Seghir Mostefai">Seghir Mostefai</a>, highly experienced founder and head of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Algeria" title="Bank of Algeria">Central Bank of Algeria</a> since the country's independence in 1962, long-time member of the board of governors of the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank</a>. Throughout his career Mostefai had maintained long-standing working relationships with both the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank" title="Federal Reserve Bank">Federal Reserve Bank</a> (the institution in charge of freezing Iranian assets) and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran" title="Central Bank of Iran">Markazi Bank</a> (Iranian central bank). He was approved by both sides to resume the negotiations on new grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Algeria started to play this active role a team led by Warren Christopher with members of both the State Department and the Treasury Department arrived in Algiers. </p><p>He formulated the plan that was called by the Iranians the "Algerian proposal",<sup id="cite_ref-:2_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a comprehensive agreement to resolve all disputes between the U.S. and Iran after he discussed with each party what claims and what conditions were acceptable to converge toward an agreement. The proposal included a trust-based role for the Central Bank of Algeria to facilitate the simultaneous release of U.S. hostages and the return of Iranian assets. Mostefai’s plan also envisioned the creation of an <a href="/wiki/Arbitral_tribunal" title="Arbitral tribunal">arbitration tribunal</a> (later known as <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_Claims_Tribunal" title="Iran–United States Claims Tribunal">Iran-US Claims Tribunal</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, Netherlands) to later resolve outstanding disputes progressively, enabling the release of American detainees without delay despite massive pending litigation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_outcome_:_The_Algiers_Accords">Final outcome : The Algiers Accords</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Final outcome : The Algiers Accords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Negotiations on the Algerian proposal and the pivotal role played by the Algerian central bank finally led to the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Algiers_Accords" title="Algiers Accords">Algiers Accords</a> by the three countries. </p><p>Based on the trusting relationship with the Algerian central bank, the Iranian authorities accepted that their assets would be transferred by the American authorities to an <a href="/wiki/Escrow" title="Escrow">escrow account</a> in the name of the Central Bank of Algeria acting as a neutral intermediary to collect the funds before the release of the hostages and to transfer these funds to Iran in a second phase after the release.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Iranian assets under the form of <a href="/wiki/Gold_bar" title="Gold bar">gold bullion</a>, cash and securities (mainly <a href="/wiki/United_States_Treasury_security" title="United States Treasury security">US Treasury Bonds</a>) would be transferred to an escrow account of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Algeria" title="Bank of Algeria">Central Bank of Algeria</a> kept at the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>. </p><p>When the Bank of England notifies the Central Bank of Algeria that the agreed amount was transferred, the Iranians would be notified and the American hostages could be released. </p><p>One part of the transferred amount would be kept at the Central Bank of Algeria for pending settlements of U.S. claims to be presented to the arbitration tribunal progressively. </p><p>Finally, the United States transferred directly and indirectly to Iran a total amount of USD 7.956 billion (equivalent to USD 25+ billion in 2020). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transfer_at_Algiers_Airport">Transfer at Algiers Airport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Transfer at Algiers Airport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Algerian authorities sent two identical <a href="/wiki/Boeing_727" title="Boeing 727">Boeing 727</a> planes belonging to the national airlines company <a href="/wiki/Air_Alg%C3%A9rie" title="Air Algérie">Air Algérie</a> and a medical team. </p><p>The American hostages were transported from the different places where they were detained to Tehran airport. The Algerian medical team examined all the hostages and found them in good condition. When authorization was given by the Iranian authorities following Central Bank of Algeria’s confirmation that it had received the deposits, the boarding started. A group of the Algerian army’s special forces was present to oversee the boarding which was the moment the American citizens were officially put under the responsibility of Algeria. </p><p>The Algerian delegation and the American hostages were going to fly in the same plane. But for security reasons the second plane was used by the Algerians as a decoy due to the context of <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">increasing military tension with Iraq.</a> </p><p> After a stop in Greece the plane landed in Algiers. The Americans were greeted by <a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Warren Christopher</a>, the signatory of the <a href="/wiki/Algiers_Accords" title="Algiers Accords">Algiers Accords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the airport, the Algerian authorities officially handed the hostages to the American delegation who took them in a U.S. Army aircraft to a <a href="/wiki/Rhein-Main_Air_Base" title="Rhein-Main Air Base">US Air Force base in Wiesbaden</a> before flying to the United States.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DF-SC-82-06566_Bush_hostages_Iran.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/DF-SC-82-06566_Bush_hostages_Iran.JPEG/220px-DF-SC-82-06566_Bush_hostages_Iran.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/DF-SC-82-06566_Bush_hostages_Iran.JPEG/330px-DF-SC-82-06566_Bush_hostages_Iran.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/DF-SC-82-06566_Bush_hostages_Iran.JPEG/440px-DF-SC-82-06566_Bush_hostages_Iran.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2850" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Vice President George H. W. Bush and other VIPs wait to welcome the hostages home.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_hostages_return.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Iran_hostages_return.jpg/220px-Iran_hostages_return.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Iran_hostages_return.jpg/330px-Iran_hostages_return.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Iran_hostages_return.jpg/440px-Iran_hostages_return.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2950" data-file-height="1990" /></a><figcaption>The hostages disembark <i>Freedom One</i>, an Air Force <a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-137_Stratoliner" title="Boeing C-137 Stratoliner">Boeing C-137 Stratoliner</a> aircraft, upon their return.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Release">Release</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Release"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="First inauguration of Ronald Reagan">First inauguration of Ronald Reagan</a></div> <p>With the completion of <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis_negotiations" title="Iran hostage crisis negotiations">negotiations</a> signified by the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Algiers_Accords" title="Algiers Accords">Algiers Accords</a> on January 19, 1981, the hostages were released on January 20, 1981. That day, minutes after Ronald Reagan was <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="First inauguration of Ronald Reagan">sworn in</a> as president and while he was giving his inaugural address, the 52 American hostages were released to U.S. personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-Weisman_A1_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weisman_A1-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are theories regarding why Iran postponed the release until that moment.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hostages were flown on an <a href="/wiki/Air_Alg%C3%A9rie" title="Air Algérie">Air Algeria</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_727" title="Boeing 727">Boeing 727</a>-200 commercial airliner (registration 7T-VEM) from <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> to <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, where they were formally transferred to <a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Warren M. Christopher</a>, the representative of the United States, as a symbolic gesture of appreciation for the Algerian government's help in resolving the crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-christopher-obitu_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christopher-obitu-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flight continued to <a href="/wiki/Rhein-Main_Air_Base" title="Rhein-Main Air Base">Rhein-Main Air Base</a> in West Germany and on to an Air Force hospital in <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>, where former President Carter, acting as emissary, received them. After medical check-ups and debriefings, the hostages made a second flight to a refueling stop in <a href="/wiki/Shannon,_County_Clare" title="Shannon, County Clare">Shannon, Ireland</a>, where they were greeted by a large crowd.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The released hostages were then flown to <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Air_National_Guard_Base" title="Stewart Air National Guard Base">Stewart Air National Guard Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newburgh_(town),_New_York" title="Newburgh (town), New York">Newburgh, New York</a>. From Newburgh, they traveled by bus to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> at West Point and stayed at the <a href="/wiki/Thayer_Hotel" title="Thayer Hotel">Thayer Hotel</a> for three days, receiving a heroes' welcome all along the route.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten days after their release, they were given a <a href="/wiki/Ticker_tape_parade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ticker tape parade">ticker tape parade</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Canyon_of_Heroes" class="mw-redirect" title="Canyon of Heroes">Canyon of Heroes</a> in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran–Iraq_War"><span id="Iran.E2.80.93Iraq_War"></span>Iran–Iraq War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Iran–Iraq War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iraqi invasion of Iran</a> occurred less than a year after the embassy employees were taken hostage. The journalist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kinzer" title="Stephen Kinzer">Stephen Kinzer</a> argues that the dramatic change in American–Iranian relations, from allies to enemies, helped embolden the Iraqi leader, <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, and that the United States' anger with Iran led it to <a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_war" class="mw-redirect" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war">aid the Iraqis</a> after the war turned against them.<sup id="cite_ref-smithsonianmag_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsonianmag-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States supplied Iraq with, among other things, "helicopters and satellite intelligence that was used in selecting bombing targets." This assistance "deepened and widened anti-American feeling in Iran."<sup id="cite_ref-smithsonianmag_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsonianmag-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consequences_for_Iran">Consequences for Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Consequences for Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:13_Aban_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/13_Aban_%283%29.jpg/220px-13_Aban_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/13_Aban_%283%29.jpg/330px-13_Aban_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/13_Aban_%283%29.jpg/440px-13_Aban_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>A protest in Tehran on November 4, 2015, against the United States, Israel, and Saudi Arabia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:13_Aban_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/13_Aban_%284%29.jpg/220px-13_Aban_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/13_Aban_%284%29.jpg/330px-13_Aban_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/13_Aban_%284%29.jpg/440px-13_Aban_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>The November 2015 protest in Tehran.</figcaption></figure> <p>The hostage-taking is considered largely unsuccessful for Iran, as the negotiated settlement with the U.S. did not meet any of Iran's original demands. Iran lost international support for its war against Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, anti-Americanism intensified, and the crisis served to benefit those Iranians who had supported it.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politicians such as Khoeiniha and <a href="/wiki/Behzad_Nabavi" title="Behzad Nabavi">Behzad Nabavi</a><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were left in a stronger position, while those associated with – or accused of association with – the U.S. were removed from the political picture. Khomeini biographer, <a href="/wiki/Baqer_Moin" title="Baqer Moin">Baqer Moin</a>, described the crisis as "a watershed in Khomeini's life" that transformed him from "a cautious, pragmatic politician" into "a modern revolutionary single-mindedly pursuing a dogma." In Khomeini's statements, <i>imperialism</i> and <i>liberalism</i> were "negative words," while <i>revolution</i> "became a sacred word, sometimes more important than <i>Islam</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Iranian government commemorates the event every year with a demonstration at the embassy and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_desecration" title="Flag desecration">burning of an American flag</a>. However, on November 4, 2009, pro-democracy protesters and reformists demonstrated in the streets of Tehran. When the authorities encouraged them to chant "death to America," the protesters instead chanted "death to the dictator" (referring to <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Iran's Supreme Leader</a>, Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a>) and other anti-government slogans.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consequences_for_the_United_States">Consequences for the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Consequences for the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:13_Aban_protests_in_Tehran_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/13_Aban_protests_in_Tehran_02.jpg/220px-13_Aban_protests_in_Tehran_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/13_Aban_protests_in_Tehran_02.jpg/330px-13_Aban_protests_in_Tehran_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/13_Aban_protests_in_Tehran_02.jpg/440px-13_Aban_protests_in_Tehran_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>Simulation of the first day of the event, 3 November 2016, Tehran</figcaption></figure> <p>Gifts, including lifetime passes to any <a href="/wiki/Minor_league_baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor league baseball">minor league</a> or <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> game,<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were showered on the hostages upon their return to the United States. </p><p>In 2000, the hostages and their families tried unsuccessfully to sue Iran under the <a href="/wiki/Antiterrorism_and_Effective_Death_Penalty_Act_of_1996" title="Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996">Antiterrorism Act</a> of 1996. They originally won the case when Iran failed to provide a defense, but the State Department then tried to end the lawsuit,<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fearing that it would make international relations difficult. As a result, a federal judge ruled that no damages could be awarded to the hostages because of the agreement the United States had made when the hostages were freed.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The former U.S. Embassy building is now used by Iran's government and affiliated groups. Since 2001 it has served as a museum to the revolution. Outside the door, there is a bronze model based on the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a> on one side and a statue portraying one of the hostages on the other.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> reported in 2006 that a group called the Committee for the Commemoration of Martyrs of the Global Islamic Campaign had used the embassy to recruit "martyrdom seekers": volunteers to carry out operations against Western and <a href="/wiki/Iran_Israel_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran Israel relations">Israeli</a> targets.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mohammad Samadi, a spokesman for the group, signed up several hundred volunteers in a few days.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_hostage_crisis_memmorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Iran_hostage_crisis_memmorial.jpg/220px-Iran_hostage_crisis_memmorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Iran_hostage_crisis_memmorial.jpg/330px-Iran_hostage_crisis_memmorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Iran_hostage_crisis_memmorial.jpg/440px-Iran_hostage_crisis_memmorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2992" /></a><figcaption>Iran hostage crisis memorial</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomatic_relations">Diplomatic relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Diplomatic relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States and Iran broke off formal diplomatic relations over the hostage crisis. Iran selected Algeria as its <a href="/wiki/Protecting_power" title="Protecting power">protecting power</a> in the United States, transferring the mandate to Pakistan in 1992. The United States selected Switzerland as its protecting power in Iran. Relations are maintained through the <a href="/wiki/Interests_Section_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Interests Section of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the United States">Iranian Interests Section</a> of the Pakistani Embassy and the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Tehran" title="Embassy of the United States, Tehran">U.S. Interests Section</a> of the Swiss Embassy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Eagle_Claw_remnant_in_the_former_embessy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Operation_Eagle_Claw_remnant_in_the_former_embessy.jpg/220px-Operation_Eagle_Claw_remnant_in_the_former_embessy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Operation_Eagle_Claw_remnant_in_the_former_embessy.jpg/330px-Operation_Eagle_Claw_remnant_in_the_former_embessy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Operation_Eagle_Claw_remnant_in_the_former_embessy.jpg/440px-Operation_Eagle_Claw_remnant_in_the_former_embessy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="3704" /></a><figcaption>Operation Eagle Claw remnant in the former embassy</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hostages">Hostages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Hostages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Special:EditPage/Iran hostage crisis">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Iran+hostage+crisis%22">"Iran hostage crisis"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Iran+hostage+crisis%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Iran+hostage+crisis%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Iran+hostage+crisis%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Iran+hostage+crisis%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Iran+hostage+crisis%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There were 66 original captives: 63 of them were taken at the embassy and three of them were captured and held at the Foreign Ministry offices. Three of the hostages were operatives of the CIA. One of them was a chemical engineering student from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rhode_Island" title="University of Rhode Island">URI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Journal_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Journal-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thirteen hostages were released on November 19–20, 1979, and one hostage was released on July 11, 1980. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomats_who_evaded_capture">Diplomats who evaded capture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Diplomats who evaded capture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Robert Anders, – consular officer</li> <li>Mark J. Lijek, 29 – consular officer</li> <li>Cora A. Lijek, 25 – consular assistant</li> <li>Henry L. Schatz, 31 – agriculture attaché</li> <li>Joseph D. Stafford, 29 – consular officer</li> <li>Kathleen F. Stafford, 28 – consular assistant</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hostages_who_were_released_on_November_19,_1979"><span id="Hostages_who_were_released_on_November_19.2C_1979"></span>Hostages who were released on November 19, 1979</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Hostages who were released on November 19, 1979"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kathy Gross, 22 – secretary<sup id="cite_ref-If_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-If-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sgt Ladell Maples, USMC, 23 – Marine Corps embassy guard</li> <li>Sgt William Quarles, USMC, 23 – Marine Corps embassy guard</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hostages_who_were_released_on_November_20,_1979"><span id="Hostages_who_were_released_on_November_20.2C_1979"></span>Hostages who were released on November 20, 1979</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Hostages who were released on November 20, 1979"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sgt James Hughes, USAF, 30 – Air Force administrative manager</li> <li>Lillian Johnson, 32 – secretary</li> <li>Elizabeth Montagne – secretary</li> <li>Lloyd Rollins – administrative officer</li> <li>Capt Neal (Terry) Robinson, USAF, – Air Force military intelligence officer</li> <li>Terri Tedford, 24 – secretary</li> <li>MSgt Joseph Vincent, USAF, – Air Force administrative manager</li> <li>Sgt David Walker, USMC, 25 – Marine Corps embassy guard</li> <li>Joan Walsh, 33 – secretary</li> <li>Cpl Wesley Williams, USMC, 24 – Marine Corps embassy guard</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hostage_who_was_released_in_July_1980">Hostage who was released in July 1980</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Hostage who was released in July 1980"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Queen" title="Richard Queen">Richard Queen</a>, 28 – vice consul</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hostages_who_were_released_in_January_1981">Hostages who were released in January 1981</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Hostages who were released in January 1981"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Iran_hostages_1%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_11_crop%29.jpg/200px-Iran_hostages_1%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_11_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Iran_hostages_1%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_11_crop%29.jpg/300px-Iran_hostages_1%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_11_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Iran_hostages_1%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_11_crop%29.jpg/400px-Iran_hostages_1%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_11_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1652" data-file-height="2093" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_hostages_2,_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_(IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231)_(page_12_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Iran_hostages_2%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_12_crop%29.jpg/200px-Iran_hostages_2%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_12_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Iran_hostages_2%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_12_crop%29.jpg/300px-Iran_hostages_2%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_12_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Iran_hostages_3%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_13_crop%29.jpg/300px-Iran_hostages_3%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_13_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Iran_hostages_3%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_13_crop%29.jpg/400px-Iran_hostages_3%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_13_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="2102" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_hostages_4,_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_(IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231)_(page_14_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Iran_hostages_4%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_14_crop%29.jpg/200px-Iran_hostages_4%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_14_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Iran_hostages_4%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_14_crop%29.jpg/300px-Iran_hostages_4%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_14_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Iran_hostages_4%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_14_crop%29.jpg/400px-Iran_hostages_4%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_14_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_hostages_5,_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_(IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231)_(page_15_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Iran_hostages_5%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_15_crop%29.jpg/200px-Iran_hostages_5%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_15_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Iran_hostages_5%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_15_crop%29.jpg/300px-Iran_hostages_5%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_15_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Iran_hostages_5%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_15_crop%29.jpg/400px-Iran_hostages_5%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_15_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="2102" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_hostages_6,_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_(IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231)_(page_16_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Iran_hostages_6%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_16_crop%29.jpg/200px-Iran_hostages_6%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_16_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Iran_hostages_6%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_16_crop%29.jpg/300px-Iran_hostages_6%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_16_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Iran_hostages_6%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_16_crop%29.jpg/400px-Iran_hostages_6%2C_State_1981-02-_Iss_231_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_1981-02_231%29_%28page_16_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1643" data-file-height="2076" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The 52 hostages released in January 1981, pictured in <i><a href="/wiki/State_Magazine" title="State Magazine">State Magazine</a></i></div></div></div></div> <ul><li>Thomas L. Ahern, Jr. – narcotics control officer<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Clair Cortland Barnes, – communications specialist</li> <li>William E. Belk, – communications and records officer</li> <li>Robert O. Blucker, – economics officer</li> <li>Donald J. Cooke, – vice consul</li> <li>William J. Daugherty, – third secretary of U.S. mission (CIA officer<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li>LCDR Robert Engelmann, USN, – Navy attaché</li> <li>Sgt William Gallegos, USMC, – Marine Corps guard</li> <li>Bruce W. German, – budget officer</li> <li>IS1 Duane L. Gillette, – Navy communications and intelligence specialist</li> <li>Alan B. Golacinski, – chief of embassy security, <a href="/wiki/Regional_Security_Officer" title="Regional Security Officer">regional security officer</a></li> <li>John E. Graves, – public affairs officer</li> <li>CW3 Joseph M. Hall, USA, – Army attaché</li> <li>Sgt Kevin J. Hermening, USMC, – Marine Corps guard</li> <li>SFC Donald R. Hohman, USA, – Army medic</li> <li>COL Leland J. Holland, USA, – military attaché</li> <li>Michael Howland, – assistant regional security officer</li> <li>Charles A. Jones, Jr. – communications specialist, teletype operator<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Malcolm K. Kalp, commercial officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorhead_C._Kennedy_Jr." title="Moorhead C. Kennedy Jr.">Moorhead C. Kennedy Jr.</a>, – economic and commercial officer<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>William F. Keough, Jr. – superintendent of the <a href="/wiki/American_Schools_and_Hospitals_Abroad" title="American Schools and Hospitals Abroad">American School in Islamabad</a><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cpl Steven W. Kirtley, USMC – Marine Corps guard</li> <li>Kathryn L. Koob, – embassy cultural officer<sup id="cite_ref-two_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-two-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Frederick Lee Kupke, – communications officer and electronics specialist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Laingen" title="Bruce Laingen">L. Bruce Laingen</a>,– chargé d'affaires</li> <li>Steven Lauterbach, – administrative officer</li> <li>Gary E. Lee, – administrative officer</li> <li>Sgt Paul Edward Lewis, USMC, – Marine Corps guard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Limbert" class="mw-redirect" title="John Limbert">John W. Limbert, Jr.</a>, – political officer</li> <li>Sgt James M. Lopez, USMC, – Marine Corps guard</li> <li>Sgt John D. McKeel, Jr., USMC, – Marine Corps guard</li> <li>Michael J. Metrinko, – political officer</li> <li>Jerry J. Miele, – communications officer</li> <li>SSgt Michael E. Moeller, USMC, – head of Marine Corps guard unit</li> <li>Bert C. Moore, – administration counselor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Morefield" title="Richard Morefield">Richard Morefield</a>, – consul general</li> <li>Capt Paul M. Needham, Jr., USAF, – Air Force logistics staff officer</li> <li>Robert C. Ode, – retired foreign service officer on temporary duty in Tehran</li> <li>Sgt Gregory A. Persinger, USMC, – Marine Corps guard</li> <li>Jerry Plotkin, – civilian businessman visiting Tehran</li> <li>MSG Regis Ragan, USA, – Army soldier, defense attaché's office</li> <li>Lt Col David M. Roeder, USAF, – deputy Air Force attaché</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barry_Rosen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barry Rosen (page does not exist)">Barry M. Rosen</a>, – press attaché</li> <li>William B. Royer, Jr., – assistant director of Iran–American Society</li> <li>Col Thomas E. Schaefer, USAF, – Air Force attaché</li> <li>COL Charles W. Scott, USA, – Army attaché</li> <li>CDR Donald A. Sharer, USN, – Naval attaché</li> <li>Sgt Rodney V. (Rocky) Sickmann, USMC, – Marine Corps guard</li> <li>SSG Joseph Subic, Jr., USA, – military police, Army, defense attaché's office</li> <li>Elizabeth Ann Swift, – deputy head of political section<sup id="cite_ref-two_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-two-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_L._Tomseth" title="Victor L. Tomseth">Victor L. Tomseth</a>, – counselor for political affairs</li> <li>Phillip R. Ward, – CIA communications officer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilian_hostages">Civilian hostages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Civilian hostages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A small number of hostages, not captured at the embassy, were taken in Iran during the same time period. All were released by late 1982. </p> <ul><li>Jerry Plotkin – American businessman released January 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mohi Sobhani – Iranian-American engineer and member of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>. Released February 4, 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Zia Nassry – Afghan-American. Released November 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cynthia Dwyer – American reporter, arrested May 5, 1980, charged with espionage and freed on February 10, 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Paul Chiapparone and Bill Gaylord – <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Data_Systems" title="Electronic Data Systems">Electronic Data Systems</a> (EDS) employees, rescued by team led by retired <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Special_Forces" title="United States Army Special Forces">United States Army Special Forces</a> Colonel <a href="/wiki/Arthur_D._Simons" title="Arthur D. Simons">"Bull" Simons</a>, funded by EDS owner <a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a>, in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Four British missionaries, including John Coleman; his wife, Audrey Coleman; and Jean Waddell; released in late 1981<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hostages_who_were_honored">Hostages who were honored</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Hostages who were honored"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All State Department and CIA employees who were taken hostage received the <a href="/wiki/State_Department_Award_for_Valor" title="State Department Award for Valor">State Department Award for Valor</a>. Political Officer Michael J. Metrinko received two: one for his time as a hostage and another for his daring rescue of Americans who had been jailed in <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> months before the embassy takeover.<sup id="cite_ref-multiref2_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiref2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. military later awarded the 20 servicemen among the hostages the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Meritorious_Service_Medal" title="Defense Meritorious Service Medal">Defense Meritorious Service Medal</a>. The only hostage serviceman not issued the medal was Staff Sgt Joseph Subic, Jr., who "did not behave under stress the way noncommissioned officers are expected to act"<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – that is, he cooperated with the hostage-takers, according to other hostages.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_Service_Medal" title="Humanitarian Service Medal">Humanitarian Service Medal</a> was awarded to the servicemen of Joint Task Force 1–79, the planning authority for Operation Rice Bowl/Eagle Claw, who participated in the rescue attempt. </p><p>The Air Force Special Operations component of the mission was given the Air Force Outstanding Unit award for performing their part of the mission flawlessly, including evacuating the Desert One refueling site under extreme conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compensation_payments">Compensation payments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Compensation payments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The deal that freed them reached between the United States and Iran and brokered by Algeria in January 1981 prevented the hostages from claiming any restitution from Iran due to foreign sovereign immunity and an executive agreement known as the <i>Algiers Accords</i>, which barred such lawsuits.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After failing in the courts, the former hostages turned to Congress and won support from both Democrats and Republicans, resulting in Congress passing a bill (2015 United States Victims of State Sponsored Terrorism Act [USVSST]) in December 2015 that afforded the hostages compensation from a fund to be financed from fines imposed on companies found guilty of breaking American sanctions against Iran. The bill authorised a payment of US$10,000 for each day in captivity (per hostage) as well as a lump sum of $600,000 in compensation for each of the spouses and children of the Iran hostages. This meant that each hostage would be paid up to US$4.4 million.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first funds into the trust account from which the compensation would be paid came from a part of the $9 billion penalty paid by the Paris-based bank <a href="/wiki/BNP_Paribas" title="BNP Paribas">BNP Paribas</a> for violating sanctions against Iran, Cuba and Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Washington_Post_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Washington_Post-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the ex-hostages and their families received payments, but then Justice Department lawyers interpreted the law to allow 9/11 family members to get a judgment against Iran as well and to apply to the USVSST fund. Later, victims of the 1983 Beirut bombings also instituted claims against USVSST fund. Due to depletion of the fund, by February 2019, only 17.8% of the legislated amount had been paid to the freed hostages and their direct families.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Washington_Post_181-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Washington_Post-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_hostage-takers,_guards,_and_interrogators"><span id="Notable_hostage-takers.2C_guards.2C_and_interrogators"></span>Notable hostage-takers, guards, and interrogators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notable hostage-takers, guards, and interrogators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_US_Embassy_in_Tehran,_now_museum_(42387693352).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Former_US_Embassy_in_Tehran%2C_now_museum_%2842387693352%29.jpg/220px-Former_US_Embassy_in_Tehran%2C_now_museum_%2842387693352%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Former_US_Embassy_in_Tehran%2C_now_museum_%2842387693352%29.jpg/330px-Former_US_Embassy_in_Tehran%2C_now_museum_%2842387693352%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Former_US_Embassy_in_Tehran%2C_now_museum_%2842387693352%29.jpg/440px-Former_US_Embassy_in_Tehran%2C_now_museum_%2842387693352%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3153" data-file-height="1902" /></a><figcaption>The former US embassy, known as the "espionage den," "den of espionage", and "nest of spies" by the Iranians after the crisis.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Abdi" title="Abbas Abdi">Abbas Abdi</a> – reformist, journalist, self-taught sociologist, and social activist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Aboutalebi" title="Hamid Aboutalebi">Hamid Aboutalebi</a> – former Iranian ambassador to the United Nations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Asgharzadeh" title="Ebrahim Asgharzadeh">Ebrahim Asgharzadeh</a> – then a student; later an Iranian political activist and politician, member of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Iran">Parliament</a> (1989–1993), and chairman of <a href="/wiki/City_Council_of_Tehran" class="mw-redirect" title="City Council of Tehran">City Council of Tehran</a> (1999–2003).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Mirdamadi" title="Mohsen Mirdamadi">Mohsen Mirdamadi</a> – member of Parliament (2000–2004), head of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Iran_Participation_Front" title="Islamic Iran Participation Front">Islamic Iran Participation Front</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoumeh_Ebtekar" title="Masoumeh Ebtekar">Masoumeh Ebtekar</a> – interpreter and spokeswoman for the student group that occupied the embassy; later a scientist, journalist, first female <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of Iran">Vice President of Iran</a>, and head of Environment Protection Organization of Iran.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mousavi_Khoeiniha" title="Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha">Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha</a> – spiritual leader of the hostage-takers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Sheikholeslam" title="Hossein Sheikholeslam">Hossein Sheikholeslam</a> – then a student; later a member of Parliament and Iranian ambassador to Syria, died during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> outbreak in 2020.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="October_Surprise_theory">October Surprise theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: October Surprise theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1980_October_Surprise_theory" title="1980 October Surprise theory">1980 October Surprise theory</a></div> <p>The timing of the release of the hostages gave rise to allegations that representatives of Reagan's presidential <a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">campaign</a> had conspired with Iran to delay the release until after the <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 United States presidential election</a> to thwart Carter from pulling off an "<a href="/wiki/October_surprise" title="October surprise">October surprise</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"October_Surprise_Task_Force"19931_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"October_Surprise_Task_Force"19931-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeingarten19921_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeingarten19921-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Sick" title="Gary Sick">Gary Sick</a>, the former national security adviser to Ford and Carter, presented the strongest accusations in an editorial that appeared in <i>The New York Times</i>, and others, including former Iranian president <a href="/wiki/Abolhassan_Banisadr" title="Abolhassan Banisadr">Abolhassan Banisadr</a>, repeated and added to them.<sup id="cite_ref-Keller_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keller-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This alleged plot to influence the outcome of the <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 United States presidential election</a> between Carter and Reagan became known as the 1980 October Surprise theory.<sup id="cite_ref-Keller_184-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keller-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After twelve years of varying media attention, both houses of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> held separate inquiries and concluded that credible evidence supporting the allegation was absent or insufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeingarten1992114_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeingarten1992114-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-October_Surprise_Task_Force_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-October_Surprise_Task_Force-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2023, Sick, former Carter administration <a href="/wiki/United_States_Domestic_Policy_Council" title="United States Domestic Policy Council">Chief Domestic Policy Advisor</a> <a href="/wiki/Stuart_E._Eizenstat" title="Stuart E. Eizenstat">Stuart E. Eizenstat</a>, author <a href="/wiki/Kai_Bird" title="Kai Bird">Kai Bird</a>, and journalist <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Alter" title="Jonathan Alter">Jonathan Alter</a> published an article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i> outlining the various allegations and circumstantial evidence (including Barnes' allegations in <i>The New York Times</i><sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) that have emerged in the decades following the earlier investigations, declaring the credibility of the theory to be "all but settled."<sup id="cite_ref-TNR_2023_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNR_2023-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1985_%22Takeover_of_U.S._Den_of_Espionage%22_stamp_of_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/1985_%22Takeover_of_U.S._Den_of_Espionage%22_stamp_of_Iran.jpg/220px-1985_%22Takeover_of_U.S._Den_of_Espionage%22_stamp_of_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/1985_%22Takeover_of_U.S._Den_of_Espionage%22_stamp_of_Iran.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Iranian stamp marking the "Takeover of U.S. Den of Espionage"</figcaption></figure> <p>Over 80 songs which are about the Iran hostage crisis or contain references to it have been released.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Anderson" title="Laurie Anderson">Laurie Anderson</a>'s surprise 1982 UK #2 hit "<a href="/wiki/O_Superman" title="O Superman">O Superman</a>" was a response to the crisis, and to <a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a> in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 1982 international hit "<a href="/wiki/I_Ran_(So_Far_Away)" title="I Ran (So Far Away)">I Ran (So Far Away)</a>" by <a href="/wiki/A_Flock_of_Seagulls" title="A Flock of Seagulls">A Flock of Seagulls</a> does not actually refer to the crisis, but as <a href="/wiki/Dave_Thompson_(author)" title="Dave Thompson (author)">Dave Thompson</a> has said, the song was "punningly political" to American listeners.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The 2012 Hollywood film <i><a href="/wiki/Argo_(2012_film)" title="Argo (2012 film)">Argo</a>,</i> which won the Academy Award for Best Picture, was based on the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Caper" title="Canadian Caper">Canadian Caper</a> rescue.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2022, HBO released a 4-part documentary series titled <i><a href="/wiki/Hostages_(2022_TV_series)" title="Hostages (2022 TV series)">Hostages</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_role_of_Algeria_in_the_resolution_of_the_American_hostages_crisis" title="The role of Algeria in the resolution of the American hostages crisis">The role of Algeria in the resolution of the American hostages crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Whitney_Imbrie" title="Robert Whitney Imbrie">Robert Whitney Imbrie</a> – First US diplomat murdered in Persia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_U.S._embassy_burning_in_Islamabad" title="1979 U.S. embassy burning in Islamabad">1979 U.S. embassy burning in Islamabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_attack_on_the_British_Embassy_in_Iran" title="2011 attack on the British Embassy in Iran">2011 attack on the British Embassy in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_attack_on_the_Saudi_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran">2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_United_States_embassy_in_Baghdad" title="Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad">Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_of_Flags" title="Avenue of Flags">Avenue of Flags</a>, park in the city of <a href="/wiki/Hermitage,_Pennsylvania" title="Hermitage, Pennsylvania">Hermitage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mercer_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Mercer County, Pennsylvania">Mercer County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, United States, erected during the crisis in order to honor the American diplomats who were being held hostage in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Concerning_United_States_Diplomatic_and_Consular_Staff_in_Tehran" class="mw-redirect" title="Case Concerning United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran">Case Concerning United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon_hostage_crisis" title="Lebanon hostage crisis">Lebanon hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_nationals_detained_in_Iran" title="List of foreign nationals detained in Iran">List of foreign nationals detained in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hostage_crises" title="List of hostage crises">List of hostage crises</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nightline" title="Nightline">Nightline</a></i>: This <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a> program named "The Iran Crisis: America Held Hostage" got its start as a method for informing viewers of the latest developments during the crisis. The current title premiered on March 24, 1980, with <a href="/wiki/Ted_Koppel" title="Ted Koppel">Ted Koppel</a> as anchor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_457" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 457">United Nations Security Council Resolution 457</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_461" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 461">461</a> (1979) on the hostage crisis</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Later identified as CIA station chief</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Only unreleased African-American hostage</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Visiting Tehran at time of embassy seizure</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-two-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-two_170-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-two_170-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">One of two unreleased female hostages</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFClark2016" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Mark Edmond (2016). "An Analysis of the Role of the Iranian Diaspora in the Financial Support System of the <i>Mujaheddin-e-Khalid</i>". In David Gold (ed.). <i>Microeconomics</i>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">66–</span>67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-04590-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-04590-8"><bdi>978-1-317-04590-8</bdi></a>. <q>Following the seizure of the US embassy in Tehran, the MEK participated physically at the site by assisting in defending it from attack. The MEK also offered strong political support for the hostage-taking action.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Analysis+of+the+Role+of+the+Iranian+Diaspora+in+the+Financial+Support+System+of+the+Mujaheddin-e-Khalid&rft.btitle=Microeconomics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-04590-8&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Mark+Edmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchan,_James2013" class="citation book cs1">Buchan, James (2013). <i>Days of God: The Revolution in Iran and Its Consequences</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bagheri+Brothers%3A+One+in+Operations%2C+One+in+Intelligence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanwire.com%2Fen%2Ffeatures%2F65968%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranintl.com/en/20211105051120">"What Became of Those Who Seized the US Embassy in Tehran"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Became+of+Those+Who+Seized+the+US+Embassy+in+Tehran&rft.date=2024-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranintl.com%2Fen%2F20211105051120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenn,_Nate2009" class="citation web cs1">Penn, Nate (November 3, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gq.com/story/iran-hostage-crisis-tehran-embassy-oral-history">"444 Days in the Dark: An Oral History of the Iran Hostage Crisis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GQ" title="GQ">GQ</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505094637/https://www.gq.com/story/iran-hostage-crisis-tehran-embassy-oral-history">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GQ&rft.atitle=444+Days+in+the+Dark%3A+An+Oral+History+of+the+Iran+Hostage+Crisis&rft.date=2009-11-03&rft.au=Penn%2C+Nate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gq.com%2Fstory%2Firan-hostage-crisis-tehran-embassy-oral-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahimi,_Muhammad2009" class="citation web cs1">Sahimi, Muhammad (November 3, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2009/11/30-years-after-the-hostage-crisis.html">"The Hostage Crisis, 30 Years On"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Frontline_(American_TV_program)" title="Frontline (American TV program)">Frontline</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410094257/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2009/11/30-years-after-the-hostage-crisis.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=The+Hostage+Crisis%2C+30+Years+On&rft.date=2009-11-03&rft.au=Sahimi%2C+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Ftehranbureau%2F2009%2F11%2F30-years-after-the-hostage-crisis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinzer2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Kinzer, Stephen (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20130419175811/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/iran-fury.html">"Inside Iran's Fury"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Inside+Iran%27s+Fury&rft.date=2008-10&rft.aulast=Kinzer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fpeople-places%2Firan-fury.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TIME_1981-01-26-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TIME_1981-01-26_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIME_1981-01-26_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkow1981" class="citation magazine cs1">Skow, John (January 26, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954605,00.html">"The Long Ordeal of the Hostages"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017151448/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954605,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Thirty-five+years+after+Iranian+hostage+crisis%2C+the+aftershocks+remain&rft.aulast=Kinzer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fopinion%2F2014%2F11%2F04%2Fthirty-five-years-after-iranian-hostage-crisis-aftershocks-remain%2FVIEKSajEUvSmDQICGF8R7K%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1979/11/06/111115000.pdf">"Doing Satan's Work in Iran"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. November 6, 1979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201125040/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1979/11/06/111115000.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Doing+Satan%27s+Work+in+Iran&rft.date=1979-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1979%2F11%2F06%2F111115000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinzer, Stephen (2003). <i>All The Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror</i>. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNalle2003" class="citation journal cs1">Nalle, David (2003). "All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror". <i>Middle East Policy</i>. <b>10</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">148–</span>155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Policy&rft.atitle=All+the+Shah%27s+Men%3A+An+American+Coup+and+the+Roots+of+Middle+East+Terror&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E148-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Nalle&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPryce-Jones2003" class="citation journal cs1">Pryce-Jones, David (2003). 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January 21, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mackey, Sandra (1996). <i>The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation</i>. New York: Dutton. p. 298. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525940050" title="Special:BookSources/9780525940050">9780525940050</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mafhoum.com/press3/108E16.htm">"A Review of US Unilateral Sanctions Against Iran"</a>. <i>Mafhoum</i>. August 26, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010024317/http://www.mafhoum.com/press3/108E16.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mafhoum&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+US+Unilateral+Sanctions+Against+Iran&rft.date=2002-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mafhoum.com%2Fpress3%2F108E16.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahamian, <i>Iran Between Two Revolutions</i>, (1982), p. 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213175117/http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-6583215/Country-name-calling-the-case.html">"Country name calling: the case of Iran vs. Persia"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+century+of+upheaval&rft.date=2000-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F618649.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc2-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc2_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/16/newsid_2530000/2530475.stm">"1979: Shah of Iran flees into exile"</a>. BBC. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1979%3A+Shah+of+Iran+flees+into+exile&rft.date=1979-01-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fjanuary%2F16%2Fnewsid_2530000%2F2530475.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnn_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/almanac/9801/16/">"January 16 Almanac"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=January+16+Almanac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Falmanac%2F9801%2F16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, pp. 115–116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowden_2006,_p._19-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowden_2006,_p._19_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowden_2006,_p._19_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels1979" class="citation news cs1">Daniels, Lee A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Medical+tests+in+Manhattan&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=1979-10-24&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Lee+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1979%2F10%2F24%2Farchives%2Fmedical-tests-in-manhattan-jaundice-in-patient-reported.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltman1979" class="citation news cs1">Altman, Lawrence K. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unc.edu&rft.atitle=Daugherty+%26%23124%3B+Jimmy+Carter+and+the+1979+Decision+to+Admit+the+Shah+into+the+United+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unc.edu%2Fdepts%2Fdiplomat%2Farchives_roll%2F2003_01-03%2Fdauherty_shah%2Fdauherty_shah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_Farber-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-David_Farber_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Farber">Farber</a>, p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYazdi" class="citation interview cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Yazdi, Ebrahim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080610193827/http://www.roozonline.com/english/archives/2007/06/005063.php">"Weak Understanding is Cause of Bad Iran Policies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rooz" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooz">Rooz</a></i> (Interview). 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(December 29, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/29/world/middleeast/shah-iran-chase-papers.html">How a Chase Bank Chairman Helped</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191229165639/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/29/world/middleeast/shah-iran-chase-papers.html">Archived</a> December 29, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. The activities of the Chase Manhattan Bank triggered the whole hostages crisis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-multiref1-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-multiref1_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2008/3/3/stephen_kinzer_on_the_us_iranian">"Stephen Kinzer on US-Iranian Relations, the 1953 CIA Coup in Iran and the Roots of Middle East Terror"</a>. Democracy Now!. March 3, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220215014229/https://www.democracynow.org/2008/3/3/stephen_kinzer_on_the_us_iranian">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stephen+Kinzer+on+US-Iranian+Relations%2C+the+1953+CIA+Coup+in+Iran+and+the+Roots+of+Middle+East+Terror&rft.pub=Democracy+Now%21&rft.date=2008-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2008%2F3%2F3%2Fstephen_kinzer_on_the_us_iranian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Moin">Moin</a>, p. 220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Journal-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Journal_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Journal_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20101124132652/http://www.homelandsecurity.org/newjournal/BookReviews/displayBookReview2.asp?review=63">"Journal of Homeland Security review of Mark Bowden's <i>Guests of the Ayatollah</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homelandsecurity.org/newjournal/BookReviews/displayBookReview2.asp?review=63">the original</a> on November 24, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Homeland+Security+review+of+Mark+Bowden%27s+Guests+of+the+Ayatollah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.homelandsecurity.org%2Fnewjournal%2FBookReviews%2FdisplayBookReview2.asp%3Freview%3D63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houghton_Book-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Houghton_Book_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoughton2001" class="citation book cs1">Houghton, David Patrick (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cPf-vBzU46EC&q=Kraus"><i>US foreign policy and the Iran hostage crisis</i></a>. Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge University Press. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80509-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80509-4"><bdi>978-0-521-80509-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230705205917/https://books.google.com/books?id=cPf-vBzU46EC&q=Kraus">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Deseret+News&rft.atitle=Hostage+Suit+Tells+Torture&rft.date=1981-02-04&rft.au=Engelmayer%2C+Sheldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D336%26dat%3D19810204%26id%3Dhj8jAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4479%2C414133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA_DAugherty-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_DAugherty_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaugherty1996" class="citation news cs1">Daugherty, William J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+First+Tour+Like+No+Other&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Daugherty&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fcenter-for-the-study-of-intelligence%2Fcsi-publications%2Fcsi-studies%2Fstudies%2Fspring98%2Firan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Farber">Farber</a>, p. 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, p. 337</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowden,_Mark2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Bowden" title="Mark Bowden">Bowden, Mark</a> (December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200412/bowden">"Among the Hostage-Takers"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512023231/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200412/bowden">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Among+the+Hostage-Takers&rft.date=2004-12&rft.au=Bowden%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fdoc%2F200412%2Fbowden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Molavi, Afshin (2005) <i>The Soul of Iran</i>, Norton. p. 335. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393325970" title="Special:BookSources/0393325970">0393325970</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irannegah.com/Video.aspx?id=579">"Iran Negah"</a>. 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Yale University Press. p. 196. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300052671" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300052671">978-0300052671</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twquarterly-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-twquarterly_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSreberny-MohammadiMohammadi1987" class="citation journal cs1">Sreberny-Mohammadi, Annabelle; Mohammadi, Ali (January 1987). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gwu.edu&rft.atitle=Iran%2C+1977%E2%80%931980%2FDocument&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2Fnsa%2Fpublications%2Firan%2Firdoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arjomand, Said Amir (1988) <i>Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fas.org&rft.atitle=Secrecy+%26+Government+Bulletin%2C+Issue+70&rft.date=1997-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fbulletin%2Fsec70.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DocumentsFromTheU.s.EspionageDen">"Documents from the U.S. Espionage Den"</a>. March 10, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2013</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documents+from+the+U.S.+Espionage+Den&rft.date=2001-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FDocumentsFromTheU.s.EspionageDen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-If-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-If_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-If_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-If_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Efty, Alex; 'If Shah Not Returned, Khomeini Sets Trial for Other Hostages'; <i><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_New_Era" title="Kentucky New Era">Kentucky New Era</a></i>, November 20, 1979, pp. 1–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Farber">Farber</a>, pp. 156–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillgore2002" class="citation web cs1">Killgore, Andrew I. (November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wrmea.org/002-november/american-ambassador-recalls-israeli-assassination-attempt-with-u.s.-weapons.html">"American Ambassador Recalls Israeli Assassination Attempt – With U.S. Weapons"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Report_on_Middle_East_Affairs" title="Washington Report on Middle East Affairs">Washington Report on Middle East Affairs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210822075925/https://www.wrmea.org/002-november/american-ambassador-recalls-israeli-assassination-attempt-with-u.s.-weapons.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Ambassador+Recalls+Israeli+Assassination+Attempt+%E2%80%93+With+U.S.+Weapons&rft.pub=Washington+Report+on+Middle+East+Affairs&rft.date=2002-11&rft.aulast=Killgore&rft.aufirst=Andrew+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrmea.org%2F002-november%2Famerican-ambassador-recalls-israeli-assassination-attempt-with-u.s.-weapons.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/27/us/no-headline-240600.html">"Black Hostage Reports Abuse"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. January 27, 1981. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105095448/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/27/us/no-headline-240600.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Black+Hostage+Reports+Abuse&rft.date=1981-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F01%2F27%2Fus%2Fno-headline-240600.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, pp. 151, 219, 372</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, p. 528</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, pp. 514–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, p. 565</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, p. 403</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, pp. 81, 295</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, pp. 257, 585</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, p. 267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, pp. 65, 144, 507–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, pp. 258, 284</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, pp. 307, 344, 405, 540</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, pp. 149, 351–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, p. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, p. 203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hfhkAAAAIBAJ&pg=6225,19155">"Russian roulette played with hostages"</a>. <i>Edmonton Journal</i>. New York. Associated Press. January 21, 1981. p. A3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017151448/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hfhkAAAAIBAJ&pg=6225,19155">Archived</a> from the original on October 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Edmonton+Journal&rft.atitle=Russian+roulette+played+with+hostages&rft.pages=A3&rft.date=1981-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DhfhkAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6225%2C19155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, p. 284</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, p. 544</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, p. 335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, p. 345</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, pp. 516–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, p. 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, pp. 81–83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, p. 318</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, pp. 344, 507–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">December 1979</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, p. 258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, p. 520</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, p. 397</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, p. 354</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, pp. 257, 570</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, p. 584</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, p. 587</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TIMEkhomeini-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TIMEkhomeini_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071023031644/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,923854,00.html">"Man of the Year: The Mystic Who Lit The Fires of Hatred"</a>. <i>Time</i>. January 7, 1980. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,923854,00.html">the original</a> on October 23, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Man+of+the+Year%3A+The+Mystic+Who+Lit+The+Fires+of+Hatred&rft.date=1980-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C923854%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Doing Satan's Work in Iran", <i>New York Times</i>, November 6, 1979.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> late-night program <i>America Held Hostage</i>, anchored by <a href="/wiki/Ted_Koppel" title="Ted Koppel">Ted Koppel</a>, later became a stalwart news magazine under the title <i><a href="/wiki/Nightline" title="Nightline">Nightline</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zelizer, Julian E. <i>Jimmy Carter: the 39th President, 1977–81.</i> New York: <i>Times</i>, 2010. Print. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahari2008" class="citation web cs1">Bahari, Maziar (September 11, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/asia/2008/09/iran-ahmadinejad-government">"Inside Iran"</a>. <i>Newstatesman.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315042131/http://www.newstatesman.com/asia/2008/09/iran-ahmadinejad-government">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newstatesman.com&rft.atitle=Inside+Iran&rft.date=2008-09-11&rft.aulast=Bahari&rft.aufirst=Maziar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fasia%2F2008%2F09%2Firan-ahmadinejad-government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, p. 401</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parl.gc.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?DocId=1001&Sec=Ch09&Seq=5&Language=E">"Sittings of the House – Special or Unusual Sittings"</a>. <i>Parl.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418194036/http://www.parl.gc.ca/marleaumontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?DocId=1001&Language=E&Sec=Ch09&Seq=5">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parl.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Sittings+of+the+House+%E2%80%93+Special+or+Unusual+Sittings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FMarleauMontpetit%2FDocumentViewer.aspx%3FDocId%3D1001%26Sec%3DCh09%26Seq%3D5%26Language%3DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendez1999–2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Mendez" title="Tony Mendez">Mendez, Antonio J.</a> (Winter 1999–2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130219204103/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter99-00/art1.html">"CIA Goes Hollywood: A Classic Case of Deception"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Studies_in_Intelligence" title="Studies in Intelligence">Studies in Intelligence</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter99-00/art1.html">the original</a> on February 19, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Intelligence&rft.atitle=CIA+Goes+Hollywood%3A+A+Classic+Case+of+Deception&rft.ssn=winter&rft.date=1999%2F2000&rft.aulast=Mendez&rft.aufirst=Antonio+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fcenter-for-the-study-of-intelligence%2Fcsi-publications%2Fcsi-studies%2Fstudies%2Fwinter99-00%2Fart1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendez2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Mendez" title="Tony Mendez">Mendez, Antonio J.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9k6tEwOfnyEC&pg=PA304"><i>The Master of Disguise: My Secret Life in the CIA</i></a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-095791-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-095791-3"><bdi>0-06-095791-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230705205917/https://books.google.com/books?id=9k6tEwOfnyEC&pg=PA304">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Master+of+Disguise%3A+My+Secret+Life+in+the+CIA&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-06-095791-3&rft.aulast=Mendez&rft.aufirst=Antonio+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9k6tEwOfnyEC%26pg%3DPA304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"The Talk of the Town". <i>The New Yorker</i>. Vol. 56, no. 3. May 12, 1980. p. 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Talk+of+the+Town&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=87&rft.date=1980-05-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTmag-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTmag_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTmag_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTmag_125-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTmag_125-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTmag_125-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Brinkley2002" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Brinkley" title="Douglas Brinkley">Douglas Brinkley</a> (December 29, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/29/magazine/the-lives-they-lived-out-of-the-loop.html">"The Lives They Lived; Out of the Loop"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170614220459/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/29/magazine/the-lives-they-lived-out-of-the-loop.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Lives+They+Lived%3B+Out+of+the+Loop&rft.date=2002-12-29&rft.au=Douglas+Brinkley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F12%2F29%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-lives-they-lived-out-of-the-loop.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Holloway">Holloway</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Holloway">Holloway</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Holloway">Holloway</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holloway1980-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holloway1980_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Holloway">Holloway</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mackey, <i>Iranians</i>, (2000), p. 298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-t241-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-t241_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thigpen, (2001), p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defenceaviation.com/2007/06/c-130-hercules-on-aircraft-carrier.html">"C-130 Hercules on Aircraft carrier"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203110835/http://www.defenceaviation.com/2007/06/c-130-hercules-on-aircraft-carrier.html">Archived</a> December 3, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Defence Aviation</i>, 2 May 2007. Retrieved: 2 October 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanty2012" class="citation book cs1">Shanty, Frank (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o5NxDwAAQBAJ&q=Operation+Credible+Sport++on+2+November&pg=RA1-PA104"><i>Counterterrorism [2 volumes]: From the Cold War to the War on Terror</i></a>. Abc-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-545-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-545-7"><bdi>978-1-59884-545-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230705205925/https://books.google.com/books?id=o5NxDwAAQBAJ&q=Operation+Credible+Sport++on+2+November&pg=RA1-PA104">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counterterrorism+%5B2+volumes%5D%3A+From+the+Cold+War+to+the+War+on+Terror&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-545-7&rft.aulast=Shanty&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do5NxDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DOperation%2BCredible%2BSport%2B%2Bon%2B2%2BNovember%26pg%3DRA1-PA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-upi.com-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-upi.com_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-upi.com_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1980/10/22/Prime-Minister-Mohammed-Ali-Rajai-said-today-the-United/5240341035200/">"Prime Minister Mohammed Ali Rajai said today the United... - UPI Archives"</a>. <i>UPI</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UPI&rft.atitle=Prime+Minister+Mohammed+Ali+Rajai+said+today+the+United...+-+UPI+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1980%2F10%2F22%2FPrime-Minister-Mohammed-Ali-Rajai-said-today-the-United%2F5240341035200%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r8xUHxoDnw4C&pg=RA12-PA47"><i>The Department of State Bulletin</i></a>. Office of Public Communication, Bureau of Public Affairs. 1980.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Department+of+State+Bulletin&rft.pub=Office+of+Public+Communication%2C+Bureau+of+Public+Affairs&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr8xUHxoDnw4C%26pg%3DRA12-PA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPincus1980" class="citation news cs1">Pincus, Walter (October 26, 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/10/26/iranian-seeks-guarantee-on-frozen-assets/34625555-dabf-469c-9db5-6fb9935a1984/">"Iranian Seeks 'Guarantee' on Frozen Assets"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Iranian+Seeks+%27Guarantee%27+on+Frozen+Assets&rft.date=1980-10-26&rft.aulast=Pincus&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1980%2F10%2F26%2Firanian-seeks-guarantee-on-frozen-assets%2F34625555-dabf-469c-9db5-6fb9935a1984%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoweTimes1981" class="citation news cs1">Howe, Marvine; Times, Special To the New York (January 26, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/26/world/wary-algeria-edged-into-pivotal-role.html">"Wary Algeria Edged Into Pivotal Role"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Wary+Algeria+Edged+Into+Pivotal+Role&rft.date=1981-01-26&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Marvine&rft.au=Times%2C+Special+To+the+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F01%2F26%2Fworld%2Fwary-algeria-edged-into-pivotal-role.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKifnerTimes1981" class="citation news cs1">Kifner, John; Times, Special To the New York (January 8, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/08/world/algeriams-said-to-offer-iran-new-ideas.html">"Algeriams Said To Offer Iran New Ideas"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Algeriams+Said+To+Offer+Iran+New+Ideas&rft.date=1981-01-08&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Kifner&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Times%2C+Special+To+the+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F01%2F08%2Fworld%2Falgeriams-said-to-offer-iran-new-ideas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38rgzSkH0aQC"><i>The Iran Hostage Crisis, a Chronology of Daily Developments: Report</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1981. pp. See January 7th 1980.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iran+Hostage+Crisis%2C+a+Chronology+of+Daily+Developments%3A+Report&rft.pages=See+January+7th+1980&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D38rgzSkH0aQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJrTimes1981" class="citation news cs1">Jr, Stuart Taylor; Times, Special To the New York (January 21, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/21/business/unfrozen-assets-recieved-so-far-by-iranians-come-to-2.9-billion.html">"Unfrozen Assets Recieved [sic] So Far By Iranians Come To $2.9 Billion"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Unfrozen+Assets+Recieved+%5Bsic%5D+So+Far+By+Iranians+Come+To+%242.9+Billion&rft.date=1981-01-21&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Jr&rft.aufirst=Stuart+Taylor&rft.au=Times%2C+Special+To+the+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F01%2F21%2Fbusiness%2Funfrozen-assets-recieved-so-far-by-iranians-come-to-2.9-billion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diplomacy.state.gov/items/declarations-of-algiers-pen/">"Declarations of Algiers Pen"</a>. <i>The National Museum of American Diplomacy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Museum+of+American+Diplomacy&rft.atitle=Declarations+of+Algiers+Pen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiplomacy.state.gov%2Fitems%2Fdeclarations-of-algiers-pen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weisman_A1-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weisman_A1_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisman1981" class="citation news cs1">Weisman, Steven R. (January 21, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0120.html">"Reagan Takes Oath as 40th President; Promises an 'Era of National Renewal'  – Minutes Later, 52 U.S. Hostages in Iran Fly to Freedom After 444-Day Ordeal"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A1. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190829165248/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0120.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Reagan+Takes+Oath+as+40th+President%3B+Promises+an+%27Era+of+National+Renewal%27+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BMinutes+Later%2C+52+U.S.+Hostages+in+Iran+Fly+to+Freedom+After+444-Day+Ordeal&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=1981-01-21&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Weisman&rft.aufirst=Steven+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F0120.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1981/Iranian-Hostages-Released/12311754163167-2/">"Iranian Hostages Released – 1981 Year in Review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Audio)</span>. <i>UPI.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130722081704/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1981/Iranian-Hostages-Released/12311754163167-2/">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UPI.com&rft.atitle=Iranian+Hostages+Released+%E2%80%93+1981+Year+in+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FAudio%2FYear_in_Review%2FEvents-of-1981%2FIranian-Hostages-Released%2F12311754163167-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2016/1/25/10826056/reagan-iran-hostage-negotiation">"The Republican myth of Ronald Reagan and the Iran hostages, debunked"</a>. Vox. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Republican+myth+of+Ronald+Reagan+and+the+Iran+hostages%2C+debunked&rft.pub=Vox&rft.date=2016-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2016%2F1%2F25%2F10826056%2Freagan-iran-hostage-negotiation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wrmea.org/1987-october/did-iran-delay-hostages-release-to-ensure-reagan-s-election.html">"Did Iran Delay Hostages Release To Ensure Reagan's Election?"</a>. WRMEA. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Did+Iran+Delay+Hostages+Release+To+Ensure+Reagan%27s+Election%3F&rft.pub=WRMEA&rft.date=1987-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrmea.org%2F1987-october%2Fdid-iran-delay-hostages-release-to-ensure-reagan-s-election.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1991" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Neil A. (April 15, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/15/world/new-reports-say-1980-reagan-campaign-tried-to-delay-hostage-release.html">"New Reports Say 1980 Reagan Campaign Tried to Delay Hostage Release"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. IRAN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425153424/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/15/world/new-reports-say-1980-reagan-campaign-tried-to-delay-hostage-release.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+Reports+Say+1980+Reagan+Campaign+Tried+to+Delay+Hostage+Release&rft.date=1991-04-15&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F04%2F15%2Fworld%2Fnew-reports-say-1980-reagan-campaign-tried-to-delay-hostage-release.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-christopher-obitu-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-christopher-obitu_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2011" class="citation news cs1">Barnes, Bart (March 19, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/former-secretary-of-state-warren-christopher-dies-at-85/2010/09/21/ABCPk6t_story.html">"Former secretary of state Warren Christopher dies at 85"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116152857/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/former-secretary-of-state-warren-christopher-dies-at-85/2010/09/21/ABCPk6t_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Former+secretary+of+state+Warren+Christopher+dies+at+85&rft.date=2011-03-19&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Fformer-secretary-of-state-warren-christopher-dies-at-85%2F2010%2F09%2F21%2FABCPk6t_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwertzman1981" class="citation news cs1">Gwertzman, Bernard (January 21, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/21/world/reagan-takes-oath-40th-president-promises-era-national-renewal-minutes-later-52.html">"Reagan Takes Oath as 40th President; Promises an 'Era of National Renewal'- Minutes Later, 52 U.S. Hostages in Iran Fly to Freedom After 444-Day Ordeal"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A1. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200825115230/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/21/world/reagan-takes-oath-40th-president-promises-era-national-renewal-minutes-later-52.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Reagan+Takes+Oath+as+40th+President%3B+Promises+an+%27Era+of+National+Renewal%27-+Minutes+Later%2C+52+U.S.+Hostages+in+Iran+Fly+to+Freedom+After+444-Day+Ordeal&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=1981-01-21&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Gwertzman&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F01%2F21%2Fworld%2Freagan-takes-oath-40th-president-promises-era-national-renewal-minutes-later-52.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVinocur1981" class="citation news cs1">Vinocur, John (January 22, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/22/world/52-former-hostages-start-readapting-in-us-air-force-hospital-in-germany.html">"52 Former Hostages Start Readapting in U.S. Air Force Hospital in Germany"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191105093838/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/22/world/52-former-hostages-start-readapting-in-us-air-force-hospital-in-germany.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=52+Former+Hostages+Start+Readapting+in+U.S.+Air+Force+Hospital+in+Germany&rft.date=1981-01-22&rft.aulast=Vinocur&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F01%2F22%2Fworld%2F52-former-hostages-start-readapting-in-us-air-force-hospital-in-germany.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaberman1981" class="citation news cs1">Haberman, Clyde (January 26, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/26/us/newburgh-ny-former-hostages-home-iran-families-join-them-west-point-president.html">"Newburgh, N.Y. Former Hostages Home from Iran, Families Join Them at West Point; President Leads Nation in Thanks"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191105095633/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/26/us/newburgh-ny-former-hostages-home-iran-families-join-them-west-point-president.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Newburgh%2C+N.Y.+Former+Hostages+Home+from+Iran%2C+Families+Join+Them+at+West+Point%3B+President+Leads+Nation+in+Thanks&rft.date=1981-01-26&rft.aulast=Haberman&rft.aufirst=Clyde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F01%2F26%2Fus%2Fnewburgh-ny-former-hostages-home-iran-families-join-them-west-point-president.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaberman1981" class="citation news cs1">Haberman, Clyde (February 6, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/06/nyregion/hostages-parade-set-a-record-didn-t-it.html">"Hostages' Parade Set a Record, Didn't It?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191105101104/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/06/nyregion/hostages-parade-set-a-record-didn-t-it.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hostages%27+Parade+Set+a+Record%2C+Didn%27t+It%3F&rft.date=1981-02-06&rft.aulast=Haberman&rft.aufirst=Clyde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F02%2F06%2Fnyregion%2Fhostages-parade-set-a-record-didn-t-it.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smithsonianmag-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smithsonianmag_152-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smithsonianmag_152-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinzer2008" class="citation web cs1">Kinzer, Stephen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/inside-irans-fury-11823881/">"Inside Iran's Fury"</a>. <i>Smithsonian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221026020303/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/inside-irans-fury-11823881/">Archived</a> from the original on October 26, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Inside+Iran%27s+Fury&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Kinzer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Ftravel%2Finside-irans-fury-11823881%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keddie, Nikki (2003) <i>Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Safe+at+Home&rft.date=2006-01-20&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Les&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F01%2F19%2FAR2006011903068.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWald2002" class="citation news cs1">Wald, Matthew L. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Judge+Rules+Iran+Hostages+Can%27t+Receive+Compensation&rft.date=2002-04-19&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Wald&rft.aufirst=Matthew+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F04%2F19%2Fworld%2Fjudge-rules-iran-hostages-can-t-receive-compensation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/04/middle_east_iran_hostage_crisis/html/12.stm">"In pictures: Iran hostage crisis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105095448/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/04/middle_east_iran_hostage_crisis/html/12.stm">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=In+pictures%3A+Iran+hostage+crisis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fshared%2Fspl%2Fhi%2Fpicture_gallery%2F04%2Fmiddle_east_iran_hostage_crisis%2Fhtml%2F12.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theguardian-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian_162-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian_162-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTait2006" class="citation news cs1">Tait, Robert (April 19, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/apr/19/iran.israel">"Iranian group seeks British suicide bombers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Iranian+group+seeks+British+suicide+bombers&rft.date=2006-04-19&rft.aulast=Tait&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2006%2Fapr%2F19%2Firan.israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117102054/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920697-6,00.html">"The Hostages in Danger"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. December 17, 1979. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=444+days+in+captivity+as+the+world+watched&rft.date=2006-06-27&rft.au=Michael+B.+Farrell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2006%2F0627%2Fp17s01-bogn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803183920/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/spring98/iran.html">"A First Tour Like No Other – Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. <i>Cia.gov</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cia.gov&rft.atitle=A+First+Tour+Like+No+Other+%E2%80%93+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fcenter-for-the-study-of-intelligence%2Fcsi-publications%2Fcsi-studies%2Fstudies%2Fspring98%2Firan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Totter, Bill, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bangordailynews.com/2009/11/05/news/mainer-recalls-time-as-hostage-in-iran-30-years-ago/">"Mainer recalls time as hostage in Iran years ago"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150823080531/http://bangordailynews.com/2009/11/05/news/mainer-recalls-time-as-hostage-in-iran-30-years-ago/">Archived</a> August 23, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bangor_Daily_News" title="Bangor Daily News">Bangor Daily News</a></i>, Bangor, Maine, Nov. 05, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAp1996" class="citation news cs1">Ap (June 8, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/08/us/jerry-plotkin-62-who-spent-444-days-as-a-hostage-in-iran.html">"Jerry Plotkin, 62, Who Spent 444 Days as a Hostage in Iran"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171110225340/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/08/us/jerry-plotkin-62-who-spent-444-days-as-a-hostage-in-iran.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jerry+Plotkin%2C+62%2C+Who+Spent+444+Days+as+a+Hostage+in+Iran&rft.date=1996-06-08&rft.au=Ap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F06%2F08%2Fus%2Fjerry-plotkin-62-who-spent-444-days-as-a-hostage-in-iran.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-jul-16-me-sobhani16-story.html">'Mohi Sobhani, 70; Held Hostage at U.S. Embassy in Iran in 1980'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407133719/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-jul-16-me-sobhani16-story.html">Archived</a> April 7, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Los Angeles Times</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcall.com/1993/03/02/nassry-was-political-prisoner-in-iran-red-cross-traces-path-to-lost-relatives/">Nassry Was Political Prisoner In Iran Red Cross Traces Path To Lost Relatives</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Morning_Call" title="The Morning Call">The Morning Call</a></i>, March 2, 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2457&dat=19810212&id=soU-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=IFoMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4213,3582873">Cynthia Dwyer home</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208222533/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2457&dat=19810212&id=soU-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=IFoMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4213,3582873">Archived</a> December 8, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bangor_Daily_News" title="Bangor Daily News">Bangor Daily News</a></i>, Feb 12, 1981</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/On_Wings_of_Eagles" title="On Wings of Eagles">On Wings of Eagles</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1439978/Canon-John-Coleman.html">"Canon John Coleman"</a></span>. <i>Telegraph</i>. August 29, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1439978/Canon-John-Coleman.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph&rft.atitle=Canon+John+Coleman&rft.date=2003-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F1439978%2FCanon-John-Coleman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A03E1D61138F932A35754C0A967948260">"Around the World; Former Iranian Hostage To Get Early Discharge"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. July 1, 1981. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080321061919/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A03E1D61138F932A35754C0A967948260">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Around+the+World%3B+Former+Iranian+Hostage+To+Get+Early+Discharge&rft.date=1981-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9A03E1D61138F932A35754C0A967948260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bowden">Bowden</a>, p. 374</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2015/12/24/us/american-iran-hostages-compensation/index.html">"Former American hostages in Iran will receive compensation"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. December 25, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204162326/https://www.cnn.com/2015/12/24/us/american-iran-hostages-compensation/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Former+American+hostages+in+Iran+will+receive+compensation&rft.date=2015-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2015%2F12%2F24%2Fus%2Famerican-iran-hostages-compensation%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/dec/24/americans-iran-hostage-crisis-financial-compensation">"Americans in Iran hostage crisis to receive compensation – 36 years later"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. December 24, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204015303/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/dec/24/americans-iran-hostage-crisis-financial-compensation">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Americans+in+Iran+hostage+crisis+to+receive+compensation+%E2%80%93+36+years+later&rft.date=2015-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2015%2Fdec%2F24%2Famericans-iran-hostage-crisis-financial-compensation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Washington_Post-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Washington_Post_181-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Washington_Post_181-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/americans-held-in-iran-waited-decades-for-relief-now-they-face-a-new-challenge/2019/02/22/c8b03de4-308f-11e9-8ad3-9a5b113ecd3c_story.html">"Americans held in Iran waited decades for relief. Now they face a new challenge"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. February 23, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204232207/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/americans-held-in-iran-waited-decades-for-relief-now-they-face-a-new-challenge/2019/02/22/c8b03de4-308f-11e9-8ad3-9a5b113ecd3c_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Americans+held+in+Iran+waited+decades+for+relief.+Now+they+face+a+new+challenge.&rft.date=2019-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Famericans-held-in-iran-waited-decades-for-relief-now-they-face-a-new-challenge%2F2019%2F02%2F22%2Fc8b03de4-308f-11e9-8ad3-9a5b113ecd3c_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"October_Surprise_Task_Force"19931-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"October_Surprise_Task_Force"19931_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"October_Surprise_Task_Force"1993">"October Surprise Task Force" 1993</a>, p. 1: "The serious implications of the allegations-generally that members of the 1980 Reagan/Bush campaign met secretly with Iranian nationals to delay the release of American Embassy personnel then being held hostage in Iran-lent added importance to the debate."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeingarten19921-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeingarten19921_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeingarten1992">Weingarten 1992</a>, p. 1: "These allegations hold that Republican presidential campaign operatives and representatives of the Ayatollah Khomeini secretly agreed to delay the release of the American hostages held in Iran until after the November 1980 election, thereby assisting the defeat of incumbent President Jimmy Carter."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keller-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keller_184-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keller_184-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller2016" class="citation news cs1">Keller, Jared (October 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/history-october-surprise-180960741/">"The History of the October Surprise"</a>. <i>smithsonianmag.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112134756/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/history-october-surprise-180960741/">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=smithsonianmag.com&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+October+Surprise&rft.date=2016-10-11&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fhistory-october-surprise-180960741%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeingarten1992114-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeingarten1992114_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeingarten1992">Weingarten 1992</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-October_Surprise_Task_Force-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-October_Surprise_Task_Force_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"October_Surprise_Task_Force"1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/House_October_Surprise_Task_Force" title="House October Surprise Task Force">Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980</a> (January 3, 1993). <i>Joint report of the Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980 ("October Surprise Task Force")</i>. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015060776773">2027/mdp.39015060776773</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27492534">27492534</a>. H. Rept. No. 102-1102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joint+report+of+the+Task+Force+to+Investigate+Certain+Allegations+Concerning+the+Holding+of+American+Hostages+by+Iran+in+1980+%28%22October+Surprise+Task+Force%22%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1993-01-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015060776773&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27492534&rft.au=Task+Force+to+Investigate+Certain+Allegations+Concerning+the+Holding+of+American+Hostages+by+Iran+in+1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2023" class="citation news cs1">Baker, Peter (March 18, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/18/us/politics/jimmy-carter-october-surprise-iran-hostages.html">"A Four-Decade Secret: One Man's Story of Sabotaging Carter's Re-election"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230318200201/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/18/us/politics/jimmy-carter-october-surprise-iran-hostages.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Four-Decade+Secret%3A+One+Man%27s+Story+of+Sabotaging+Carter%27s+Re-election&rft.date=2023-03-18&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F03%2F18%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fjimmy-carter-october-surprise-iran-hostages.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TNR_2023-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TNR_2023_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlterSickBirdEizenstat2023" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Alter" title="Jonathan Alter">Alter, Jonathan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gary_Sick" title="Gary Sick">Sick, Gary</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kai_Bird" title="Kai Bird">Bird, Kai</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stuart_E._Eizenstat" title="Stuart E. Eizenstat">Eizenstat, Stu</a> (May 3, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/172324/its-settled-reagan-campaign-delayed-release-iranian-hostages">"It's All but Settled: The Reagan Campaign Delayed the Release of the Iranian Hostages"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=It%27s+All+but+Settled%3A+The+Reagan+Campaign+Delayed+the+Release+of+the+Iranian+Hostages&rft.date=2023-05-03&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Sick%2C+Gary&rft.au=Bird%2C+Kai&rft.au=Eizenstat%2C+Stu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F172324%2Fits-settled-reagan-campaign-delayed-release-iranian-hostages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeesing" class="citation web cs1">Keesing, Hugo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190809101052/https://www.lib.umd.edu/binaries/content/assets/public/scpa/hk--gulf-wars-finding-aid.pdf">"The Hugo Keesing Collection on the Gulf Wars"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University of Maryland</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.umd.edu/binaries/content/assets/public/scpa/hk--gulf-wars-finding-aid.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Maryland&rft.atitle=The+Hugo+Keesing+Collection+on+the+Gulf+Wars&rft.aulast=Keesing&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.umd.edu%2Fbinaries%2Fcontent%2Fassets%2Fpublic%2Fscpa%2Fhk--gulf-wars-finding-aid.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonigmann2019" class="citation news cs1">Honigmann, David (May 13, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ig.ft.com/life-of-a-song/o-superman.html">"O Superman – Laurie Anderson's experimental hit proved to be uncannily prophetic"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190919030054/https://ig.ft.com/life-of-a-song/o-superman.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=O+Superman+%E2%80%93+Laurie+Anderson%27s+experimental+hit+proved+to+be+uncannily+prophetic&rft.date=2019-05-13&rft.aulast=Honigmann&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fig.ft.com%2Flife-of-a-song%2Fo-superman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayers2018" class="citation book cs1">Sayers, Jentery (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Eip0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT11">"Introduction"</a>. <i>Making Things and Drawing Boundaries: Experiments in the Digital Humanities</i>. U of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-5596-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-5596-4"><bdi>978-1-4529-5596-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230705205918/https://books.google.com/books?id=Eip0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT11">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Making+Things+and+Drawing+Boundaries%3A+Experiments+in+the+Digital+Humanities&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4529-5596-4&rft.aulast=Sayers&rft.aufirst=Jentery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEip0DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dave_Thompson_(author)" title="Dave Thompson (author)">Thompson, Dave</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHP-r9-eqdAC&pg=PA142"><i>Alternative Rock: Third Ear – The Essential Listening Companion</i></a>. San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/Miller_Freeman,_Inc." title="Miller Freeman, Inc.">Miller Freeman Books</a>. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879306076" title="Special:BookSources/9780879306076"><bdi>9780879306076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternative+Rock%3A+Third+Ear+%E2%80%93+The+Essential+Listening+Companion&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Miller+Freeman+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780879306076&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZHP-r9-eqdAC%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bakhash" class="citation book cs1">Bakhash, Shaul (1984). <i>The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution</i>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-06887-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-06887-1"><bdi>0-465-06887-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+the+Ayatollahs%3A+Iran+and+the+Islamic+Revolution&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-465-06887-1&rft.au=Bakhash%2C+Shaul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bowden" class="citation book cs1">Bowden, Mark (2006). <i>Guests of the Ayatollah: The Iran Hostage Crisis: The First Battle in America's War with Militant Islam</i>. New York: Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87113-925-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87113-925-1"><bdi>0-87113-925-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guests+of+the+Ayatollah%3A+The+Iran+Hostage+Crisis%3A+The+First+Battle+in+America%27s+War+with+Militant+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-87113-925-1&rft.au=Bowden%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Farber" class="citation book cs1">Farber, David (1979). <i>Taken Hostage</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4008-2620-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4008-2620-9"><bdi>1-4008-2620-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taken+Hostage&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=1-4008-2620-9&rft.au=Farber%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Holloway" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_L._Holloway_III" title="James L. Holloway III">Holloway, J. L. III</a>; Special Operations Review Group (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20130502082348/http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/hollowayrpt.htm">"[Iran Hostage] Mission Rescue Report"</a>. U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/hollowayrpt.htm#issue10">the original</a> on May 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5BIran+Hostage%5D+Mission+Rescue+Report&rft.pub=U.S.+Joint+Chiefs+of+Staff&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Holloway&rft.aufirst=J.+L.+III&rft.au=Special+Operations+Review+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Flibrary%2Fonline%2Fhollowayrpt.htm%23issue10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Moin" class="citation book cs1">Moin, Baqer (2000). <i>Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah</i>. Thomas Dunne Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-128-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-128-2"><bdi>978-1-85043-128-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khomeini%3A+Life+of+the+Ayatollah&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-128-2&rft.au=Moin%2C+Baqer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeingarten1992" class="citation book cs1">Weingarten, Reid H. (November 19, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000021071829&view=2up&seq=1"><i>The "October Surprise" allegations and the circumstances surrounding the release of the American hostages held in Iran</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-039795-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-039795-2"><bdi>0-16-039795-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28306929">28306929</a>. S. Rpt. No. 102-125.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22October+Surprise%22+allegations+and+the+circumstances+surrounding+the+release+of+the+American+hostages+held+in+Iran&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1992-11-19&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28306929&rft.isbn=0-16-039795-2&rft.aulast=Weingarten&rft.aufirst=Reid+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dpst.000021071829%26view%3D2up%26seq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmmann,_Daniel2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ammann" title="Daniel Ammann">Ammann, Daniel</a> (2009). <i><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_Oil:_The_Secret_Lives_of_Marc_Rich" class="mw-redirect" title="The King of Oil: The Secret Lives of Marc Rich">The King of Oil: The Secret Lives of Marc Rich</a></i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-57074-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-57074-3"><bdi>978-0-312-57074-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King+of+Oil%3A+The+Secret+Lives+of+Marc+Rich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-312-57074-3&rft.au=Ammann%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ebtekar, Massoumeh; Reed, Fred (2000). <i>Takeover in Tehran: The Inside Story of the 1979 U.S. Embassy Capture</i>. Burnaby, BC: Talonbooks. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0889224439" title="Special:BookSources/0889224439">0889224439</a>.</li> <li>Harris, Les (1997). <i>444 Days to Freedom: What Really Happened in Iran</i>. DVD UPC 033909253390</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart,_James1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_B._Stewart" title="James B. Stewart">Stewart, James</a> (1983). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Partners_(book)" title="The Partners (book)">The Partners</a>: Inside America's Most Powerful Law Firms</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-42023-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-42023-2"><bdi>0-671-42023-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Partners%3A+Inside+America%27s+Most+Powerful+Law+Firms&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-671-42023-2&rft.au=Stewart%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelmayer1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shammai_Engelmayer" title="Shammai Engelmayer">Engelmayer</a>, Sheldon D. (1981). <i>Hostage: a Chronicle of the 444 Days in Iran</i>. New York: Caroline House Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89803-084-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89803-084-6"><bdi>0-89803-084-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hostage%3A+a+Chronicle+of+the+444+Days+in+Iran&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Caroline+House+Publishing&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-89803-084-6&rft.aulast=Engelmayer&rft.aufirst=Sheldon+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran+hostage+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sick, Gary (1991). <i>October Surprise: America's Hostages in Iran and the Election of Ronald Reagan</i>. New York: Random House.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tarikhirani.ir/fa/news/3/bodyView/5234/0/%DB%B4%DB%B4%DB%B4.%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2.%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C.html">Recently-published pictures of event</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118220252/http://tarikhirani.ir/fa/news/3/bodyView/5234/0/%DB%B4%DB%B4%DB%B4.%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2.%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C.html">Archived</a> November 18, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>tarikhirani.ir</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050908065442/http://thememoryhole.org/espionage_den/photos.htm">The Memory Hole</a> hosts a gallery of photographs taken from inside the U.S. Embassy during the crisis.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226033359/https://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/documents/list_of_hostages.phtml">List of hostages and casualties</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43210.pdf">The Iran Hostages: Efforts to Obtain Compensation</a> <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a></li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.4524406"><i>Hostage Report (1981)</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declassified_documents">Declassified documents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_hostage_crisis&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Declassified documents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>United States</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130712231837/http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/International_security_affairs/iranian_hostage_crisis/">Iran Hostage Crisis page</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Secretary_of_Defense" title="Office of the Secretary of Defense">Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD)</a> & <a href="/wiki/Joint_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Staff">Joint Staff</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">FOIA</a> Center site.</li></ul> <dl><dt>United Kingdom</dt></dl> <p>Records of the Prime Minister's Office, Correspondence & Papers; 1979–97 at discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk: IRAN. Internal situation in Iran; Attack on British Embassy; Hostage-taking at US Embassy; Freezing of Iranian Assets; US Mission to release hostages; Relations with US & UK following hostage taking at US Embassy. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/Details?uri=C11522043">Part 1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/Details?uri=C11522044">Part 2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/Details?uri=C11555963">Part 3</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/Details?uri=C11555964">Part 4</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/Details?uri=C11555965">Part 5</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/Details?uri=C11555966">Part 6</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/Details?uri=C11555967">Part 7</a></li></ul> </div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iran_hostage_crisis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States495" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link 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style="width:1%">Pre-Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">and Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification of the Constitution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Prelude to War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">Election of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">The Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)#American_approach" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan#Second_Klan:_1915–1944" title="Ku Klux Klan">Second Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_crash_of_1929" title="Wall Street crash of 1929">Wall Street crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946" title="United States strike wave of 1945–1946">Strike wave of 1945–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Start of Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Early Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post-war boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Early–mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Crack epidemic in the United States">Crack epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Late Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">End of the Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots"> Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">WTC bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="List of mass shootings in the United States">Rise in mass shootings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tucson_shooting" title="2011 Tucson shooting">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora_theater_shooting" title="2012 Aurora theater shooting">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_high_school_shooting" title="Parkland high school shooting">Parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_school_shooting" title="Uvalde school shooting">Uvalde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">recession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_US_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Support of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump#Investigations,_criminal_charges,_civil_lawsuits" title="Donald Trump">Indictments of Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">Flag</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="History of the United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian-American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-American history">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal District</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlying islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States545" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:Iran–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:Iran–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–United States relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States545" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">Iran–United States relations</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Iran,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Iran_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Iran to the United States">Ambassadors of Iran to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Tehran" title="Embassy of the United States, Tehran">Embassy of the United States, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Iran" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Iran">Ambassadors of the United States to Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interests_Section_of_Iran_in_the_United_States" title="Interests Section of Iran in the United States">Interests Section of Iran in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate-General_of_the_United_States,_Tabriz" title="Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz">Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Near_Eastern_Affairs" title="Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs">Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_Claims_Tribunal" title="Iran–United States Claims Tribunal">Iran–United States Claims Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Directorate" title="Iranian Directorate">Iranian Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Syria_Policy_and_Operations_Group" title="Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group">Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Corridor" title="Persian Corridor">Persian Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Command" title="Persian Gulf Command">Persian Gulf Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_the_Iranian_oil_industry" title="Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry">Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Abadan_Crisis" title="Timeline of the Abadan Crisis">Abadan Crisis Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity,_Economic_Relations_and_Consular_Rights" title="Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights">Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Delawar" title="Exercise Delawar">Exercise Delawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Dark_Gene" title="Project Dark Gene">Project Dark Gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Stability_(speech)" title="Island of Stability (speech)">Island of Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad%27s_letter_to_George_W._Bush" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_between_Barack_Obama_and_Ali_Khamenei" title="Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei">Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_conversation_between_Barack_Obama_and_Hassan_Rouhani" title="Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani">Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negotiations_leading_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Negotiations leading to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Plan of Action">Joint Plan of Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_nuclear_deal_framework" title="Iran nuclear deal framework">Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Reactions to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Criticism of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Aftermath of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">U.S. withdrawal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">United States support for Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeton_incident" title="Bridgeton incident">Bridgeton incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Ajr" title="Iran Ajr">Iran Ajr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Staunch" title="Operation Staunch">Operation Staunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eager_Glacier" title="Operation Eager Glacier">Operation Eager Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Earnest_Will" title="Operation Earnest Will">Operation Earnest Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Prime_Chance" title="Operation Prime Chance">Operation Prime Chance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nimble_Archer" title="Operation Nimble Archer">Operation Nimble Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Praying_Mantis" title="Operation Praying Mantis">Operation Praying Mantis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">February 2019 Warsaw Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Security_Construct" title="International Maritime Security Construct">International Maritime Security Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Assassination of Qasem Soleimani">Assassination of Qasem Soleimani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Reactions to the assassination of Qasem Soleimani">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_revenge_scenarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteen revenge scenarios">Thirteen revenge scenarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_threat_for_the_destruction_of_Iranian_cultural_sites" title="Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites">Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Soleimani" title="Operation Martyr Soleimani">Operation Martyr Soleimani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Camp_Taji_attacks" title="2020 Camp Taji attacks">2020 Camp Taji attacks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations_after_1979" title="Iran–United States relations after 1979">Incidents after 1979</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Paul_R._Shaffer_and_John_H._Turner" title="Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner">Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran hostage crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Iranian_hostage_crisis" title="Timeline of the Iranian hostage crisis">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe_Conference" title="Guadeloupe Conference">Guadeloupe Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Credible_Sport" title="Operation Credible Sport">Operation Credible Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Caper" title="Canadian Caper">Canadian Caper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter%27s_engagement_with_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini">Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_October_Surprise_theory" title="1980 October Surprise theory">1980 October Surprise theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis_negotiations" title="Iran hostage crisis negotiations">Negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_Accords" title="Algiers Accords">Algiers Accords</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/America_can%27t_do_a_damn_thing_against_us" title="America can't do a damn thing against us">America can't do a damn thing against us</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombings" title="1983 Beirut barracks bombings">Beirut barracks bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Franklin_espionage_scandal" title="Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal">Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Robert_Levinson" title="Disappearance of Robert Levinson">Disappearance of Robert Levinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_kill_or_capture_strategy_in_Iraq" title="United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq">United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_raid_on_the_Iranian_Liaison_Office_in_Erbil" title="United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil">United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Jalal_Sharafi" title="Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi">Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Iran%E2%80%93United_States_naval_dispute" title="2008 Iran–United States naval dispute">2008 Naval dispute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Monkey" title="Filipino Monkey">Filipino Monkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cassandra" title="Project Cassandra">Project Cassandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%932011_detention_of_American_hikers_by_Iran" title="2009–2011 detention of American hikers by Iran">Detention of American hikers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contents_of_the_United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak_(Iran)" title="Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Iran)">United States diplomatic cables leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Strait_of_Hormuz_dispute" title="2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute">Strait of Hormuz dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93U.S._RQ-170_incident" title="Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident">RQ-170 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Maersk_Tigris" title="MV Maersk Tigris">MV <i>Maersk Tigris</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_U.S.%E2%80%93Iran_naval_incident" title="2016 U.S.–Iran naval incident">2016 Naval incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program of Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Timeline of the nuclear program of Iran">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P5%2B1" title="P5+1">P5+1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Merlin" title="Operation Merlin">Operation Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charming_Kitten" title="Charming Kitten">Charming Kitten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Hossein_Alikhani" title="Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani">Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou" title="Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou">Arrest of Meng Wanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Iranian_students_at_US_airports" title="Deportation of Iranian students at US airports">Deportation of Iranian students at US airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Iranian_shoot-down_of_American_drone" title="2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone">2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_K-1_Air_Base_attack" title="2019 K-1 Air Base attack">2019 K-1 Air Base attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_United_States_embassy_in_Baghdad" title="Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad">Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Iran_explosions" title="2020 Iran explosions">2020 Iran explosions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Erbil_rocket_attacks" title="2021 Erbil rocket attacks">2021 Erbil rocket attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Natanz_incident" title="2021 Natanz incident">2021 Natanz incident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaked_Mohammad_Javad_Zarif_audiotape" title="Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape">Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2021_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident">July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2021_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident">August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_U.S.%E2%80%93Iran_naval_incident" title="2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident">2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Erbil_missile_attacks" title="2022 Erbil missile attacks">2022 Erbil missile attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2023_Northeastern_Syria_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="March 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes">2023 Northeastern Syria clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Rajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez Rajan">Seizure of <i>Suez Rajan</i> and <i>St Nikolas</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_US_bases_in_Iraq,_Jordan,_and_Syria_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on US bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war">Attacks on US bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Erbil_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Erbil attack">2024 Erbil attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_22_drone_attack" title="Tower 22 drone attack">Tower 22 drone attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_interference_in_the_2024_United_States_elections" title="Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections">Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">Legislation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran" title="United States sanctions against Iran">United States sanctions against Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_pressure_campaign" title="Maximum pressure campaign">Maximum pressure campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12170" title="Executive Order 12170">Executive Order 12170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12172" title="Executive Order 12172">Executive Order 12172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13769" title="Executive Order 13769">Executive Order 13769</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_Executive_Order_13769" title="Reactions to Executive Order 13769">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_travel_ban" title="Trump travel ban">Trump travel ban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13780" title="Executive Order 13780">Executive Order 13780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13876" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Order 13876">Executive Order 13876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_Libya_Sanctions_Act" title="Iran and Libya Sanctions Act">Iran and Libya Sanctions Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Nonproliferation_Act_of_2000" title="Iran Nonproliferation Act of 2000">Iran Nonproliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran,_North_Korea,_Syria_Nonproliferation_Act" title="Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act">Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Freedom_and_Support_Act" title="Iran Freedom and Support Act">Iran Freedom and Support Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Sanctions_Enhancement_Act_of_2007" title="Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act of 2007">Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyl%E2%80%93Lieberman_Amendment" title="Kyl–Lieberman Amendment">Kyl–Lieberman Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Iran_Sanctions,_Accountability,_and_Divestment_Act_of_2010" title="Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010">Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Freedom_and_Counter-Proliferation_Act" title="Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act">Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Law_113-100" title="Public Law 113-100">Public Law 113-100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Nuclear_Agreement_Review_Act_of_2015" title="Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015">Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dames_%26_Moore_v._Regan" title="Dames & Moore v. Regan">Dames & Moore v. Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Diplomatic_and_Consular_Staff_in_Tehran" title="United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran">United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Platforms_case" title="Oil Platforms case">Oil Platforms case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Banki" title="United States v. Banki">United States v. Banki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Markazi_v._Peterson" title="Bank Markazi v. Peterson">Bank Markazi v. Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certain_Iranian_Assets" title="Certain Iranian Assets">Certain Iranian Assets</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rubin_v._Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran">Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alleged_Violations_of_the_1955_Treaty_of_Amity_(Iran_v._United_States)" title="Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity (Iran v. United States)">Alleged violations of Treaty of Amity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Groups and individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Action_Group" title="Iran Action Group">Iran Action Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93America_Society" title="Iran–America Society">Iran–America Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Students_Association_in_the_United_States" title="Iranian Students Association in the United States">Iranian Students Association in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_American_Council" title="National Iranian American Council">National Iranian American Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_American_Communities" title="Organization of Iranian American Communities">Organization of Iranian American Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Against_Nuclear_Iran" title="United Against Nuclear Iran">United Against Nuclear Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farashgard" title="Farashgard">Farashgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jundallah_(Iran)" title="Jundallah (Iran)">Jundallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Assembly_of_Iran" title="Kingdom Assembly of Iran">Kingdom Assembly of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of Iran">National Council of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Resistance_of_Iran" title="National Council of Resistance of Iran">National Council of Resistance of Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Abrams" title="Elliott Abrams">Elliott Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaveh_L._Afrasiabi" title="Kaveh L. Afrasiabi">Kaveh L. Afrasiabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baskerville" title="Howard Baskerville">Howard Baskerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Fallon" title="William J. Fallon">William J. Fallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Hook" title="Brian Hook">Brian Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Macmanus" title="Joseph Macmanus">Joseph Macmanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Malley" title="Robert Malley">Robert Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Mull" title="Stephen D. Mull">Stephen D. Mull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_David_Rabhan" title="Erwin David Rabhan">Erwin David Rabhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Rezaian" title="Jason Rezaian">Jason Rezaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Ritter" title="Scott Ritter">Scott Ritter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Wadsworth" title="Craig Wadsworth">Craig Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_R._White_(U.S._veteran)" title="Michael R. White (U.S. veteran)">Michael R. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxana_Saberi" title="Roxana Saberi">Roxana Saberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_Abedini" title="Saeed Abedini">Saeed Abedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeid_Aboutaleb" title="Saeid Aboutaleb">Saeid Aboutaleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahram_Amiri" title="Shahram Amiri">Shahram Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirous_Asgari" title="Sirous Asgari">Sirous Asgari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Reza_Banki" title="Mahmoud Reza Banki">Mahmoud Reza Banki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haleh_Esfandiari" title="Haleh Esfandiari">Haleh Esfandiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Mirza_Hekmati" title="Amir Mirza Hekmati">Amir Mirza Hekmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezedin_Abdel_Aziz_Khalil" title="Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil">Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrzad_Mirgholikhan" title="Shahrzad Mirgholikhan">Shahrzad Mirgholikhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hosseini_(showman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Hosseini (showman)">Mohammad Hosseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esha_Momeni" title="Esha Momeni">Esha Momeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammad Mosaddegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baquer_Namazi" title="Baquer Namazi">Baquer Namazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamak_Namazi" title="Siamak Namazi">Siamak Namazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahar_Nowrouzzadeh" title="Sahar Nowrouzzadeh">Sahar Nowrouzzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Pahlavi,_Crown_Prince_of_Iran" title="Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran">Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noor_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Noor Pahlavi">Noor Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trita_Parsi" title="Trita Parsi">Trita Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Rajavi" title="Maryam Rajavi">Maryam Rajavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolreza_Shahlaei" title="Abdolreza Shahlaei">Abdolreza Shahlaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shakeri" title="Ali Shakeri">Ali Shakeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoud_Soleimani" title="Masoud Soleimani">Masoud Soleimani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morad_Tahbaz" title="Morad Tahbaz">Morad Tahbaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kian_Tajbakhsh" title="Kian Tajbakhsh">Kian Tajbakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karan_Vafadari" title="Karan Vafadari">Karan Vafadari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiyue_Wang" title="Xiyue Wang">Xiyue Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizar_Zakka" title="Nizar Zakka">Nizar Zakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay" title="List of Iranian detainees at Guantanamo Bay">Iranian Guantanamo Bay detainees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majid_Muhammed" title="Abdul Majid Muhammed">Abdul Majid Muhammed</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v_Iran_(1998_FIFA_World_Cup)" title="United States v Iran (1998 FIFA World Cup)">1998 FIFA World Cup match</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_relations_between_Iran_and_the_United_States" title="Academic relations between Iran and the United States">Academic relations between Iran and the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Islam_(term)" title="American Islam (term)">American Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Iran" title="Anti-American sentiment in Iran">Anti-American sentiment in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Iran" title="CIA activities in Iran">CIA activities in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_copyright_relations" title="Iran–United States copyright relations">Copyright relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_to_America" title="Death to America">Death to America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_containment" title="Dual containment">Dual containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Satan" title="Great Satan">Great Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Hollywoodism" title="International Conference on Hollywoodism">International Conference on Hollywoodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_frozen_assets" title="Iranian frozen assets">Iranian frozen assets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Opposition to military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)">State Sponsor of Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="United States and state-sponsored terrorism">United States and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/650_Fifth_Avenue" title="650 Fifth Avenue">650 Fifth Avenue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Foundation" title="Alavi Foundation">Alavi Foundation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alborz_High_School" title="Alborz High School">Alborz High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Iranian_Studies" title="American Institute of Iranian Studies">American Institute of Iranian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_School_of_Isfahan" title="American School of Isfahan">American School of Isfahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_School,_Tehran" title="Community School, Tehran">Community School, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damavand_College" title="Damavand College">Damavand College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Bethel_School" title="Iran Bethel School">Iran Bethel School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranzamin_School" title="Iranzamin School">Iranzamin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Church,_Tehran" title="Saint Peter Church, Tehran">Saint Peter Church, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_American_School" title="Tehran American School">Tehran American School</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bomb_Iran" title="Bomb Iran">Bomb Iran</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_(book)" title="Overthrow (book)">Overthrow</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Not_for_the_Faint_of_Heart" title="Not for the Faint of Heart">Not for the Faint of Heart</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Iran–United States relations">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jimmy_Carter881" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jimmy_Carter" title="Template:Jimmy Carter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jimmy_Carter" title="Template talk:Jimmy Carter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jimmy_Carter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jimmy Carter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jimmy_Carter881" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">39th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1977–1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Georgia" title="List of governors of Georgia">76th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Georgia" title="Governor of Georgia">Governor of Georgia</a> (1971–1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_Senate" title="Georgia State Senate">Georgia State Senator</a> (1963–1967)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidential transition of Jimmy Carter">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Inauguration of Jimmy Carter">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1977)" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1977)">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1978)" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1978)">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1979)" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1979)">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1980%E2%80%931981)" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1980–1981)">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1980%E2%80%931981)#January_1981" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1980–1981)">January 1981</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Political positions of Jimmy Carter">Political positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Jimmy_Carter" title="List of federal judges appointed by Jimmy Carter">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Jimmy Carter judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Jimmy_Carter" title="List of executive actions by Jimmy Carter">Executive Actions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12036" title="Executive Order 12036">Executive Order 12036</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12086" title="Executive Order 12086">Executive Order 12086</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12148" title="Executive Order 12148">Executive Order 12148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12170" title="Executive Order 12170">Executive Order 12170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12172" title="Executive Order 12172">Executive Order 12172</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_bonds" title="Carter bonds">Carter bonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_rabbit_incident" title="Jimmy Carter rabbit incident">Rabbit incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catoctin_Mountain_Park_Run" title="Catoctin Mountain Park Run">Catoctin Mountain Park Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">Egypt–Israel peace treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrijos%E2%80%93Carter_Treaties" title="Torrijos–Carter Treaties">Torrijos–Carter Treaties</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran hostage crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Caper" title="Canadian Caper">Canadian Caper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter%27s_engagement_with_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini">Engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">Support for Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Communiqu%C3%A9_on_the_Establishment_of_Diplomatic_Relations" title="Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations">Diplomatic relations with China</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldwater_v._Carter" title="Goldwater v. Carter">Goldwater v. Carter</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_Reform_Act_of_1978" title="Civil Service Reform Act of 1978">Civil Service Reform Act of 1978</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senior_Executive_Service_(United_States)" title="Senior Executive Service (United States)">Senior Executive Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Jimmy_Carter" title="List of international presidential trips made by Jimmy Carter">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980 Summer Olympics boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Jimmy Carter administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Reinvestment_Act" title="Community Reinvestment Act">Community Reinvestment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_Deregulation_Act" title="Airline Deregulation Act">Airline Deregulation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act of 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depository_Institutions_Deregulation_and_Monetary_Control_Act" title="Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act">Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Reform_Act_of_1977" title="Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977">Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Fund_Transfer_Act" title="Electronic Fund Transfer Act">Electronic Fund Transfer Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Debt_Collection_Practices_Act" title="Fair Debt Collection Practices Act">Fair Debt Collection Practices Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Institutions_Regulatory_and_Interest_Rate_Control_Act_of_1978" title="Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978">Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Financial_Privacy_Act" title="Right to Financial Privacy Act">Right to Financial Privacy Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey%E2%80%93Hawkins_Full_Employment_Act" title="Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act">Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Mining_Control_and_Reclamation_Act_of_1977" title="Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977">Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_at_the_White_House" title="Solar power at the White House">Solar power at the White House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan">Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carter_cropped.jpg/100px-Carter_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carter_cropped.jpg/150px-Carter_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carter_cropped.jpg/200px-Carter_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="1490" /></span></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Equivalent_of_War_speech" title="Moral Equivalent of War speech">Moral Equivalent of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Stability_(speech)" title="Island of Stability (speech)">Island of Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Crisis_of_Confidence_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="A Crisis of Confidence speech">A Crisis of Confidence</a></li> <li>State of the Union Addresses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1978 State of the Union Address">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1979 State of the Union Address">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1980 State of the Union Address">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1981 State of the Union Address">1981</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Electoral history of Jimmy Carter">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Georgia gubernatorial elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_Georgia_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 Georgia gubernatorial election">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Georgia_gubernatorial_election" title="1970 Georgia gubernatorial election">1970</a></li></ul></li> <li>Presidential campaigns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1976 presidential campaign">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a></li></ul></li> <li>Democratic Party presidential primaries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1980</a></li></ul></li> <li>Democratic National Conventions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980</a></li></ul></li> <li>Presidential debates <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1976 United States presidential debates">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1980 United States presidential debates">1980</a></li></ul></li> <li>Presidential elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Post-presidency of Jimmy Carter">Post-presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Center" title="Carter Center">Carter Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_Library_and_Museum" title="Jimmy Carter Library and Museum">Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_for_Humanity" title="Habitat for Humanity">Habitat for Humanity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_%26_Rosalynn_Carter_Work_Project" title="Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project">Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elders_(organization)" title="The Elders (organization)">The Elders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_National_Historical_Park" title="Jimmy Carter National Historical Park">Jimmy Carter National Historical Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_House" title="Jimmy Carter House">Jimmy Carter House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairobi_Agreement,_1999" title="Nairobi Agreement, 1999">Nairobi Agreement, 1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_Appeal" title="One America Appeal">One America Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_of_Government_Commission" title="Continuity of Government Commission">Continuity of Government Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Death and state funeral of Jimmy Carter">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Bibliography of Jimmy Carter">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Everything_to_Gain:_Making_the_Most_of_the_Rest_of_Your_Life" title="Everything to Gain: Making the Most of the Rest of Your Life">Everything to Gain</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hornet%27s_Nest_(novel)" title="The Hornet's Nest (novel)">The Hornet's Nest</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Endangered_Values" title="Our Endangered Values">Our Endangered Values</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palestine:_Peace_Not_Apartheid" title="Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid">Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid</a></i> (2006) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_on_Palestine:_Peace_Not_Apartheid" title="Commentary on Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid">reaction and commentary</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_White_House" title="Beyond the White House">Beyond the White House</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/We_Can_Have_Peace_in_the_Holy_Land" title="We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land">We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_House_Diary" title="White House Diary">White House Diary</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Call_to_Action:_Women,_Religion,_Violence,_and_Power" title="A Call to Action: Women, Religion, Violence, and Power">A Call to Action</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Full_Life" title="A Full Life">A Full Life</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Jimmy_Carter" title="List of awards and honors received by Jimmy Carter">Awards<br />and honors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freedom of the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Buffalo_Award" title="Silver Buffalo Award">Silver Buffalo Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Liberty_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Liberty Medal">Philadelphia Liberty Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Prize_in_the_Field_of_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights">United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Medal" title="Hoover Medal">Hoover Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Award" title="Christopher Award">Christopher Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter%E2%80%93Menil_Human_Rights_Prize" title="Carter–Menil Human Rights Prize">Carter–Menil Human Rights Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album">Grammy Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_Peanut_Statue" title="Jimmy Carter Peanut Statue">Jimmy Carter Peanut Statue</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jimmy_Carter" title="USS Jimmy Carter">USS <i>Jimmy Carter</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_National_Historical_Park" title="Jimmy Carter National Historical Park">Jimmy Carter National Historical Park</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Statue of Jimmy Carter">Georgia State Capitol statue</a> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plains,_Georgia" title="Plains, Georgia">Plains, Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_G._Carter_Nursing_Center" title="Lillian G. Carter Nursing Center">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_House" title="Jimmy Carter House">Home</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Prince_(nanny)" title="Mary Prince (nanny)">Mary Prince</a> (nanny)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_UFO_incident" title="Jimmy Carter UFO incident">UFO incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_(film)" title="Jimmy Carter (film)">Jimmy Carter</a></i> (2002 television documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_from_Plains" title="Man from Plains">Man from Plains</a></i> (2007 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_dracunculiasis" title="Eradication of dracunculiasis">Eradication of dracunculiasis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mush_from_the_Wimp" title="Mush from the Wimp">Mush from the Wimp</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Carter_(politician)" title="Jack Carter (politician)">Jack Carter</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Carter" title="Amy Carter">Amy Carter</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Carter_(politician)" title="Jason Carter (politician)">Jason Carter</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Carter_Sr." title="James Earl Carter Sr.">James Earl Carter Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Gordy_Carter" title="Lillian Gordy Carter">Lillian Gordy Carter</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Carter_Spann" title="Gloria Carter Spann">Gloria Carter Spann</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Carter_Stapleton" title="Ruth Carter Stapleton">Ruth Carter Stapleton</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Carter" title="Billy Carter">Billy Carter</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Dolvin" title="Emily Dolvin">Emily Dolvin</a> (aunt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Carter" title="Hugh Carter">Hugh Carter</a> (cousin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">← Gerald Ford</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jimmy_Carter" title="Category:Jimmy Carter">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>} </p><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ruhollah_Khomeini209" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Template:Ruhollah Khomeini"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Template talk:Ruhollah Khomeini"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ruhollah Khomeini"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ruhollah_Khomeini209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1963_demonstrations_in_Iran" title="1963 demonstrations in Iran">1963 demonstrations in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini%27s_life_in_exile" title="Ruhollah Khomeini's life in exile">Life in exile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Qom_protest" title="1978 Qom protest">1978 Qom protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Tabriz_protests" title="1978 Tabriz protests">1978 Tabriz protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neauphle-le-Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Neauphle-le-Château">Neauphle-le-Château</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini%27s_return_to_Iran" title="Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran">Return to Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Aftermath of the Iranian revolution">Aftermath of the Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution_in_Iran" title="Cultural Revolution in Iran">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Cultural_Revolution" title="Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution">Supreme Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Islamic_Revolution" title="Council of the Islamic Revolution">Council of the Islamic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Court" title="Islamic Revolutionary Court">Islamic Revolutionary Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum" title="1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum">1979 Referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter%27s_engagement_with_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini">Engagement with Jimmy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Iranian_Revolution_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 Iranian Revolution conspiracy theory">Iranian revolution conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/America_can%27t_do_a_damn_thing_against_us" title="America can't do a damn thing against us">America can't do a damn thing against us</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader of Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_support_for_Iran_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_war" title="Israeli support for Iran during the Iran–Iraq war">Israeli support</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_Verses_controversy" title="Satanic Verses controversy">Satanic Verses controversy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roollah-khomeini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Roollah-khomeini.jpg/75px-Roollah-khomeini.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Roollah-khomeini.jpg/113px-Roollah-khomeini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Roollah-khomeini.jpg/150px-Roollah-khomeini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Positions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Islam_(term)" title="American Islam (term)">American Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Shiite clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_to_America" title="Death to America">Death to America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Satan" title="Great Satan">Great Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Satan" title="Little Satan">Little Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_in_Iran" title="Sex segregation in Iran">Sex segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hijab_in_Iran" title="Hijab in Iran">compulsory hijab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam%27s_Line" title="Imam's Line">Imam's Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeini%27s_letter_to_Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Khomeini's letter to Mikhail Gorbachev">Letter to Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeini%27s_8-article_command" title="Khomeini's 8-article command">Khomeini's 8-article command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government">Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist (Velayat-e faqih)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Wasilah" title="Tahrir al-Wasilah">Tahrir al-Wasilah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kashf_al-Asrar" title="Kashf al-Asrar">Kashf al-Asrar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forty_Hadith_of_Ruhullah_Khomeini" title="Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini">Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Revolution" title="Islam and Revolution">Islam and Revolution</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Jihad" title="The Greatest Jihad">The Greatest Jihad</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khomeini_family" title="Khomeini family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khadijeh_Saqafi" title="Khadijeh Saqafi">Khadijeh Saqafi</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Khomeini" title="Mostafa Khomeini">Mostafa Khomeini</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahra_Mostafavi_Khomeini" title="Zahra Mostafavi Khomeini">Zahra Mostafavi Khomeini</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farideh_Mostafavi_Khomeini" title="Farideh Mostafavi Khomeini">Farideh Mostafavi Khomeini</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Khomeini" title="Ahmad Khomeini">Ahmad Khomeini</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Khomeini" title="Hussein Khomeini">Hussein Khomeini</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Khomeini" title="Hassan Khomeini">Hassan Khomeini</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahra_Eshraghi" title="Zahra Eshraghi">Zahra Eshraghi</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Ahmad_Musavi_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi">Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi</a> (grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamaran_Hussainiya" title="Jamaran Hussainiya">Jamaran Hussainiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Mausoleum of Ruhollah Khomeini">Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Death and state funeral of Ruhollah Khomeini">Death and state funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alef-Laam_Khomeini" title="Alef-Laam Khomeini">Alef-Laam Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fajr_decade" title="Fajr decade">Fajr decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refah_School" title="Refah School">Refah School</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homafaran_Allegiance" title="Homafaran Allegiance">Homafaran Allegiance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Khomeini_International_Airport" title="Imam Khomeini International Airport">Imam Khomeini International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Imam_Khomeini%27s_Order" title="Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order">Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" 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