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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carthage_and_early_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carthage_and_early_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Carthage and early settlements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carthage_and_early_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation_and_early_Islamic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_and_early_Islamic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Foundation and early Islamic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_and_early_Islamic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_capital_of_Tunisia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_capital_of_Tunisia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>New capital of Tunisia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_capital_of_Tunisia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Spanish occupation and Ottoman control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_under_the_French_protectorate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_under_the_French_protectorate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Development under the French protectorate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_under_the_French_protectorate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_since_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_since_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Growth since independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_since_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suburbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suburbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Suburbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suburbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Capital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Capital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Municipality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Budget</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture_and_landscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_and_landscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Architecture and landscape</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture_and_landscape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture and landscape subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture_and_landscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urban_landscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_landscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Urban landscape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_landscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Médina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Médina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Médina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Médina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Other landmarks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Souks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Souks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Souks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Souks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Walls_and_gates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walls_and_gates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Walls and gates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walls_and_gates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Places of worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_of_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_greenery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_greenery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Parks and greenery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_greenery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Performing arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In the arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Public transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Twin towns and sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_cooperations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_cooperations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Other cooperations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_cooperations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_inhabitants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_inhabitants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notable inhabitants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_inhabitants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tunis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 155 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-155" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">155 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8D)" title="Тунис (къалэ) – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Тунис (къалэ)" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B1%E1%8A%92%E1%88%B5" title="ቱኒስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቱኒስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3_(%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9)" title="تونس (مدينة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تونس (مدينة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAniz" title="Túniz – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Túniz" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%A3_(%DC%A1%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܬܘܢܣ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܘܢܣ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisso" title="Tunisso – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Tunisso" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAnez" title="Túnez – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Túnez" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis_(%C5%9F%C9%99h%C9%99r)" title="Tunis (şəhər) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tunis (şəhər)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3_(%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1)" title="تونس (شهر) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تونس (شهر)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="তিউনিস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তিউনিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Тунис (ҡала) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тунис (ҡала)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Туніс (горад) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Туніс (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Туніс (горад) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Туніс (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Тунис (град) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тунис (град)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཊུ་ནིསི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཊུ་ནིསི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis_(grad)" title="Tunis (grad) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tunis (grad)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuniz" title="Tuniz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tuniz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Тунис (хула) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тунис (хула)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis_(ulohang_dakbayan_sa_Tunisia)" title="Tunis (ulohang dakbayan sa Tunisia) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tunis (ulohang dakbayan sa Tunisia)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwnis" title="Tiwnis – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tiwnis" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%A9" title="تونس لعاصمة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تونس لعاصمة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Τύνιδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τύνιδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%BE%D1%88)" title="Тунис (ош) – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Тунис (ош)" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAnez_(ciudad)" title="Túnez (ciudad) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Túnez (ciudad)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunizo" title="Tunizo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tunizo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAnis_(ci%C3%A1)" title="Túnis (ciá) – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Túnis (ciá)" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3" title="شهر تونس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شهر تونس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAinis" title="Túinis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Túinis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunes" title="Tunes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tunes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%80%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4" title="튀니스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="튀니스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BD_(%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84)" title="Թունիս (քաղաք) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թունիս (քաղաք)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="तूनिस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तूनिस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis_(grad)" title="Tunis (grad) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tunis (grad)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Тунис (сахар) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тунис (сахар)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAnis_(borg)" title="Túnis (borg) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Túnis (borg)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisi" title="Tunisi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tunisi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1" title="תוניס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תוניס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis_(kutha)" title="Tunis (kutha) – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tunis (kutha)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisi" title="Tunisi – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tunisi" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98)" title="ტუნისი (ქალაქი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტუნისი (ქალაქი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Тунис (қала) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тунис (қала)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunus" title="Tunus – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Tunus" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinis" title="Tinis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tinis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BBnis_(bajar)" title="Tûnis (bajar) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tûnis (bajar)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Тунис (хала) – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Тунис (хала)" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunes" title="Tunes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tunes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisa" title="Tunisa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tunisa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisas_(miestas)" title="Tunisas (miestas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tunisas (miestas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B9nixi" title="Tùnixi – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Tùnixi" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCnis" title="Tünis – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Tünis" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisz" title="Tunisz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tunisz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Тунис (град) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тунис (град)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ടൂണിസ്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടൂണിസ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tune%C5%BC" title="Tuneż – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Tuneż" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="ट्युनिस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ट्युनिस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90)" title="ტუნისი (ნოღა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტუნისი (ნოღა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3_(%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87)" title="تونس (مدينه) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تونس (مدينه)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3_(%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1)" title="تونس (شهر) – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تونس (شهر)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Тунис – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Тунис" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82)" title="Тунис (хот) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тунис (хот)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="ट्युनिस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ट्युनिस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B9" title="チュニス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チュニス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Тунис (гӀала) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Тунис (гӀала)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis_(shahar)" title="Tunis (shahar) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tunis (shahar)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8" title="ਤੂਨਿਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੂਨਿਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3_(%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1)" title="تونس (شہر) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تونس (شہر)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3_(%DA%9A%D8%A7%D8%B1)" title="تونس (ښار) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تونس (ښار)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B9nis" title="Tùnis – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Tùnis" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/tunis" title="tunis – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="tunis" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunes" title="Tunes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tunes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Тунис (город) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тунис (город)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Тунис (куорат) – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тунис (куорат)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B9nisi" title="Tùnisi – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tùnisi" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B9nisi" title="Tùnisi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tùnisi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1" title="تيونس شهر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تيونس شهر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%AF%C5%84is" title="Tůńis – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Tůńis" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3_(%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1)" title="توونس (شار) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="توونس (شار)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Тунис (град) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тунис (град)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis_(grad)" title="Tunis (grad) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tunis (grad)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="தூனிஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தூனிஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunes_(tamane%C9%A3t)" title="Tunes (tamaneɣt) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tunes (tamaneɣt)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D1%88%D3%99%D2%BB%D3%99%D1%80)" title="Тунис (шәһәр) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тунис (шәһәр)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA" title="ตูนิส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตูนิส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80)" title="Тунис (шаҳр) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тунис (шаҳр)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunus_(%C5%9Fehir)" title="Tunus (şehir) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tunus (şehir)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Тунис (кар) – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Тунис (кар)" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81_(%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE)" title="Туніс (місто) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Туніс (місто)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1" title="تونس شہر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تونس شہر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%87%D9%86%D9%89%D8%B3_%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89" title="تۇنىس شەھىرى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تۇنىس شەھىرى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAnizi" title="Túnizi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Túnizi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis_(lidn)" title="Tunis (lidn) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Tunis (lidn)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisse" title="Tunisse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tunisse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%82" title="突尼斯市 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="突尼斯市" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1" title="טוניס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טוניס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="突尼斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="突尼斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%82" title="突尼斯市 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="突尼斯市" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Tunis" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis_(%C5%A1%C9%99h%C9%99r)" title="Tunis (šəhər) – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Tunis (šəhər)" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3572#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tunis&params=36_48_23_N_10_10_54_E_type:city(599368)_region:TN-11"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°48′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">10°10′54″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.80639°N 10.18167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.80639; 10.18167</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital and largest city of Tunisia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tunis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tunis (disambiguation)">Tunis (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city in Tunis Governorate, Tunisia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Tunis</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="aeb">تونس</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:267px;max-width:267px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:265px;max-width:265px"><div style="height:197px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TunisAveHabibBourguiba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/TunisAveHabibBourguiba.jpg/330px-TunisAveHabibBourguiba.jpg" decoding="async" width="263" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/TunisAveHabibBourguiba.jpg/500px-TunisAveHabibBourguiba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/TunisAveHabibBourguiba.jpg/960px-TunisAveHabibBourguiba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Avenue_Habib_Bourguiba" title="Avenue Habib Bourguiba">Avenue Habib Bourguiba</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Minaret_et_patio_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_Zitouna_au_centre_de_la_M%C3%A9dina_de_Tunis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Minaret_et_patio_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_Zitouna_au_centre_de_la_M%C3%A9dina_de_Tunis.jpg/131px-Minaret_et_patio_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_Zitouna_au_centre_de_la_M%C3%A9dina_de_Tunis.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Minaret_et_patio_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_Zitouna_au_centre_de_la_M%C3%A9dina_de_Tunis.jpg/197px-Minaret_et_patio_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_Zitouna_au_centre_de_la_M%C3%A9dina_de_Tunis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Minaret_et_patio_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_Zitouna_au_centre_de_la_M%C3%A9dina_de_Tunis.jpg/262px-Minaret_et_patio_de_la_mosqu%C3%A9e_Zitouna_au_centre_de_la_M%C3%A9dina_de_Tunis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4212" data-file-height="2760" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Al-Zaytuna_Mosque" title="Al-Zaytuna Mosque">Al-Zaytuna Mosque</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruines_de_Carthage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ruines_de_Carthage.jpg/128px-Ruines_de_Carthage.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ruines_de_Carthage.jpg/192px-Ruines_de_Carthage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ruines_de_Carthage.jpg/256px-Ruines_de_Carthage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></div><div>Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terrasses_de_la_m%C3%A9dina_de_Tunis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Terrasses_de_la_m%C3%A9dina_de_Tunis.jpg/250px-Terrasses_de_la_m%C3%A9dina_de_Tunis.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Terrasses_de_la_m%C3%A9dina_de_Tunis.jpg/330px-Terrasses_de_la_m%C3%A9dina_de_Tunis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="1354" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Medina_of_Tunis" title="Medina of Tunis">Medina of Tunis</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TunisPortFrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/TunisPortFrance.jpg/126px-TunisPortFrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/TunisPortFrance.jpg/189px-TunisPortFrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/TunisPortFrance.jpg/252px-TunisPortFrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="495" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Bab_el_Bhar" title="Bab el Bhar">Bab el Bhar</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tunis.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Tunis"><img alt="Flag of Tunis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Tunis.svg/120px-Flag_of_Tunis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Tunis.svg/250px-Flag_of_Tunis.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="258" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Tunis.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Tunis"><img alt="Coat of arms of Tunis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1a/Coat_of_arms_of_Tunis.svg/82px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tunis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1a/Coat_of_arms_of_Tunis.svg/123px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tunis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1a/Coat_of_arms_of_Tunis.svg/164px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tunis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="122" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunisian_Republic_location_map_Topographic.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tunis is located in Tunisia"><img alt="Tunis is located in Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Tunisian_Republic_location_map_Topographic.png/250px-Tunisian_Republic_location_map_Topographic.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="472" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Tunisian_Republic_location_map_Topographic.png/375px-Tunisian_Republic_location_map_Topographic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Tunisian_Republic_location_map_Topographic.png/500px-Tunisian_Republic_location_map_Topographic.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="1624" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:11.605%;left:63.44%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tunis"><img alt="Tunis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Tunis</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Tunisia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tunis is located in Mediterranean"><img alt="Tunis is located in Mediterranean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png/250px-Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png/375px-Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png/500px-Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="862" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.914%;left:34.71%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tunis"><img alt="Tunis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Tunis</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Tunis (Mediterranean)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Mediterranean</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tunis is located in Africa"><img alt="Tunis is located in Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:3.598%;left:43.809%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tunis"><img alt="Tunis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Tunis</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Tunis (Africa)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Africa</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tunis&params=36_48_23_N_10_10_54_E_type:city(599368)_region:TN-11"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°48′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">10°10′54″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.80639°N 10.18167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.80639; 10.18167</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Tunisia" title="Governorates of Tunisia">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tunis_Governorate" title="Tunis Governorate">Tunis Governorate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Delegations_of_Tunisia" title="Delegations of Tunisia">Delegation(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">El Bab Bhar, Bab Souika, Cité El Khadra, Djebel Jelloud, El Kabaria, El Menzah, El Omrane, El Omrane Superieur, El Ouardia, Ettahrir, Ezzouhour, Hraïria, Medina, Séjoumi, Sidi El Bechir</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">698 AD</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imed_Boukhris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imed Boukhris (page does not exist)">Imed Boukhris</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></small>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-Population_Statistics,_Maps,_Charts,_Weather_and_Web_Information_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population_Statistics,_Maps,_Charts,_Weather_and_Web_Information-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="need source for area_metro_km2 (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">104 km<sup>2</sup> (40 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,668 km<sup>2</sup> (1,030 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">41 m (135 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 m (13 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2023-01-01)<sup id="cite_ref-Population_Statistics,_Maps,_Charts,_Weather_and_Web_Information_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population_Statistics,_Maps,_Charts,_Weather_and_Web_Information-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">599,368</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">5,794/km<sup>2</sup> (15,010/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,671,882</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تونسي</span> <i>Tounsi</i> <br /> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Tunisois</i></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">Central European Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">(Not Observed)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_code" title="Postal code">Postal code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">1xxx, 2xxx</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data">71</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:TN" title="ISO 3166-2:TN">TN-11</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:TN" title="ISO 3166-2:TN">TN-12</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:TN" title="ISO 3166-2:TN">TN-13</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:TN" title="ISO 3166-2:TN">TN-14</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/GeoTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="GeoTLD">geoTLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.tn" title=".tn">.tn</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn">Official website</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tunis</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تونس</span>, <i><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/80\/Tounes_bel_tounsi.wav\/Tounes_bel_tounsi.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"T\u016bnis"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Tounes bel tounsi.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/Tounes_bel_tounsi.wav/Tounes_bel_tounsi.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Tūnis</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Tounes_bel_tounsi.wav" title="File:Tounes bel tounsi.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></i>) is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and largest city of <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>. The greater metropolitan area of Tunis, often referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Grand_Tunis" title="Grand Tunis">Grand Tunis</a>", has about 2,700,000 inhabitants. As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it is the third-largest city in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> region (after <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_the_Arab_world" title="List of largest cities in the Arab world">eleventh-largest</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>. </p><p>Situated on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tunis" title="Gulf of Tunis">Gulf of Tunis</a>, behind the <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_Tunis" title="Lake of Tunis">Lake of Tunis</a> and the port of <a href="/wiki/La_Goulette" title="La Goulette">La Goulette</a> (Ḥalq il-Wād), the city extends along the coastal plain and the hills that surround it. At its core lies the <a href="/wiki/Medina_of_Tunis" title="Medina of Tunis">Medina</a>, a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. East of the Medina, through the Sea Gate (also known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Bab_el_Bhar" title="Bab el Bhar">Bab el Bhar</a></i> and the <i>Porte de France</i>), begins the modern part of the city called "Ville Nouvelle", traversed by the grand <a href="/wiki/Avenue_Habib_Bourguiba" title="Avenue Habib Bourguiba">Avenue Habib Bourguiba</a> (often referred to by media and travel guides as "the Tunisian <a href="/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Champs-Élysées">Champs-Élysées</a>"), where the colonial-era buildings provide a clear contrast to smaller, older structures. Further east by the sea lie the suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Carthage_(municipality)" title="Carthage (municipality)">Carthage</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Marsa" title="La Marsa">La Marsa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Bou_Said" title="Sidi Bou Said">Sidi Bou Said</a>. </p><p>As the capital of the country, Tunis is the focus of Tunisian political and administrative life and also the center of the country's commercial and cultural activities. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Tunis</i> is the transcription of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> name <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تونس</span></span> which can be pronounced as "Tūnus", "Tūnas", or "Tūnis". All three variations were mentioned by the 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> geographer <a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Mu%27jam_al-Buldan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'jam al-Buldan">Mu'jam al-Bûldan</a></i> (<i>Dictionary of Countries</i>). </p><p>Different explanations exist for the origin of the name <i>Tunis</i>. Some scholars relate it to the Carthaginian goddess <i><a href="/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit">Tanith</a></i> ('Tanit or Tanut), as many ancient cities were named after patron deities.<sup id="cite_ref-adrian_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adrian-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars claim that it originated from <i>Tynes</i>, which was mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> in the course of descriptions of a location resembling present-day Al-Kasbah, Tunis's old Berber village.<sup id="cite_ref-ej-brill_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej-brill-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hann-war_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hann-war-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another possibility is that it was derived from the <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a> verbal root <i>ens</i> which means "to lie down" or "to pass the night".<sup id="cite_ref-peter-ross_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peter-ross-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>Tunis</i> can possibly mean "camp at night", "camp", or "stop", or may have referred to as "the last stop before Carthage" by people who were journeying to Carthage by land. There are also some mentions in ancient Roman sources of such names of nearby towns as <i>Tuniza</i> (now <a href="/wiki/El_Kala" title="El Kala">El Kala</a>), <i>Thunusuda</i> (now <a href="/wiki/Sidi-Meskin" title="Sidi-Meskin">Sidi-Meskin</a>), <i>Thinissut</i> (now Bir Bouregba), and <i>Thunisa</i> (now <a href="/wiki/Ras_Jebel" title="Ras Jebel">Ras Jebel</a>). As all of these Berber villages were situated on Roman roads, they undoubtedly served as rest-stations or stops.<sup id="cite_ref-Sebag54_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sebag54-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tunis" title="Timeline of Tunis">Timeline of Tunis</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carthage_and_early_settlements">Carthage and early settlements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Carthage and early settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Ancient Carthage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Carthage" title="History of Carthage">History of Carthage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karthago_Antoninus-Pius-Thermen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Karthago_Antoninus-Pius-Thermen.JPG/250px-Karthago_Antoninus-Pius-Thermen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Karthago_Antoninus-Pius-Thermen.JPG/330px-Karthago_Antoninus-Pius-Thermen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Karthago_Antoninus-Pius-Thermen.JPG/500px-Karthago_Antoninus-Pius-Thermen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the Roman <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Antoninus" title="Baths of Antoninus">Baths of Antoninus</a> in Carthage.</figcaption></figure> <p>The historical study of Carthage is problematic. Because its culture and records were destroyed by the Romans at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Punic_War" title="Third Punic War">Third Punic War</a>, very few Carthaginian <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary historical sources</a> survive. While there are a few ancient translations of <a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a> texts into Greek and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">inscriptions on monuments and buildings discovered in Northwest Africa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the main sources are <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> historians, including <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dio_Cassius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dio Cassius">Dio Cassius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>. These writers belonged to peoples in competition, and often in conflict, with Carthage.<sup id="cite_ref-Warmington_11_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warmington_11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek cities contended with Carthage over <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Romans</a> fought three wars <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">against Carthage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not surprisingly, their accounts of Carthage are extremely hostile; while there are a few Greek authors who took a favourable view, these works have been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-Warmington_11_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warmington_11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area was originally a Berber settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-Fromherz2016_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fromherz2016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existence of settlements in and around the area of Tunis is attested by sources dating from the 4th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Sebag60_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sebag60-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Situated on a hill, its location served as an excellent point from which the comings and goings of naval and caravan traffic to and from Carthage could be observed. It was one of the first towns in the region to fall under Carthaginian control, and in the centuries that followed the settlement was mentioned in the military histories associated with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a>. Thus, during Agathocles' expedition, which landed at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Bon" title="Cape Bon">Cape Bon</a> in 310 BC, the town changed hands on various occasions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Mercenary_War" title="Mercenary War">Mercenary War</a>, it is possible that the town served as a center for the native population of the area,<sup id="cite_ref-Sebag60_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sebag60-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that its population was mainly composed of peasants, fishermen, and craftsmen. Compared to the ancient ruins of Carthage, the town's ancient ruins are not as large. According to <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, it was destroyed by the Romans in 146 BC during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Punic_War" title="Third Punic War">Third Punic War</a>. Both the town and Carthage were destroyed; the former, however, was rebuilt first<sup id="cite_ref-Sebag70_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sebag70-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> and became an important town under Roman control and the center of a booming agricultural industry. The township is mentioned as <i>Thuni</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Tabula_Peutingeriana" title="Tabula Peutingeriana">Tabula Peutingeriana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sebag70_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sebag70-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the system of Roman roads for the <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Roman province of Africa</a>, the town had the title of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mutatio</i></span> ("way station, resting place").<sup id="cite_ref-Sebag70_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sebag70-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The borough, increasingly Romanized, was also eventually Christianized and became the seat of a <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>. However, it remained modestly sized compared to Carthage during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-Renate_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Renate-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_and_early_Islamic_period">Foundation and early Islamic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foundation and early Islamic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunis_Zitouna-Moschee_Minarett.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tunis_Zitouna-Moschee_Minarett.JPG/250px-Tunis_Zitouna-Moschee_Minarett.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tunis_Zitouna-Moschee_Minarett.JPG/330px-Tunis_Zitouna-Moschee_Minarett.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tunis_Zitouna-Moschee_Minarett.JPG/500px-Tunis_Zitouna-Moschee_Minarett.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1826" data-file-height="1757" /></a><figcaption>Courtyard of <a href="/wiki/Al-Zaytuna_Mosque" title="Al-Zaytuna Mosque">Zaytuna Mosque</a>, founded in the late 7th century by the Umayyad dynasty</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 7th century, the Arab Muslims conquered the region, and in 698 a commune and a mosque were established at the outskirts of the ancient ruins, founded by <a href="/wiki/Hassan_ibn_al-Nu%27man" title="Hassan ibn al-Nu'man">Hassan ibn al-Nu'man</a>, which would become the city of Tunis and the <a href="/wiki/Zaytuna_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaytuna Mosque">Zaytuna Mosque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Medina_of_Tunis" title="Medina of Tunis">Medina of Tunis</a>, the oldest section of the city, dates from this period, during which the region was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>. The city had the natural advantage of coastal access, via the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, to the major ports of southern Europe. Early on, Tunis played a military role; the Umayyads recognized the strategic importance of its proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Sicily" title="Strait of Sicily">Strait of Sicily</a>, with a dockyard built upon the founding of the city by order of Caliph <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan">Abd al-Malik</a>. From the beginning of the 8th century, Tunis was the <i><a href="/wiki/Chef-lieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chef-lieu">chef-lieu</a></i> of the area: it became the Umayyad, and later the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a>' <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">naval</a> base in the western <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, and took on considerable military importance.<sup id="cite_ref-Renate_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Renate-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Aghlabid" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabid">Aghlabids</a>, the city gained significance and benefited from economic improvements and became one of the most important in the caliphate,<sup id="cite_ref-Renate_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Renate-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was briefly the national capital from the end of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_II_of_Ifriqiya" title="Ibrahim II of Ifriqiya">Ibrahim II</a>, from 902 until 909,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when control over <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> was handed to the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a>. </p><p>Local opposition to the authorities began to intensify in September 945, when <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijite</a> <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgents</a> occupied Tunis, resulting in general pillaging.<sup id="cite_ref-Renate_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Renate-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sebag88_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sebag88-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the rise of the Fatimid-viceregal <a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirid dynasty</a> the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> population tolerated Shi'ite rule less and less, and carried out massacres against the Shi'ite community.<sup id="cite_ref-Sebag88_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sebag88-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1048 the Zirid ruler <a href="/wiki/Al-Muizz_ibn_Badis" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muizz ibn Badis">Al-Muizz ibn Badis</a> rejected his city's obedience to the Fatimids and re-established Sunni rites throughout all of Ifriqiya. This decision infuriated the Fatimid Caliph <a href="/wiki/Ma%27ad_al-Mustansir_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah">Al-Mustansir Billah</a>. To punish the Zirids, he unleashed the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a> Arab tribe on Ifriqiya; a large part of the country was set to the torch, the Zirid capital <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a> was razed in 1057, and only a few coastal towns, including Tunis and <a href="/wiki/Mahdia" title="Mahdia">Mahdia</a>, escaped destruction. </p><p>Exposed to violence from the hostile tribes that settled around the city, the population of Tunis repudiated the authority of the Zirids and swore allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Hammadid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammadid">Hammadid</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Nasir_ibn_Alnas" title="Nasir ibn Alnas">El Nacer ibn Alennas</a>, who was based in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, in 1059. The governor appointed by Béjaïa, having reestablished order in the country, did not hesitate to free himself from the Hammadids to found the <a href="/wiki/Khurasanid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khurasanid dynasty">Khurasanid dynasty</a> with Tunis as its capital. This small independent kingdom picked up the threads of trade and commerce with other nations and brought the region back to peace and prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piri_Reis_-_Map_of_the_Tunisian_Coast_with_the_Ports_of_Bizerte_and_Tunis_as_Far_as_Kelibia_-_Walters_W658279B_-_Full_Page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Piri_Reis_-_Map_of_the_Tunisian_Coast_with_the_Ports_of_Bizerte_and_Tunis_as_Far_as_Kelibia_-_Walters_W658279B_-_Full_Page.jpg/250px-Piri_Reis_-_Map_of_the_Tunisian_Coast_with_the_Ports_of_Bizerte_and_Tunis_as_Far_as_Kelibia_-_Walters_W658279B_-_Full_Page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Piri_Reis_-_Map_of_the_Tunisian_Coast_with_the_Ports_of_Bizerte_and_Tunis_as_Far_as_Kelibia_-_Walters_W658279B_-_Full_Page.jpg/330px-Piri_Reis_-_Map_of_the_Tunisian_Coast_with_the_Ports_of_Bizerte_and_Tunis_as_Far_as_Kelibia_-_Walters_W658279B_-_Full_Page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Piri_Reis_-_Map_of_the_Tunisian_Coast_with_the_Ports_of_Bizerte_and_Tunis_as_Far_as_Kelibia_-_Walters_W658279B_-_Full_Page.jpg/500px-Piri_Reis_-_Map_of_the_Tunisian_Coast_with_the_Ports_of_Bizerte_and_Tunis_as_Far_as_Kelibia_-_Walters_W658279B_-_Full_Page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1227" data-file-height="1799" /></a><figcaption>Historic map of Tunis by <a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis">Piri Reis</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Walters_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="The Walters Art Museum">The Walters Art Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_capital_of_Tunisia">New capital of Tunisia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New capital of Tunisia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1159, the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a> '<a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min</a> took Tunis, overthrew the last Khurasanid leader, and installed a new government in the <a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">kasbah</a> of Tunis.<sup id="cite_ref-Renate_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Renate-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Almohad_conquest_of_Norman_Africa" title="Almohad conquest of Norman Africa">The Almohad conquest</a> marked the beginning of the dominance of the city in Tunisia. Having previously played a minor role behind <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahdia" title="Mahdia">Mahdia</a>, Tunis was promoted to the rank of provincial capital. </p><p>In 1228, Governor <a href="/wiki/Abu_Zakariya" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Zakariya">Abu Zakariya</a> seized power and, a year later, took the title of Emir and founded the <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid dynasty</a>. The city became the capital of a Hafsid kingdom stretching towards <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes">Fez</a>. Walls were built to protect the emerging principal town of the kingdom, surrounding the medina, the kasbah, and the new suburbs of Tunis. In 1270 the city was taken briefly by <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a>, who was hoping to convert the Hafsid sovereign to Christianity. King Louis easily captured <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, but his army soon fell victim to an outbreak of dysentery. Louis himself died before the walls of the capital and his army were forced out. At the same time, driven by the reconquest of Spain, the first Andalusian Muslims and Jews arrived in Tunis and would become of importance to the economic prosperity of the Hafsid capital and the development of its intellectual life.<sup id="cite_ref-Renate_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Renate-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Almohad and Hafsid periods, Tunis was one of the richest and grandest cities in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic world</a>, with a population of about 100,000. Like the Almohads, the Hafsids maintained Christian mercenaries who lived in a neighbourhood closed off with a gate near the Hafsid palace complex. They worshipped in a church dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_of_Assisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Francis of Assisi">Saint Francis of Assisi</a> which visitors described as "very beautiful and great" and which was allowed to ring the bell, a practice forbidden by the so-called <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Umar" title="Pact of Umar">Pact of Umar</a> and a privilege not granted to the Genoese and Venetian merchants who maintained chapels in their merchant quarters. When Jean Adorno visited Tunis in 1470, he described these Christians as assimilated culturally and linguistically into Tunisian society, though they remained Christians and would sing in Latin during mass.<sup id="cite_ref-Lower_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lower-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, one of the famous travelers to Tunis was <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a>. In his travel account, when Ibn Battuta and his group arrived in Tunis, the population of the city came out to meet him and the other members of his party. They all greeted them and were very curious, many were asking questions, however, no one in Tunis personally greeted Ibn Battuta, greatly upsetting him. He felt very lonely and could not hold back the tears coming from his eyes. This went on for a while until one of the pilgrims realized he was upset, he went up and greeted and talked to Ibn Battuta until he entered the city. At the time, the Sultan of Tunis was Abu Yahya and during Ibn Battuta's stay, the Festival of the Breaking of the Fast was taking place. The people in the city assembled in large numbers to celebrate the festival, in extravagant and most luxurious outfits. Abu Yahya arrived on horseback, where all of his relatives joined him. After the performance, the people returned to their homes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control">Spanish occupation and Ottoman control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spanish occupation and Ottoman control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Ottoman Tunisia</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> took nominal control of Tunis in 1534 when <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a> <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1534)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1534)">captured it</a> from the Hafsid Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_Muhammad_V_al-Hasan" title="Abu Abdallah Muhammad V al-Hasan">Mulai Hassan</a>, who fled to the court of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a> and King of Spain. Charles, suffering losses from the <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">corsairs</a> operating out of <a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a>, Tunis, and <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, agreed to reinstate Mulai Hassan in exchange for his acceptance of Spanish suzerainty. A naval expedition led by Charles himself was dispatched in 1535, and the city was recaptured. <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">The victory</a> against the corsairs is recorded in a tapestry at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Madrid" title="Royal Palace of Madrid">Royal Palace of Madrid</a>. The Spanish governor of <a href="/wiki/La_Goulette" title="La Goulette">La Goulette</a>, Luys Peres Varga, fortified the island of <a href="/wiki/Chikly" title="Chikly">Chikly</a> in the lake of Tunis to strengthen the city's defenses between 1546 and 1550. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_quint_a_tunis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Charles_quint_a_tunis.png/250px-Charles_quint_a_tunis.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Charles_quint_a_tunis.png/330px-Charles_quint_a_tunis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Charles_quint_a_tunis.png/500px-Charles_quint_a_tunis.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>Entry of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> into Tunis in 1535</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Ulu%C3%A7_Ali_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Uluç Ali Reis">Uluç Ali Reis</a>, at the head of an army of <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">janissaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kabyles" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabyles">Kabyles</a>, retook Tunis in 1569. However, following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_(1571)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lepanto (1571)">Battle of Lepanto</a> in 1571, the Spanish under <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a> succeeded in <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1573)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1573)">retaking the city</a> and re-establishing the Hafsid sovereign in October 1573. Following these conflicts, the city finally <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">fell into Ottoman hands</a> in August 1574. Having become an Ottoman province governed by a <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a> who was appointed by the Sultan based in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, the country attained a degree of autonomy. After 1591, the Ottoman governors (<a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Beys</a>) were relatively independent, and both piracy and trade continued to flourish. Under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Dey" title="Dey">deys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">beys</a>, the capital sprang into new life. Its population grew by additions from various ethnicities, among which were Moorish refugees from Spain, and economic activities diversified. To traditional industry and trade with distant lands was added the activity of the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a>, then in their golden age. Profits obtained from the trade in Christian <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Slave_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary Slave Trade">slaves</a> allowed the rulers to build sumptuous structures that revived the architectural heritage of the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-Renate_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Renate-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khazdadar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Khazdadar.JPG/150px-Khazdadar.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Khazdadar.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mustapha_Khaznadar" title="Mustapha Khaznadar">Mustapha Khaznadar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Tunisia" title="Prime Minister of Tunisia">Prime Minister</a> of Tunis from 1837 to 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of the most influential persons in modern Tunisian history.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In April 1655 the English admiral <a href="/wiki/Robert_Blake_(admiral)" title="Robert Blake (admiral)">Robert Blake</a> was sent to the Mediterranean to extract compensation from states that had been attacking English shipping. Only the Bey of Tunis refused to comply, with the result that Blake's fifteen ships attacked the Bey's arsenal at Porto Farina (Ghar el Melh), destroying nine Algerian ships and two shore batteries, the first time in naval warfare that shore batteries had been eliminated without landing men ashore. </p><p>At the beginning of the 18th century, Tunisia entered into a new period in its history with the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Husainid_dynasty" title="Husainid dynasty">Husainid dynasty</a>. Successive Husainid rulers made great progress in developing the city and its buildings. During this period, the city prospered as a center of commerce. Taking advantage of divisions within the ruling house, Algerians captured Tunis in 1756 and put the country under supervision. <a href="/wiki/Hammuda_ibn_Ali" title="Hammuda ibn Ali">Hammouda Bey</a> faced bombardment by the Venetian fleet, and the city experienced a rebellion in 1811.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Al-Husayn_II_ibn_Mahmud" title="Al-Husayn II ibn Mahmud">Hussein Bey II</a>, naval defeats by the British (1826) and French (1827) saw the French become increasingly active in the city and in the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various sources estimate the 19th-century population to have ranged from 90,000 to 110,000 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the later 19th century, Tunis became increasingly populated by Europeans, particularly the French, and immigration dramatically increased the size of the city. This resulted in the first demolition of the old city walls, from 1860, to accommodate growth in the suburbs. The city spilled outside the area of the earlier town and the banks of the lake, and the new districts were modernized with running water (1860), lighting gas (1872), roads, waste collection (1873), and communication with adjacent suburbs and the city center.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crafts and traditional trades declined somewhat, as the newcomers increased trade with Europe, introducing the first modern industries and new forms of urban life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_under_the_French_protectorate">Development under the French protectorate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Development under the French protectorate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_French-era_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of French-era Tunisia">History of French-era Tunisia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunisia_view_1890s2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tunisia_view_1890s2.jpg/220px-Tunisia_view_1890s2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tunisia_view_1890s2.jpg/330px-Tunisia_view_1890s2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tunisia_view_1890s2.jpg/440px-Tunisia_view_1890s2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2406" /></a><figcaption>View of Tunis c. 1890–1900. Zaytuna Mosque is slightly right of center.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_tunis_1890_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Plan_tunis_1890_1914.jpg/220px-Plan_tunis_1890_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Plan_tunis_1890_1914.jpg/330px-Plan_tunis_1890_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Plan_tunis_1890_1914.jpg/440px-Plan_tunis_1890_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1626" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>Urban evolution between 1890 and 1914</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab_Suika-Suker_Square,_Tunis,_Tunisia,_ca._1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bab_Suika-Suker_Square%2C_Tunis%2C_Tunisia%2C_ca._1899.jpg/250px-Bab_Suika-Suker_Square%2C_Tunis%2C_Tunisia%2C_ca._1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bab_Suika-Suker_Square%2C_Tunis%2C_Tunisia%2C_ca._1899.jpg/330px-Bab_Suika-Suker_Square%2C_Tunis%2C_Tunisia%2C_ca._1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bab_Suika-Suker_Square%2C_Tunis%2C_Tunisia%2C_ca._1899.jpg/500px-Bab_Suika-Suker_Square%2C_Tunis%2C_Tunisia%2C_ca._1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3299" data-file-height="2406" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bab_Souika" title="Bab Souika">Bab Souika</a> Square in Tunis, ca. 1899</figcaption></figure> <p>The creation of the <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">French protectorate</a> in 1881 was a turning point in Tunis's history, leading to rapid redevelopment of the city in the span of two to three decades. The city quickly spread out of its fortifications: it divided into a traditional Arab-populated old city, and a new city populated by immigrants, with a different structure from that of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Medina_of_Tunis" title="Medina of Tunis">medina</a>. Tunis also benefited from the French construction of a <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">water supply</a>, natural gas and electricity networks, <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a> services, and other public infrastructure. </p><p>Under French rule, a substantial number of Europeans settled (like the <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Italians" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian Italians">Tunisian Italians</a>); half of the population was European in origin.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city expanded and created new boulevards and neighborhoods. </p><p>Tunis was quiet during the First World War. After the war, the city faced new transformations as the modern portion grew in importance and extended its network of boulevards and streets in all directions. In addition, a series of satellite cities emerged on the urban rim and encroached on the municipality of Tunis proper. In the economic sphere, commercial activities expanded and diversified as modern industries continued to grow, while traditional industry continued to decline. </p><p>During World War II, Tunis was held by <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> forces from November 1942 to May 1943. It was their last base in Africa, as they retreated towards <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> after being surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> forces from Algeria to the west and from Libya to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 May 1943, at about 15:30 in the afternoon, Tunis fell to troops of <a href="/wiki/First_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="First Army (United Kingdom)">British 1st Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="First United States Army">U.S. 1st Army</a>, which had defeated the <a href="/wiki/5th_Panzer_Army" title="5th Panzer Army">German 5th Panzer Army</a> guarding the city. At midday on 20 May 1943, the Allies held a victory parade on Avenue Maréchal Galliéni, and Avenue Jules Ferry, to signal the end of fighting in North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having succeeded in driving the Axis powers out of Tunisia, the Allies used Tunis as a base of operations from which to stage <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_assault" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibious assault">amphibious assaults</a> first against the island of <a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a>, and then <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, and finally the mainland of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_since_independence">Growth since independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Growth since independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_menzah_1955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/El_menzah_1955.jpg/220px-El_menzah_1955.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/El_menzah_1955.jpg/330px-El_menzah_1955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/El_menzah_1955.jpg/440px-El_menzah_1955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1174" /></a><figcaption>Extension of the city in the 1950s with the district of El Menzah</figcaption></figure> <p>After independence in 1956, Tunis consolidated its role as the capital, first with the establishment of a constitution stating that the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Tunisia)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Tunisia)">Chamber of Deputies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Tunisia" title="President of Tunisia">Presidency of the Republic</a> must have their headquarters in Tunis and its suburbs. In a very short time, the colonial city transformed rapidly. As the city has grown and native Tunisians gradually began to replace the extensive European population, the conflict between the Arab city and the European city has gradually decreased with the arabization of the population. </p><p>Because of population pressure and the rate of migration to the capital, the city continued to grow, even with the creation of new districts in the suburbs. Old buildings have gradually been renovated and upgraded. New buildings have come to influence the urban landscape. At the same time, an active policy of industrialization is developing the municipal economy. The <a href="/wiki/Medina_of_Tunis" title="Medina of Tunis">Medina of Tunis</a> has been a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> since 1979. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> represents 22 Arab nations. It transferred its headquarters to Tunis in 1979 because of Egypt's peace with Israel. The Arab League returned to Egypt in 1990. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> also had its headquarters in Tunis, from 1982<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 2003. In 1985, the PLO's headquarters <a href="/wiki/Operation_Wooden_Leg" title="Operation Wooden Leg">was bombed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israeli Air Force</a> F-15s, killing approximately 60 people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian Revolution">Tunisian Revolution</a></div> <p>Many protests took place during the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> of 2011–12. </p><p>On 18 March 2015, <a href="/wiki/Bardo_National_Museum_attack" title="Bardo National Museum attack">two gunmen attacked</a> the <a href="/wiki/Bardo_National_Museum_(Tunis)" title="Bardo National Museum (Tunis)">Bardo National Museum</a> and held hostages.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty civilians and one policeman were killed in the attack, while around 50 others were injured.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five Japanese, two Colombians, and visitors from Italy, Poland, and Spain were among the dead. Both gunmen were killed by Tunisian police. The incident has been treated as a <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist attack">terrorist attack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunis,_Tunisia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tunis%2C_Tunisia.JPG/250px-Tunis%2C_Tunisia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tunis%2C_Tunisia.JPG/330px-Tunis%2C_Tunisia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Tunis%2C_Tunisia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of Tunis.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tunis is located in north-eastern <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_Tunis" title="Lake of Tunis">Lake of Tunis</a>, and is connected to the Mediterranean sea's <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tunis" title="Gulf of Tunis">Gulf of Tunis</a> by a canal which terminates at the port of <a href="/wiki/La_Goulette" title="La Goulette">La Goulette</a>/<a href="/wiki/Halq_al_Wadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Halq al Wadi">Halq al Wadi</a>. The ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> is located just north of Tunis along the coastal part. The city lies on a similar latitude as the southernmost points of Europe. </p><p>The city of Tunis is built on a hill slope down to the lake of Tunis. These hills contain places such as Notre-Dame de Tunis, Ras Tabia, La Rabta, La Kasbah, Montfleury, and La Manoubia with altitudes just above 50 metres (160 feet).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is located at the crossroads of a narrow strip of land between Lake Tunis and Séjoumi. The <a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a> between them is what geologists call the "Tunis dome", which includes hills of limestone and sediments. It forms a natural bridge and since ancient times several major roads linking to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and elsewhere in Tunisia have branched out from it. The roads also connect with Carthage, emphasizing its political and economic importance not only in Tunisia but more widely in North Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> in ancient times. </p><p>The Greater Tunis area has an area of 300,000 hectares (1,200 sq mi; 3,000 km<sup>2</sup>), 10% of which are urbanized, the rest being shared between bodies of water (20,000 hectares (77 sq mi; 200 km<sup>2</sup>) of lakes or lagoons) and agricultural or natural land (250,000 hectares (970 sq mi; 2,500 km<sup>2</sup>)). However, urban growth, which is estimated to be increasing by 500 hectares per year, is gradually changing the landscape with <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:810px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lac_nuit_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of Tunis at night"><img alt="Tunis City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Lac_nuit_02.jpg/960px-Lac_nuit_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Lac_nuit_02.jpg/1200px-Lac_nuit_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Lac_nuit_02.jpg/1600px-Lac_nuit_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4858" data-file-height="1984" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Lac_nuit_02.jpg" title="File:Lac nuit 02.jpg"> </a></div>Panorama of Tunis at night</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suburbs">Suburbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Suburbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:smaller;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Municipality</th> <th>Population (2004) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ettadhamen-Mnihla" title="Ettadhamen-Mnihla">Ettadhamen-Mnihla</a> </td> <td>118,487 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ariana,_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariana, Tunisia">Ariana</a> </td> <td>97,687 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Soukra" title="La Soukra">La Soukra</a> </td> <td>89,151 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Mourouj" title="El Mourouj">El Mourouj</a> </td> <td>81,986 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Marsa" title="La Marsa">La Marsa</a> </td> <td>77,890 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Douar_Hicher" title="Douar Hicher">Douar Hicher</a> </td> <td>75,844 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ben_Arous" title="Ben Arous">Ben Arous</a> </td> <td>74,932 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohamedia-Fouchana" title="Mohamedia-Fouchana">Mohamedia-Fouchana</a> </td> <td>74,620 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Le_Bardo" title="Le Bardo">Le Bardo</a> </td> <td>70,244 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Le_Kram" title="Le Kram">Le Kram</a> </td> <td>58,152 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oued_Ellil" title="Oued Ellil">Oued Ellil</a> </td> <td>47,614 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rad%C3%A8s" title="Radès">Radès</a> </td> <td>44,857 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raoued" title="Raoued">Raoued</a> </td> <td>53,911 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hammam_Lif" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammam Lif">Hammam Lif</a> </td> <td>38,401 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Goulette" title="La Goulette">La Goulette</a> </td> <td>28,407 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carthage_(municipality)" title="Carthage (municipality)">Carthage</a> </td> <td>28,407 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Manouba" class="mw-redirect" title="La Manouba">La Manouba</a> </td> <td>26,666 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mornag" title="Mornag">Mornag</a> </td> <td>26,406 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Djedeida" title="Djedeida">Djedeida</a> </td> <td>24,746 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Den_Den" title="Den Den">Den Den</a> </td> <td>24,732 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tebourba" title="Tebourba">Tebourba</a> </td> <td>24,175 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9grine" title="Mégrine">Mégrine</a> </td> <td>24,031 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kal%C3%A2at_el-Andalous" title="Kalâat el-Andalous">Kalâat el-Andalous</a> </td> <td>15,313 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mornaguia" title="Mornaguia">Mornaguia</a> </td> <td>13,382 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Thabet" title="Sidi Thabet">Sidi Thabet</a> </td> <td>8,909 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Bou_Sa%C3%AFd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidi Bou Saïd">Sidi Bou Saïd</a> </td> <td>4,793 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Battan" title="El Battan">El Battan</a> </td> <td>5,761 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Borj_El_Amri" title="Borj El Amri">Borj El Amri</a> </td> <td>5,556 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b> </td> <td><b>1,265,060</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><i>Sources:</i> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Tunisia)" title="National Institute of Statistics (Tunisia)">National Institute of Statistics</a><sup id="cite_ref-ins_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ins-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After World War II, suburbs began to rapidly spring up on the outskirts of Tunis. These form a large percentage of the population of the Tunis metropolitan area. It grew from 27% of the total population in 1956, to 37% in 1975 and 50% in 2006.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tunis has a <a href="/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot semi-arid climate">hot semi-arid climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <i>BSh</i>) bordering a hot-summer <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> (<i>Csa</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> characterized by hot and dry, prolonged summers and mild winters with moderate rainfall. The local climate is also affected somewhat by the latitude of the city, the moderating influence of the Mediterranean sea, and the terrain of the hills. </p><p>Winter is the wettest season of the year, when more than a third of the annual rainfall falls during this period, raining on average every two or three days. The sun may still increase the temperature from 7 °C (45 °F) in the morning to 16 °C (61 °F) in the afternoon on average during the winter. Frosts are rare. The lowest temperature of −2.0 °C (28.4 °F) was recorded on 18 January 1979. In spring, rainfall declines by half. The sunshine becomes dominant in May when it reaches 10 hours a day on average. In March temperatures may vary between 8 and 18 °C (46 and 64 °F), and between 13 and 24 °C (55 and 75 °F) in May. However, it is common for temperatures to soar even as early as April with record temperatures reaching 40 °C (104 °F). In summer, rain is almost completely absent and the sunlight is at a maximum. </p><p>The average temperatures in the summer months of June, July, August, and September are very high. Sea breezes may mitigate the heat, but sometimes the <a href="/wiki/Sirocco" title="Sirocco">sirocco</a> winds reverse the trend. Occasional thunderstorms in the afternoon can develop quickly, especially after the periods of extremely hot weather. They usually do not produce precipitation (see <a href="/wiki/Dry_thunderstorm" title="Dry thunderstorm">dry thunderstorm</a>), but may be accompanied by a brief shower. The highest temperature of 49.0 °C (120.2 °F) was recorded at Tunis-Carthage International Airport on July 24, 2023. In autumn, it begins to rain, often with short thunderstorms, which can sometimes cause flash floods or even flood some parts of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The month of November marks a break in the general heat with average temperatures ranging from 11 to 20 °C (52 to 68 °F). </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Tunis (<a href="/wiki/Tunis%E2%80%93Carthage_International_Airport" title="Tunis–Carthage International Airport">Tunis–Carthage International Airport</a>) 1991–2020, extremes 1943—present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7<br />(83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.5<br />(97.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1<br />(91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.4<br />(106.5) </td> <td style="background: #B30000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.0<br />(116.6) </td> <td style="background: #970000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.0<br />(120.2) </td> <td style="background: #970000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.0<br />(120.2) </td> <td style="background: #D70000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.4<br />(111.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0<br />(104.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5<br />(94.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6<br />(85.3) </td> <td style="background: #970000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">49.0<br />(120.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4<br />(61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3<br />(72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br />(87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0<br />(93.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5<br />(94.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5<br />(86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5<br />(70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24.8<br />(76.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br />(77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1<br />(82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7<br />(83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0<br />(71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5<br />(56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.8<br />(67.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1<br />(46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br />(49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1<br />(53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9<br />(73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.8<br />(58.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.3<br />(22.5) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.6<br />(27.3) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7<br />(35.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6<br />(51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br />(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7<br />(53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9<br />(51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(42.1) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1<br />(30.0) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1<br />(31.8) </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−5.3<br />(22.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.9<br />(2.32) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.9<br />(2.16) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.8<br />(1.80) </td> <td style="background: #C4FFC4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.9<br />(1.49) </td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4<br />(0.88) </td> <td style="background: #EBFFEB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(0.50) </td> <td style="background: #F8FFF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(0.17) </td> <td style="background: #E9FFE9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(0.57) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.2<br />(2.29) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.7<br />(2.15) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.1<br />(2.09) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.1<br />(2.68) </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">485.6<br />(19.12) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 </td> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">61.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #1111FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">70 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">164.1 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">176.8 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">220.0 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">235.8 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">291.4 </td> <td style="background: #F4F41A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">317.3 </td> <td style="background: #FBFB29; color:#000000;" class="notheme">354.6 </td> <td style="background: #F4F41A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">327.3 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">250.7 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">220.7 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">175.2 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">157.8 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,891.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C3C313; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #F4F418; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #FCFC2D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 </td> <td style="background: #C4C40B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Institut National de la Météorologie (humidity 1961-1990, sun 1981–2010)<sup id="cite_ref-IMN1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMN1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMN2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMN2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMNextremes_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMNextremes-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Station_ID_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Station_ID-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (humidity/daily sun 1961–1990),<sup id="cite_ref-Tunis-Carthage_Climate_Normals_1961–1990_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tunis-Carthage_Climate_Normals_1961–1990-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Climate_Normals_1991-2020_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_Normals_1991-2020-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<sup id="cite_ref-meteoclimat_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meteoclimat-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capital">Capital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Capital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kasbah-Kassus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Kasbah-Kassus.jpg/250px-Kasbah-Kassus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Kasbah-Kassus.jpg/330px-Kasbah-Kassus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Kasbah-Kassus.jpg/500px-Kasbah-Kassus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>Kasbah Square comprising the finance ministry and the prime ministry of Tunisia</figcaption></figure> <p>Tunis has been the capital of Tunisia since 1159. Under Articles 43 and 24 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Tunisia" title="Constitution of Tunisia">Constitution of 1959</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tunis and its suburbs host the national institutions: the Presidential Palace, which is known as <a href="/wiki/Carthage_Palace" title="Carthage Palace">Carthage Palace</a>, residence of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Tunisia" title="President of Tunisia">President of Tunisia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Tunisia">Chamber of Deputies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Advisors" title="Chamber of Advisors">Chamber of Advisors</a> and parliament, the Constitutional Council and the main judicial institutions and public bodies. The revised <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Constitution_of_2014" title="Tunisian Constitution of 2014">Tunisian Constitution of 2014</a> similarly provides that the National Assembly is to sit in Tunis (article 51) and that the Presidency is based there (article 73).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipality">Municipality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Municipality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Institutions">Institutions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mairie_de_Tunis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mairie_de_Tunis.jpg/250px-Mairie_de_Tunis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mairie_de_Tunis.jpg/330px-Mairie_de_Tunis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mairie_de_Tunis.jpg/500px-Mairie_de_Tunis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>City Hall</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SouadAbderrahimANC2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Souad Abderrahim." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/SouadAbderrahimANC2011.jpg/250px-SouadAbderrahimANC2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/SouadAbderrahimANC2011.jpg/330px-SouadAbderrahimANC2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/SouadAbderrahimANC2011.jpg/500px-SouadAbderrahimANC2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>Souad Abderrahim, mayor of Tunis since 2018.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the municipal elections of 6 May 2018, <a href="/wiki/Ennahdha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ennahdha">Ennahdha</a> obtained 21 seats out of 60. <a href="/wiki/Nidaa_Tounes" title="Nidaa Tounes">Nidaa Tounes</a> came second with 17 seats. On 3 July 2018, the head of the Ennahdha list <a href="/wiki/Souad_Abderrahim" title="Souad Abderrahim">Souad Abderrahim</a> was elected by the council as the new mayor of the capital. </p><p>Before 2011, unlike other mayors in Tunisia, the mayor of Tunis was appointed by decree of the President of the Republic from among the members of the City Council. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Budget">Budget</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Budget"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2008 budget adopted by the City Council is structured as follows: 61.61 million dinars for operations and 32,516 million dinars for investment.<sup id="cite_ref-BDG_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BDG-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It reflects the improved financial situation of the municipality, the year 2007 was a year registering a surplus in resources that allowed the settlement of debts of the municipality and the strengthening of its credibility with respect its suppliers and public and private partners. </p><p>Revenues are generated by the proceeds of taxes on buildings and vacant lots, fees for the rental of municipal property, income from the operation of the public, advertising, and that the fact that the municipality has capital shares in some companies. On the expenditure side, provision is made for the consolidation of <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a> and cleanliness, the state of the environment and urban design, infrastructure maintenance, rehabilitation and renovation of facilities, and strengthening the logistics and means of work and transport.<sup id="cite_ref-BDG_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BDG-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city of Tunis, whose size has increased significantly during the second half of the 20th century, now extends beyond the <a href="/wiki/Tunis_Governorate" title="Tunis Governorate">Tunis Governorate</a> into parts of the governorates of <a href="/wiki/Ben_Arous" title="Ben Arous">Ben Arous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ariana" title="Ariana">Ariana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manouba" title="Manouba">Manouba</a>. </p><p>The municipality of Tunis is divided into 15 municipal districts:<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include El Bab Bhar, Bab Souika, Cité El Khadra, Jelloud Jebel El Kabaria, El Menzah, El Ouardia, Ettahrir, Ezzouhour, Hraïria, Medina, El Omrane, El Omrane Higher Séjoumi and Sidi El-Bashir. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:710px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunis_subdivisions.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the arrondissements of Tunis – 1, Médina; 2, Sidi El Béchir; 3, Sijoumi; 4, Bab Souika; 5, El Omrane; 6, Bab Bhar; 7, El Menzah; 8, El Omrane Supérieur; 9, Ettahrir; 10, Bardo; 11, Ezzouhour; 12, El Ourdia; 13, Jebel Jelloud; 14, Kabaria; 15, Cité El Khadra; 16, El Bouhaira; 17, La Marsa; 18, Carthage; 19, La Goulette; 20, Hrairia; 21, Sidi Hassine."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tunis_subdivisions.svg/700px-Tunis_subdivisions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="489" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tunis_subdivisions.svg/1050px-Tunis_subdivisions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tunis_subdivisions.svg/1400px-Tunis_subdivisions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="440" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunis_subdivisions.svg" title="File:Tunis subdivisions.svg"> </a></div>Map of the arrondissements of Tunis – 1, Médina; 2, Sidi El Béchir; 3, Sijoumi; 4, Bab Souika; 5, El Omrane; 6, Bab Bhar; 7, El Menzah; 8, El Omrane Supérieur; 9, Ettahrir; 10, Bardo; 11, Ezzouhour; 12, El Ourdia; 13, Jebel Jelloud; 14, Kabaria; 15, Cité El Khadra; 16, El Bouhaira; 17, La Marsa; 18, Carthage; 19, La Goulette; 20, Hrairia; 21, Sidi Hassine.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Man_in_Tunis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Old_Man_in_Tunis.jpg/250px-Old_Man_in_Tunis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Old_Man_in_Tunis.jpg/330px-Old_Man_in_Tunis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Old_Man_in_Tunis.jpg/500px-Old_Man_in_Tunis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2490" data-file-height="2142" /></a><figcaption>Elderly man in Tunis wearing a <a href="/wiki/Chechia" title="Chechia">Chechia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunis_mosque_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tunis_mosque_1899.jpg/250px-Tunis_mosque_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tunis_mosque_1899.jpg/330px-Tunis_mosque_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tunis_mosque_1899.jpg/500px-Tunis_mosque_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1981" data-file-height="1451" /></a><figcaption>Muslims in Tunis attend the mosque in 1899.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunismarketseller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Tunismarketseller.jpg/250px-Tunismarketseller.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Tunismarketseller.jpg/330px-Tunismarketseller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Tunismarketseller.jpg/500px-Tunismarketseller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Souk" class="mw-redirect" title="Souk">souk</a> shopkeeper</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable centre"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"> <th>Year</th> <th>Municipality</th> <th>Metropolitan area </th></tr> <tr> <td>1891 </td> <td>114,121 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1901 </td> <td>146,276 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1911 </td> <td>162,479 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1921 </td> <td>171,676 </td> <td>192,994 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1926 </td> <td>185,996 </td> <td>210,240 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931 </td> <td>202,405 </td> <td>235,230 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936 </td> <td>219,578 </td> <td>258,113 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946 </td> <td>364,593 </td> <td>449,820 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956 </td> <td>410,000 </td> <td>561,117 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966 </td> <td>468,997 </td> <td>679,603 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td>550,404 </td> <td>873,515 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Sources: <a href="#CITEREFSebag1998">Sebag (1998)</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the years following independence, the population of the metropolitan area continued to grow: by 21.1% from 1956 to 1966 and by 28.5% from 1966 to 1975 (55.6% between 1956 and 1975).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This steady growth was accompanied by changes that affected the nature of the settlement of the capital. Decolonization led to the exodus of some European minorities whose numbers dwindled every year. The gaps created by their departure were filled by Tunisians who emigrated to Tunis from other parts of the country. </p><p>The population of the city of Tunis exceeds 2,000,000 inhabitants. After independence, the Tunisian government implemented a plan to cope with the population growth of the city and country, a system of family planning, to attempt to lower the rate of population growth. However, between 1994 and 2004, the population of the governorate of Tunis grew more than 1.03% per annum. It represents, in the 2004 census, 9.9% of the total population of Tunisia.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in the rest of Tunisia, <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> in the region of Tunis evolved rapidly during the second half of the 20th century and has reached a level slightly higher than the national average.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The education level is only exceeded by the neighboring governorate of Ariana which has many institutions of education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/60px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/120px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Parts of this article (those related to the city's economy) need to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avenue_Mohammed_V_-_Tunis_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Avenue_Mohammed_V_-_Tunis_3.jpg/250px-Avenue_Mohammed_V_-_Tunis_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Avenue_Mohammed_V_-_Tunis_3.jpg/330px-Avenue_Mohammed_V_-_Tunis_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Avenue_Mohammed_V_-_Tunis_3.jpg/500px-Avenue_Mohammed_V_-_Tunis_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Avenue_Mohammed_V_(Tunis)" title="Avenue Mohammed V (Tunis)">Avenue Mohamed V</a> in the financial district</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunisia_mall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tunisia_mall.jpg/250px-Tunisia_mall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tunisia_mall.jpg/330px-Tunisia_mall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tunisia_mall.jpg/500px-Tunisia_mall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisia_Mall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunisia Mall (page does not exist)">Tunisia Mall</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Products include textiles, <a href="/wiki/Carpets" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpets">carpets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>. Tourism also provides a significant portion of the city's income. </p><p>Because of the concentration of political authority (headquarters of the central government, presidency, parliament, ministries, and central government) and culture (festivals and mainstream media), Tunis is the only nationally ranking metropolis. Tunis is the heartland of the Tunisian economy and is the industrial and economic hub of the country, home to a third of Tunisian companies—including almost all the head offices of companies with more than fifty employees, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Compagnie_des_Phosphates_de_Gafsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Compagnie des Phosphates de Gafsa">Compagnie des Phosphates de Gafsa</a>, headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Gafsa" title="Gafsa">Gafsa</a>—and produces a third of the national gross domestic product.<sup id="cite_ref-STRAT_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STRAT-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tunis attracts foreign investors (33% of companies, 26% of investments and 27% of employment), excluding several areas due to economic imbalances. According to the Mercer 2017 Cost of Living Rankings, Tunis has the lowest <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_living" title="Cost of living">cost of living</a> for <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriates</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The urban unemployment rate of university graduates is increasing and the illiteracy rate remains high among the elderly (27% of women and 12% of men).<sup id="cite_ref-STRAT_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STRAT-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of people living below the poverty line, falling at the national level, remains higher in urban areas. In addition, unemployment is high in young people aged 18 to 24, with one in three unemployed as compared to one in six at the national level. In Greater Tunis, the proportion of young unemployed is at 35%.<sup id="cite_ref-STRAT_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STRAT-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gulf finance house or GFH has invested $10 billion <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in order for the construction of Tunis financial harbor, which will transform Tunisia as the gateway to Africa from Europe. The project hopes to boost the economy of Tunisia as well as increase the number of tourists visiting Tunisia annually. The project is going through planning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sectors">Sectors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The economic structure of Tunis, as well as that of the country, is overwhelmingly <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary industry">tertiary industry</a>. The city is the largest financial center in the country hosting the headquarters of 65% of financial companies – while the industrial sectors are gradually declining in importance.<sup id="cite_ref-STRAT_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STRAT-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the secondary industry is still very represented and Tunis hosts 85% of industrial establishments in the four governorates, with a trend towards the spread of specialized industrial zones in the suburbs. </p><p>Primary industry such as agriculture, however, is active in specialized agricultural areas in the suburbs, particularly in the wine and olive oil industries. The generally flat terrain and the two main rivers in Tunisia, the <a href="/wiki/Medjerda" class="mw-redirect" title="Medjerda">Medjerda</a> to the north and the <a href="/wiki/Milian" title="Milian">Milian</a> to the south, the soils are fertile.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tunis has several large plains, the most productive are in <a href="/wiki/Ariana" title="Ariana">Ariana</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Soukra" title="La Soukra">La Soukra</a> (north), the plain of <a href="/wiki/Manouba" title="Manouba">Manouba</a> (west) and the plain of <a href="/wiki/Mornag" title="Mornag">Mornag</a> (south). In addition, groundwater is easily accessible through the drilling of deep wells, providing water for the different agriculture crops. The soils are heavy and contain limestone in the north but are lighter and sandy containing <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is much diversification in the municipality of Tunis, with <a href="/wiki/Durum" class="mw-redirect" title="Durum">Durum</a> grown in Manouba, Olives and olive oil in Ariana and Mornag, wine (Mornag), and fruit, vegetable and <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a> are grown in all regions.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture_and_landscape">Architecture and landscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Architecture and landscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Tunisia" title="List of tallest structures in Tunisia">List of tallest structures in Tunisia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_landscape">Urban landscape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Urban landscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StatueIbnKhaldounTunis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/StatueIbnKhaldounTunis.JPG/220px-StatueIbnKhaldounTunis.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/StatueIbnKhaldounTunis.JPG/330px-StatueIbnKhaldounTunis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/StatueIbnKhaldounTunis.JPG/440px-StatueIbnKhaldounTunis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Khaldoun">Ibn Khaldoun</a> in Independence Square</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Medina_of_Tunis" title="Medina of Tunis">Medina</a>, built on a gentle hill slope on the way down to the <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_Tunis" title="Lake of Tunis">Lake of Tunis</a>, is the historical heart of the city and home to many monuments, including palaces, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dar_Ben_Abdallah" title="Dar Ben Abdallah">Dar Ben Abdallah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dar_Hussein" title="Dar Hussein">Dar Hussein</a>, the mausoleum of <a href="/wiki/Tourbet_el_Bey" title="Tourbet el Bey">Tourbet el Bey</a> and many mosques such as the <a href="/wiki/Al-Zaytuna_Mosque" title="Al-Zaytuna Mosque">Al-Zaytuna Mosque</a>. Some of the fortifications around it have now largely disappeared, and it is flanked by the two suburbs of Bab Souika to the north and Bab El Jazira to the south. Located near the Bab Souika, the neighborhood of Halfaouine gained international attention through the film '<a href="/wiki/Halfaouine_Child_of_the_Terraces" class="mw-redirect" title="Halfaouine Child of the Terraces">Halfaouine Child of the Terraces</a>'. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Habib-bourguiba-tunisia_23858288336_o.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Habib-bourguiba-tunisia_23858288336_o.jpg/250px-Habib-bourguiba-tunisia_23858288336_o.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Habib-bourguiba-tunisia_23858288336_o.jpg/330px-Habib-bourguiba-tunisia_23858288336_o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Habib-bourguiba-tunisia_23858288336_o.jpg/500px-Habib-bourguiba-tunisia_23858288336_o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption>Avenue Habib-Bourguiba</figcaption></figure> <p>But east of the original nucleus, first with the construction of the French Consulate, the modern city was built gradually with the introduction of the French protectorate at the end of the 19th century, on open land between the city and the lake. The axis to the structure of this part of the city is the <a href="/wiki/Avenue_Habib_Bourguiba" title="Avenue Habib Bourguiba">Avenue Habib Bourguiba</a>, designed by the French to be a Tunisian form of <a href="/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Champs-Élysées">Champs-Élysées</a> in Paris with its cafes, major hotels, shops, and cultural venues. On both sides of the tree lined avenue, north and south, the city was extended in various districts, with the northern end welcoming residential and business districts while the south receives industrial districts and poorer peoples. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunisie_Si%C3%A8ge_du_RCD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tunisie_Si%C3%A8ge_du_RCD.jpg/220px-Tunisie_Si%C3%A8ge_du_RCD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tunisie_Si%C3%A8ge_du_RCD.jpg/330px-Tunisie_Si%C3%A8ge_du_RCD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tunisie_Si%C3%A8ge_du_RCD.jpg/440px-Tunisie_Si%C3%A8ge_du_RCD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2087" /></a><figcaption>View of the building of "Tour de la nation" in avenue Mohamed-V</figcaption></figure> <p>South-east of the Avenue Bourguiba the district of La Petite Sicile (Little <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>) is adjacent to the old port area and takes its name from its original population of workers from <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. It is now the subject of a redevelopment project including the construction of twin towers. North of the Avenue Bourguiba is the district of La Fayette, which is still home to the Great Synagogue of Tunis and the Habib Thameur Gardens, built on the site of an ancient Jewish cemetery that lay outside the walls. Also to the north is the long Avenue Mohamed V, which leads to the Boulevard of 7 November through the neighborhood of the big banks where there are hotels and Abu Nawas Lake and finally to the Belvedere area around the place Pasteur. This is where the Belvedere Park lies, the largest in the city, and home to a zoo and the Pasteur Institute founded by <a href="/wiki/Adrien_Loir" title="Adrien Loir">Adrien Loir</a> in 1893. Continuing to the north are the most exclusive neighborhoods of Mutuelleville which house the French Lycée Pierre-Mendès-France, the Sheraton Hotel, and some embassies. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:August_Moon_(165913827).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/August_Moon_%28165913827%29.jpeg/220px-August_Moon_%28165913827%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/August_Moon_%28165913827%29.jpeg/330px-August_Moon_%28165913827%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/August_Moon_%28165913827%29.jpeg/440px-August_Moon_%28165913827%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Tunis at night</figcaption></figure> <p>Still further north of the Belvedere Park, behind the Boulevard of 7 November are the neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/El_Menzah" title="El Menzah">El Menzah</a> and El Manar now reaching the peaks of the hills overlooking the north of the town. They support a range of residential and commercial buildings. To the west of the park lies the district of El Omrane which holds the main <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> cemetery in the capital and the warehouses of public transport. Heading east is the <a href="/wiki/Tunis-Carthage_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunis-Carthage International Airport">Tunis-Carthage International Airport</a> and the neighborhoods of Borgel, giving his name to the existing Jewish and Christian cemeteries in the capital, and the neighborhood of Montplaisir. Beyond that, several kilometers north-east, on the road to <a href="/wiki/La_Marsa" title="La Marsa">La Marsa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Berges_du_Lac" title="Berges du Lac">Berges du Lac</a> was built on land reclaimed from the north shore of the lake near the airport, which has held offices of Tunisian and foreign companies, many embassies as well as shops. </p><p>Southwest of the Medina, on the crest of the hills across the Isthmus of Tunis, is the Montfleury district then on down to the foothills of Séjoumi, the poor neighbourhood of <a href="/wiki/Mellassine" title="Mellassine">Mellassine</a>. Northwest of the latter, north of the <a href="/wiki/National_Route_3" class="mw-redirect" title="National Route 3">National Route 3</a> leading to the west, is the city of <a href="/wiki/Ezzouhour" title="Ezzouhour">Ezzouhour</a> (formerly El Kharrouba), which spans more than three metres (9.8 feet) and is divided into five sections. It is still surrounded by farmland and vegetables are grown which supply many of the <a href="/wiki/Souk" class="mw-redirect" title="Souk">souks</a> in the region. </p><p>The south of Tunis is made up of disadvantaged neighbourhoods, especially due to the strong industry in this part of the metropolis. These include Jebel Jelloud, located in the southeast of Tunis, which concentrates on the <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a> production, the treatment plant of <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> s, etc. The main cemetery in Tunis, the Djellaz Cemetery, dominates this part of town, perched on the slopes of a rocky outcrop. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Médina"><span id="M.C3.A9dina"></span>Médina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Médina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PatioDarSoulaimania.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/PatioDarSoulaimania.JPG/220px-PatioDarSoulaimania.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/PatioDarSoulaimania.JPG/330px-PatioDarSoulaimania.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/PatioDarSoulaimania.JPG/440px-PatioDarSoulaimania.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Court of Dar Soulaimania, once the boarding lodge of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ez-Zitouna" title="University of Ez-Zitouna">University of Ez-Zitouna</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Medina_of_Tunis" title="Medina of Tunis">medina of Tunis</a> has been a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> since 1979. The Medina contains some 700 monuments, including palaces, mosques, <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a>, and fountains dating from the Almohad and the Hafsid periods. These ancient buildings include: </p> <ul><li>The Aghlabid <a href="/wiki/Al-Zaytuna_Mosque" title="Al-Zaytuna Mosque">Al-Zaytouna Mosque</a> ("Mosque of the Olive") built in 723 by <a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Allah_ibn_al-Habhab" title="Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab">Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab</a> to celebrate the new capital.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dar_El_Bey" title="Dar El Bey">Dar El Bey</a>, or Bey's Palace, comprises architecture and decoration from many different styles and periods and is believed to stand on the remains of a Roman theatre as well as the 10th-century palace of Ziadib-Allah II al Aghlab.</li></ul> <p>With an area of 270 hectares (over 29 hectares for the Kasbah)<sup id="cite_ref-MEDI_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEDI-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more than 100,000 people, the Medina comprises one-tenth of the population of Tunis. The planning of the Medina of Tunis has the distinction of not grid lines or formal geometric compositions. However, studies were undertaken in the 1930s with the arrival of the first anthropologists who found that the space of the Medina is not random: the houses are based on a socio-cultural code according to the types of complex human relations. </p><p>Domestic architecture (palaces and townhouses), official and civilian (libraries and administrations), religious (mosques and zaouïas), and services (commercial and fondouks) are located in the Medina. The notion of public space is ambiguous in the case of Medina where the streets are seen as an extension of the houses and subject to social tags. The concept of ownership is low however and souks often spill out onto public roads. Today, each district has its culture, and rivalries can be strong. </p><p>The northern end supports the football club of <a href="/wiki/Esperance_Sportive_de_Tunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Esperance Sportive de Tunis">Esperance Sportive de Tunis</a> while at the other end is the rival <a href="/wiki/Club_Africain" title="Club Africain">Club Africain</a>. The Medina also has a social sectorization: with the neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Tourbet_el_Bey" title="Tourbet el Bey">Tourbet el Bey</a> and the Kasbah district being aristocratic, with a population of judges and politicians, while the streets of Pacha often being military and <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a>. </p><p>Founded in 698 is the <a href="/wiki/Al-Zaytuna_Mosque" title="Al-Zaytuna Mosque">Al-Zaytuna Mosque</a> and the surrounding area which developed throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MEDI_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEDI-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dividing Tunis into a main town in two suburbs, in the north (Bab Souika) and the south (Bab El Jazira). The area became the capital of a powerful kingdom during the <a href="/wiki/Hafsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafsid">Hafsid</a> era and was considered a religious and intellectual home and economic center for the Middle East, Africa, and Europe. A great fusion of influences can be seen blending <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalusian people">Andalusian</a> styles with eastern influences, and Roman or <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> columns, and typical Arab architecture, characterized by the archways. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PatioDarBenAbdallah.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PatioDarBenAbdallah.JPG/220px-PatioDarBenAbdallah.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PatioDarBenAbdallah.JPG/330px-PatioDarBenAbdallah.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PatioDarBenAbdallah.JPG/440px-PatioDarBenAbdallah.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Court of Dar Ben Abdallah</figcaption></figure> <p>The architectural heritage is also omnipresent in the homes of individuals and small palace officials as well as in the palace of the sovereign of Kasbah. Although some palaces and houses date back to the Middle Ages, a greater number of prestigious houses were built in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries such as <a href="/wiki/Dar_Othman" title="Dar Othman">Dar Othman</a> (early 17th century), <a href="/wiki/Dar_Ben_Abdallah" title="Dar Ben Abdallah">Dar Ben Abdallah</a> (18th century), <a href="/wiki/Dar_Hussein" title="Dar Hussein">Dar Hussein</a>, Dar Cherif and other houses. The main palace beys are those of La Marsa, Bardo, and Ksar Said. If we add the mosques and oratories (about 200), the <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasahs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Madrasa_El_Bachia" title="Madrasa El Bachia">El Bachia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Slimania" title="Madrasa Slimania">Slimania</a>, El Achouria, Bir El Ahjar, <a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Ennakhla" title="Madrasa Ennakhla">Ennakhla</a>, etc..), The <a href="/wiki/Zaouia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaouia">zaouias</a> (Mahrez Sidi Sidi Ali Azouz, Sidi Abdel Kader, etc.) and Tourbet El Fellari, Tourbet Aziza Othman and Tourbet El Bey the number of monuments in Tunis approaches 600. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, its historical heart has never suffered from major natural disasters or urban radical interventions. The main conflicts and potentially destructive human behavior has been experienced in the city occurred relatively recently following the country's independence which is why it made into a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by UNESCO in 1979. At the beginning of the 21st century, the Medina is one of the best-preserved urban locations in the Arab world.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, along the boulevards, the contribution of the architectural period 1850–1950 can be felt in the buildings, such as the government buildings of the nine ministries and the headquarters of the municipality of Tunis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_landmarks">Other landmarks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other landmarks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Bardo_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardo Museum">Bardo Museum</a> was originally a 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Hafsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafsid">Hafsid</a> palace, located in the (then) suburbs of Tunis. It contains a major collection of Roman empires and other antiquities of interest from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, Tunisia, and the Arab period.</li> <li>The ruins of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> are nearby, along the coast to the northeast, with many ancient ruins.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Souks">Souks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Souks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Souks_of_Tunis" title="Souks of Tunis">Souks of Tunis</a></div> <p>The souks are a network of covered streets lined with shops and traders and artisans ordered by specialty.<sup id="cite_ref-NARDI_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NARDI-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clothing merchants, perfumers, fruit sellers, booksellers, and wool merchants have goods at the souks, while fishmongers, blacksmiths, and potters tend to be relegated to the periphery of the markets.<sup id="cite_ref-NARDI_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NARDI-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Souks_Tunis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Souks_Tunis.jpg/250px-Souks_Tunis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Souks_Tunis.jpg/330px-Souks_Tunis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Souks_Tunis.jpg/500px-Souks_Tunis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Souk En Nhas with items of copper</figcaption></figure> <p>North of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Zaytuna_Mosque" title="Al-Zaytuna Mosque">Al-Zaytuna Mosque</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Attarine" title="Souk El Attarine">Souk El Attarine</a>, built in the early 18th century. It is known for its essences and perfumes. From this souk, there is a street leading to the <a href="/wiki/Souk_Ech-Chaouachine" title="Souk Ech-Chaouachine">Souk Ech-Chaouachine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)" title="Taqiyah (cap)">chachia</a>). The main company that operates it is one of the oldest in the country and they are generally descendants of Andalusian immigrants expelled from Spain. Attached to El Attarine are two other souks: the first, which runs along the western coast of the Al-Zaytuna Mosque, is the Souk El Kmach which is noted for its fabrics, and the second, the <a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Berka" title="Souk El Berka">Souk El Berka</a>, which was built in the 17th century and houses embroiderers and jewelers. Given the valuable items it sells, it is the only souk whose doors are closed and guarded during the night. In the middle, there is a square where the former slave market stood until the middle of the 19th century. </p><p>Souk El Berka leads to <a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Leffa" title="Souk El Leffa">Souk El Leffa</a>, a souk that sells many carpets, blankets, and other weavings, and extends with the Souk Es Sarragine, built in the early 18th century and specializing in leather. At the periphery are the souks Et Trouk, El Blat, El Blaghgia, El Kébabgia, <a href="/wiki/Souk_En_Nhas" title="Souk En Nhas">En Nhas</a> (copper), <a href="/wiki/Souk_Es_Sabbaghine" title="Souk Es Sabbaghine">Es Sabbaghine</a> (dyeing) and <a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Grana" title="Souk El Grana">El Grana</a> that sell clothing and blankets and was occupied by Jewish merchants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Walls_and_gates">Walls and gates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Walls and gates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:City_gates_of_Tunis" title="Template:City gates of Tunis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:City_gates_of_Tunis" title="Template talk:City gates of Tunis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:City_gates_of_Tunis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:City gates of Tunis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_gates_of_Tunis149" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medina_of_Tunis" title="Medina of Tunis">City gates of Tunis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Alioua" title="Bab Alioua">Bab Alioua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Bnet" title="Bab Bnet">Bab Bnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Cartagena" title="Bab Cartagena">Bab Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_El_Allouj" title="Bab El Allouj">Bab El Allouj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_el_Bhar" title="Bab el Bhar">Bab el Bhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_El_Fellah" title="Bab El Fellah">Bab El Fellah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_El_Gorjani" title="Bab El Gorjani">Bab El Gorjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_El_Jazira" title="Bab El Jazira">Bab El Jazira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_el_Khadra" title="Bab el Khadra">Bab el Khadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Jedid_(Tunis)" title="Bab Jedid (Tunis)">Bab Jedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Laassal" title="Bab Laassal">Bab Laassal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Lakouas" title="Bab Lakouas">Bab Lakouas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Menara" title="Bab Menara">Bab Menara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Saadoun" title="Bab Saadoun">Bab Saadoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Sidi_Abdallah_Cherif" title="Bab Sidi Abdallah Cherif">Bab Sidi Abdallah Cherif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Sidi_Abdessalem" title="Bab Sidi Abdessalem">Bab Sidi Abdessalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Sidi_Kacem" title="Bab Sidi Kacem">Bab Sidi Kacem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Souika" title="Bab Souika">Bab Souika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Medina_of_Tunis" title="Template:Medina of Tunis">Medina of Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Tunisia" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Tunisia">WikiProject Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunis_remparts_portes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tunis_remparts_portes.jpg/220px-Tunis_remparts_portes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tunis_remparts_portes.jpg/330px-Tunis_remparts_portes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tunis_remparts_portes.jpg/440px-Tunis_remparts_portes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Walls and gates of the city in 1888</figcaption></figure> <p>From the early days of its founding, Tunis has been considered an important military base. The Arab geographer El Yacoubi has written that in the 9th century Tunis was surrounded by a wall of brick and clay except for the side of the sea where it was stone.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bab El-Jazeera, perhaps the oldest gate of the south wall, opened onto the southern road. Bab Cartagena gave access to Carthage, important for bringing in construction materials needed for the city. Bab Souika (initially known as Bab El Saqqayin) had a strategic role to keep the roads to <a href="/wiki/Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Bizerte</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja" title="Béja">Béja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Le_Kef" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Kef">Le Kef</a>. Bab Menara (initially known as Bab El Artha) opened onto the medina and onto the suburb of El Haoua. As for El Bab Bhar, it allowed access to some <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">funduqs</a> where Christian merchants lived in Tunis. </p><p>With the development of the capital under the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Hafsids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafsids">Hafsids</a>, two emerging suburbs grew outside the walls; Bab El Jazira in the south and Bab Souika to the north. In the early 14th century, Hafsid Darba Abû al-Muhammad al-Mustansir Lihyânî ordered the construction of a second chamber including the Medina and two suburbs outside.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six new gates were built including Bab El Khadra, Bab Saadoun, Bab El Allouj (initially called Bab Er-Rehiba), Khalid or Bab Bab Sidi Abdallah Cherif, Bab El Fellah and Bab Alioua. In the Ottoman period, four new gates were established: Bab Laassal, Bab Sidi Abdesselam, Bab El Bab Gorjani, and Sidi Kacem. The city retains some of these gates including Bab El Khadra, Bab El Bhar, and Bab Jedid but some of the earlier ones have long disappeared. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places_of_worship">Places of worship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Places of worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acropolium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Acropolium.jpg/250px-Acropolium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Acropolium.jpg/330px-Acropolium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Acropolium.jpg/500px-Acropolium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Cathedral,_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Louis Cathedral, Carthage">St. Louis Cathedral</a> on the Byrsa hill at <a href="/wiki/Carthage_(municipality)" title="Carthage (municipality)">Carthage</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Places_of_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Places of worship">places of worship</a>, they are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a> mosques. There are also <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> churches and temples : <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Tunis" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tunis">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tunis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>), <a href="/wiki/Protestant_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant churches">Protestant churches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Churches">Evangelical Churches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in the rest of Tunisia, a very large majority of the population of Tunis (around 99%) is <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslim</a>. The capital is home to a large number of mosques in various architectural styles, signs of construction of their respective eras. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MosqueeEzzeitounaTunis_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/MosqueeEzzeitounaTunis_1.JPG/220px-MosqueeEzzeitounaTunis_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/MosqueeEzzeitounaTunis_1.JPG/330px-MosqueeEzzeitounaTunis_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/MosqueeEzzeitounaTunis_1.JPG/440px-MosqueeEzzeitounaTunis_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3999" data-file-height="2643" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zaytuna_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaytuna Mosque">Zaytuna Mosque</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The main and oldest of them is the <a href="/wiki/Al-Zaytuna_Mosque" title="Al-Zaytuna Mosque">Al-Zaytuna Mosque</a>, founded in 689<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and built in 732 and is in the heart of the Medina. Practicing the <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> rite as the vast majority of Tunisia's Mosques. It was completely rebuilt in 864 and is a prestigious place of worship, and was long an important place of culture and knowledge with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ez-Zitouna" title="University of Ez-Zitouna">University of Ez-Zitouna</a> on the premises until the independence of Tunisia. It still hosts the main ceremonies marking the dates on the Muslim calendar and is regularly attended by the president. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab_El_Bhar,_Tunis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bab_El_Bhar%2C_Tunis.jpg/250px-Bab_El_Bhar%2C_Tunis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bab_El_Bhar%2C_Tunis.jpg/330px-Bab_El_Bhar%2C_Tunis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bab_El_Bhar%2C_Tunis.jpg/500px-Bab_El_Bhar%2C_Tunis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bab_el_Bhar" title="Bab el Bhar">Bab el Bhar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The medina contains most of the major mosques in the capital which were built before the advent of the French protectorate. The mosque in the Kasbah, was founded in 1230. Practicing the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> rite since 1584, it is recognisable mainly by the dome as well as its minaret, similar to the Koutoubia in <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a> and is the highest in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-MUN_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MUN-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ksar_Mosque" title="Ksar Mosque">Ksar Mosque</a>, also of the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> rite, is located in front of Dar Hussein (Bab Menara) and was built in the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-MUN_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MUN-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hammouda_Pasha_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammouda Pasha Mosque">Hammouda Pasha Mosque</a>, built in 1655, is the second mosque built by the Hanafi rite in Tunis.<sup id="cite_ref-MUN_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MUN-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Youssef_Dey_Mosque" title="Youssef Dey Mosque">Youssef Dey Mosque</a> operated primarily as a public speaking venue before becoming a real mosque in 1631.<sup id="cite_ref-MUN_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MUN-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Mahrez_Mosque" title="Sidi Mahrez Mosque">Sidi Mahrez Mosque</a> is the largest mosque Hanafi mosque in terms of area but not the tallest. Built in 1692, it resembles the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MUN_69-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MUN-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Saheb_Ettaba%C3%A2_Mosque" title="Saheb Ettabaâ Mosque">Saheb Ettabaâ Mosque</a>, built between 1808 and 1814 was the last mosque built by the Tunis Husseinites before the French occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-MUN_69-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MUN-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SVdP_Tunis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/SVdP_Tunis.JPG/250px-SVdP_Tunis.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/SVdP_Tunis.JPG/330px-SVdP_Tunis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/SVdP_Tunis.JPG/500px-SVdP_Tunis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Vincent_de_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of St. Vincent de Paul">Cathedral of St. Vincent de Paul</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The presence of modern churches in Tunis is also testimony to the French presence for half a century. Tunis is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Tunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Tunis">Diocese of Tunis</a>, with the seat located at the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St_Vincent_de_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of St Vincent de Paul">Cathedral of St Vincent de Paul</a>, The church was built in 1897 on the site of the old Christian cemetery of Saint-Antoine.<sup id="cite_ref-MUN_69-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MUN-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes a network of Catholic buildings, including the Church of St. Joan of Arc, but also with the Protestant Reformed Church and the Anglican church Saint-Georges.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> used to enjoy an important presence in the city since ancient times. Tunis is the headquarters of the Greek Orthodox Holy Archdiocese of Carthage with jurisdiction over <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, and Tunisia. It belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa</a>, and its cathedral, small school, and other buildings are in Central Tunis. In total, there are three Greek Orthodox and two Russian Orthodox parishes in Tunisia. The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria also maintains jurisdiction in Tunisia. The small <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> community is centred around the Greek Orthodox Church (1862), managed by the Greek Embassy and the Russian Orthodox Church (1957), reflecting the presence in Tunisia of a small colony of <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">Russian immigrants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MUN_69-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MUN-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Judaism, meanwhile, enjoys a long tradition of presence in the city despite the emigration of a large part of the community after independence.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the places of worship are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beit_Yaacouv_Synagogue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beit Yaacouv Synagogue (page does not exist)">Beit Yaacouv Synagogue</a> and especially the <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_of_Tunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Synagogue of Tunis">Great Synagogue of Tunis</a>, built at the end of the 1940s to replace the former Great Synagogue which was demolished as part of the Jewish redevelopment area, the <a href="/wiki/Hara_(Tunis)" title="Hara (Tunis)">Hara</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_greenery">Parks and greenery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Parks and greenery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tunis has some large parks, many of which were installed at the end of the 19th century by the authorities of the French protectorate. The largest Park, Belvédère Park, which was founded in 1892, overlooks Lake Tunis. It is the oldest public park in the country and is built in the landscape style common to France.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The park covers an area of more than one hundred hectares across roads that can be explored on foot or by car. It is also home to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis_Zoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunis Zoo (page does not exist)">Tunis Zoo</a>, which houses African fauna, and the Museum of Modern Art. </p><p>Habib Thameur garden in Tunis has a central pond and flower beds. The Gorjani garden is an English garden located southwest of the city, which notably takes an irregular form, partly due to the steep topography of the land.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GiorcesBardo33-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/GiorcesBardo33-2.JPG/220px-GiorcesBardo33-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/GiorcesBardo33-2.JPG/330px-GiorcesBardo33-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/GiorcesBardo33-2.JPG/440px-GiorcesBardo33-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2208" data-file-height="1620" /></a><figcaption>Bardo National Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>Located in an old <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">beylical</a> palace (the palace of the <a href="/wiki/Bey_of_Tunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bey of Tunis">Bey of Tunis</a> since the end of the 18th century), the <a href="/wiki/Bardo_National_Museum_(Tunis)" title="Bardo National Museum (Tunis)">Bardo National Museum</a> is the most important <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> museum in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, and has one of the richest Roman <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic (art)">mosaic</a> collections in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its collections developed rapidly because of numerous archaeological discoveries in the surrounding territory. </p><p>In 1964, the <a href="/wiki/Dar_Ben_Abdallah" title="Dar Ben Abdallah">Dar Ben Abdallah</a>, a palace probably dating back to the 18th century, became the seat of the capital's Museum of Arts and Popular Traditions. In its exposition halls, it holds numerous traditional items, witnesses of the everyday lives of families of the <a href="/wiki/Medina_of_Tunis" title="Medina of Tunis">Medina quarter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Museum of the National Movement is situated in Dar Maâkal Az-Zaïm, which was the residence of nationalist <a href="/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba" title="Habib Bourguiba">Habib Bourguiba</a> for the entirety of the fight for independence. After the advent of independence, a museum was built there to relate the details of the national struggle between 1938 and 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National Military Museum, opened in 1989 in the suburbs west of the city, holds a collection of 23,000 weapons, 13,000 of which date back to the 19th century, and some of which were used by the Tunisian troops during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tunis holds some of the most prestigious musical institutions in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Rachidia" title="The Rachidia">The Rachidia</a> was founded in 1934 to safeguard <a href="/wiki/Arab_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab music">Arab music</a>, and in particular to promote <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian music">Tunisian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ma%27luf" title="Ma'luf">malouf</a> music. The group is made up of 22 members, both instrumental players and <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choral musicians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Musical Troupe of the City of Tunis was created in 1954 by <a href="/wiki/Salah_El_Mahdi" title="Salah El Mahdi">Salah El Mahdi</a>. In 1955 he placed his student <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Sa%C3%A2da&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohamed Saâda (page does not exist)">Mohamed Saâda</a> in charge of the ensemble, which at that time included the best artists, and later merged with the ensemble of <a href="/wiki/Radio_Tunis" title="Radio Tunis">Radio Tunis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This group contributed to the rise to stardom of numerous Tunisian singers, including <a href="/wiki/Oulaya" title="Oulaya">Oulaya</a>. </p><p>The Association of Arab Orchestra of the City of Tunis began its activities at the end of April 1982, as a workshop linked to the cultural center of the city. It worked on promoting Arab music, on music education and training, and on cooperation with various partners both in Tunisia and abroad. The <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Tunisian Symphony Orchestra">Tunisian Symphony Orchestra</a>, created in 1969 by the Minister of Culture, has also produced monthly concerts at the Municipal Theater and in various cultural spaces in the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Performing arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theatre_municipal_-_Tunis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Theatre_municipal_-_Tunis.jpg/250px-Theatre_municipal_-_Tunis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Theatre_municipal_-_Tunis.jpg/330px-Theatre_municipal_-_Tunis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Theatre_municipal_-_Tunis.jpg/500px-Theatre_municipal_-_Tunis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Tunis Municipal Theatre</figcaption></figure> <p>Tunis is a center of Tunisian culture. The <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_municipal_de_Tunis" title="Théâtre municipal de Tunis">Théâtre municipal de Tunis</a>, opened on 20 November 1902, showcases <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a>, symphonic concerts, drama, etc. On the stage of this theater, many performances are regularly given by Tunisian, Arabic, and international actors.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_of_Tunisia" title="National Theatre of Tunisia">National Theatre of Tunisia</a> is an important public enterprise in Tunis,<sup id="cite_ref-THEA1_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THEA1-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and since 1988 been located in the Khaznadar palace (dating from the middle of the 19th century and situated in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halfaouine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halfaouine (page does not exist)">Halfaouine</a> quarter), renamed "Theater Palace". In 1993, it also took possession of the former <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">movie theater</a> Le Paris, with a 350-person seating capacity. During each "cultural season" (from October 1 to 30 June) the theater holds over 80 events.<sup id="cite_ref-THEA1_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THEA1-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Al Hamra theater was the second theater to be opened in Tunis, situated on El Jazira Road. Al Hamra was one of the most famous theaters in the capital during the 1930s and 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-THEA2_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THEA2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being closed for fifteen years, it was turned into a small theater in 1986, and since 2001 has housed the first Arab-African center for theater training and research.<sup id="cite_ref-THEA2_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THEA2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One should also note the <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Teatro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Teatro (page does not exist)">El Teatro</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89toile_du_Nord_(Tunis)" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Étoile du Nord (Tunis)">Étoile du Nord</a> theater groups. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancien_si%C3%A8ge_du_Tribunal_administratif_Tunis_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ancien_si%C3%A8ge_du_Tribunal_administratif_Tunis_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3.jpg/250px-Ancien_si%C3%A8ge_du_Tribunal_administratif_Tunis_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ancien_si%C3%A8ge_du_Tribunal_administratif_Tunis_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3.jpg/330px-Ancien_si%C3%A8ge_du_Tribunal_administratif_Tunis_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ancien_si%C3%A8ge_du_Tribunal_administratif_Tunis_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3.jpg/500px-Ancien_si%C3%A8ge_du_Tribunal_administratif_Tunis_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Tunis Old Tribunal</figcaption></figure> <p>Other arts are also represented in the capital. The National Center of the Arts established the puppet theatre in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-THEA1_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THEA1-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National School of Circus Arts was founded following a meeting between the Director of the National Theater and the Director General of the National Center for Arts of Châlons-en-Champagne (France) in 1998. In addition, various small theatres and cultural centers are scattered throughout the city and display various artistic performances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Film producers and cinema have long been present in the city of Tunis. The first animated film was shown in Tunis by the <a href="/wiki/Lumiere_brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumiere brothers">Lumiere brothers</a> as early as 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first screenings were held the following year and the first cinema, the Omnia Pathé, opened in October 1908. The first film club opened in Tunis in 1946 and the Globe, in 1965. The <a href="/wiki/Carthage_Film_Festival" title="Carthage Film Festival">Carthage Film Festival</a> is the oldest established film festival in Africa, running biennially until 2014 and annually thereafter. <sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990, Ferid Boughedir shot the notable film <i><a href="/wiki/Halfaouine_Child_of_the_Terraces" class="mw-redirect" title="Halfaouine Child of the Terraces">Halfaouine Child of the Terraces</a></i> in Halfaouine district. The films <i><a href="/wiki/The_English_Patient_(film)" title="The English Patient (film)">The English Patient</a></i> (1996) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Days_of_Pompeii" title="The Last Days of Pompeii">The Last Days of Pompeii</a></i> (2003) were also shot in studios in Tunis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city holds several <a href="/wiki/Festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Festivals">festivals</a> each year, of which the largest is the <a href="/wiki/International_Festival_of_Carthage" title="International Festival of Carthage">International Festival of Carthage</a> which takes place in July and August. Founded in 1964, much of the festival is held in Carthage in an old amphitheater with a capacity of 7,500 seats.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It hosts the performances of singers, musicians, actors, dancers, and films on display on outdoor screens. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FaculteLettre9AvrilTunis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/FaculteLettre9AvrilTunis.jpg/250px-FaculteLettre9AvrilTunis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/FaculteLettre9AvrilTunis.jpg/330px-FaculteLettre9AvrilTunis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/FaculteLettre9AvrilTunis.jpg/500px-FaculteLettre9AvrilTunis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>Faculty of the Human and Social Sciences</figcaption></figure> <p>Tunis and its suburbs have many of the major Tunisian universities including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tunis" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Tunis">University of Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia_Private_University" title="Tunisia Private University">Tunisia Private University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ez-Zitouna" title="University of Ez-Zitouna">University of Ez-Zitouna</a>, the University of Tunis – El Manar, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Carthage">University of Carthage</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Manouba_University" title="Manouba University">Manouba University</a>. It therefore has the highest concentration of students in Tunisia, with a student population of 75,597 as of 2006<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_building_of_the_Higher_School_of_Communication_of_Tunis_(Sup%27Com).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/New_building_of_the_Higher_School_of_Communication_of_Tunis_%28Sup%27Com%29.png/250px-New_building_of_the_Higher_School_of_Communication_of_Tunis_%28Sup%27Com%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/New_building_of_the_Higher_School_of_Communication_of_Tunis_%28Sup%27Com%29.png/330px-New_building_of_the_Higher_School_of_Communication_of_Tunis_%28Sup%27Com%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/New_building_of_the_Higher_School_of_Communication_of_Tunis_%28Sup%27Com%29.png/500px-New_building_of_the_Higher_School_of_Communication_of_Tunis_%28Sup%27Com%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Higher School of Communication of Tunis</figcaption></figure> <p>There are also a number of other post-secondary institutions, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_School_of_Engineers_of_Tunis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National School of Engineers of Tunis (page does not exist)">National School of Engineers of Tunis</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_School_of_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National School of Science (page does not exist)">National School of Science</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Graduate_School_of_Communications_of_Tunis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graduate School of Communications of Tunis (page does not exist)">Graduate School of Communications of Tunis</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_Institute_of_Technological_Studies_in_Communications_of_Tunis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higher Institute of Technological Studies in Communications of Tunis (page does not exist)">Higher Institute of Technological Studies in Communications of Tunis</a>. In addition, private training institutes include the <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a> of Tunis, the Central University Private Business Administration and Technology, the Graduate School of Private Engineering and Technology, and the North African Institute of Economics and Technology. </p><p>Among the high schools in the capital, the best-known are the Lycée de la Rue du Pacha (founded 1900), Lycée Bab El Khadhra, Lycée de la Rue de Russie, Lycée Bourguiba (formerly Lycée Carnot de Tunis), and the Lycée Alaoui. Until independence, <a href="/wiki/Sadiki_College" title="Sadiki College">Sadiki College</a> (founded 1875) and <a href="/wiki/Khaldounia" title="Khaldounia">Khaldounia</a> (founded 1896) were also among the most recognized. A legacy of the French presence in the country remains, and the city retains many French schools, the most important being the Lycée Pierre Mendes-France at <a href="/wiki/Mutuelleville" title="Mutuelleville">Mutuelleville</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Students can pursue language studies at small private schools such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidi_Bou_Said_Centre_for_Languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidi Bou Said Centre for Languages (page does not exist)">Sidi Bou Said Centre for Languages</a> (Centre Sidi Bou Said de Langues et d'Informatique) in the picturesque Tunis suburb of Sidi Bou Said, next to the Sidi Bou Said TGM station that specializes in Arabic, offering classes in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), classical Arabic, Tunisian Arabic and the various dialects of North Africa, the Gulf and the Levant.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries">Libraries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_Tunisie_(19-09-2008).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_Tunisie_%2819-09-2008%29.jpg/220px-Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_Tunisie_%2819-09-2008%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_Tunisie_%2819-09-2008%29.jpg/330px-Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_Tunisie_%2819-09-2008%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_Tunisie_%2819-09-2008%29.jpg/440px-Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_Tunisie_%2819-09-2008%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>National Library of Tunisia</figcaption></figure> <p>Tunis has some of the most important libraries in Tunisia including the National Library of Tunisia which was first installed in 1924 in the Medina, in a building built in 1810 by <a href="/wiki/Hammuda_ibn_Ali" title="Hammuda ibn Ali">Hammouda Bey</a> to serve as barracks for troops and then a jail.<sup id="cite_ref-MUN2_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MUN2-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The library moved to its current location on Boulevard 9 April in 1938. The new building contains a reading room, conference room, laboratories, an exhibition gallery, a block of technical and administrative services, a restaurant, parking, and green space areas. </p><p>Housed in a former home of a Hafsid scholar, the library of the <a href="/wiki/Khaldounia" title="Khaldounia">Khaldounia</a> was founded in 1896 along with the creation of the educational institution. After independence and following the consolidation of programs of education, the association ceased operations but the library is now linked to the National Library, which provides for its management.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Built in the 17th century, the Dar Ben Achour also contains a library. Acquired in the late 1970s by the municipality of Tunis, the house was restored in 1983 into a library.<sup id="cite_ref-MUN2_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MUN2-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_arts">In the arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: In the arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An engraving of a painting by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bentley_(painter)" title="Charles Bentley (painter)">Charles Bentley</a> entitled <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon_(L._E._L.)_in_Fisher%27s_Drawing_Room_Scrap_Book,_1838/Tunis" class="extiw" title="s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838/Tunis"><i>Tunis, from the Saneeah Eftoor</i></a>. was published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838 with a poetical illustration by <a href="/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon" title="Letitia Elizabeth Landon">Letitia Elizabeth Landon</a> that comments on the potential the city has for development.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transport">Public transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Public transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Train_banlieue_nord_rentrant_gare_Tunis_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Train_banlieue_nord_rentrant_gare_Tunis_2020.jpg/250px-Train_banlieue_nord_rentrant_gare_Tunis_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Train_banlieue_nord_rentrant_gare_Tunis_2020.jpg/330px-Train_banlieue_nord_rentrant_gare_Tunis_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Train_banlieue_nord_rentrant_gare_Tunis_2020.jpg/500px-Train_banlieue_nord_rentrant_gare_Tunis_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="4312" /></a><figcaption>Tunis south surb train</figcaption></figure> <p>The growing metropolitan area is served by an extensive network of public transportation including buses, an above-ground light rail system (le Metro), as well a regional train line (the <a href="/wiki/Tunis-Goulette-Marsa" title="Tunis-Goulette-Marsa">TGM</a>) that links the city center to its closest northern suburbs. Multi-lane autoroutes surround the city and serve the increasing number of privately owned cars one encounters in Tunisia. </p><p>The Tunis area is served by the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tro_l%C3%A9ger_de_Tunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Métro léger de Tunis">métro léger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Ar.</a>: المترو الخفيف لمدينة تونس) and <a href="/wiki/Tunis-Goulette-Marsa" title="Tunis-Goulette-Marsa">TGM</a> (Tunis-Goulette-Marsa), as well as bus services, and is linked to other places in Tunisia by <a href="/wiki/SNCFT" class="mw-redirect" title="SNCFT">SNCFT</a>, the national railways. The important transport authorities are the <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Transports_de_Tunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Société des Transports de Tunis">Société des Transports de Tunis</a> (STT)<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Ministry of Transport (Airports) <sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AvenueHediNouiraEnnasrTunis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/AvenueHediNouiraEnnasrTunis.jpg/250px-AvenueHediNouiraEnnasrTunis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/AvenueHediNouiraEnnasrTunis.jpg/330px-AvenueHediNouiraEnnasrTunis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/AvenueHediNouiraEnnasrTunis.jpg/500px-AvenueHediNouiraEnnasrTunis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Tunis bus</figcaption></figure> <p>The city has, as of the beginning of the 21st century, a public transportation system developed under the management of the Société des transports de Tunis (STT). In addition to some 200 bus routes, the first light rail line opened in 1985. The <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tro_l%C3%A9ger_de_Tunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Métro léger de Tunis">Métro léger de Tunis</a> network has extended gradually since then to reach the suburbs. The capital is also linked to its northern suburbs by the railway line that crosses the lake, dividing the lake into two. New mass transit was planned for Greater Tunis in 2009. This was the RTS (rapid rail network), the local equivalent of the Paris <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_Express_R%C3%A9gional" title="Réseau Express Régional">RER</a>, which was to carry tens of thousands of travellers from the distant suburbs of Tunis to the centre by using either existing tracks or new tracks yet to be built.<sup id="cite_ref-CHOKRI_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHOKRI-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RameCitadisMetroLegerTunisJuin2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/RameCitadisMetroLegerTunisJuin2012.jpg/220px-RameCitadisMetroLegerTunisJuin2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/RameCitadisMetroLegerTunisJuin2012.jpg/330px-RameCitadisMetroLegerTunisJuin2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/RameCitadisMetroLegerTunisJuin2012.jpg/440px-RameCitadisMetroLegerTunisJuin2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3080" data-file-height="2060" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tro_l%C3%A9ger_de_Tunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Métro léger de Tunis">Tunis Light Metro</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The plan was for lines based on certain criteria such as population density and the lack of coverage for a given area. Among the priority lines were: Tunis-Borj Cédria (23 km) where modernization and electrification are already planned; Tunis-Mohamedia-Fouchana (19.4 km); Tunis-Manouba-Mnihla (19.2 km); Tunis-Ezzouhour-Sidi Hassine Séjoumi (13.9 km). In addition, the TGM will be integrated into the light-rail network and a new line built around Ayn Zaghouan and Bhar Lazrag (8.4 km). Such an operation would require the upgrading of the docks' TGM stations so that they become suitable for light rail trains.<sup id="cite_ref-CHOKRI_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHOKRI-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among other projects are a line to the city of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ennasr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ennasr (page does not exist)">Ennasr</a> (8.4 km) and the extension of the Tunis-Ettadhamen to <a href="/wiki/Mnihla" title="Mnihla">Mnihla</a> (1.7 km). For its part, the south light-rail line was extended in November 2008 to <a href="/wiki/El_Mourouj" title="El Mourouj">El Mourouj</a> with a length of 6.8 kilometres (4.2 miles). The total length of the network will eventually be in the range of 84 km (52 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-CHOKRI_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHOKRI-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A%C3%A9roport_Tunis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/A%C3%A9roport_Tunis.jpg/220px-A%C3%A9roport_Tunis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/A%C3%A9roport_Tunis.jpg/330px-A%C3%A9roport_Tunis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/A%C3%A9roport_Tunis.jpg/440px-A%C3%A9roport_Tunis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tunis-Carthage_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunis-Carthage International Airport">Tunis-Carthage International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rad%C3%A8s-La_Goulette_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Rad%C3%A8s-La_Goulette_Bridge.jpg/250px-Rad%C3%A8s-La_Goulette_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Rad%C3%A8s-La_Goulette_Bridge.jpg/330px-Rad%C3%A8s-La_Goulette_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Rad%C3%A8s-La_Goulette_Bridge.jpg/500px-Rad%C3%A8s-La_Goulette_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Radès Bridge</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umgehungsstra%C3%9Fe_von_Tunis,_Tunesien_Januar_2015_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Umgehungsstra%C3%9Fe_von_Tunis%2C_Tunesien_Januar_2015_04.JPG/250px-Umgehungsstra%C3%9Fe_von_Tunis%2C_Tunesien_Januar_2015_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Umgehungsstra%C3%9Fe_von_Tunis%2C_Tunesien_Januar_2015_04.JPG/330px-Umgehungsstra%C3%9Fe_von_Tunis%2C_Tunesien_Januar_2015_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Umgehungsstra%C3%9Fe_von_Tunis%2C_Tunesien_Januar_2015_04.JPG/500px-Umgehungsstra%C3%9Fe_von_Tunis%2C_Tunesien_Januar_2015_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Tunis road</figcaption></figure> <p>Tunis is served by <a href="/wiki/Tunis-Carthage_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunis-Carthage International Airport">Tunis-Carthage International Airport</a>, located 8 kilometers (5.0 mi) northeast of downtown, which began operating in 1940 under the name of Tunis El Aouina. </p><p>After independence, in the 1960s, the National Board of Seaports, which supports all ports in the country, modernized the infrastructure of the port of Tunis.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st Century, the port of Tunis underwent further transformation with a marina as part of the redevelopment district of <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Petite_Sicile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Petite Sicile (page does not exist)">La Petite Sicile</a>. Tunis is the starting point from which the main roads and all highways that serve different parts of the country of Tunis originate. This city has a high density of traffic because vehicle ownership is rising at 7.5% per year.<sup id="cite_ref-WMN_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMN-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capital is home to approximately 40% of the cars in Tunisia, with 700,000 cars on average used in the city per day.<sup id="cite_ref-WMN_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMN-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context, major road infrastructure (bridges, interchanges, roads, etc..) was initiated in the late 1990s to decongest the main areas of the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main roads to other Tunisian cities include: <a href="/wiki/Autoroute_tunisienne_A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoroute tunisienne A1">Autoroute A1</a>, Tunis-<a href="/wiki/Sfax" title="Sfax">Sfax</a>; <a href="/wiki/Autoroute_tunisienne_A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoroute tunisienne A3">Autoroute A3</a>, Tunis-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oued_Zarga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oued Zarga (page does not exist)">Oued Zarga</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Autoroute_tunisienne_A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoroute tunisienne A4">Autoroute A4</a>, Tunis-<a href="/wiki/Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Bizerte</a>. Also, as part of the major infrastructure project, the city's traffic lights were increased from 5,000 to 7,500. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oussama_Mellouli_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Oussama_Mellouli_1.jpg/250px-Oussama_Mellouli_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Oussama_Mellouli_1.jpg/330px-Oussama_Mellouli_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Oussama_Mellouli_1.jpg/500px-Oussama_Mellouli_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="773" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oussama_Mellouli" title="Oussama Mellouli">Oussama Mellouli</a>, gold medallist at the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing 2008">Beijing Summer Olympics</a> and at the <a href="/wiki/London_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="London 2012">London Summer Olympics</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of the 20th century, a number of sports institutions were established in Tunis, particularly in school and college settings. In 1905 the Muslim Association of Tunisia brought together students from Lycée Alaoui and <a href="/wiki/Sadiki_College" title="Sadiki College">Sadiki College</a> to organize gymnastics. A regional gymnastics competition was held in Tunis in 1912 with the participation of thousands of French gymnasts. </p><p>Football made its appearance in the capital on 15 September 1904, followed by the formal creation of the country's first league, the Racing Club Tunis, on 11 May 1905. It took some time to run properly, but it soon organized meetings between the teams in schools. The first took place on 9 June 1907, between teams from Lycée Alaoui and Lycée Carnot (1–1). </p><p>Football is not the only discipline to emerge. Between 1928 and 1955 the city hosted nine rounds of the Grand Prix of Tunis, where notable drivers such as <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lehoux" title="Marcel Lehoux">Marcel Lehoux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achille_Varzi" title="Achille Varzi">Achille Varzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tazio_Nuvolari" title="Tazio Nuvolari">Tazio Nuvolari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Caracciola" title="Rudolf Caracciola">Rudolf Caracciola</a> took part. The Grand Prix of Tunis has re-emerged since 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has also held the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Games" title="Mediterranean Games">Mediterranean Games</a> twice, in 1967 and 2001, and the international tennis tournament, the <a href="/wiki/Tunis_Open" title="Tunis Open">Tunis Open</a>, which is included in the <a href="/wiki/ATP_Challenger_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP Challenger Series">ATP Challenger Series</a>. The 2005 World Championship final for men in <a href="/wiki/Team_handball" class="mw-redirect" title="Team handball">team handball</a> was played in Tunis. </p><p>In total, the governorate of Tunis registered 24,095 licenses for various clubs in the municipal area in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding international basketball, the city hosted the <a href="/wiki/FIBA_Africa_Championship_1965" title="FIBA Africa Championship 1965">FIBA Africa Championship 1965</a> and the <a href="/wiki/FIBA_Africa_Championship_1987" title="FIBA Africa Championship 1987">FIBA Africa Championship 1987</a>. </p> <table class="sortable wikitable centre"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"> <th>Club</th> <th>Stadium</th> <th>Foundation</th> <th>Championships<br />of Football</th> <th>Championships<br />of volleyball</th> <th>Championships<br />of handball</th> <th>Championships<br />of basketball </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Club_Africain" title="Club Africain">Club Africain</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stade_Olympique_de_Rad%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Stade Olympique de Radès">Stade Olympique de Radès</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Stade_El_Menzah" class="mw-redirect" title="Stade El Menzah">Stade El Menzah</a> </td> <td>1920 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%A9rance_Sportive_de_Tunis" title="Espérance Sportive de Tunis">Espérance Sportive de Tunis</a> </td> <td>Stade Olympique de Radès<br />Stade El Menzah </td> <td>1919 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stade_Tunisien" title="Stade Tunisien">Stade Tunisien</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stade_Chedli_Zouiten" class="mw-redirect" title="Stade Chedli Zouiten">Stade Chedli Zouiten</a> </td> <td>1948 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Esperance_Sportive_de_Tunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Esperance Sportive de Tunis">Esperance Sportive de Tunis</a> (EST), <a href="/wiki/Club_Africain" title="Club Africain">Club Africain</a> (CA), and <a href="/wiki/Stade_Tunisien" title="Stade Tunisien">Stade Tunisien</a> are the major sports clubs in the city. A symbolic class difference is present between the EST's and the CA's supporters, despite their playing at the same stadium. The EST is supported by the majority of the masses, while the CA, a poorer club, is supported by the others.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first true sports facilities were managed under the French protectorate, as illustrated by the development of the Ksar Said racecourse and construction of the <a href="/wiki/Stade_Chedli_Zouiten" class="mw-redirect" title="Stade Chedli Zouiten">Stade Chedli Zouiten</a> in the neighborhood of Belvedere, which had long been the main stadium in the capital before being supplanted by the Olympic stadium, <a href="/wiki/Stade_El_Menzah" class="mw-redirect" title="Stade El Menzah">Stade El Menzah</a>, where EST and CA play their football today. The Olympic stadium and village area were built to accommodate the Mediterranean Games in 1967. A 60,000-seat stadium was also built in Radès for the Mediterranean Games in 2001 at an estimated cost of 170 million dinars, with nearly half of the loans financed by <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korean</a> businessmen. The Olympic Village was financed by an investment estimated at 50 million dinars.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the government announced the start of construction of a large sports complex that will include several sports academies, a 20,000-seat stadium, and a swimming centre. Known as <a href="/wiki/Tunis_Sports_City" title="Tunis Sports City">Tunis Sports City</a>, it will expand around the lake of Tunis, on the road to <a href="/wiki/La_Marsa" title="La Marsa">La Marsa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rad%C3%A8s_stadium_by_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stade Olympique de Radès"><img alt="Stade Olympique de Radès" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rad%C3%A8s_stadium_by_night.jpg/250px-Rad%C3%A8s_stadium_by_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rad%C3%A8s_stadium_by_night.jpg/500px-Rad%C3%A8s_stadium_by_night.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stade_Olympique_de_Rad%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Stade Olympique de Radès">Stade Olympique de Radès</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Menzah_Stadium_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stade El Menzah"><img alt="Stade El Menzah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/El_Menzah_Stadium_2.jpg/250px-El_Menzah_Stadium_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/El_Menzah_Stadium_2.jpg/500px-El_Menzah_Stadium_2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stade_El_Menzah" class="mw-redirect" title="Stade El Menzah">Stade El Menzah</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PalaisSportsElMenzahMai2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palais des sports d'El Menzah"><img alt="Palais des sports d'El Menzah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/PalaisSportsElMenzahMai2012.jpg/500px-PalaisSportsElMenzahMai2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="239" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/PalaisSportsElMenzahMai2012.jpg/960px-PalaisSportsElMenzahMai2012.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Palais_des_sports_d%27El_Menzah" class="mw-redirect" title="Palais des sports d'El Menzah">Palais des sports d'El Menzah</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CA_MAS_AFR_LIGUEFOOT_Nov2011_9.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Salle Omnisport de Radès"><img alt="Salle Omnisport de Radès" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/CA_MAS_AFR_LIGUEFOOT_Nov2011_9.JPG/330px-CA_MAS_AFR_LIGUEFOOT_Nov2011_9.JPG" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/CA_MAS_AFR_LIGUEFOOT_Nov2011_9.JPG/500px-CA_MAS_AFR_LIGUEFOOT_Nov2011_9.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/CA_MAS_AFR_LIGUEFOOT_Nov2011_9.JPG/960px-CA_MAS_AFR_LIGUEFOOT_Nov2011_9.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Salle_Omnisport_de_Rad%C3%A8s" title="Salle Omnisport de Radès">Salle Omnisport de Radès</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Africa#Tunisia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Africa">List of twin towns and sister cities in Tunisia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_and_sister_cities">Twin towns and sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Twin towns and sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tunis is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-tunis_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tunis-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan"><img alt="Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, Jordan<sup id="cite_ref-tunis_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tunis-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/60px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, Brazil<sup id="cite_ref-commune-tunis1_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commune-tunis1-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Canada <sup id="cite_ref-commune-tunis1_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commune-tunis1-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, Germany<sup id="cite_ref-tunis_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tunis-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar"><img alt="Qatar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, Qatar<sup id="cite_ref-tunis_104-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tunis-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey<sup id="cite_ref-tunis_104-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tunis-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait"><img alt="Kuwait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a>, Kuwait<sup id="cite_ref-tunis_104-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tunis-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman"><img alt="Oman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/40px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/60px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a>, Oman<sup id="cite_ref-tunis_104-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tunis-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, Czech Republic<sup id="cite_ref-tunis_104-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tunis-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/40px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/60px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>, Morocco<sup id="cite_ref-tunis_104-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tunis-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_cooperations">Other cooperations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Other cooperations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, Saudi Arabia<sup id="cite_ref-tunis_104-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tunis-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal<sup id="cite_ref-tunis_104-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tunis-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lisbon_twinnings_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lisbon_twinnings-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lisbon_twinnings_2_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lisbon_twinnings_2-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, France<sup id="cite_ref-tunis_104-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tunis-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia<sup id="cite_ref-tunis_104-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tunis-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France (Partner city)<sup id="cite_ref-tunis_104-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tunis-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy (Partner city)<sup id="cite_ref-tunis_104-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tunis-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/40px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/60px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>, Chile<sup id="cite_ref-tunis_104-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tunis-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan"><img alt="Uzbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, Uzbekistan<sup id="cite_ref-tunis_104-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tunis-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya"><img alt="Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/40px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/60px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>, Libya<sup id="cite_ref-tunis_104-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tunis-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_inhabitants">Notable inhabitants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Notable inhabitants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Tunis" title="Category:People from Tunis">People from Tunis</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SalahElMahdiPortrait1970JPG.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/SalahElMahdiPortrait1970JPG.JPG/250px-SalahElMahdiPortrait1970JPG.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/SalahElMahdiPortrait1970JPG.JPG/270px-SalahElMahdiPortrait1970JPG.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/SalahElMahdiPortrait1970JPG.JPG 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Salah_El_Mahdi" title="Salah El Mahdi">Salah El Mahdi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tahar_Haddad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Tahar_Haddad.jpg/250px-Tahar_Haddad.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Tahar_Haddad.jpg/270px-Tahar_Haddad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Tahar_Haddad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tahar_Haddad" title="Tahar Haddad">Tahar Haddad</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gisele_Halimi_Front_de_Gauche_2009-03-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gisele_Halimi_Front_de_Gauche_2009-03-08.jpg/250px-Gisele_Halimi_Front_de_Gauche_2009-03-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gisele_Halimi_Front_de_Gauche_2009-03-08.jpg/330px-Gisele_Halimi_Front_de_Gauche_2009-03-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gisele_Halimi_Front_de_Gauche_2009-03-08.jpg/500px-Gisele_Halimi_Front_de_Gauche_2009-03-08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2933" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gis%C3%A8le_Halimi" title="Gisèle Halimi">Gisèle Halimi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Memmi_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_d%C3%A9cembre_1982.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Albert_Memmi_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_d%C3%A9cembre_1982.jpg/250px-Albert_Memmi_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_d%C3%A9cembre_1982.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Albert_Memmi_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_d%C3%A9cembre_1982.jpg/330px-Albert_Memmi_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_d%C3%A9cembre_1982.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Albert_Memmi_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_d%C3%A9cembre_1982.jpg/500px-Albert_Memmi_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_d%C3%A9cembre_1982.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2185" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albert_Memmi" title="Albert Memmi">Albert Memmi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khaled_Mouelhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Khaled_Mouelhi.jpg/180px-Khaled_Mouelhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Khaled_Mouelhi.jpg/270px-Khaled_Mouelhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Khaled_Mouelhi.jpg/360px-Khaled_Mouelhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1046" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Mouelhi" title="Khaled Mouelhi">Khaled Mouelhi</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Adda" title="Serge Adda">Serge Adda</a> (1948–2004), president of the French TV channel TV5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Ben_Ammar" title="Tarak Ben Ammar">Tarak Ben Ammar</a> (born 1949), Tunisian-French film producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani%C3%A8le_Aron-Rosa" title="Danièle Aron-Rosa">Danièle Aron-Rosa</a> (born 1934), French-Tunisian ophthalmologist and physician-scientist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustapha_Ben_Jafar" title="Mustapha Ben Jafar">Mustapha Ben Jafar</a> (born 1940), Tunisian politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Bessis" title="Sophie Bessis">Sophie Bessis</a>, (born 1947), Franco-Tunisian historian, journalist, and researcher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Blanco" title="Roberto Blanco">Roberto Blanco</a> (born 1937), German pop singer and actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Boublil" title="Alain Boublil">Alain Boublil</a> (born 1941), French musical author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelhamid_Bouchnak" title="Abdelhamid Bouchnak">Abdelhamid Bouchnak</a> (born 1984), filmmaker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Cardinale" title="Claudia Cardinale">Claudia Cardinale</a> (born 1938), Tunisian-Italian actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassen_Chalghoumi" title="Hassen Chalghoumi">Hassen Chalghoumi</a> (born 1972), imam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moncef_Chelli" title="Moncef Chelli">Moncef Chelli</a> (1936–1994), philosopher and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Chemla" title="Jacob Chemla">Jacob Chemla</a> (1858–1938), ceramic artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karine_Chemla" title="Karine Chemla">Karine Chemla</a> (born 1958), historian of mathematics and sinologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Darmon" title="Pierre Darmon">Pierre Darmon</a> (born 1934), French tennis player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Delano%C3%AB" title="Bertrand Delanoë">Bertrand Delanoë</a> (born 1950), mayor of Paris</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_El_Mahdi" title="Salah El Mahdi">Salah El Mahdi</a> (1925–2014), musicologist and composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokri_El_Ouaer" title="Chokri El Ouaer">Chokri El Ouaer</a> (born 1966), football goalkeeper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far%C3%A8s_Ferjani" title="Farès Ferjani">Farès Ferjani</a> (born 1997), Olympic medalist saber fencer living in the U.S.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Getz" title="Yehuda Getz">Yehuda Getz</a> (1924–1995 ), rabbi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Gicquel" title="Marc Gicquel">Marc Gicquel</a> (born 1977), French tennis player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azza_Ghanmi" title="Azza Ghanmi">Azza Ghanmi</a>, feminist and activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahar_Haddad" title="Tahar Haddad">Tahar Haddad</a> (1899–1935), promoter of women's emancipation in Tunisia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gis%C3%A8le_Halimi" title="Gisèle Halimi">Gisèle Halimi</a> (1927–2020), Tunisian-French lawyer, politician, essayist, and feminist activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9di_Jouini" title="Hédi Jouini">Hédi Jouini</a> (1909–1990), singer, oud player, and composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amel_Karboul" title="Amel Karboul">Amel Karboul</a> (born 1973), entrepreneur, business consultant, and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdellatif_Kechiche" title="Abdellatif Kechiche">Abdellatif Kechiche</a> (born 1960), Tunisian-French film director, screenwriter, and actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> (1332–1406), Arab sociologist and scholar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_King_(sculptor)" title="Phillip King (sculptor)">Phillip King</a> (1934–2021), British sculptor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Maruani" title="Margaret Maruani">Margaret Maruani</a> (born 1954), Tunisian-French sociologist, researcher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouad_Mebazaa" title="Fouad Mebazaa">Fouad Mebazaa</a> (born 1933), politician, President of Tunisia in 2011</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelwahab_Meddeb" title="Abdelwahab Meddeb">Abdelwahab Meddeb</a> (1946–2014), Tunisian-French writer and radio staff</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Memmi" title="Albert Memmi">Albert Memmi</a> (1920–2020), French-Tunisian writer and sociologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatma_Moalla" title="Fatma Moalla">Fatma Moalla</a> (born 1939), mathematician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Mouelhi" title="Khaled Mouelhi">Khaled Mouelhi</a> (born 1981), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Pellegrino" title="Alberto Pellegrino">Alberto Pellegrino</a> (1930–1996), Italian Olympic medalist épée and foil fencer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Pietrangeli" title="Nicola Pietrangeli">Nicola Pietrangeli</a> (born 1933), Italian tennis player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karim_Saidi" title="Karim Saidi">Karim Saidi</a> (born 1983), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Elia_Sarfati" title="Georges-Elia Sarfati">Georges-Elia Sarfati</a> (born 1957), philosopher, linguist, poet, existentialist psychoanalyst, and author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sitruk" title="Joseph Sitruk">Joseph Sitruk</a> (1944–2016), rabbi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Wolinski" title="Georges Wolinski">Georges Wolinski</a> (1934–2015), French illustrator and caricaturist killed in the <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_shooting" title="Charlie Hebdo shooting"> <i>Charlie Hebdo</i> shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazid_Zerhouni" title="Yazid Zerhouni">Yazid Zerhouni</a> (1937–2020), Algerian politician</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_enclaves_in_North_Africa_before_1830" title="European enclaves in North Africa before 1830">European enclaves in North Africa before 1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Community_Center" title="Tunisian Community Center">Tunisian Community Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Italians" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian Italians">Tunisian Italians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Population_Statistics,_Maps,_Charts,_Weather_and_Web_Information-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Population_Statistics,_Maps,_Charts,_Weather_and_Web_Information_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Population_Statistics,_Maps,_Charts,_Weather_and_Web_Information_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/tunisia/cities/">"Tunisia: Governorates, Major Cities, Communes & Urban Agglomerations"</a>. <i>Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information</i>. 2022-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Population+Statistics%2C+Maps%2C+Charts%2C+Weather+and+Web+Information&rft.atitle=Tunisia%3A+Governorates%2C+Major+Cities%2C+Communes+%26+Urban+Agglomerations&rft.date=2022-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Ftunisia%2Fcities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adrian-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-adrian_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoom2006" class="citation book cs1">Room, Adrian (2006). <i>Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites</i>. McFarland. p. 385. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2248-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-2248-3"><bdi>0-7864-2248-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Placenames+of+the+World%3A+Origins+and+Meanings+of+the+Names+for+6%2C600+Countries%2C+Cities%2C+Territories%2C+Natural+Features%2C+and+Historic+Sites&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7864-2248-3&rft.aulast=Room&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2008" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Isaac (2008). <i>Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature</i>. BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-559-29668-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-559-29668-0"><bdi>978-0-559-29668-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Names+and+Their+Histories%3A+A+Handbook+of+Historical+Geography+and+Topographical+Nomenclature&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar%2C+LLC&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-559-29668-0&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ej-brill-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ej-brill_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoutsma1987" class="citation book cs1">Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1987). <i>E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936</i>. Brill. p. 838. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08265-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08265-4"><bdi>90-04-08265-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.J.+Brill%27s+First+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+1913%E2%80%931936&rft.pages=838&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=90-04-08265-4&rft.aulast=Houtsma&rft.aufirst=Martijn+Theodoor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hann-war-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hann-war_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLivy2006" class="citation book cs1">Livy (2006). Dexter Hoyos (ed.). <i>Hannibal's War: Books Twenty-one to Thirty</i>. Translated by John Yardley. Oxford University Press. p. 705. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-283159-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-283159-3"><bdi>0-19-283159-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hannibal%27s+War%3A+Books+Twenty-one+to+Thirty&rft.pages=705&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-283159-3&rft.au=Livy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peter-ross-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-peter-ross_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRossiWhite1980" class="citation book cs1">Rossi, Peter M.; White, Wayne Edward (1980). <i>Articles on the Middle East, 1947–1971: A Cumulation of the Bibliographies from the Middle East Journal</i>. Pierian Press, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. p. 132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Articles+on+the+Middle+East%2C+1947%E2%80%931971%3A+A+Cumulation+of+the+Bibliographies+from+the+Middle+East+Journal&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Pierian+Press%2C+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Rossi&rft.aufirst=Peter+M.&rft.au=White%2C+Wayne+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sebag54-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sebag54_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSebag1998">Sebag (1998)</a>, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJongeling2005" class="citation web cs1">Jongeling, K. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060629212917/http://website.leidenuniv.nl/~jongelingk/projects/neopunic-inscr/puninscr.html">"The Neo-Punic Inscriptions and Coin Legends"</a>. University of Leiden. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://website.leidenuniv.nl/~jongelingk/projects/neopunic-inscr/puninscr.html">the original</a> on June 29, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Neo-Punic+Inscriptions+and+Coin+Legends&rft.pub=University+of+Leiden&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Jongeling&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebsite.leidenuniv.nl%2F~jongelingk%2Fprojects%2Fneopunic-inscr%2Fpuninscr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warmington_11-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warmington_11_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warmington_11_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111021114736/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&docId=9384201">"Carthage – 1960, Page 11 by B. H. Warmington"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&docId=9384201">the original</a> on 2011-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carthage+%E2%80%93+1960%2C+Page+11+by+B.+H.+Warmington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FPM.qst%3Fa%3Do%26docId%3D9384201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, V2. 165–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polybius, World History: 1.7–1.60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fromherz2016-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fromherz2016_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFromherz2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allen_James_Fromherz" title="Allen James Fromherz">Fromherz, Allen James</a> (16 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k5w7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87"><i>Near West: Medieval North Africa, Latin Europe and the Mediterranean in the Second Axial Age</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-1007-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-1007-6"><bdi>978-1-4744-1007-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Near+West%3A+Medieval+North+Africa%2C+Latin+Europe+and+the+Mediterranean+in+the+Second+Axial+Age&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2016-03-16&rft.isbn=978-1-4744-1007-6&rft.aulast=Fromherz&rft.aufirst=Allen+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk5w7DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sebag60-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sebag60_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sebag60_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSebag1998">Sebag (1998)</a>, p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sebag70-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sebag70_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sebag70_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sebag70_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSebag1998">Sebag (1998)</a>, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Renate-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Renate_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renate_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renate_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renate_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renate_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renate_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renate_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFisseler-Skandrani" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fisseler-Skandrani, Renate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204093252/http://www.saisonstunisiennes.com/articles/tunishistoire/">"Tunis - Émergence d'une capitale"</a> [Tunis - Emergence of a Capital]. <i>saisonstunisiennes.com</i> (in French). Archived from the original on December 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=saisonstunisiennes.com&rft.atitle=Tunis+-+%C3%89mergence+d%27une+capitale&rft.aulast=Fisseler-Skandrani&rft.aufirst=Renate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saisonstunisiennes.com%2Farticles%2Ftunishistoire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeaRowe2001" class="citation book cs1">Lea, David; Rowe, Annamarie (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ROR1xreEJTsC"><i>A Political Chronology of Africa</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 437. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-116-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-116-2"><bdi>978-1-85743-116-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+Chronology+of+Africa&rft.pages=437&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-116-2&rft.aulast=Lea&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Rowe%2C+Annamarie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DROR1xreEJTsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSebag1998">Sebag (1998)</a>, p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sebag88-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sebag88_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sebag88_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSebag1998">Sebag (1998)</a>, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Th Houtsma, First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913–1936, BRILL, 1987 p.839</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lower-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lower_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLower2016" class="citation book cs1">Lower, Michael (20 October 2016). "Medieval European Mercenaries in North Africa". In France, John; DeVries, Kelly; Rogers, Clifford J. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pY3gDQAAQBAJ"><i>Journal of Medieval Military History</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer. pp. <span class="nowrap">119–</span>120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78327-130-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78327-130-6"><bdi>978-1-78327-130-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Medieval+European+Mercenaries+in+North+Africa&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Medieval+Military+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2016-10-20&rft.isbn=978-1-78327-130-6&rft.aulast=Lower&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpY3gDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Battuta, The Travels of Ibn Battuta</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorsy,_Magali1984" class="citation book cs1">Morsy, Magali (1984). <i>North Africa, 1800–1900: a survey from the Nile Valley to the Atlantic</i>. Longman. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-78377-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-78377-1"><bdi>0-582-78377-1</bdi></a>. <q>Mustafa Khaznadar became Prime Minister in 1837, a position he maintained under three successive beys, more or less continuously until 1873.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Africa%2C+1800%E2%80%931900%3A+a+survey+from+the+Nile+Valley+to+the+Atlantic&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-582-78377-1&rft.au=Morsy%2C+Magali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZiadeh,_Nicola_A.1969" class="citation book cs1">Ziadeh, Nicola A. (1969). <i>Origins of nationalism in Tunisia</i>. Librarie du Liban. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3062278">3062278</a>. <q>Mustafa Khaznadar was of Greek origin (born 1817), and proved to be one of the most influential persons Tunisia saw in her modern history. He took the interest of his master and the country to heart and did all he could to prevail on Ahmad Bey to see that Tunisia acquired as much as she could</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+nationalism+in+Tunisia&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Librarie+du+Liban&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3062278&rft.au=Ziadeh%2C+Nicola+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMessikh2000">Messikh (2000)</a>, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMessikh2000">Messikh (2000)</a>, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSebag1998">Sebag (1998)</a>, p. 280</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSebag1998">Sebag (1998)</a>, p. 261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Habib Hourani, Malise Ruthven (2002). "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=egbOb0mewz4C&pg=PA323">A history of the Arab peoples</a></i>". Harvard University Press. p.323. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01017-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01017-5">0-674-01017-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rolf, David, <i>The Bloody Road to Tunis: Destruction of the Axis Forces in North Africa, November 1942 – May 1943</i>. London: Greenhill Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-445-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-445-7">978-1-85367-445-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atkinson, Rick (2002), <i>An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942–1943</i>. New York: Henry Holt, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6288-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6288-5">978-0-8050-6288-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atkinson, Rick (2007), <i>The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944</i>. New York: Henry Holt, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6289-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6289-2">978-0-8050-6289-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-08-10-mn-33686-story.html">"PLO's Office in Tunisia, Now a Lonely Outpost: North Africa: Israel won't allow some officials into Gaza or Jericho. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P%C3%A9riode+ensoleill%C3%A9e+1981-2010+climatiques+en+Tunisie&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+du+Transport&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.meteo.tn%2Findex.php%2Fdonnees-climatiques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tunis-Carthage_Climate_Normals_1961–1990-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tunis-Carthage_Climate_Normals_1961–1990_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-I/TS/60715.TXT">"Tunis-Carthage Climate Normals 1961–1990"</a>. <i>ncei.noaa.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ncei.noaa.gov&rft.atitle=Tunis-Carthage+Climate+Normals+1961%E2%80%931990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2Fdata%2Fnormals%2FWMO%2F1961-1990%2FRA-I%2FTS%2F60715.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_Normals_1991-2020-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_Normals_1991-2020_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Tunisia/CSV/TunisCarthage_60715.csv">"Climate Normals 1991-2020"</a>. <i>NOAA.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOAA.gov&rft.atitle=Climate+Normals+1991-2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F2.2%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-1-WMO-Normals-9120%2FTunisia%2FCSV%2FTunisCarthage_60715.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meteoclimat-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meteoclimat_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-627-Tunis.php">"Station Tunis"</a> (in French). Météo Climat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Station+Tunis&rft.pub=M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o+Climat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org%2Fstation-627-Tunis.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jurisitetunisie.com/tunisie/codes/constitution/menup.html">Constitution de la République tunisienne (Jurisite Tunisie)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170712202219/http://www.legislation.tn/sites/default/files/news/constitution-b-a-t.pdf">"Constitution de la Republique Tunisienne"</a> [Constitution of the Republic Tunisia] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>legislation.tn</i> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.tn/sites/default/files/news/constitution-b-a-t.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 12, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legislation.tn&rft.atitle=Constitution+de+la+Republique+Tunisienne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.tn%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fnews%2Fconstitution-b-a-t.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BDG-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BDG_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BDG_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/mairie_budget.htm">Budget de la municipalité de Tunis pour l'année 2008 (Municipalité de Tunis)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416052724/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/mairie_budget.htm">Archived</a> 2009-04-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?id=94#">Arrondissements municipaux (Municipalité de Tunis)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSebag1998">Sebag (1998)</a>, p. 608</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ins.nat.tn/fr/rgph2.php?Code_indicateur=0302024">Population, répartition proportionnelle et taux d'accroissement par gouvernorat (Institut national de la statistique)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207015845/http://www.ins.nat.tn/fr/rgph2.php?Code_indicateur=0302024">Archived</a> 2013-12-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-STRAT-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-STRAT_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-STRAT_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-STRAT_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-STRAT_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/urbanisme_developpement.htm">Stratégie de développement de la ville de Tunis (Municipalité de Tunis)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217011850/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/urbanisme_developpement.htm">Archived</a> 2007-12-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imercer.com/content/mobility/rankings/infographic/index.html">Mercer 2017 Cost of Living Rankings</a>". <i>Mercer</i>. 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSebag1998">Sebag (1998)</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSebag1998">Sebag (1998)</a>, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSebag1998">Sebag (1998)</a>, pp. 41–42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MEDI-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MEDI_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MEDI_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asmtunis.com/savoir.php">Fiche de présentation de la médina (Association de sauvegarde de la médina de Tunis)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081223232940/http://www.asmtunis.com/savoir.php">Archived</a> 2008-12-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cites.tv/TV5Tunis/pop_contenu.php?type=videos&image=&swf=pop44.swf&url=http://213.41.65.178/akamareal/tv5/tunis/binous_160304.rpm">Entretien avec Jamila Binous sur la médina de Tunis (TV5)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080417043428/http://www.cites.tv/TV5Tunis/pop_contenu.php?type=videos&image=&swf=pop44.swf&url=http%3A%2F%2F213.41.65.178%2Fakamareal%2Ftv5%2Ftunis%2Fbinous_160304.rpm">Archived</a> 2008-04-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NARDI-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NARDI_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NARDI_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cites.tv/TV5Tunis/pop_contenu.php?type=videos&image=&swf=pop48.swf&url=http://213.41.65.178/akamareal/tv5/tunis/souk_160304.rpm">Promenade de Marie-Ange Nardi et Lotfi Bahri dans les souks de Tunis (TV5)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207205055/http://www.cites.tv/TV5Tunis/pop_contenu.php?type=videos&image=&swf=pop48.swf&url=http%3A%2F%2F213.41.65.178%2Fakamareal%2Ftv5%2Ftunis%2Fsouk_160304.rpm">Archived</a> 2008-12-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMessikh2000">Messikh (2000)</a>, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMessikh2000">Messikh (2000)</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, <i>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices</i>, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 2898</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thearabweekly.com/zitouna-mosque-landmark-tunisia-and-islamic-history">"The Zitouna mosque, a landmark of Tunisia and Islamic history | Roua Khlifi"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Zitouna+mosque%2C+a+landmark+of+Tunisia+and+Islamic+history+%26%23124%3B+Roua+Khlifi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthearabweekly.com%2Fzitouna-mosque-landmark-tunisia-and-islamic-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MUN-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MUN_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MUN_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MUN_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MUN_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MUN_69-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MUN_69-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MUN_69-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MUN_69-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_lieu_culte0.htm">Lieux de culte (Municipalité de Tunis)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090811155804/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_lieu_culte0.htm">Archived</a> 2009-08-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cette dernière est construite sur ordre du souverain Romdhane Bey en 1696 pour y inhumer la dépouille de sa mère d'origine italienne et de culte protestant. Elle est gérée par l'ambassade du Royaume-Uni à Tunis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller2016" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Duane (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/24369709">"Contextuality, Contextualization, and the New Christians of Tunis"</a>. <i>Pharos Journal of Theology</i>. <b>97</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharos+Journal+of+Theology&rft.atitle=Contextuality%2C+Contextualization%2C+and+the+New+Christians+of+Tunis&rft.volume=97&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Duane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F24369709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/africa/177862-180623-synagogues-in-tunis-from-28-to-2">"I24NEWS"</a>. 23 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I24NEWS&rft.date=2018-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.i24news.tv%2Fen%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Fafrica%2F177862-180623-synagogues-in-tunis-from-28-to-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurkiZhioua2006">Turki & Zhioua (2006)</a>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurkiZhioua2006">Turki & Zhioua (2006)</a>, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Tunisia/Daily-life-and-social-customs#ref1179569">"Tunisia - Daily life and social customs"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Tunisia+-+Daily+life+and+social+customs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FTunisia%2FDaily-life-and-social-customs%23ref1179569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?ID=19192">"Mansions and museums > Dar Ben Abdallah"</a>. <i>commune-tunis.gov.tn</i>. Comune Tunis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=commune-tunis.gov.tn&rft.atitle=Mansions+and+museums+%3E+Dar+Ben+Abdallah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commune-tunis.gov.tn%2Fpublish%2Fcontent%2Farticle.asp%3FID%3D19192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?ID=19194">"Mansions and museums > Dar Maakal Azzaïm"</a>. <i>commune-tunis.gov.tn</i>. Comune Tunis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=commune-tunis.gov.tn&rft.atitle=Mansions+and+museums+%3E+Dar+Maakal+Azza%C3%AFm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commune-tunis.gov.tn%2Fpublish%2Fcontent%2Farticle.asp%3FID%3D19194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?ID=19199">"Mansions and museums > National military museum"</a>. <i>commune-tunis.gov.tn</i>. Comune Tunis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=commune-tunis.gov.tn&rft.atitle=Mansions+and+museums+%3E+National+military+museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commune-tunis.gov.tn%2Fpublish%2Fcontent%2Farticle.asp%3FID%3D19199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200104/the.musical.pulse.of.tunisia.htm">"Saudi Aramco World: The Musical Pulse of Tunisia"</a>. <i>archive.aramcoworld.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.aramcoworld.com&rft.atitle=Saudi+Aramco+World%3A+The+Musical+Pulse+of+Tunisia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.aramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F200104%2Fthe.musical.pulse.of.tunisia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_musique_concervatoires2.htm">Musique et conservatoires (Municipalité de Tunis)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090110050830/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_musique_concervatoires2.htm">Archived</a> 2009-01-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_musique_concervatoires1.htm">Musique et conservatoires (Municipalité de Tunis)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100629150732/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_musique_concervatoires1.htm">Archived</a> 2010-06-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_theatre0.htm">Théâtres (Municipalité de Tunis)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100725154516/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_theatre0.htm">Archived</a> 2010-07-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THEA1-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-THEA1_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THEA1_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THEA1_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_theatre1.htm">Théâtres (Municipalité de Tunis)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090715030204/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_theatre1.htm">Archived</a> 2009-07-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THEA2-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-THEA2_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THEA2_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_theatre2.htm">Théâtres (Municipalité de Tunis)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090715235038/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_theatre2.htm">Archived</a> 2009-07-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001206210500/http://www.ctv-services.com/francais/tunisia.htm">Filming in Tunisia (CTV Services)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZouari2014" class="citation web cs1">Zouari, Kenza (3 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filminquiry.com/carthage-film-festival-tunisia/">"The Cultural Importance Of The Tunisian Carthage Film Festival"</a>. <i>Film Inquiry</i>. Film Inquiry Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Film+Inquiry&rft.atitle=The+Cultural+Importance+Of+The+Tunisian+Carthage+Film+Festival&rft.date=2014-12-03&rft.aulast=Zouari&rft.aufirst=Kenza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filminquiry.com%2Fcarthage-film-festival-tunisia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airfrance.co.jp/JP/en/common/travel-guide/the-carthage-film-festival-celebrates-its-50th-birthday.htm">"The Carthage Film Festival celebrates its 50th birthday"</a>. <i>Air France</i>. 7 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=citedelaculture.gov.tn&rft.atitle=The+International+Festival+of+Carthage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citedelaculture.gov.tn%2Fen%2Finternational-festival-carthage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mes.tn/francais/donnees_de_base/p_etud.htm">Statistiques officielles (Ministère de l'éducation nationale)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140207143229/http://www.mes.tn/francais/donnees_de_base/p_etud.htm">Archived</a> 2014-02-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MUN2-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MUN2_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MUN2_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_bibliotheque0.htm">Bibliothèques (Municipalité de Tunis)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106122348/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_bibliotheque0.htm">Archived</a> 2009-01-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_bibliotheque1.htm">Bibliothèques (Municipalité de Tunis)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211164528/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/culture_bibliotheque1.htm">Archived</a> 2008-12-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLandon1837" class="citation book cs1">Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1837). 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Ministère de la jeunesse, des sports et de l'éducation physique. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sport.tn/fo/fr/global.php?menu1=12">the original</a> on 2008-12-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistiques+du+sport+en+Tunisie&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+de+la+jeunesse%2C+des+sports+et+de+l%27%C3%A9ducation+physique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sport.tn%2Ffo%2Ffr%2Fglobal.php%3Fmenu1%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoroy1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moroy, Franck (1997). <i>Football et politique. Le derby tunisois Espérance sportive de Tunis – Club Africain</i> (in French). Aix-en-Provence: Institut d'études politiques.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Football+et+politique.+Le+derby+tunisois+Esp%C3%A9rance+sportive+de+Tunis+%E2%80%93+Club+Africain&rft.place=Aix-en-Provence&rft.pub=Institut+d%27%C3%A9tudes+politiques&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Moroy&rft.aufirst=Franck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarrouhi" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barrouhi, Abdelaziz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN07083combietocan0">"Combien ça coûte ?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Afrique" title="Jeune Afrique">Jeune Afrique</a></i> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jeune+Afrique&rft.atitle=Combien+%C3%A7a+co%C3%BBte+%3F&rft.aulast=Barrouhi&rft.aufirst=Abdelaziz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeuneafrique.com%2Fjeune_afrique%2Farticle_jeune_afrique.asp%3Fart_cle%3DLIN07083combietocan0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080519102557/http://www.mosaiquefm.net/Tsawer/displayimage.php?pid=5970&fullsize=1">"Image of sports complex"</a>. <i>mosaiquefm.net</i>. Archived from the original on 2008-05-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mosaiquefm.net&rft.atitle=Image+of+sports+complex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mosaiquefm.net%2FTsawer%2Fdisplayimage.php%3Fpid%3D5970%26fullsize%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tunis-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tunis_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tunis_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tunis_104-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tunis_104-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tunis_104-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tunis_104-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tunis_104-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tunis_104-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tunis_104-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tunis_104-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tunis_104-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tunis_104-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tunis_104-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tunis_104-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tunis_104-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tunis_104-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tunis_104-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tunis_104-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?id=771">Coopération internationale (Municipalité de Tunis)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-commune-tunis1-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-commune-tunis1_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-commune-tunis1_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?id=771">"بوابة مدينة تونس"</a>. Commune-tunis.gov.tn<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3&rft.pub=Commune-tunis.gov.tn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commune-tunis.gov.tn%2Fpublish%2Fcontent%2Farticle.asp%3Fid%3D771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lisbon_twinnings-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lisbon_twinnings_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200520050208/https://www.anmp.pt/anmp/pro/mun1/gem101l0.php?cod_ent=M1100">"Lisboa – Geminações de Cidades e Vilas"</a> [Lisbon – Twinning of Cities and Towns]. <i>Associação Nacional de Municípios Portugueses [National Association of Portuguese Municipalities]</i> (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anmp.pt/anmp/pro/mun1/gem101l0.php?cod_ent=M1100">the original</a> on 2020-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Nacional+de+Munic%C3%ADpios+Portugueses+%5BNational+Association+of+Portuguese+Municipalities%5D&rft.atitle=Lisboa+%E2%80%93+Gemina%C3%A7%C3%B5es+de+Cidades+e+Vilas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anmp.pt%2Fanmp%2Fpro%2Fmun1%2Fgem101l0.php%3Fcod_ent%3DM1100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lisbon_twinnings_2-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lisbon_twinnings_2_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131031202617/http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais">"Acordos de Geminação, de Cooperação e/ou Amizade da Cidade de Lisboa"</a> [Lisbon – Twinning Agreements, Cooperation and Friendship]. <i>Camara Municipal de Lisboa</i> (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais">the original</a> on 2013-10-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Camara+Municipal+de+Lisboa&rft.atitle=Acordos+de+Gemina%C3%A7%C3%A3o%2C+de+Coopera%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e%2Fou+Amizade+da+Cidade+de+Lisboa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cm-lisboa.pt%2Fmunicipio%2Frelacoes-internacionais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Station_ID-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Station_ID_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Station ID for Le Kef is 23232111.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMNclimate_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMNclimate-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMessikh2000" class="citation book cs1">Messikh, Mohamed Sadek (2000). <i>Tunis: la mémoire</i>. Paris: Du Layeur. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-911468-44-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-911468-44-5"><bdi>978-2-911468-44-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tunis%3A+la+m%C3%A9moire&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Du+Layeur&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2-911468-44-5&rft.aulast=Messikh&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+Sadek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSebag1998" class="citation book cs1">Sebag, Paul (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JeJ44F961AEC"><i>Tunis: Histoire d'une ville</i></a>. Histoire et Perspectives Méditerranéennes. Paris: L'Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7384-6610-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7384-6610-5"><bdi>978-2-7384-6610-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tunis%3A+Histoire+d%27une+ville&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Histoire+et+Perspectives+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9ennes&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-2-7384-6610-5&rft.aulast=Sebag&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJeJ44F961AEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurkiZhioua2006" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Turki, Sami Yassine; Zhioua, Imène Zaâfrane (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061124024744/http://www.versailles.ecole-paysage.fr/recherche/actes/A8.Turki.Zhioua.pdf">"Analyse de la répartition spatiale et de l'aménagement des espaces verts programmés par les documents d'urbanisme dans le Grand Tunis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Actes du séminaire « Étapes de recherches en paysage »</i> (in French). Vol. 8. Versailles: École nationale supérieure du paysage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.versailles.ecole-paysage.fr/recherche/actes/A8.Turki.Zhioua.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-11-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Analyse+de+la+r%C3%A9partition+spatiale+et+de+l%27am%C3%A9nagement+des+espaces+verts+programm%C3%A9s+par+les+documents+d%27urbanisme+dans+le+Grand+Tunis&rft.btitle=Actes+du+s%C3%A9minaire+%C2%AB+%C3%89tapes+de+recherches+en+paysage+%C2%BB&rft.place=Versailles&rft.pub=%C3%89cole+nationale+sup%C3%A9rieure+du+paysage&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Turki&rft.aufirst=Sami+Yassine&rft.au=Zhioua%2C+Im%C3%A8ne+Za%C3%A2frane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.versailles.ecole-paysage.fr%2Frecherche%2Factes%2FA8.Turki.Zhioua.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATunis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tunis#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Tunis">Bibliography of the history of Tunis</a></div> <ul><li>Jellal Abdelkafi, <i>La médina de Tunis</i>, éd. Presses du CNRS, Paris, 1989</li> <li>Alia Baccar-Bournaz [sous la dir. de], <i>Tunis, cité de la mer</i> (acte d'un colloque de 1997), éd. L'Or du temps, Tunis, 1999</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Di_Folco" title="Philippe Di Folco">Philippe Di Folco</a>, <i>Le goût de Tunis</i>, éd. Mercure de France, Paris, 2007</li> <li>Faouzia Ben Khoud, <i>Tunis. Architectural Guide</i>. Berlin 2020, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86922-676-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86922-676-7">978-3-86922-676-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelwahab_Meddeb" title="Abdelwahab Meddeb">Abdelwahab Meddeb</a>, <i>Talismano</i>, éd. Christian Bourgois, Paris, 1979</li> <li>Horst-Günter Wagner, <i>Die Altstadt von Tunis. Funktionswandel von Handwerk und Handel 1968–1995</i>. (The Medina of Tunis. Functional change of handicraft and commerce 1968–1995). Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen 140, 1996, 5/6, S. 343–365.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunis&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tunis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tunis">Tunis</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/120px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tunis#Q3572" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Tunis">Tunis</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/default.asp?lang=en">The Municipality of Tunis official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/">The Municipality of Tunis official website</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Arabic)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/default.asp?lang=fr">The Municipality of Tunis official website</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexicorient.com/tunisia/tunis.htm">Lexicorient</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124133120/http://lexicorient.com/tunisia/tunis.htm">Archived</a> 2010-11-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tunisforum.com">TunisForum:Guide ou sortir en Tunisie</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060323095400/http://www.andycarvin.com/archives/2005/12/the_bardo_museu.html">Video tour</a> of the Bardo Museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060323094745/http://www.andycarvin.com/archives/2005/11/strolling_throu_1.html">Video of Tunis Medina</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/tunis/tunis/tunis.html">Old maps of Tunis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809093641/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/tunis/tunis/tunis.html">Archived</a> 2021-08-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html">Historic Cities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220325051637/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html">Archived</a> 2022-03-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> site</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medina_of_Tunis39" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Medina_of_Tunis39" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medina_of_Tunis" title="Medina of Tunis">Medina</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tunis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_gates_of_Tunis149" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:City_gates_of_Tunis" title="Template:City gates of Tunis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:City_gates_of_Tunis" title="Template talk:City gates of Tunis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:City_gates_of_Tunis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:City gates of Tunis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_gates_of_Tunis149" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medina_of_Tunis" title="Medina of Tunis">City gates of Tunis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Alioua" title="Bab Alioua">Bab Alioua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Bnet" title="Bab Bnet">Bab Bnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Cartagena" title="Bab Cartagena">Bab Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_El_Allouj" title="Bab El Allouj">Bab El Allouj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_el_Bhar" title="Bab el Bhar">Bab el Bhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_El_Fellah" title="Bab El Fellah">Bab El Fellah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_El_Gorjani" title="Bab El Gorjani">Bab El Gorjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_El_Jazira" title="Bab El Jazira">Bab El Jazira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_el_Khadra" title="Bab el Khadra">Bab el Khadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Jedid_(Tunis)" title="Bab Jedid (Tunis)">Bab Jedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Laassal" title="Bab Laassal">Bab Laassal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Lakouas" title="Bab Lakouas">Bab Lakouas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Menara" title="Bab Menara">Bab Menara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Saadoun" title="Bab Saadoun">Bab Saadoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Sidi_Abdallah_Cherif" title="Bab Sidi Abdallah Cherif">Bab Sidi Abdallah Cherif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Sidi_Abdessalem" title="Bab Sidi Abdessalem">Bab Sidi Abdessalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Sidi_Kacem" title="Bab Sidi Kacem">Bab Sidi Kacem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Souika" title="Bab Souika">Bab Souika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Medina_of_Tunis" title="Template:Medina of Tunis">Medina of Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Tunisia" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Tunisia">WikiProject Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Madrasas_of_Tunis131" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Madrasas_of_Tunis" title="Template:Madrasas of Tunis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Madrasas_of_Tunis" title="Template talk:Madrasas of Tunis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Madrasas_of_Tunis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Madrasas of Tunis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Madrasas_of_Tunis131" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Madrasas_of_Tunis" title="Madrasas of Tunis">Madrasas of Tunis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Al_Habibia_Al_Kubra" title="Madrasa Al Habibia Al Kubra">Madrasa Al Habibia Al Kubra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Al_Habibia_Al_Sughra" title="Madrasa Al Habibia Al Sughra">Madrasa Al Habibia Al Sughra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Al_Husseiniya_Al_Kubra" title="Madrasa Al Husseiniya Al Kubra">Madrasa Al Husseiniya Al Kubra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Al_Husseiniya_Al_Sughra" title="Madrasa Al Husseiniya Al Sughra">Madrasa Al Husseiniya Al Sughra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Al_Jassoussia" title="Madrasa Al Jassoussia">Madrasa Al Jassoussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaldounia" title="Khaldounia">Madrasa Al Khaldounia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Asfouria" title="Madrasa Asfouria">Madrasa Asfouria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamma%27iya_Madrasa" title="Shamma'iya Madrasa">Shamma'iya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Andaloussiya" title="Madrasa Andaloussiya">Madrasa Andaloussiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Bir_Lahjar" title="Madrasa Bir Lahjar">Madrasa Bir Lahjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Caid_Mourad" title="Madrasa Caid Mourad">Madrasa Caid Mourad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_El_Jedid" title="Madrasa El Jedid">Madrasa El Jedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_El_Achouria" title="Madrasa El Achouria">Madrasa El Achouria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_El_Bachia" title="Madrasa El Bachia">Madrasa El Bachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_El_Bechiria" title="Madrasa El Bechiria">Madrasa El Bechiria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_El_Kacemia" title="Madrasa El Kacemia">Madrasa El Kacemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_El_Maghribia" title="Madrasa El Maghribia">Madrasa El Maghribia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_El_Mountaciriya" title="Madrasa El Mountaciriya">Madrasa El Mountaciriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_El_Mettichia" title="Madrasa El Mettichia">Madrasa El Mettichia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_El_Tawfikia" title="Madrasa El Tawfikia">Madrasa El Tawfikia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_El_Unqiya" title="Madrasa El Unqiya">Madrasa El Unqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_El_Yusefiya" title="Madrasa El Yusefiya">Madrasa El Yusefiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Ennakhla" title="Madrasa Ennakhla">Madrasa Ennakhla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Hamzia" title="Madrasa Hamzia">Madrasa Hamzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Ibn_Tafargine" title="Madrasa Ibn Tafargine">Madrasa Ibn Tafargine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Marjania" title="Madrasa Marjania">Madrasa Marjania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Mouradiyya" title="Madrasa Mouradiyya">Madrasa Mouradiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Salhia" title="Madrasa Salhia">Madrasa Salhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Slimania" title="Madrasa Slimania">Madrasa Slimania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Saheb_Ettaba%C3%A2" title="Madrasa Saheb Ettabaâ">Madrasa Saheb Ettabaâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_of_Zawiya_El_Bokria" title="Madrasa of Zawiya El Bokria">Madrasa of Zawiya El Bokria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Medina_of_Tunis" title="Template:Medina of Tunis">Medina of Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Tunisia" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Tunisia">WikiProject Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px_Mosques_in_Tunisia_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Tunisia&#124;link=Tunisia1067" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#99CC99;color:white;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mosques_in_Tunisia" title="Template:Mosques in Tunisia"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mosques_in_Tunisia" title="Template talk:Mosques in Tunisia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mosques_in_Tunisia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mosques in Tunisia"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px_Mosques_in_Tunisia_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Tunisia&#124;link=Tunisia1067" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IslamSymbol-white.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/IslamSymbol-white.svg/20px-IslamSymbol-white.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/IslamSymbol-white.svg/40px-IslamSymbol-white.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="213" /></a></span>  <a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Tunisia" title="List of mosques in Tunisia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Mosques</span></a> in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Tunisia</span></a>  <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Tunis" title="List of mosques in Tunis"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Tunis</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medina_of_Tunis" title="Medina of Tunis"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Medina</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zaytuna_Mosque" title="Al-Zaytuna Mosque">Al-Zaytuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Bhar_Mosque" title="Bab Bhar Mosque">Bab Bhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Fell_Mosque" title="El Fell Mosque">El Fell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Habibi_Mosque" title="El Habibi Mosque">El Habibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Hafsia_Mosque" title="El Hafsia Mosque">El Hafsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Hentati_Mosque" title="El Hentati Mosque">El Hentati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Ichbili_Mosque" title="El Ichbili Mosque">El Ichbili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Jedid_Mosque" title="El Jedid Mosque">El Jedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Koubba_Mosque" title="El Koubba Mosque">El Koubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Mehrass_Mosque" title="El Mehrass Mosque">El Mehrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ettarraz_Mosque" title="Ettarraz Mosque">Ettarraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammouda_Pacha_Mosque" title="Hammouda Pacha Mosque">Hammouda Pacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmel_Mosque" title="Harmel Mosque">Harmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah_Mosque_(Tunis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasbah Mosque (Tunis)">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar_Mosque" title="Ksar Mosque">Ksar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_Mosque" title="Laz Mosque">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Pacha_Mosque" title="Little Pacha Mosque">Little Pacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melmli_Mosque" title="Melmli Mosque">Melmli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saida_Adjoula_Mosque" title="Saida Adjoula Mosque">Saida Adjoula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Amor_Mosque" title="Sidi Amor Mosque">Sidi Amor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Bou_Hadid_Mosque" title="Sidi Bou Hadid Mosque">Sidi Bou Hadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Mahrez_Mosque" title="Sidi Mahrez Mosque">Sidi Mahrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youssef_Dey_Mosque" title="Youssef Dey Mosque">Youssef Dey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;color:white;;width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abi_Mohamed_Al_Morjani_Mosque" title="Abi Mohamed Al Morjani Mosque">Abi Mohamed Al Morjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abi_Mnigel_Mosque" title="Abi Mnigel Mosque">Abi Mnigel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Hmida_Mosque" title="Ben Hmida Mosque">Ben Hmida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Ahmadi_Mosque" title="El Ahmadi Mosque">El Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Borj_Mosque" title="El Borj Mosque">El Borj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Bradia_Mosque" title="El Bradia Mosque">El Bradia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Kayal_Mosque" title="El Kayal Mosque">El Kayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam_El_Rmimi_Mosque" title="Hammam El Rmimi Mosque">Hammam El Rmimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saheb_Ettaba%C3%A2_Mosque" title="Saheb Ettabaâ Mosque">Saheb Ettabaâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Belhassen_El_Halfaoui_Mosque" title="Sidi Belhassen El Halfaoui Mosque">Sidi Belhassen El Halfaoui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Bellagh_Mosque" title="Sidi Bellagh Mosque">Sidi Bellagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_El_Ansari_Mosque" title="Sidi El Ansari Mosque">Sidi El Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Gouicem_Mosque" title="Sidi Gouicem Mosque">Sidi Gouicem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soubhan_Allah_Mosque" title="Soubhan Allah Mosque">Soubhan Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabbanine_Mosque" title="Tabbanine Mosque">Tabbanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tronja_Mosque" title="Tronja Mosque">Tronja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;color:white;;width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Haliq_Mosque" title="Al Haliq Mosque">Al Haliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Haoua_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Haoua Mosque">Al Haoua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Jazira_Mosque" title="Bab Jazira Mosque">Bab Jazira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbati_Mosque" title="Charbati Mosque">Charbati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajjamine_Mosque" title="Hajjamine Mosque">Hajjamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabkha_Mosque" title="Sabkha Mosque">Sabkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_El_Baghdadi_Mosque" title="Sidi El Baghdadi Mosque">Sidi El Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Mahrez_Khelloua_Mosque" title="Sidi Mahrez Khelloua Mosque">Sidi Mahrez Khelloua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Mansour_Mosque" title="Sidi Mansour Mosque">Sidi Mansour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;color:white;;width:1%"><i>Former</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Rasaa_Mosque" title="Cheikh Rasaa Mosque">Cheikh Rasaa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edabaghine_Mosque" title="Edabaghine Mosque">Edabaghine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Ghassiroun_Mosque" title="El Ghassiroun Mosque">El Ghassiroun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Ghouri_Mosque" title="El Ghouri Mosque">El Ghouri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Nakiri_Mosque" title="El Nakiri Mosque">El Nakiri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Sfar_Mosque" title="El Sfar Mosque">El Sfar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karah_Borni_Mosque" title="Karah Borni Mosque">Karah Borni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ouichka_Mosque" title="Ouichka Mosque">Ouichka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Ali_Ben_Ziyad_Mosque" title="Sidi Ali Ben Ziyad Mosque">Sidi Ali Ben Ziyad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sidi_El_Hari_Mosque" title="Sidi El Hari Mosque">Sidi El Hari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Maaouia_Mosque" title="Sidi Maaouia Mosque">Sidi Maaouia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Mardoum_Mosque" title="Sidi Mardoum Mosque">Sidi Mardoum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Salah_Bou_Kabrine_Mosque" title="Sidi Salah Bou Kabrine Mosque">Sidi Salah Bou Kabrine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarchich_Mosque" title="Tarchich Mosque">Tarchich</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Usta_Murad_Mosque" title="Usta Murad Mosque">Usta Murad</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;color:white;;width:1%">Kairouan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Bey_Mosque" title="Al Bey Mosque">Al Bey Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan" title="Great Mosque of Kairouan">Great Mosque of Kairouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_the_Three_Doors" title="Mosque of the Three Doors">Mosque of the Three Doors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_of_Sidi_Sahib" title="Zawiya of Sidi Sahib">Zawiya of Sidi Sahib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;color:white;;width:1%">Sfax</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Ajouzine_Mosque" title="El Ajouzine Mosque">El Ajouzine Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bou_Chouaicha_Mosque" title="Bou Chouaicha Mosque">Bou Chouaicha Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Trouk_Mosque" title="El Trouk Mosque">El Trouk Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driba_Mosque" title="Driba Mosque">Driba Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mseddi_Mosque" title="Mseddi Mosque">Mseddi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Elyes_Mosque" title="Sidi Elyes Mosque">Sidi Elyes Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Sfax" title="Great Mosque of Sfax">Great Mosque of Sfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Abdelmoula_Mosque" title="Sidi Abdelmoula Mosque">Sidi Abdelmoula Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_El_Bahri_Mosque" title="Sidi El Bahri Mosque">Sidi El Bahri Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Amar_Kammoun_Mosque" title="Sidi Amar Kammoun Mosque">Sidi Amar Kammoun Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99CC99;color:white;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanafi_Mosque_of_Bourguiba" title="Hanafi Mosque of Bourguiba">Bourguiba Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mahdiya" title="Great Mosque of Mahdiya">Great Mosque of Mahdiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Monastir" title="Great Mosque of Monastir">Great Mosque of Monastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Sousse" title="Great Mosque of Sousse">Great Mosque of Sousse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Testour" title="Great Mosque of Testour">Great Mosque of Testour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_the_Turks" title="Mosque of the Turks">Mosque of the Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajdit_Mosque" title="Tajdit Mosque">Tajdit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#99CC99;color:white;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mosques_in_Tunisia" title="Category:Mosques in Tunisia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Category</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Tunisia" title="List of mosques in Tunisia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">List</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tunisia" title="Islam in Tunisia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Islam in Tunisia</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mosques_by_country" title="Category:Mosques by country"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Mosques by country</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Palaces_of_Tunis128" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Palaces_of_Tunis" title="Template:Palaces of Tunis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Palaces_of_Tunis" title="Template talk:Palaces of Tunis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Palaces_of_Tunis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Palaces of 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title="Dar Bou Hachem">Dar Bou Hachem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_Ca%C3%AFd_Nessim_Samama" title="Dar Caïd Nessim Samama">Dar Caïd Nessim Samama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_Daouletli" title="Dar Daouletli">Dar Daouletli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_Dja%C3%AFt" title="Dar Djaït">Dar Djaït</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_Djellouli" title="Dar Djellouli">Dar Djellouli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_El_Bey" title="Dar El Bey">Dar El Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_El_Cherif" title="Dar El Cherif">Dar El Cherif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_El_Haddad" title="Dar El Haddad">Dar El Haddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_El_Monastiri" title="Dar El Monastiri">Dar El Monastiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_Ibn_Abi_Dhiaf" title="Dar Ibn Abi Dhiaf">Dar Ibn Abi Dhiaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_Hammuda_Pasha" title="Dar Hammuda Pasha">Dar Hammuda Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_Hussein" title="Dar Hussein">Dar Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_Lasram" title="Dar Lasram">Dar Lasram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_Othman" title="Dar Othman">Dar Othman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_Zarrouk" title="Dar Zarrouk">Dar Zarrouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnecco_Palace" title="Gnecco Palace">Gnecco Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Palace" title="Hayreddin Palace">Hayreddin Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaznadar_Palace" title="Khaznadar Palace">Khaznadar Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saheb_Ettaba%C3%A2_Palace" title="Saheb Ettabaâ Palace">Saheb Ettabaâ Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Medina_of_Tunis" title="Template:Medina of Tunis">Medina of Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Tunisia" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Tunisia">WikiProject Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Souks_of_Tunis71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Souks_of_Tunis" title="Template:Souks of Tunis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Souks_of_Tunis" title="Template talk:Souks of Tunis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Souks_of_Tunis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Souks of Tunis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Souks_of_Tunis71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Souks_of_Tunis" title="Souks of Tunis">Souks of Tunis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Souk_Al_Asr" title="Souk Al Asr">Souk Al Asr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_de_la_Commission" title="Souk de la Commission">Souk de la Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_Ech-Chaouachine" title="Souk Ech-Chaouachine">Souk Ech-Chaouachine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_Edabaghine" title="Souk Edabaghine">Souk Edabaghine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Attarine" title="Souk El Attarine">Souk El Attarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Azzafine" title="Souk El Azzafine">Souk El Azzafine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Bechmak" class="mw-redirect" title="Souk El Bechmak">Souk El Bechmak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Beransia" title="Souk El Beransia">Souk El Beransia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Berka" title="Souk El Berka">Souk El Berka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Bey" title="Souk El Bey">Souk El Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Blaghgia" title="Souk El Blaghgia">Souk El Blaghgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Blat" title="Souk El Blat">Souk El Blat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Dziria" title="Souk El Dziria">Souk El Dziria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Fekka" title="Souk El Fekka">Souk El Fekka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Ghrabliyya" title="Souk El Ghrabliyya">Souk El Ghrabliyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Ghraiyer" title="Souk El Ghraiyer">Souk El Ghraiyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Grana" title="Souk El Grana">Souk El Grana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Haddadine" title="Souk El Haddadine">Souk El Haddadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Jedid" title="Souk El Jedid">Souk El Jedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Kachachine" title="Souk El Kachachine">Souk El Kachachine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Kebabjia" title="Souk El Kebabjia">Souk El Kebabjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Kmach" title="Souk El Kmach">Souk El Kmach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Kouafi" title="Souk El Kouafi">Souk El Kouafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Koutbiya" title="Souk El Koutbiya">Souk El Koutbiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Leffa" title="Souk El Leffa">Souk El Leffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Marr" title="Souk El Marr">Souk El Marr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Nissa" title="Souk El Nissa">Souk El Nissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Ouzar" title="Souk El Ouzar">Souk El Ouzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Sagha" title="Souk El Sagha">Souk El Sagha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Souf" title="Souk El Souf">Souk El Souf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_El_Trouk" title="Souk El Trouk">Souk El Trouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_En_Nhas" title="Souk En Nhas">Souk En Nhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_Erbaa_(Tunis)" title="Souk Erbaa (Tunis)">Souk Erbaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_Es_Sabbaghine" title="Souk Es Sabbaghine">Souk Es Sabbaghine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_Es_Sabbaghine_El_Saghir" title="Souk Es Sabbaghine El Saghir">Souk Es Sabbaghine El Saghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_Es_Sekajine" title="Souk Es Sekajine">Souk Es Sekajine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_Sidi_Boumendil" title="Souk Sidi Boumendil">Souk Sidi Boumendil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_Sidi_Mahrez" title="Souk Sidi Mahrez">Souk Sidi Mahrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_Sidi_Sridek" title="Souk Sidi Sridek">Souk Sidi Sridek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_Es_Sarragine" class="mw-redirect" title="Souk Es Sarragine">Souk Es Sarragine</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg/40px-%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_African_countries370" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_African_capitals" title="Template:List of African capitals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_African_capitals" title="Template talk:List of African capitals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_African_capitals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of African capitals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_African_countries370" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of African countries</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a> are in <i>italics</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bangui" title="Bangui">Bangui</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Banjul" title="Banjul">Banjul</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bissau" title="Bissau">Bissau</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Rep. of the Congo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Conakry" title="Conakry">Conakry</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dodoma" title="Dodoma">Dodoma</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Laayoune" title="Laayoune">El Aaiún</a></b> (claimed)/<b><a href="/wiki/Tifariti" title="Tifariti">Tifariti</a></b> (factual), <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></i><sup>1</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Garoowe" title="Garoowe">Garoowe</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a></i><sup>1</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gitega" title="Gitega">Gitega</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></i><sup>1</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">D.R. Congo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Libreville" title="Libreville">Libreville</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lilongwe" title="Lilongwe">Lilongwe</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Malabo" title="Malabo">Malabo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maseru" title="Maseru">Maseru</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mbabane" title="Mbabane">Mbabane</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">executive</a>)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lobamba" title="Lobamba">Lobamba</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Eswatini" title="Parliament of Eswatini">legislative</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros" title="Moroni, Comoros">Moroni</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Porto-Novo" title="Porto-Novo">Porto-Novo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Praia" title="Praia">Praia</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">executive</a>)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">legislative</a>)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeal_(South_Africa)" title="Supreme Court of Appeal (South Africa)">judicial</a>), <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9" title="São Tomé">São Tomé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tunis</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Seychelles" title="Victoria, Seychelles">Victoria</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yamoussoukro" title="Yamoussoukro">Yamoussoukro</a></b> (political)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</a></b> (economic), <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation</a></li> <li><sup>2</sup> <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Arab_countries146" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Template:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Template talk:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Arab_countries146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Africa</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Asia</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:0.3em;width:50%;"><div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></i><sup>1</sup></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros" title="Moroni, Comoros">Moroni</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tunis</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:0.3em;width:50%;"><div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></b> <small>(proclaimed)</small>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a><br /></li><li> <b><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a></b> <small>(de facto)</small><sup>1</sup></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_Capital_of_Culture27" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template:Arab Capital of Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template talk:Arab Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_Capital_of_Culture27" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Arab Capital of Culture">Arab Capital of Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> 1996 (<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tunis</a> 1997 (<a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a> 1998 (<a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> 1999 (<a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> 2000 (<a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a> 2001 (<a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> 2002 (<a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a> 2003 (<a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaʽa</a> 2004 (<a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> 2005 (<a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a> <a href="/wiki/2006_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Arab Capital of Culture">2006</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> <a href="/wiki/2007_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Arab Capital of Culture">2007</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> <a href="/wiki/2008_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="2008 Arab Capital of Culture">2008</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <a href="/wiki/2009_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="2009 Arab Capital of Culture">2009</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a> <a href="/wiki/2010_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="2010 Arab Capital of Culture">2010</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte" title="Sirte">Sirte</a> 2011 (<a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a> 2012 (<a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> 2013 (<a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> 2014 (<a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a> 2015 (<a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfax" title="Sfax">Sfax</a> 2016 (<a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a> 2017 (<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oujda" title="Oujda">Oujda</a> 2018 (<a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Sudan" title="Port Sudan">Port Sudan</a> 2019 (<a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> 2020 (<a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irbid" title="Irbid">Irbid</a> 2021 (<a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a> 2022 (<a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a> 2023 (<a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3572#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2006" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3572#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2006" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3572#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4838148574314224430001">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrcqdTJ6TRMHBmTpRQTHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4107317-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tunis (Tunisia)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79065310">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tunis (Tunisko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128595&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/dbqsrtmx37sz106">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tunis (Tunisia)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007564235605171">Israel</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="تونس (تونس)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007309177905171">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/2aa11d28-a257-41f9-a41e-ce1d6f8c2b08">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026604051">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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[\"Harvp\"] = 20,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"In lang\"] = 23,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"List of African capitals\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Main category\"] = 1,\n [\"Medina of Tunis\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Update\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 19,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n [\"Ws\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7dbbdd594f-fbq85","timestamp":"20250406190927","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script 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