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<li id="toc-Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Paris </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King's_College_London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King's_College_London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 King's College London </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King's_College_London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discovery_of_DNA_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_of_DNA_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Discovery of DNA structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_of_DNA_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birkbeck_College" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birkbeck_College"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Birkbeck College </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birkbeck_College-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-RNA_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RNA_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 RNA research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RNA_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polio_virus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polio_virus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Polio virus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polio_virus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Illness,_death,_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illness,_death,_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Illness, death, and burial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illness,_death,_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies_after_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies_after_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Controversies after death </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies_after_death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies after death subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies_after_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alleged_sexism_toward_Franklin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_sexism_toward_Franklin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Alleged sexism toward Franklin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_sexism_toward_Franklin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contribution_to_the_model/structure_of_DNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contribution_to_the_model/structure_of_DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Contribution to the model/structure of DNA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contribution_to_the_model/structure_of_DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recognition_of_her_contribution_to_the_model_of_DNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_of_her_contribution_to_the_model_of_DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Recognition of her contribution to the model of DNA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition_of_her_contribution_to_the_model_of_DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nobel_Prize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_Prize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Nobel Prize </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_Prize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Awards and honours </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Awards and honours subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Posthumous_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Posthumous recognition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Cultural references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Rosalind Franklin</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" > 90 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="روزاليند فرانكلين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روزاليند فرانكلين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozalind_Franklin" title="Rozalind Franklin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rozalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="روزالیند فرانکلین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روزالیند فرانکلین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="রোজালিন্ড ফ্রাঙ্কলিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রোজালিন্ড ফ্রাঙ্কলিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Франклин Розалинд – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Франклин Розалинд" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Разалінд Франклін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Разалінд Франклін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Розалинд Франклин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Розалинд Франклин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklinov%C3%A1" title="Rosalind Franklinová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rosalind Franklinová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Ρόζαλιντ Φράνκλιν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρόζαλιντ Φράνκλιν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="روزالیند فرانکلین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روزالیند فرانکلین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%88%EB%A6%B0%EB%93%9C_%ED%94%84%EB%9E%AD%ED%81%B4%EB%A6%B0" title="로절린드 프랭클린 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로절린드 프랭클린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A4_%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ռոզալինդ Ֆրանկլին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոզալինդ Ֆրանկլին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="रॉसलिंड एल्सी फ्रेंकलिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रॉसलिंड एल्सी फ्रेंकलिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="רוזלינד פרנקלין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוזלינד פרנקלין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ರೋಸಾಲಿಂಡ್ ಫ್ರಾಂಕ್ಲಿನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೋಸಾಲಿಂಡ್ ಫ್ರಾಂಕ್ಲಿನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="როზალინდ ფრანკლინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="როზალინდ ფრანკლინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Розалинд Франклин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Розалинд Франклин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozalinda_Franklina" title="Rozalinda Franklina – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rozalinda Franklina" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Розалинд Франклин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Розалинд Франклин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Elsie_Franklin" title="Rosalind Elsie Franklin – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rosalind Elsie Franklin" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="റോസാലിന്റ് ഫ്രാങ്ക്ലിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോസാലിന്റ് ഫ്രാങ്ക്ലിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="रोझालिंड फ्रँकलिन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रोझालिंड फ्रँकलिन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="როზალინდ ფრანკლინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="როზალინდ ფრანკლინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="روزاليند فرانكلين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روزاليند فرانكلين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="रोजालिन् फ्रेन्क्लिन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रोजालिन् फ्रेन्क्लिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B6%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="ロザリンド・フランクリン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロザリンド・フランクリン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਰੋਜ਼ਾਲਿੰਡ ਫ੍ਰੈਂਕਲਿਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੋਜ਼ਾਲਿੰਡ ਫ੍ਰੈਂਕਲਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="روزالينډ فرانکلين – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روزالينډ فرانکلين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Франклин, Розалинд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Франклин, Розалинд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="रोसलिन्द् फ़्रङ्क्लिन् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रोसलिन्द् फ़्रङ्क्लिन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%91%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="රොසලින්ඩ් ෆ්‍රෑන්ක්ලීන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රොසලින්ඩ් ෆ්‍රෑන්ක්ලීන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Elsie_Franklinov%C3%A1" title="Rosalind Elsie Franklinová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rosalind Elsie Franklinová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%D8%B2%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ڕۆزەلیند فرانکلین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆزەلیند فرانکلین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozalind_Frenklin" title="Rozalind Frenklin – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Rozalind Frenklin" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="உரோசலிண்டு பிராங்குளின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உரோசலிண்டு பிராங்குளின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="రోసాలిండ్ ఫ్రాంక్లిన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రోసాలిండ్ ఫ్రాంక్లిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="โรซาลินด์ แฟรงคลิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรซาลินด์ แฟรงคลิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Розалінд Франклін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розалінд Франклін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Rozalind" title="Franklin Rozalind – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Franklin Rozalind" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rosalind Franklin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E8%8E%8E%E7%90%B3%C2%B7%E5%AF%8C%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97" title="罗莎琳·富兰克林 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗莎琳·富兰克林" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E8%96%A9%E8%93%AE%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%AF%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97" title="羅薩蓮德·富蘭克林 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羅薩蓮德·富蘭克林" 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							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Rosalind_Franklin">reviewed</a> on 24 February 2025.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British X-ray crystallographer (1920–1958)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chemist. For the Mars rover named after her, see <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)">Rosalind Franklin (rover)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Rosalind Franklin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosalind_Franklin_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Rosalind_Franklin_%28retouched%29.jpg/220px-Rosalind_Franklin_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Rosalind_Franklin_%28retouched%29.jpg/330px-Rosalind_Franklin_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Rosalind_Franklin_%28retouched%29.jpg/440px-Rosalind_Franklin_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="592" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Franklin with a <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a> in 1955</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Rosalind Elsie Franklin</div> (1920-07-25)25 July 1920 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Notting_Hill" title="Notting Hill">Notting Hill</a>, London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">16 April 1958(1958-04-16) (aged 37) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_London" title="Chelsea, London">Chelsea</a>, London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Girls%27_School" title="St Paul's Girls' School">St Paul's Girls' School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Newnham_College,_Cambridge" title="Newnham College, Cambridge">Newnham College, Cambridge</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Structure of DNA">Structure of DNA</a></li><li>Fine structure of coal and <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a></li><li>Structures of viruses</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Scientific career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">Physical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Coal_Utilisation_Research_Association" title="British Coal Utilisation Research Association">British Coal Utilisation Research Association</a></li> <li>Laboratoire Central des Services Chimiques de l'État</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkbeck,_University_of_London" title="Birkbeck, University of London">Birkbeck, University of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.599181">The physical chemistry of solid organic colloids with special reference to coal</a> (1945)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_Finch" title="John Thomas Finch">John Finch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Holmes" title="Kenneth Holmes">Kenneth Holmes</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Rosalind Elsie Franklin (25 July 1920 – 16 April 1958)<a href="#cite_note-nlm-bio-1">[1]</a> was a British <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> and <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallographer" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray crystallographer">X-ray crystallographer</a> whose work was central to the understanding of the molecular structures of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> (deoxyribonucleic acid), <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> (ribonucleic acid), <a href="/wiki/Viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Viruses">viruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nlm-coal-2">[2]</a> Although her works on coal and viruses were appreciated in her lifetime, Franklin's contributions to the discovery of the structure of DNA were largely unrecognised during her life, for which Franklin has been variously referred to as the "wronged heroine",<a href="#cite_note-Maddox-2003-3">[3]</a> the "dark lady of DNA",<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> the "forgotten heroine",<a href="#cite_note-glynn12-5">[5]</a> a "feminist icon",<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> and the "<a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Plath" title="Sylvia Plath">Sylvia Plath</a> of molecular biology".<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Franklin graduated in 1941 with a degree in <a href="/wiki/Natural_Sciences_(Cambridge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural Sciences (Cambridge)">natural sciences</a> from <a href="/wiki/Newnham_College,_Cambridge" title="Newnham College, Cambridge">Newnham College, Cambridge</a>, and then enrolled for a PhD in <a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">physical chemistry</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ronald_George_Wreyford_Norrish" title="Ronald George Wreyford Norrish">Ronald George Wreyford Norrish</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1920_Chair_of_Physical_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="1920 Chair of Physical Chemistry">1920 Chair of Physical Chemistry</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>. Disappointed by Norrish's lack of enthusiasm,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> she took up a research position under the <a href="/wiki/British_Coal_Utilisation_Research_Association" title="British Coal Utilisation Research Association">British Coal Utilisation Research Association</a> (BCURA) in 1942. The research on coal helped Franklin earn a PhD from Cambridge in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-thesis-9">[9]</a> Moving to Paris in 1947 as a chercheur (postdoctoral researcher) under <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Mering" title="Jacques Mering">Jacques Mering</a> at the Laboratoire Central des Services Chimiques de l'État, she became an accomplished X-ray crystallographer. After joining <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a> in 1951 as a research associate, Franklin discovered some key properties of DNA, which eventually facilitated the correct description of the <a href="/wiki/Double_helix" class="mw-redirect" title="Double helix">double helix</a> structure of DNA.<a href="#cite_note-Maddox-2003-3">[3]</a> Owing to disagreement with her director, <a href="/wiki/John_Randall_(physicist)" title="John Randall (physicist)">John Randall</a>, and her colleague <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a>, Franklin was compelled to move to <a href="/wiki/Birkbeck_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Birkbeck College">Birkbeck College</a> in 1953. Franklin is best known for her work on the X-ray diffraction images of DNA while at King's College London, particularly <a href="/wiki/Photo_51" title="Photo 51">Photo 51</a>, taken by her student <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Gosling" title="Raymond Gosling">Raymond Gosling</a>, which led to the discovery of the DNA <a href="/wiki/Double_helix" class="mw-redirect" title="Double helix">double helix</a> for which <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a> shared the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-NobelPrize.org_2020-8-26-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> While Gosling actually took the famous Photo 51, Maurice Wilkins showed it to James Watson without her permission.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Watson suggested that Franklin would have ideally been awarded a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>, along with Wilkins but it was not possible because the pre-1974 rule dictated that a Nobel prize could not be awarded posthumously unless the nomination had been made for a then-alive candidate before 1 February of the award year and Franklin died a few years before 1962 when the discovery of the structure of DNA was recognised by the Nobel committee.<a href="#cite_note-nobelprize.org-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize_posthumous-14">[14]</a> Working under <a href="/wiki/John_Desmond_Bernal" class="mw-redirect" title="John Desmond Bernal">John Desmond Bernal</a>, Franklin led pioneering work at Birkbeck on the molecular structures of viruses.<a href="#cite_note-Profile-15">[15]</a> On the day before she was to unveil the structure of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_mosaic_virus" title="Tobacco mosaic virus">tobacco mosaic virus</a> at an international fair in Brussels, Franklin died of <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">ovarian cancer</a> at the age of 37 in 1958. Her team member <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a> continued her research, winning the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1982. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_Franklin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Franklin was born in 50 Chepstow Villas,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Notting_Hill" title="Notting Hill">Notting Hill</a>, London, into an affluent and influential <a href="/wiki/British_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="British Jewish">British Jewish</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-nlm-bio-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_Franklin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family">edit</a>]</div> Franklin's father, <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Arthur_Franklin" title="Ellis Arthur Franklin">Ellis Arthur Franklin</a> (1894–1964), was a politically liberal London <a href="/wiki/Merchant_banker" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant banker">merchant banker</a> who taught at the city's <a href="/wiki/Working_Men%27s_College" title="Working Men's College">Working Men's College</a>, and her mother was Muriel Frances Waley (1894–1976). Rosalind was the elder daughter and the second child in the family of five children. David (1919–1986) was the eldest brother while <a href="/wiki/Colin_Franklin_(bibliographer)" title="Colin Franklin (bibliographer)">Colin</a> (1923–2020), <a href="/wiki/Roland_Franklin" title="Roland Franklin">Roland</a> (1926–2024), and Jenifer (born 1929) were her younger siblings.<a href="#cite_note-Glynn,_p.1-19">[19]</a> Franklin's paternal great-uncle was <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Herbert Samuel</a> (later Viscount Samuel), who was the <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> in 1916 and the first practising Jew to serve in the <a href="/wiki/British_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cabinet">British Cabinet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Samuel-20">[20]</a> Her aunt, Helen Caroline Franklin, known in the family as Mamie, was married to <a href="/wiki/Norman_de_Mattos_Bentwich" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman de Mattos Bentwich">Norman de Mattos Bentwich</a>, who was the <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General">Attorney General</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate of Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Helen was active in trade union organisation and the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage movement">women's suffrage movement</a> and was later a member of the <a href="/wiki/London_County_Council" title="London County Council">London County Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-p31-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-p40-23">[23]</a> Franklin's uncle, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Franklin_(suffragist)" title="Hugh Franklin (suffragist)">Hugh Franklin</a>, was another prominent figure in the suffrage movement, although his actions therein embarrassed the Franklin family. Rosalind's middle name, "Elsie", was in memory of Hugh's first wife, who died in the <a href="/wiki/1918_flu_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 flu pandemic">1918 flu pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Glynn,_p.1-19">[19]</a> Her family was actively involved with the <a href="/wiki/Working_Men%27s_College" title="Working Men's College">Working Men's College</a>, where her father taught the subjects of electricity, magnetism, and the history of the <a href="/wiki/Great_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great War">Great War</a> in the evenings, later becoming the vice principal.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Franklin's parents helped settle Jewish refugees from Europe who had escaped the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a>, particularly those from the <a href="/wiki/Kindertransport" title="Kindertransport">Kindertransport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> They took in two Jewish children to their home, and one of them, a nine-year-old Austrian, Evi Eisenstädter, shared Jenifer's room.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> (Evi's father Hans Mathias Eisenstädter had been imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Buchenwald">Buchenwald</a>, and after liberation, the family adopted the surname "Ellis".)<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-genealogy-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_Franklin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> From early childhood, Franklin showed exceptional scholastic abilities. At age six, she joined her brother Roland at <a href="/wiki/Norland_Place_School" title="Norland Place School">Norland Place School</a>, a private day school in West London. At that time, her aunt Mamie (Helen Bentwich), described her to her husband: "Rosalind is alarmingly clever – she spends all her time doing arithmetic for pleasure, and invariably gets her sums right."<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Franklin also developed an early interest in <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">hockey</a>. At age nine, she entered a boarding school, Lindores School for Young Ladies in Sussex.<a href="#cite_note-berger-31">[31]</a> The school was near the seaside, and the family wanted a good environment for Franklin's delicate health.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Franklin was 11 when she went to <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Girls%27_School" title="St Paul's Girls' School">St Paul's Girls' School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hammersmith" title="Hammersmith">Hammersmith</a>, west London, one of the few girls' schools in London that taught physics and chemistry.<a href="#cite_note-berger-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> At St Paul's, she excelled in science, Latin,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> and sports.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Franklin also learned German, and became fluent in French, a language she would later find useful. Franklin topped her classes, and won annual awards. Her only educational weakness was in music, for which the school music director, the composer <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Gustav Holst</a>, once called upon her mother to enquire whether she might have suffered from hearing problems or <a href="/wiki/Tonsillitis" title="Tonsillitis">tonsillitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> With six distinctions, Franklin passed her matriculation in 1938, winning a scholarship for university, the School Leaving Exhibition of £30 a year for three years, and £5 from her grandfather.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Franklin's father asked her to give the scholarship to a deserving refugee student.<a href="#cite_note-berger-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cambridge_and_World_War_II">Cambridge and World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_Franklin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cambridge and World War II">edit</a>]</div> Franklin went to <a href="/wiki/Newnham_College,_Cambridge" title="Newnham College, Cambridge">Newnham College, Cambridge</a>, in 1938 and studied chemistry within the <a href="/wiki/Natural_Sciences_Tripos" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural Sciences Tripos">Natural Sciences Tripos</a>. There, she met the <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopist</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Price_(physicist)" title="Bill Price (physicist)">Bill Price</a>, who worked with her as a laboratory demonstrator and who later became one of her senior colleagues at King's College London.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In 1941 Franklin was awarded <a href="/wiki/Second-class_honours" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-class honours">second-class honours</a> from her final exams. The distinction was accepted as a bachelor's degree in qualifications for employment. Cambridge began awarding titular <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge_and_Dublin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)">MA</a> degrees to women from 1947 and the previous women graduates retroactively received these earned degrees.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In her last year at Cambridge, Franklin met a French refugee Adrienne Weill, a former student of <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>, who had a huge influence on her life and career and who helped her to improve her conversational French.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Franklin was awarded a research fellowship at Newnham College, with which she joined the physical chemistry laboratory of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> to work under <a href="/wiki/Ronald_George_Wreyford_Norrish" title="Ronald George Wreyford Norrish">Ronald George Wreyford Norrish</a>, who later won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>. In her one year of work there, Franklin did not have much success.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> As described by his biographer, Norrish was "obstinate and almost perverse in argument, overbearing and sensitive to criticism".<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> He could not decide upon the assignment of work for her. At that time Norrish was succumbing due to heavy drinking. Franklin wrote that he made her despise him completely.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Resigning from Norrish's Lab, Franklin fulfilled the requirements of the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conscription in the United Kingdom">National Service Acts</a> by working as an assistant research officer at the <a href="/wiki/British_Coal_Utilisation_Research_Association" title="British Coal Utilisation Research Association">British Coal Utilisation Research Association</a> (BCURA) in 1942.<a href="#cite_note-Profile-15">[15]</a> The BCURA was located on the Coombe Springs Estate near <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames" title="Kingston upon Thames">Kingston upon Thames</a> near the southwestern boundary of London. Norrish acted as advisor to the military at BCURA. <a href="/wiki/John_G._Bennett" title="John G. Bennett">John G. Bennett</a> was the director. <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Pirani" title="Marcello Pirani">Marcello Pirani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Goldschmidt" title="Victor Goldschmidt">Victor Goldschmidt</a>, both refugees from the Nazis, were consultants and lectured at BCURA while Franklin worked there.<a href="#cite_note-nlm-coal-2">[2]</a> During her BCURA research Franklin initially stayed at Adrienne Weill's boarding house in Cambridge until her cousin, Irene Franklin, proposed that they share living quarters at a vacated house in <a href="/wiki/Putney" title="Putney">Putney</a> that belonged to her uncle. With Irene, Rosalind volunteered as an <a href="/wiki/Air_Raid_Warden" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Raid Warden">Air Raid Warden</a> and regularly made patrols to see the welfare of people during air raids.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Franklin studied the <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">porosity</a> of coal using helium to determine its density.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Through this, she discovered the relationship between the fine constrictions in the pores of coals and the permeability of the porous space. By concluding that substances were expelled in order of molecular size as temperature increased, she helped classify coals and accurately predict their performance for fuel purposes and for production of wartime devices such as <a href="/wiki/Gas_masks" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas masks">gas masks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> This work was the basis of Franklin's PhD thesis The physical chemistry of solid organic <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloids</a> with special reference to coal for which the University of Cambridge awarded her a PhD in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-thesis-9">[9]</a> It was also the basis of several papers.<a href="#cite_note-nlm-coal-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_and_research">Career and research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_Franklin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Career and research">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paris">Paris</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_Franklin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Paris">edit</a>]</div> With World War II ending in 1945, Franklin asked Adrienne Weill for help and to let her know of job openings for "a physical chemist who knows very little physical chemistry, but quite a lot about the holes in coal." At a conference in the autumn of 1946, Weill introduced Franklin to Marcel Mathieu, a director of the <a href="/wiki/Centre_national_de_la_recherche_scientifique" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre national de la recherche scientifique">Centre national de la recherche scientifique</a> (CNRS), the network of institutes that comprises the major part of the scientific research laboratories supported by the French government. This led to her appointment with <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Mering" title="Jacques Mering">Jacques Mering</a> at the Laboratoire Central des Services Chimiques de l'État in Paris. Franklin joined the labo (as referred to by the staff) of Mering on 14 February 1947 as one of the fifteen chercheurs (researchers).<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Mering was an X-ray crystallographer who applied <a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">X-ray diffraction</a> to the study of rayon and other amorphous substances, in contrast to the thousands of regular crystals that had been studied by this method for many years.<a href="#cite_note-nlm-coal-2">[2]</a> He taught her the practical aspects of applying X-ray crystallography to amorphous substances. This presented new challenges in the conduct of experiments and the interpretation of results. Franklin applied them to further problems related to coal and to other carbonaceous materials, in particular the changes to the arrangement of atoms when these are converted to graphite.<a href="#cite_note-nlm-coal-2">[2]</a> She published several further papers on this work which has become part of the mainstream of the physics and chemistry of coal and carbon. Franklin coined the terms <a href="/wiki/Graphitizing_and_non-graphitizing_carbons" title="Graphitizing and non-graphitizing carbons">graphitising and non-graphitising carbon</a>. The coal work was covered in a 1993 monograph,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> and in the regularly-published textbook Chemistry and Physics of Carbon.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Mering continued the study of carbon in various forms, using X-ray diffraction and other methods.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King's_College_London">King's College London</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_Franklin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: King's College London">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:13.0em; background:transparent;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);padding:0.1em 0 0 0.5em; background:#ccf;"><a href="/wiki/Molecular_Structure_of_Nucleic_Acids:_A_Structure_for_Deoxyribose_Nucleic_Acid" title="Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid">Double helix</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="padding:0.4em;"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Astbury" title="William Astbury">William Astbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Avery" title="Oswald Avery">Oswald Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Bell_(scientist)" title="Florence Bell (scientist)">Florence Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Lawrence Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Chargaff" title="Erwin Chargaff">Erwin Chargaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Creeth" title="Michael Creeth">Michael Creeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Donohue" title="Jerry Donohue">Jerry Donohue</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rosalind Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Gosling" title="Raymond Gosling">Raymond Gosling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Griffith" title="Frederick Griffith">Frederick Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Masson_Gulland" title="John Masson Gulland">John Masson Gulland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Jordan" title="Denis Jordan">Denis Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebus_Levene" title="Phoebus Levene">Phoebus Levene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Miescher" title="Friedrich Miescher">Friedrich Miescher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Neufeld" title="Fred Neufeld">Fred Neufeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randall_(physicist)" title="John Randall (physicist)">Sir John Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Stokes" title="Alec Stokes">Alec Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Wilson" title="Herbert Wilson">Herbert Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_51" title="Photo 51">Photo 51</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Single_strand_DNA_discovery" title="Template:Single strand DNA discovery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Single_strand_DNA_discovery" title="Template talk:Single strand DNA discovery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Single_strand_DNA_discovery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Single strand DNA discovery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> In 1950 Franklin was granted a three-year <a href="/wiki/Turner_%26_Newall" title="Turner & Newall">Turner & Newall</a> Fellowship to work at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>. In January 1951 she started working as a research associate in the <a href="/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical Research Council (UK)">Medical Research Council's</a> (MRC) Biophysics Unit, directed by <a href="/wiki/John_Randall_(physicist)" title="John Randall (physicist)">John Randall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> She was originally appointed to work on X-ray diffraction of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a> in solution, but Randall redirected Franklin's work to DNA fibres<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> because of new developments in the field, and she was to be the only experienced experimental diffraction researcher at King's at the time.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Randall made this reassignment, even before Franklin started working at King's, because of the pioneering work by DNA researcher <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a>, and he reassigned <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Gosling" title="Raymond Gosling">Raymond Gosling</a>, the graduate student who had been working with Wilkins, to be her assistant.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In 1950 Swiss chemist <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Signer" title="Rudolf Signer">Rudolf Signer</a> in Berne prepared a highly purified DNA sample from calf <a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">thymus</a>. He freely distributed the DNA sample, later referred to as the Signer DNA, in early May 1950 at the meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Faraday_Society" title="Faraday Society">Faraday Society</a> in London, and Wilkins was one of the recipients.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Even using crude equipment, Wilkins and Gosling had obtained a good-quality diffraction picture of the DNA sample which sparked further interest in this molecule.<a href="#cite_note-Gosling_obit-60">[60]</a> But Randall had not indicated to them that he had asked Franklin to take over both the DNA diffraction work and guidance of Gosling's thesis.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> It was while Wilkins was away on holiday that Randall, in a letter in December 1950, assured Franklin that "as far as the experimental X-ray effort there would be for the moment only yourself and Gosling."<a href="#cite_note-Klug-2004-62">[62]</a> Randall's lack of communication about this reassignment significantly contributed to the well documented friction that developed between Wilkins and Franklin.<a href="#cite_note-Creager-2008-63">[63]</a> When Wilkins returned, he handed over the Signer DNA and Gosling to Franklin.<a href="#cite_note-Klug-2004-62">[62]</a> Franklin, now working with Gosling,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> started to apply her expertise in X-ray diffraction techniques to the structure of DNA. She used a new fine-focus X-ray tube and microcamera ordered by Wilkins, but which she refined, adjusted and focused carefully. Drawing upon her physical chemistry background, a critical innovation Franklin applied was making the camera chamber that could be controlled for its <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a> using different saturated salt solutions.<a href="#cite_note-Klug-2004-62">[62]</a> When Wilkins enquired about this improved technique, she replied in terms which offended him as she had "an air of cool superiority".<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Franklin's habit of intensely looking people in the eye while being concise, impatient and direct unnerved many of her colleagues. In stark contrast, Wilkins was very shy, and slowly calculating in speech while he avoided looking anyone directly in the eye.<a href="#cite_note-Elkin_45-66">[66]</a> With the ingenious humidity-controlling camera, Franklin was soon able to produce X-ray images of better quality than those of Wilkins. She immediately discovered that the DNA sample could exist in two forms: at a relative humidity higher than 75%, the DNA fibre became long and thin; when it was drier, it became short and fat. She originally referred to the former as "wet" and the latter as "crystalline."<a href="#cite_note-Klug-2004-62">[62]</a> On the structure of the crystalline DNA, Franklin first recorded the analysis in her notebook, which reads: "Evidence for spiral [meaning helical] structure. Straight chain untwisted is highly improbable. Absence of reflections on <a href="/wiki/Meridian_arc" title="Meridian arc">meridian</a> in χtalline [crystalline] form suggests spiral structure."<a href="#cite_note-Klug-2004-62">[62]</a> An immediate discovery from this was that the <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphate group">phosphate group</a> lies outside of the main DNA chain; Franklin, however could not make out whether there could be two or three chains.<a href="#cite_note-Klug-1968-67">[67]</a> She presented their data at a lecture in November 1951, in King's College London. In her lecture notes, Franklin wrote the following:<blockquote>The results suggest a helical structure (which must be very closely packed) containing 2, 3 or 4 <a href="/wiki/Coaxial" title="Coaxial">co-axial</a> nucleic acid chains per helical unit, and having the phosphate groups near the outside.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></blockquote>Franklin then named "<a href="/wiki/A-DNA" title="A-DNA">A</a>" and "B" respectively for the "crystalline" and "wet" forms. (The biological functions of A-DNA were discovered only 60 years later.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a>) Because of the intense personality conflict developing between Franklin and Wilkins, Randall divided the work on DNA. Franklin chose the data rich "A" form while Wilkins selected the "B" form.<a href="#cite_note-Maddox_155-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilkins,_p._158-71">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:In_memoriam_card_Wellcome_L0043312_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/In_memoriam_card_Wellcome_L0043312_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-In_memoriam_card_Wellcome_L0043312_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/In_memoriam_card_Wellcome_L0043312_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-In_memoriam_card_Wellcome_L0043312_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/In_memoriam_card_Wellcome_L0043312_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-In_memoriam_card_Wellcome_L0043312_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1478" data-file-height="1079" /></a><figcaption>A satirical death note of A-DNA helix by Franklin and Gosling.</figcaption></figure> By the end of 1951 it became generally accepted at King's that the B-DNA was a <a href="/wiki/Helix" title="Helix">helix</a>, but after Franklin had recorded an asymmetrical image in May 1952, Franklin became unconvinced that the A-DNA was a helix.<a href="#cite_note-Wilkins,_p._176-72">[72]</a> In July 1952, as a practical joke on Wilkins (who frequently expressed his view that both forms of DNA were helical), Franklin and Gosling produced a funeral notice regretting the 'death' of helical A-DNA, which runs:<blockquote>It is with great regret that we have to announce the death, on Friday 18th July 1952 of DNA helix (crystalline). Death followed a protracted illness which an intensive course of Besselised [referring to <a href="/wiki/Bessel_function" title="Bessel function">Bessel function</a> that was used to analyse the X-ray diffraction patterns<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>] injections had failed to relieve. A memorial service will be held next Monday or Tuesday. It is hoped that Dr M H F Wilkins will speak in memory of the late helix. [Signed Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling.]<a href="#cite_note-Schindler-2008-74">[74]</a></blockquote>During 1952 they worked at applying the <a href="/wiki/Patterson_function" title="Patterson function">Patterson function</a> to the X-ray pictures of DNA they had produced. This was a long and labour-intensive approach but would yield significant insight into the structure of the molecule.<a href="#cite_note-Klug-1974-75">[75]</a> Franklin was fully committed to experimental data and was sternly against theoretical or model buildings, as she said, "We are not going to speculate, we are going to wait, we are going to let the spots on this photograph tell us what the [DNA] structure is."<a href="#cite_note-Schindler-2008-74">[74]</a> The X-ray diffraction pictures, including the landmark <a href="/wiki/Photo_51" title="Photo 51">Photo 51</a> taken by Gosling at this time,<a href="#cite_note-Gosling_obit-60">[60]</a> have been called by <a href="/wiki/John_Desmond_Bernal" class="mw-redirect" title="John Desmond Bernal">John Desmond Bernal</a> as "amongst the most beautiful X-ray photographs of any substance ever taken".<a href="#cite_note-Maddox,_p._153-76">[76]</a> By January 1953 Franklin had reconciled her conflicting data, concluding that both DNA forms had two helices, and had started to write a series of three draft manuscripts, two of which included a double helical DNA backbone (see below). Franklin's two A-DNA manuscripts reached <a href="/wiki/Acta_Crystallographica" title="Acta Crystallographica">Acta Crystallographica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> on 6 March 1953, the day before Crick and Watson had completed their model on B-DNA. Franklin must have mailed them while the Cambridge team was building their model, and certainly had written them before she knew of their work.<a href="#cite_note-Maddox_199-77">[77]</a> On 8 July 1953 Franklin modified one of these "in proof" Acta articles, "in light of recent work" by the King's and Cambridge research teams.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The third draft paper was on the B-DNA, dated 17 March 1953, which was discovered years later amongst her papers, by Franklin's Birkbeck colleague, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> He then published in 1974 an evaluation of the draft's close correlation with the third of the original trio of 25 April 1953 Nature DNA articles.<a href="#cite_note-Klug-1974-75">[75]</a> Klug designed this paper to complement the first article he had written in 1968 defending Franklin's significant contribution to DNA structure. Klug had written this first article in response to the incomplete picture of Franklin's work depicted in <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a>'s 1968 memoir, <a href="/wiki/The_Double_Helix" title="The Double Helix">The Double Helix</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Klug-1968-67">[67]</a> As vividly described by Watson, he travelled to King's on 30 January 1953 carrying a preprint of <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a>'s incorrect proposal for DNA structure. Since Wilkins was not in his office, Watson went to Franklin's lab with his urgent message that they should all collaborate before Pauling discovered his error. The unimpressed Franklin became angry when Watson suggested she did not know how to interpret her own data. Watson hastily retreated, backing into Wilkins who had been attracted by the commotion. Wilkins commiserated with his harried friend and then showed Watson Franklin's DNA X-ray image.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Watson, in turn, showed Wilkins a prepublication manuscript by Pauling and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Corey" title="Robert Corey">Robert Corey</a>, which contained a DNA structure remarkably like their first incorrect model.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Discovery_of_DNA_structure">Discovery of DNA structure</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_Franklin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Discovery of DNA structure">edit</a>]</div> In November 1951 James Watson and Francis Crick of the <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory" title="Cavendish Laboratory">Cavendish Laboratory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> had started to build a <a href="/wiki/Molecular_model" title="Molecular model">molecular model</a> of the B-DNA using data similar to that available to both teams at King's. Based on Franklin's lecture in November 1951 that DNA was helical with either two or three stands, they constructed a triple helix model, which was immediately proven to be flawed.<a href="#cite_note-Klug-2004-62">[62]</a> In particular, the model had the phosphate backbone of the molecules forming a central core. But Franklin pointed out that the progressive solubility of DNA crystals in water meant that the strongly <a href="/wiki/Hydrophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophilic">hydrophilic</a> phosphate groups were likely to be on the outside of the structure; while the experimental failure to titrate the CO- and NH2 groups of the bases meant that these were more likely to be inaccessible in the interior of the structure. This initial setback led Watson and Crick to focus on other topics for most of the next year. Model building had been applied successfully in the elucidation of the structure of the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_helix" title="Alpha helix">alpha helix</a> by Linus Pauling in 1951,<a href="#cite_note-Wilkins,_p._158-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> but Franklin was opposed to prematurely building theoretical models, until sufficient data were obtained to properly guide the model building. She took the view that building a model was to be undertaken only after enough of the structure was known.<a href="#cite_note-Wilkins,_p._176-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Franklin's conviction was only reinforced when Pauling and Corey also came up in the late 1952 (published in February 1953<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a>) with an erroneous triple helix model.<a href="#cite_note-Schindler-2008-74">[74]</a> Ever cautious, Franklin wanted to eliminate misleading possibilities. Photographs of her Birkbeck work table show that Franklin routinely used small molecular models, although certainly not ones on the grand scale successfully used at Cambridge for DNA. The arrival in Cambridge of Linus Pauling's flawed paper in January 1953 prompted the head of the Cavendish Laboratory, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Lawrence Bragg</a>, to encourage Watson and Crick to resume their own model building.<a href="#cite_note-CobbComfort2023-85">[85]</a> Six weeks of intense efforts followed, as they tried to guess how the nucleotide bases pack into the core of the DNA structure, within the broad parameters set by the experimental data from the team at King's, that the structure should contain one or more helices with a repeat distance of 34 Angstroms, with probably ten elements in each repeat; and that the hydrophilic phosphate groups should be on the outside (though as Watson and Crick struggled to come up with a structure they at times departed from each of these assumptions during the process).<a href="#cite_note-CobbComfort2023-85">[85]</a> Crick and Watson received a further impetus in the middle of February 1953 when Crick's thesis advisor, <a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a>, gave Crick a copy of a report written for a <a href="/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)">Medical Research Council</a> biophysics committee visit to King's in December 1952, containing many of Franklin's crystallographic calculations.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> This decisively confirmed the 34 Angstrom repeat distance; and established that the structure had C2 symmetry, immediately confirming to Crick that it must contain an equal number of parallel and anti-parallel strands running in opposite directions.<a href="#cite_note-CobbComfort2023-85">[85]</a> Since Franklin had decided to transfer to Birkbeck College and Randall had insisted that all DNA work must stay at King's, Wilkins was given copies of Franklin's diffraction photographs by Gosling. By 28 February 1953 Watson and Crick felt they had solved the problem enough for Crick to proclaim (in the local pub) that they had "found the secret of life".<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> However, they knew they must complete their model before they could be certain.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The closeness of fit to the experimental data from King's was an essential corroboration of the structure.<a href="#cite_note-CobbComfort2023-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-zallen-89">[89]</a> Watson and Crick finished building their model on 7 March 1953, a day before they received a letter from Wilkins stating that Franklin was finally leaving and they could put "all hands to the pump".<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> This was also one day after Franklin's two A-DNA papers had reached Acta Crystallographica. Wilkins came to see the model the following week, according to Franklin's biographer <a href="/wiki/Brenda_Maddox" title="Brenda Maddox">Brenda Maddox</a>, on 12 March, and allegedly informed Gosling on his return to King's.<a href="#cite_note-Maddox_207-91">[91]</a> One of the most critical and overlooked moments in DNA research was how and when Franklin realised and conceded that B-DNA was a double helical molecule. When Klug first examined Franklin's documents after her death, he initially came to an impression that Franklin was not convinced of the double helical nature until the knowledge of the Cambridge model.<a href="#cite_note-Klug-1968-67">[67]</a> But Klug later discovered the original draft of the manuscript (dated 17 March 1953) from which it became clear that Franklin had already resolved the correct structure. The news of Watson–Crick model reached King's the next day, 18 March,<a href="#cite_note-Klug-1974-75">[75]</a> suggesting that Franklin would have learned of it much later since she had moved to Birkbeck. Further scrutiny of her notebook revealed that Franklin had already thought of the helical structure for B-DNA in February 1953 but was not sure of the number of strands, as she wrote: "Evidence for 2-chain (or 1-chain helix)."<a href="#cite_note-Olby-92">[92]</a> Her conclusion on the helical nature was evident, though she failed to understand the complete organisation of the DNA strands, as the possibility of two strands running in opposite directions did not occur to her.<a href="#cite_note-Klug-1974-75">[75]</a> Towards the end of February Franklin began to work out the indications of double strands, as she noted: "Structure B does not fit single helical theory, even for low layer-lines." It soon dawned to her that the B-DNA and A-DNA were structurally similar,<a href="#cite_note-Olby-92">[92]</a> and perceived A-DNA as an "unwound version" of B-DNA.<a href="#cite_note-Klug-1974-75">[75]</a> Franklin and Gosling wrote a five-paged manuscript on 17 March titled "A Note on Molecular Configuration of Sodium Thymonucleate."<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> After the Watson–Crick model was known, there appeared to be only one (hand-written) modification after the typeset at the end of the text which states that their data was consistent with the model,<a href="#cite_note-Klug-1974-75">[75]</a> and appeared as such in the trio of 25 April 1953 <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> articles; the other modification being a deletion of "A Note on" from the title.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated13-95">[95]</a> As Franklin considered the double helix, she also realised that the structure would not depend on the detailed order of the bases, and noted that "an infinite variety of nucleotide sequences would be possible to explain the biological specificity of DNA".<a href="#cite_note-CobbComfort2023-85">[85]</a> However she did not yet see the complementarity of the <a href="/wiki/Base-pair" class="mw-redirect" title="Base-pair">base-pairing</a> – Crick and Watson's breakthrough of 28 February, with all its biological significance; nor indeed at this point did she yet have the correct structures of the bases, so even if she had tried, she would not have been able to make a satisfactory structure.<a href="#cite_note-CobbComfort2023-85">[85]</a> Science historians <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_C._Comfort" title="Nathaniel C. Comfort">Nathaniel C. Comfort</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Cobb" title="Matthew Cobb">Matthew Cobb</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>, explained that "She did not have time to make these final leaps, because Watson and Crick beat her to the answer."<a href="#cite_note-CobbComfort2023-85">[85]</a> Weeks later, on 10 April, Franklin wrote to Crick for permission to see their model.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Franklin retained her scepticism for premature model building even after seeing the Watson–Crick model, and remained unimpressed. She is reported to have commented, "It's very pretty, but how are they going to prove it?" As an experimental scientist, Franklin seems to have been interested in producing far greater evidence before publishing-as-proven a proposed model. Accordingly, her response to the Watson–Crick model was in keeping with her cautious approach to science.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Crick and Watson published their model in Nature on 25 April 1953, in an article describing the double-helical structure of DNA with only a footnote acknowledging "having been stimulated by a general knowledge of Franklin and Wilkins' 'unpublished' contribution."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-98">[98]</a> Actually, although it was the bare minimum, they had just enough specific knowledge of Franklin and Gosling's data upon which to base their model. As a result of a deal struck by the two laboratory directors, articles by Wilkins and Franklin, which included their X-ray diffraction data, were modified and then published second and third in the same issue of Nature, seemingly only in support of the Crick and Watson theoretical paper which proposed a model for the B-DNA.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated12-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated13-95">[95]</a> Most of the scientific community hesitated several years before accepting the double helix proposal. At first mainly geneticists embraced the model because of its obvious genetic implications.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birkbeck_College">Birkbeck College</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_Franklin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Birkbeck College">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TMV_virus_under_magnification.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/TMV_virus_under_magnification.jpg/220px-TMV_virus_under_magnification.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/TMV_virus_under_magnification.jpg/330px-TMV_virus_under_magnification.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/TMV_virus_under_magnification.jpg/440px-TMV_virus_under_magnification.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Micrograph#Electron_micrograph" title="Micrograph">electron micrograph</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_mosaic_virus" title="Tobacco mosaic virus">tobacco mosaic virus</a></figcaption></figure> Franklin left King's College London in mid-March 1953 for <a href="/wiki/Birkbeck_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Birkbeck College">Birkbeck College</a>, in a move that had been planned for some time and that she described (in a letter to Adrienne Weill in Paris) as "moving from a palace to the slums ... but pleasanter all the same".<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> She was recruited by physics department chair John Desmond Bernal,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> a crystallographer who was a communist, known for promoting female crystallographers. Her new laboratories were housed in 21 Torrington Square, one of a pair of dilapidated and cramped Georgian houses containing several different departments; Franklin frequently took Bernal to task over the careless attitudes of some of the other laboratory staff, notably after workers in the pharmacy department flooded her first-floor laboratory with water on one occasion.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Despite the parting words of Bernal to stop her interest in nucleic acids, Franklin helped Gosling to finish his thesis, although she was no longer his official supervisor. Together, they published the first evidence of double helix in the A form of DNA in the 25 July issue of Nature.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> At the end of 1954, Bernal secured funding for Franklin from the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural Research Council">Agricultural Research Council</a> (ARC), which enabled her to work as a senior scientist supervising her own research group.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_pp._356–357-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_Finch" title="John Thomas Finch">John Finch</a>, a physics student from <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>, subsequently joined Franklin's group, followed by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Holmes" title="Kenneth Holmes">Kenneth Holmes</a>, a Cambridge graduate, in July 1955. Despite the ARC funding, Franklin wrote to Bernal that the existing facilities remained highly unsuited for conducting research "...my desk and lab are on the fourth floor, my X-ray tube in the basement, and I am responsible for the work of four people distributed over the basement, first and second floors on two different staircases."<a href="#cite_note-Brown,_pp._356–357-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="RNA_research">RNA research</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_Franklin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: RNA research">edit</a>]</div> Franklin continued to explore another major nucleic acid, <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>, a molecule equally central to life as <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. She again used X-ray crystallography to study the structure of the <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_mosaic_virus" title="Tobacco mosaic virus">tobacco mosaic virus</a> (TMV), an <a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA virus</a>. Her meeting with Aaron Klug in early 1954 led to a longstanding and successful collaboration. Klug had just then earned his PhD from <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>, and joined Birkbeck in late 1953. In 1955, Franklin published her first major works on TMV in Nature, where she described that all TMV virus particles were of the same length.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> This was in direct contradiction to the ideas of the eminent virologist <a href="/wiki/Norman_Pirie" title="Norman Pirie">Norman Pirie</a>, though Franklin's observation ultimately proved correct.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Franklin assigned the study of the complete structure of TMV to her PhD student Holmes. They soon discovered (published in 1956) that the covering of TMV was protein molecules arranged in helices.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Her colleague Klug worked on spherical viruses with his student Finch, with Franklin coordinating and overseeing the work.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> As a team, from 1956 they started publishing seminal works on TMV,<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> cucumber virus 4 and <a href="/wiki/Turnip_yellow_mosaic_virus" title="Turnip yellow mosaic virus">turnip yellow mosaic virus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Franklin also had a <a href="/wiki/Research_assistant" title="Research assistant">research assistant</a>, James Watt, subsidised by the <a href="/wiki/National_Coal_Board" title="National Coal Board">National Coal Board</a> and was now the leader of the ARC group at Birkbeck.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The Birkbeck team members continued working on RNA viruses affecting several plants, including potato, turnip, tomato and pea.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In 1955 the team was joined by an American post-doctoral student <a href="/wiki/Donald_Caspar" title="Donald Caspar">Donald Caspar</a>. He worked on the precise location of RNA molecules in TMV. In 1956, Caspar and Franklin published individual but complementary papers in the 10 March issue of Nature, in which they showed that the RNA in TMV is wound along the inner surface of the hollow virus.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Caspar was not an enthusiastic writer, and Franklin had to write the entire manuscript for him.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Franklin's research grant from ARC expired at the end of 1957, and she was never given the full salary proposed by Birkbeck.<a href="#cite_note-Creager-2008-63">[63]</a> After Bernal requested ARC chairman <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rothschild">Lord Rothschild</a>, she was given a one-year extension ending in March 1958.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Expo_58" title="Expo 58">Expo 58</a>, the first major international fair after World War II, was to be held in Brussels in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Franklin was invited to make a five-foot high model of TMV, which she started in 1957. Her materials included table tennis balls and plastic bicycle handlebar grips.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The Brussels world's fair, with an exhibit of her virus model at the International Science Pavilion, opened on 17 April, one day after she died.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polio_virus">Polio virus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_Franklin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Polio virus">edit</a>]</div> In 1956 Franklin visited the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, where colleagues suggested her group research the <a href="/wiki/Poliovirus" title="Poliovirus">polio virus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In 1957 she applied for a grant from the United States <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Health Service">Public Health Service</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>, which approved £10,000 (equivalent to £304,532 in 2023<a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-126">[126]</a>) for three years, the largest fund ever received at Birkbeck.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In her grant application, Franklin mentioned her new interest in animal virus research. She obtained Bernal's consent in July 1957, though serious concerns were raised after Franklin disclosed her intentions to research live, instead of killed, polio virus at Birkbeck. Eventually, Bernal arranged for the virus to be safely stored at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Hygiene_and_Tropical_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine">London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</a> during the group's research. With her group, Franklin then commenced deciphering the structure of the polio virus while it was in a crystalline state. She attempted to mount the virus crystals in capillary tubes for X-ray studies, but was forced to end her work due to her rapidly failing health.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> After Franklin's death <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Klug</a> succeeded her as group leader, and he, Finch and Holmes continued researching the structure of the polio virus. They eventually succeeded in obtaining extremely detailed X-ray images of the virus. In June 1959 Klug and Finch published the group's findings, revealing the polio virus to have icosahedral symmetry, and in the same paper suggested the possibility for all spherical viruses to possess the same symmetry, as it permitted the greatest possible number (60) of identical structural units.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The team moved to the <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_of_Molecular_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratory of Molecular Biology">Laboratory of Molecular Biology</a>, Cambridge, in 1962<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> and the old Torrington Square laboratories were demolished four years later, in May 1966.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_Franklin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> Franklin was best described as an agnostic. Her lack of religious faith apparently did not stem from anyone's influence, rather from her own line of thinking. She developed her scepticism as a young child. Her mother recalled that she refused to believe in the <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a>, and remarked, "Well, anyhow, how do you know He isn't She?"<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> She later made her position clear, now based on her scientific experience, and wrote to her father in 1940: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[S]cience and everyday life cannot and should not be separated. Science, for me, gives a partial explanation of life ... I do not accept your definition of faith i.e. belief in life after death ... Your faith rests on the future of yourself and others as individuals, mine in the future and fate of our successors. It seems to me that yours is the more selfish ...<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> [as to] the question of a creator. A creator of what? ... I see no reason to believe that a creator of protoplasm or primeval matter, if such there be, has any reason to be interested in our insignificant race in a tiny corner of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-Maddox,_p._61-135">[135]</a></blockquote> However, Franklin did not abandon Jewish traditions. As the only Jewish student at Lindores School, she had Hebrew lessons on her own while her friends went to church.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> She joined the Jewish Society while in her first term at Cambridge, out of respect of her grandfather's request.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Franklin confided to her sister that she was "always consciously a Jew".<a href="#cite_note-Maddox,_p._61-135">[135]</a> Franklin loved travelling abroad, particularly <a href="/wiki/Trekking" class="mw-redirect" title="Trekking">trekking</a>. She first "qualified" at Christmas 1929 for a vacation at <a href="/wiki/Menton" title="Menton">Menton</a>, France, where her grandfather went to escape the English winter.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Her family frequently spent vacations in Wales or Cornwall. A trip to France in 1938 gave Franklin a lasting love for France and its language. She considered the French lifestyle at that time as "vastly superior to that of English".<a href="#cite_note-Polcovar,_p._33-139">[139]</a> In contrast, Franklin described English people as having "vacant stupid faces and childlike complacency".<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Her family was almost stuck in Norway in 1939, as World War II was declared on their way home.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> In another instance, Franklin trekked the French Alps with Jean Kerslake in 1946, which almost cost her her life. Franklin slipped off a slope, and was barely rescued.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> But she wrote to her mother, "I am quite sure I could wander happily in France forever. I love the people, the country and the food."<a href="#cite_note-Polcovar,_p._41-143">[143]</a> Of note are also Franklin's visits to <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. She collaborated with Slovenian chemist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Du%C5%A1an_Had%C5%BEi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dušan Hadži (page does not exist)">Dušan Hadži</a> [<a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Had%C5%BEi" class="extiw" title="sl:Dušan Hadži">sl</a>] whom she met at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College</a> in 1951. In the 1950s, she visited <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a> one or more times where she held a lecture on coal in <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> and visited the <a href="/wiki/Julian_Alps" title="Julian Alps">Julian Alps</a> (<a href="/wiki/Triglav" title="Triglav">Triglav</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bled" title="Bled">Bled</a>). Her best-known trekking photograph was presumably created by Hadži in May 1952 and depicts Franklin against the background of the natural rock formation of <a href="/wiki/Heathen_Maiden" title="Heathen Maiden">Heathen Maiden</a>. She also collaborated with the Croatian physicist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katarina_Kranjc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katarina Kranjc (page does not exist)">Katarina Kranjc</a>. She held lectures in <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> and visited <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Franklin made several professional trips to the United States, and was particularly jovial among her American friends and constantly displayed her sense of humour. William Ginoza of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>, later recalled that Franklin was the opposite of Watson's description of her, and as Maddox comments, Americans enjoyed her "sunny side".<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> In his book The Double Helix, Watson provides his first-person account of the search for and discovery of DNA. He paints a sympathetic but sometimes critical portrait of Franklin. He praises her intellect and scientific acumen, but portrays Franklin as difficult to work with and careless with her appearance. After introducing her in the book as "Rosalind", he writes that he and his male colleagues usually referred to her as "Rosy", the name people at King's College London used behind her back.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Franklin did not want to be called by that name because she had a great-aunt Rosy. In the family, she was called "Ros".<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> To others, Franklin was simply "Rosalind". She made it clear to an American visiting friend, Dorothea Raacke, while sitting with her at Crick's table in <a href="/wiki/The_Eagle,_Cambridge" title="The Eagle, Cambridge">The Eagle</a> pub in Cambridge: Raacke asked her how she would like to be addressed, she replied "I'm afraid it will have to be Rosalind", adding "Most definitely not Rosy."<a href="#cite_note-Maddox,_p._288-148">[148]</a> Franklin often expressed her political views. She initially blamed <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> for inciting the war, but later admired him for his speeches. Franklin actively supported Professor <a href="/wiki/John_Ryle_(physician)" title="John Ryle (physician)">John Ryle</a> as an independent candidate for parliament in the <a href="/wiki/1940_Cambridge_University_by-election" title="1940 Cambridge University by-election">1940 Cambridge University by-election</a>, but he was unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-Glynn,_p._52-149">[149]</a> Franklin did not seem to have an intimate relationship with anyone, and always kept her deepest personal feelings to herself. After her younger days, she avoided close friendship with the opposite sex. In her later years, Evi Ellis, who had shared her bedroom when a child refugee and who was then married to Ernst Wohlgemuth<a href="#cite_note-genealogy-29">[29]</a> and had moved to Notting Hill from Chicago, tried matchmaking her with <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Ralph Miliband</a> but failed. Franklin once told Evi that a man who had a flat on the same floor as hers asked if she would like to come in for a drink, but she did not understand the intention.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> She was quite infatuated by her French mentor Mering, who had a wife and a mistress.<a href="#cite_note-Polcovar,_p._41-143">[143]</a> Mering also admitted that he was captivated by her "intelligence and beauty".<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Anne_Sayre" title="Anne Sayre">Anne Sayre</a>, Franklin did confess her feeling for Mering when she was undergoing a second surgery, but Maddox reported that the family denied this.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Mering wept when he visited her later,<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> and destroyed all her letters after her death.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Franklin's closest personal affair was probably with her once post-doctoral student <a href="/wiki/Donald_Caspar" title="Donald Caspar">Donald Caspar</a>. In 1956, she visited him at his home in Colorado after her tour to <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, and she was known to remark later that Caspar was one "she might have loved, might have married". In her letter to Sayre, Franklin described him as "an ideal match".<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illness,_death,_and_burial">Illness, death, and burial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_Franklin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Illness, death, and burial">edit</a>]</div> In mid-1956, while on a work-related trip to the United States, Franklin first began to suspect a health problem. While in New York, she found difficulty in zipping her skirt; her stomach had bulged. Back in London, Franklin consulted Mair Livingstone,<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> who asked her, "You're not pregnant?" to which she retorted, "I wish I were." Her case was marked "URGENT".<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> An operation on 4 September of the same year revealed two tumours in her abdomen.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> After this period and other periods of hospitalisation, Franklin spent time convalescing with various friends and family members. These included Anne Sayre, Francis Crick, his wife Odile, with whom Franklin had formed a strong friendship,<a href="#cite_note-Maddox,_p._288-148">[148]</a> and finally with the Roland and Nina Franklin family where Rosalind's nieces and nephews bolstered her spirits. Franklin chose not to stay with her parents because her mother's uncontrollable grief and crying upset her too much. Even while undergoing cancer treatment, Franklin continued to work, and her group continued to produce results – seven papers in 1956 and six more in 1957.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> At the end of 1957 Franklin again fell ill and she was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marsden_Hospital" title="Royal Marsden Hospital">Royal Marsden Hospital</a>. On 2 December she made her will. Franklin named her three brothers as executors and made her colleague Aaron Klug the principal beneficiary, who would receive £3,000 and her Austin car. Of her other friends, Mair Livingstone would get £2,000, Anne Piper £1,000, and her nurse Miss Griffith £250. The remainder of the estate was to be used for charities.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Franklin returned to work in January 1958 and was also given a promotion to Research Associate in Biophysics on 25 February.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> She fell ill again on 30 March and died a few weeks later on 16 April 1958 in <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_London" title="Chelsea, London">Chelsea</a>, London,<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bronchopneumonia" title="Bronchopneumonia">bronchopneumonia</a>, secondary <a href="/wiki/Carcinomatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcinomatosis">carcinomatosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">ovarian cancer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Health effects of radiation">Exposure to X-ray radiation</a> is sometimes considered to be a possible factor in Franklin's illness.<a href="#cite_note-nova-photo51-164">[164]</a> Other members of her family have died of cancer, and the incidence of <a href="/wiki/Gynaecological_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynaecological cancer">gynaecological cancer</a> is known to be disproportionately high among <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Franklin's death certificate states: A Research Scientist, Spinster, Daughter of Ellis Arthur Franklin, a Banker.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> She was interred on 17 April 1958 in the family plot at <a href="/wiki/Willesden_United_Synagogue_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Willesden United Synagogue Cemetery">Willesden United Synagogue Cemetery</a> at Beaconsfield Road in <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Brent" title="London Borough of Brent">London Borough of Brent</a>. The inscription on her tombstone reads:<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <blockquote> IN MEMORY OF ROSALIND ELSIE FRANKLIN מ' רחל בת ר' יהודה [Rochel/Rachel daughter of Yehuda, her father's Hebrew name] DEARLY LOVED ELDER DAUGHTER OF ELLIS AND MURIEL FRANKLIN 25TH JULY 1920 – 16TH APRIL 1958 SCIENTIST HER RESEARCH AND DISCOVERIES ON VIRUSES REMAIN OF LASTING BENEFIT TO MANKIND ת נ צ ב ה [Hebrew initials for "her soul shall be bound in the bundle of life"] </blockquote> Franklin's will was proven on 30 June with her estate assessed for probate at £11,278 10s. 9d. (equivalent to £332,828 in 2023<a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-126">[126]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-probate-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies_after_death">Controversies after death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_Franklin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Controversies after death">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alleged_sexism_toward_Franklin">Alleged sexism toward Franklin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_Franklin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Alleged sexism toward Franklin">edit</a>]</div> Anne Sayre, Franklin's friend and one of her biographers, says in her 1975 book, <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_and_DNA" title="Rosalind Franklin and DNA">Rosalind Franklin and DNA</a>: "In 1951 ... King's College London as an institution, was not distinguished for the welcome that it offered to women ... Rosalind ... was unused to <a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">purdah</a> [a religious and social institution of female seclusion] ... there was one other female on the laboratory staff".<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biologist</a> Andrzej Stasiak notes: "Sayre's book became widely cited in feminist circles for exposing rampant sexism in science."<a href="#cite_note-stasiak-171">[171]</a> Farooq Hussain says: "there were seven women in the biophysics department ... <a href="/wiki/Jean_Hanson" title="Jean Hanson">Jean Hanson</a> became an FRS, <a href="/wiki/Dame_Honor_B._Fell" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame Honor B. Fell">Dame Honor B. Fell</a>, Director of <a href="/wiki/Strangeways_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Strangeways Laboratory">Strangeways Laboratory</a>, supervised the biologists".<a href="#cite_note-Hussain1975-172">[172]</a> Maddox, Franklin's biographer, states: "<a href="/wiki/John_Randall_(physicist)" title="John Randall (physicist)">Randall</a> ... did have many women on his staff ... they found him ... sympathetic and helpful."<a href="#cite_note-Maddox,_p._135-173">[173]</a> Sayre asserts that "while the male staff at King's lunched in a large, comfortable, rather clubby dining room" the female staff of all ranks "lunched in the student's hall or away from the premises".<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> However, Elkin claims that most of the <a href="/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical Research Council (UK)">MRC</a> group (including Franklin) typically ate lunch together in the mixed dining room discussed below.<a href="#cite_note-Elkin_45-66">[66]</a> And Maddox says, of Randall: "He liked to see his flock, men and women, come together for morning coffee, and at lunch in the joint dining room, where he ate with them nearly every day."<a href="#cite_note-Maddox,_p._135-173">[173]</a> Francis Crick also commented that "her colleagues treated men and women scientists alike".<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Sayre also discusses at length Franklin's struggle in pursuing science, particularly her father's concern about women in academic professions.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> This account had led to accusations of sexism in regard to Ellis Franklin's attitude to his daughter. A good deal of information explicitly claims that he strongly opposed her entering Newnham College.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a> (PBS) biography of Franklin goes further, stating that he refused to pay her fees, and that an aunt stepped in to do that for her.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Her sister, Jenifer Glynn, has stated that those stories are myths, and that her parents fully supported Franklin's entire career.<a href="#cite_note-glynn12-5">[5]</a> Sexism is said to pervade the memoir of one peer, James Watson, in his book The Double Helix, published 10 years after Franklin's death and after Watson had returned from Cambridge to Harvard.<a href="#cite_note-Harding2006-183">[183]</a> His Cambridge colleague, Peter Pauling, wrote in a letter, "Morris [sic] Wilkins is supposed to be doing this work; Miss Franklin is evidently a fool."<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Crick acknowledges later, "I'm afraid we always used to adopt – let's say, a patronizing attitude towards her."<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Glynn accuses Sayre of erroneously making her sister a feminist heroine,<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> and sees Watson's The Double Helix as the root of what she calls the "Rosalind Industry". She conjectures that the stories of alleged sexism would "have embarrassed her [Rosalind Franklin] almost as much as Watson's account would have upset her",<a href="#cite_note-glynn12-5">[5]</a> and declared that "she [Rosalind] was never a feminist."<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Klug and Crick have also concurred that Franklin was definitely not a feminist.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Franklin's letter to her parents in January 1939 is often taken as reflecting her own prejudiced attitude, and the claim that she was "not immune to the sexism rampant in these circles". In the letter, she remarked that one lecturer was "very good, though female".<a href="#cite_note-Wertheimer2007-189">[189]</a> Maddox maintains that was a circumstantial comment rather than an example of gender bias, and that it was an expression of admiration because, at the time, woman teachers of science were a rarity. In fact, Maddox says, Franklin laughed at men who were embarrassed by the appointment of the first female professor, <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Garrod" title="Dorothy Garrod">Dorothy Garrod</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contribution_to_the_model/structure_of_DNA">Contribution to the model/structure of DNA</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_Franklin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Contribution to the model/structure of DNA">edit</a>]</div> Franklin's first important contributions to the model popularised by Crick and Watson was her lecture at the seminar in November 1951, where she presented to those present, among them Watson, the two forms of the molecule, type A and type B, her position being that the phosphate units are located in the external part of the molecule. She also specified the amount of water to be found in the molecule in accordance with other parts of it, data that have considerable importance for the stability of the molecule. Franklin was the first to discover and articulate these facts, which constituted the basis for all later attempts to build a model of the molecule. However, Watson, at the time ignorant of the chemistry, failed to comprehend the crucial information, and this led to the construction of an incorrect three-helical model.<a href="#cite_note-Klug-2004-62">[62]</a> The other contribution included a photograph of an X-ray diffaction pattern of B-DNA (called <a href="/wiki/Photo_51" title="Photo 51">Photo 51</a>),<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> taken by Franklin's student Gosling, that was briefly shown to Watson by Wilkins in January 1953,<a href="#cite_note-Maddox,_p._196-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> and a report written for an MRC biophysics committee visit to King's in December 1952 which was shown by Perutz at the Cavendish Laboratory to both Crick and Watson. This MRC report contained data from the King's group, including some of Franklin's and Gosling's work, and was given to Crick – who was working on his thesis on <a href="/wiki/Haemoglobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemoglobin">haemoglobin</a> structure – by his thesis supervisor Perutz, a member of the visiting committee.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Sayre's biography of Franklin contains a story<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> alleging that the photograph 51 in question was shown to Watson by Wilkins without Franklin's permission,<a href="#cite_note-stasiak-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> and that this constituted a case of bad science ethics.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Others dispute this story, asserting that Wilkins had been given photograph 51 by Franklin's Ph.D. student Gosling because she was leaving King's to work at Birkbeck. There was allegedly nothing untoward in this transfer of data to Wilkins<a href="#cite_note-Maddox,_p._196-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> because Director Randall had insisted that all DNA work belonged exclusively to King's. He had therefore instructed Franklin, in a letter, to even stop working on it and submit her data.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> It was also implied, by <a href="/wiki/Horace_Freeland_Judson" title="Horace Freeland Judson">Horace Freeland Judson</a>, that Maurice Wilkins had taken the photograph out of Franklin's drawer, but this is also said to be incorrect.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Likewise, Perutz saw "no harm" in showing an MRC report containing the conclusions of Franklin and Gosling's X-ray data analysis to Crick, since it had not been marked as confidential, although "The report was not expected to reach outside eyes".<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Indeed, after the publication of Watson's The Double Helix exposed Perutz's act, he received so many letters questioning his judgment that he felt the need to both answer them all<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> and to post a general statement in <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a> excusing himself on the basis of being "inexperienced and casual in administrative matters".<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Perutz also claimed that the MRC information was already made available to the Cambridge team when Watson had attended Franklin's seminar in November 1951. A preliminary version of much of the important material contained in the 1952 December MRC report had been presented by Franklin in a talk she had given in November 1951, which Watson had attended but not understood.<a href="#cite_note-Maddox_199-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> The Perutz letter was, as said, one of three, published with others by Wilkins and Watson, which discussed their various contributions. Watson clarified the importance of the data obtained from the MRC report as he had not recorded these data while attending Franklin's lecture in 1951. The upshot of all this was that, when Crick and Watson started to build their model, in February 1953, they were working with critical parameters that had been determined by Franklin in 1951, which she and Gosling had significantly refined in 1952, as well as with published data and other very similar data to those available at King's. It was generally believed that Franklin was never aware that her work had been used during construction of the model,<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> but Gosling, when asked in his 2013 interview if he believed she learned of this before her death, asserted "Yes. Oh, she did know about that."<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> In 2023 an unpublished article for <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine in 1953 revealed two documents that showed a close collaboration of Franklin with Watson and Crick.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> Reporting in Nature, Comfort and Cobb suggested new evidence in an opinion piece that Franklin was a contributor and "equal player" in process leading to the discovery of the molecular structure of DNA, rather than otherwise,<a href="#cite_note-AP-20230425-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20230425-213">[213]</a> concluding that "the discovery of the structure of DNA was not seen [in 1953] as a race won by Watson and Crick, but as the outcome of a joint effort."<a href="#cite_note-Cobb-2023-214">[214]</a> One manuscript written by Joan Bruce, a London journalist for Time, was never published and stored among Franklin's papers. It was prepared in consultation with Franklin,<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> who saw that Bruce's scientific presentation was not good enough for an article. Bruce clearly mentioned that "they [Franklin and Wilkins with Watson and Crick] linked up, confirming each other's work from time to time, or wrestling over a common problem," and that Franklin was often "checking the Cavendish model against her own X-rays, not always confirming the Cavendish structural theory."<a href="#cite_note-Cobb-2023-214">[214]</a> Another document, a letter of Pauline Cowan from King's College inviting Crick to attend Franklin's lecture in January 1953, indicated that Crick was already familiar with the DNA data available at the time.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> In an interview in <a href="/wiki/Science_News" title="Science News">Science News</a>, Comfort and Cobb agreed that there were never stealing of any data, as the two teams shared their research information willingly.<a href="#cite_note-Saey-2023-217">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recognition_of_her_contribution_to_the_model_of_DNA">Recognition of her contribution to the model of DNA</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_Franklin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Recognition of her contribution to the model of DNA">edit</a>]</div> Upon the completion of their model, Crick and Watson had invited Wilkins to be a co-author of their paper describing the structure.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Wilkins turned down this offer, as he had taken no part in building the model.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> He later expressed regret that greater discussion of co-authorship had not taken place as this might have helped to clarify the contribution the work at King's had made to the discovery.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> There is no doubt that Franklin's experimental data were used by Crick and Watson to build their model of DNA in 1953. Some, including Maddox, have explained this citation omission by suggesting that it may be a question of circumstance, because it would have been very difficult to cite the unpublished work from the MRC report they had seen.<a href="#cite_note-Maddox_207-91">[91]</a> Indeed, a clear timely acknowledgment would have been awkward, given the unorthodox manner in which data were transferred from King's to Cambridge. However, methods were available. Watson and Crick could have cited the MRC report as a personal communication or else cited the Acta articles in press, or most easily, the third Nature paper that they knew was in press. One of the most important accomplishments of Maddox's widely acclaimed biography is that Maddox made a well-received case for inadequate acknowledgement. "Such acknowledgement as they gave her was very muted and always coupled with the name of Wilkins".<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> Fifteen years after the fact the first clear recitation of Franklin's contribution appeared as it permeated Watson's account, The Double Helix, although it was buried under descriptions of Watson's (often quite negative) regard towards Franklin during the period of their work on DNA. This attitude is epitomized in the confrontation between Watson and Franklin over a preprint of Pauling's mistaken DNA manuscript.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Watson's words impelled Sayre to write her rebuttal, in which the entire chapter nine, "Winner Take All", has the structure of a legal brief dissecting and analyzing the topic of acknowledgement.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Sayre's early analysis was often ignored because of perceived feminist overtones in her book. Watson and Crick did not cite the X-ray diffraction work of Wilkins and Franklin in their original paper, though they admit having "been stimulated by a knowledge of the general nature of the unpublished experimental results and ideas of Dr. M. H. F. Wilkins, Dr. R. E. Franklin and their co-workers at King's College London".<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-98">[98]</a> In fact, Watson and Crick cited no experimental data at all in support of their model. Franklin and Gosling's publication of the DNA X-ray image, in the same issue of Nature, served as the principal evidence:<blockquote>Thus our general ideas are not inconsistent with the model proposed by Watson and Crick in the preceding communication.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated13-95">[95]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_Prize">Nobel Prize</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_Franklin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nobel Prize">edit</a>]</div> Franklin was never nominated for a Nobel Prize.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ms-225">[225]</a> Her work was a crucial part in the discovery of DNA's structure, which, along with subsequent related work, led to Francis Crick, James Watson, and Maurice Wilkins being awarded a Nobel Prize in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> Franklin had died in 1958, and during her lifetime, the DNA structure was not considered to be fully proven. It took Wilkins and his colleagues about seven years to collect enough data to prove and refine the proposed DNA structure. Moreover, its biological significance, as proposed by Watson and Crick, was not established. General acceptance for the DNA double helix and its function did not start until late in the 1950s, leading to Nobel nominations in 1960, 1961, and 1962 for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and in 1962 for Nobel Prize in Chemistry.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> The first breakthrough was from <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Meselson" title="Matthew Meselson">Matthew Meselson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Stahl" title="Franklin Stahl">Franklin Stahl</a> in 1958, who experimentally showed the DNA replication of a bacterium, <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> In what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Meselson%E2%80%93Stahl_experiment" title="Meselson–Stahl experiment">Meselson–Stahl experiment</a>, DNA was found to replicate into two double-stranded helices, with each helix having one of the original DNA strands. This <a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">DNA replication</a> was firmly established by 1961 after further demonstration in other species,<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> and of the stepwise chemical reaction.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> According to the 1961 Crick–Monod letter, this experimental proof, along with Wilkins having initiated the DNA diffraction work, were the reasons why Crick felt that Wilkins should be included in the DNA Nobel Prize.<a href="#cite_note-zallen-89">[89]</a> In 1962 the Nobel Prize was subsequently awarded to Crick, Watson, and Wilkins.<a href="#cite_note-Profile-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> Nobel rules now prohibit posthumous nominations (though this statute was not formally in effect until 1974) or splitting of Prizes more than three ways.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> The award was for their body of work on <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleic acids">nucleic acids</a> and not exclusively for the discovery of the structure of DNA.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> By the time of the award Wilkins had been working on the structure of DNA for more than 10 years, and had done much to confirm the Watson–Crick model.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> Crick had been working on the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_code" title="Genetic code">genetic code</a> at Cambridge and Watson had worked on <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> for some years.<a href="#cite_note-nobel-238">[238]</a> Watson has suggested that ideally Wilkins and Franklin would have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.<a href="#cite_note-nobelprize.org-13">[13]</a> Pauling, who received the Nobel Peace Prize that year, believed and earlier warned the Nobel Committee in 1960 that "it might well be premature to make an award of a Prize to Watson and Crick, because of existing uncertainty about the detailed structure of nucleic acid. I myself feel that it is likely that the general nature of the Watson-Crick structure is correct, but that there is doubt about details."<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> He was partly right as an alternative of Watson-Crick base pairing, called the <a href="/wiki/Hoogsteen_base_pairing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoogsteen base pairing">Hoogsteen base pairing</a> that can form triple DNA strand, was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Karst_Hoogsteen" title="Karst Hoogsteen">Karst Hoogsteen</a> in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> Aaron Klug, Franklin's colleague and principal beneficiary in her will, was the sole winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982, "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes".<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> This work was exactly what Franklin had started and which she introduced to Klug, and it is highly plausible that, were she alive, Franklin would have shared the Nobel Prize.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_Franklin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Awards and honours">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posthumous_recognition">Posthumous recognition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_Franklin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Posthumous recognition">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1982, <a href="/wiki/Iota_Sigma_Pi" title="Iota Sigma Pi">Iota Sigma Pi</a> designated Franklin a National Honorary Member.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a></li> <li>1984, <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Girls_School" class="mw-redirect" title="St Paul's Girls School">St Paul's Girls School</a> established the Rosalind Franklin Technology Centre.<a href="#cite_note-berger-31">[31]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franklin-Wilkins_Building_King%27s_College_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Franklin-Wilkins_Building_King%27s_College_London.jpg/220px-Franklin-Wilkins_Building_King%27s_College_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Franklin-Wilkins_Building_King%27s_College_London.jpg/330px-Franklin-Wilkins_Building_King%27s_College_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Franklin-Wilkins_Building_King%27s_College_London.jpg/440px-Franklin-Wilkins_Building_King%27s_College_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Mural inscription on <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>'s Franklin-Wilkins Building, co-named in honour of Rosalind Franklin's work</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ROSALIND_FRANKLIN_1920-1958_Pioneer_of_the_study_of_molecular_structures_including_DNA_lived_here_1951-1958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/ROSALIND_FRANKLIN_1920-1958_Pioneer_of_the_study_of_molecular_structures_including_DNA_lived_here_1951-1958.jpg/170px-ROSALIND_FRANKLIN_1920-1958_Pioneer_of_the_study_of_molecular_structures_including_DNA_lived_here_1951-1958.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/ROSALIND_FRANKLIN_1920-1958_Pioneer_of_the_study_of_molecular_structures_including_DNA_lived_here_1951-1958.jpg/255px-ROSALIND_FRANKLIN_1920-1958_Pioneer_of_the_study_of_molecular_structures_including_DNA_lived_here_1951-1958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/ROSALIND_FRANKLIN_1920-1958_Pioneer_of_the_study_of_molecular_structures_including_DNA_lived_here_1951-1958.jpg/340px-ROSALIND_FRANKLIN_1920-1958_Pioneer_of_the_study_of_molecular_structures_including_DNA_lived_here_1951-1958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Blue plaque on 107 <a href="/wiki/Drayton_Gardens" title="Drayton Gardens">Drayton Gardens</a>, London SW10</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1992, <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> placed a <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> commemorating Franklin on the building in <a href="/wiki/Drayton_Gardens" title="Drayton Gardens">Drayton Gardens</a>, London, where she lived until her death.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a></li> <li>1993, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a> renamed the Orchard Residence at its Hampstead Campus as Rosalind Franklin Hall.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a></li> <li>1993, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a> placed a blue plaque on its outside wall bearing the inscription: "R. E. Franklin, R. G. Gosling, A. R. Stokes, M. H. F. Wilkins, H. R. Wilson – King's College London – DNA – X-ray diffraction studies – 1953."<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a></li> <li>1995, <a href="/wiki/Newnham_College,_Cambridge" title="Newnham College, Cambridge">Newnham College, Cambridge</a> opened a graduate residence named Rosalind Franklin Building,<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> and put a bust of her in its garden.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-dugard-251">[251]</a></li> <li>1997, <a href="/wiki/Birkbeck,_University_of_London" title="Birkbeck, University of London">Birkbeck, University of London</a> School of Crystallography opened the Rosalind Franklin Laboratory.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a></li> <li>1997, a newly discovered asteroid was named <a href="/wiki/9241_Rosfranklin" class="mw-redirect" title="9241 Rosfranklin">9241 Rosfranklin</a>.</li> <li>1998, <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Portrait Gallery (London)">National Portrait Gallery</a> in London added Rosalind Franklin's portrait next to those of Francis Crick, James Watson and Maurice Wilkins.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a></li> <li>1999, the Institute of Physics at Portland Place, London, renamed its theatre as Franklin Lecture Theatre.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a></li> <li>2000, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a> opened the Franklin–Wilkins Building in honour of Franklin's and Wilkins's work at the college.<a href="#cite_note-KCLfuture-255">[255]</a></li> <li>2000, <a href="/wiki/We_the_Curious" class="mw-redirect" title="We the Curious">We the Curious</a> (formally @Bristol) has a Rosalind Franklin Room.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a></li> <li>2001, the American <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a> established the Rosalind E. Franklin Award for women in cancer research.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a></li> <li>2002, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">University of Groningen</a>, supported by the European Union, launched the <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_Fellowship" title="Rosalind Franklin Fellowship">Rosalind Franklin Fellowship</a> to encourage women researchers to become full university professors.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a></li> <li>2003, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_Award" title="Rosalind Franklin Award">Rosalind Franklin Award</a> (officially the Royal Society Rosalind Franklin Award and Lecture) for an outstanding contribution to any area of natural science, engineering or technology.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> The award consists of a silver-coated medal and a grant of £30,000.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a></li> <li>2003, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a> declared King's College London as "National Historic Chemical Landmark" and placed a plaque on the wall near the entrance of the building, with the inscription: "Near this site Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins, Raymond Gosling, Alexander Stokes and Herbert Wilson performed experiments that led to the discovery of the structure of DNA. This work revolutionised our understanding of the chemistry behind life itself."<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosalind_Franklin_University_of_Medicine_and_Science,_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Rosalind_Franklin_University_of_Medicine_and_Science%2C_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Rosalind_Franklin_University_of_Medicine_and_Science%2C_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Rosalind_Franklin_University_of_Medicine_and_Science%2C_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Rosalind_Franklin_University_of_Medicine_and_Science%2C_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Rosalind_Franklin_University_of_Medicine_and_Science%2C_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Rosalind_Franklin_University_of_Medicine_and_Science%2C_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1642" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption>Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science at Illinois</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>2004, Finch University of Health Sciences/The Chicago Medical School, located in <a href="/wiki/North_Chicago,_Illinois" title="North Chicago, Illinois">North Chicago</a>, Illinois, USA changed its name to the <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_University_of_Medicine_and_Science" title="Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science">Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> It also adopted a new motto "Life in Discovery", and Photo 51 as its logo.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a></li> <li>2004, the <a href="/wiki/Gruber_Foundation" title="Gruber Foundation">Gruber Foundation</a> started the Rosalind Franklin Young Investigator Award for two female geneticists from all over the world. It carries an annual fund of $25,000, each award is for three years, and selection is made by a joint committee appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Genetics_Society_of_America" title="Genetics Society of America">Genetics Society of America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Human_Genetics" title="American Society of Human Genetics">American Society of Human Genetics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a></li> <li>2004, the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Photon_Source" title="Advanced Photon Source">Advanced Photon Source</a> (APS) and the APS Users Organization (APSUO) started the APSUO Rosalind Franklin Young Investigator Award for young scientists who made contributions through the APS.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a></li> <li>2005, the DNA sculpture (donated by James Watson) outside <a href="/wiki/Clare_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Clare College">Clare College</a>, Cambridge's Memorial Court incorporates the words "The double helix model was supported by the work of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins."<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a></li> <li>2005, the <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_Cancer_Research_Alliance" title="Ovarian Cancer Research Alliance">Ovarian Cancer Research Alliance</a>, based in Florida, US, established an annual award the Rosalind Franklin Prize for Excellence in Ovarian Cancer Research.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a></li> <li>2006, the Rosalind Franklin Society was established in New York by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Liebert" title="Mary Ann Liebert">Mary Ann Liebert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> The Society aims to recognise, foster, and advance the important contributions of women in the life sciences and affiliated disciplines.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a></li> <li>2008, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> awarded an honorary <a href="/wiki/Louisa_Gross_Horwitz_Prize" title="Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize">Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize</a> to Franklin, "for her seminal contributions to the discovery of the structure of DNA".<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a></li> <li>2008, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics" title="Institute of Physics">Institute of Physics</a> established a biennial award the <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_Medal_and_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosalind Franklin Medal and Prize">Rosalind Franklin Medal and Prize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a></li> <li>2012, the bioinformatics education software platform <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosalind (education)">Rosalind</a> was named in honour of Franklin.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a></li> <li>2012, The Rosalind Franklin Building was opened at <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Trent_University" title="Nottingham Trent University">Nottingham Trent University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a></li> <li>2013, Google honoured Rosalind Franklin with a <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">doodle</a>, showing her gazing at a double helix structure of DNA with an X-ray of Photo 51 beyond it.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a></li> <li>2013, a plaque was placed on the wall of <a href="/wiki/The_Eagle_(pub)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eagle (pub)">The Eagle</a> pub in Cambridge commemorating Franklin's contribution to the discovery of the structure of DNA, on the sixtieth anniversary of Crick and Watson's announcement in the pub.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a></li> <li>2014, the Rosalind Franklin Award for Leadership in Industrial Biotechnology was established by Biotechnology Industry Organization (<a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_Innovation_Organization" title="Biotechnology Innovation Organization">Biotechnology Innovation Organization</a> since 2016) in collaboration with the Rosalind Franklin Society, for an outstanding woman in the field of industrial biotechnology and bioprocessing.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a></li> <li>2014, the Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science unveiled a bronze statue of Franklin, created by <a href="/wiki/Julie_Rotblatt-Amrany" title="Julie Rotblatt-Amrany">Julie Rotblatt-Amrany</a>, near its front entrance.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a></li> <li>2014, the Rosalind Franklin STEM Elementary was opened in <a href="/wiki/Pasco,_Washington" title="Pasco, Washington">Pasco</a>, Washington, the first science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) elementary school in the district.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a></li> <li>2014, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wolverhampton" title="University of Wolverhampton">University of Wolverhampton</a> opened its new laboratory building named the Rosalind Franklin Science Building.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a></li> <li>2015, <a href="/wiki/Newnham_College_Boat_Club" title="Newnham College Boat Club">Newnham College Boat Club</a>, Cambridge, launched a new racing VIII, naming it the Rosalind Franklin.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a></li> <li>2015, the Rosalind Franklin Appathon was launched by University College London as a national app competition for women in STEMM (science, technology, engineering, maths and medicine).<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a></li> <li>2015, a high performance computing and cloud facility in London was named Rosalind.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a></li> <li>2016, the <a href="/wiki/British_Humanist_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="British Humanist Association">British Humanist Association</a> added the Rosalind Franklin Lecture to its annual lecture series, aimed to explore and celebrate the contribution of women towards the promotion and advancement of humanism.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a></li> <li>2016, the Rosalind Franklin Prize and Tech Day was held on 23 February in London, organised by University College London, i-sense, UCL Enterprise, the <a href="/wiki/London_Centre_for_Nanotechnology" title="London Centre for Nanotechnology">London Centre for Nanotechnology</a> and the UCL <a href="/wiki/Athena_SWAN" title="Athena SWAN">Athena SWAN</a> Charter.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rue_Rosalind_Franklin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Rue_Rosalind_Franklin.svg/220px-Rue_Rosalind_Franklin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Rue_Rosalind_Franklin.svg/330px-Rue_Rosalind_Franklin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Rue_Rosalind_Franklin.svg/440px-Rue_Rosalind_Franklin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>Rue Rosalind Franklin in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>2017, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://Rue%20Rosalind-Franklin%20https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_Rosalind-Franklin_(Stad_Lëtzebuerg)">Rue Rosalind Franklin</a> made.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a></li> <li>2017, <a href="/wiki/DSM_(company)" title="DSM (company)">DSM</a> opened the Rosalind Franklin Biotechnology Center in <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a>, the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a></li> <li>2017, <a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a> <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">gave a heritage listing, at Grade II</a>, to Franklin's tomb at <a href="/wiki/Willesden_Jewish_Cemetery" title="Willesden Jewish Cemetery">Willesden Jewish Cemetery</a> on the grounds of it being of "special architectural or historic interest". Historic England said that "the tomb commemorates the life and achievements of Rosalind Franklin, a scientist of exceptional distinction, whose pioneering work helped lay the foundations of molecular biology; Franklin's X-ray observation of DNA contributed to the discovery of its helical structure."<a href="#cite_note-NHLEFRanklin-293">[293]</a></li> <li>2018, the <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_Institute" title="Rosalind Franklin Institute">Rosalind Franklin Institute</a>, an autonomous medical research centre under the joint venture of 10 universities and funded by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Research_and_Innovation" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Research and Innovation">United Kingdom Research and Innovation</a>, was launched at the <a href="/wiki/Harwell_Science_and_Innovation_Campus" title="Harwell Science and Innovation Campus">Harwell Science and Innovation Campus</a> on 6 June,<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> and was officially opened on 29 September 2021.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a></li> <li>2019, the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) named its ExoMars rover <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)">Rosalind Franklin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a></li> <li>2019, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Portsmouth" title="University of Portsmouth">University of Portsmouth</a> announced that it changed the name James Watson Halls to Rosalind Franklin Halls from 2 September.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a></li> <li>2020, Franklin was selected for the <a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Time 100 Women of the Year</a>, for 1953.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a></li> <li>2020, the UK <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a> released a 50-pence coin in honour of the hundredth anniversary of Franklin's birth on 25 July. It features a stylised version of Photo 51.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a></li> <li>2020, South Norfolk Council renamed a road on the <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Research_Park" title="Norwich Research Park">Norwich Research Park</a> in her honour in July 2020. The road is home to the <a href="/wiki/Quadram_Institute" title="Quadram Institute">Quadram Institute</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia" title="University of East Anglia">University of East Anglia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bob_Champion" title="Bob Champion">Bob Champion</a> Research and Education Building.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a></li> <li>2020, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a> announced that its library had previously held forty busts, all of whom were of men, was commissioning four new busts of women one of whom would be Franklin.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a></li> <li>2020, <a href="/wiki/Aston_Medical_School" title="Aston Medical School">Aston Medical School</a> instituted an annual competition for medical students named the Rosalind Franklin Essay Prize, funded by its alumni and Rosalind's nephew, Daniel Franklin, executive and diplomatic editor of <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a></li> <li>2021, a bronze <a href="/wiki/Tondo_(art)" title="Tondo (art)">tondo</a> of Rosalind Franklin was placed on Hampstead Manor and unveiled on 15 March.<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a></li> <li>On 30 June 2021, a satellite named after her (<a href="/wiki/%C3%91uSat" title="ÑuSat">ÑuSat</a> 19 or "Rosalind", COSPAR 2021-059AC) was launched into space.<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a></li> <li>2021, the Rosalind Franklin laboratory was opened in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Leamington_Spa" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Leamington Spa">Royal Leamington Spa</a>, Warwickshire, on 13 July as the largest laboratory for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> testing under the UK Health Security Agency and <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service_(England)" title="National Health Service (England)">National Health Service</a> Test and Trace network,<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> and supported by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a></li> <li>2022, the new bacterial genus, Franklinella, in the family <a href="/wiki/Comamonadaceae" title="Comamonadaceae">Comamonadaceae</a>, was described in her honour.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%98_%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%98_%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91.jpg/220px-%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%98_%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%98_%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91.jpg/330px-%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%98_%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%98_%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91.jpg/440px-%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%98_%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1587" data-file-height="1057" /></a><figcaption>Rachel (Rosalind) Franklin st. in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>As of 2024, Rachel (Rosalind) Franklin st. was named for her.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_Franklin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cultural references">edit</a>]</div> Franklin's part in the discovery of the nature of DNA was shown in the 1987 TV film <a href="/wiki/Life_Story_(TV_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Life Story (TV film)">Life Story</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Juliet_Stevenson" title="Juliet Stevenson">Juliet Stevenson</a> as Franklin, and with <a href="/wiki/Tim_Pigott-Smith" title="Tim Pigott-Smith">Tim Pigott-Smith</a> as Crick, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Howard_(actor)" title="Alan Howard (actor)">Alan Howard</a> as Wilkins and <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Goldblum" title="Jeff Goldblum">Jeff Goldblum</a> as Watson. The film portrayed Franklin as somewhat stern, but also alleged that Watson and Crick did use a lot of her work to do theirs.<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> A 56-minute documentary of the life and scientific contributions of Franklin, DNA – Secret of Photo 51, was broadcast in 2003 on <a href="/wiki/PBS_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS Nova">PBS Nova</a>.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> Narrated by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Flynn" title="Barbara Flynn">Barbara Flynn</a>, the program features interviews with Wilkins, Gosling, Klug, Maddox,<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> including Franklin's friends Vittorio Luzzati, Caspar, Anne Piper, and Sue Richley.<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> The UK version produced by <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> is titled Rosalind Franklin: DNA's Dark Lady.<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> The first episode of another PBS documentary serial, DNA, was aired on 4 January 2004.<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> The episode titled The Secret of Life centres much around the contributions of Franklin. Narrated by Jeff Goldblum, it features Watson, Wilkins, Gosling and Peter Pauling (son of Linus Pauling).<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> A play entitled Rosalind: A Question of Life was written by Deborah Gearing to mark the work of Franklin, and was first performed on 1 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Repertory_Theatre" title="Birmingham Repertory Theatre">Birmingham Repertory Theatre</a>,<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> and published by <a href="/wiki/Oberon_Books" title="Oberon Books">Oberon Books</a> in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> Another play, <a href="/wiki/Photograph_51_(play)" title="Photograph 51 (play)">Photograph 51</a> by <a href="/wiki/Anna_Ziegler_(playwright)" title="Anna Ziegler (playwright)">Anna Ziegler</a>, published in 2011,<a href="#cite_note-Ziegler-318">[318]</a> has been produced at several places in the US<a href="#cite_note-Ziegler-318">[318]</a> and in late 2015 was put on at the Noel Coward Theatre, London, with <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Kidman" title="Nicole Kidman">Nicole Kidman</a> playing Franklin.<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> Ziegler's version of the 1951–53 'race' for the structure of DNA sometimes emphasizes the pivotal role of Franklin's research and her personality. Although sometimes altering history for dramatic effect, the play nevertheless illuminates many of the key issues of how science was and is conducted.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> False Assumptions by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Aronovitch" title="Lawrence Aronovitch">Lawrence Aronovitch</a> is a play about the life of <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> in which Franklin is portrayed as frustrated and angry at the lack of recognition for her scientific contributions.<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> Hostility between the two is also depicted in season 3 of <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Girls_Forever" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey Girls Forever">Harvey Girls Forever</a>.<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> Franklin was noted as the chemist who "actually discovered DNA" in episode three of the 2019 Netflix series <a href="/wiki/Daybreak_(2019_TV_series)" title="Daybreak (2019 TV series)">Daybreak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> Franklin is fictionalised in <a href="/wiki/Marie_Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Benedict">Marie Benedict</a>'s novel Her Hidden Genius, released in January 2022.<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> A musical, titled Double Helix, based on Franklin's contribution to the discovery opened in May 2023 at the Bay Street Theater in Sag Harbor, New York.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20230529-325">[325]</a> Franklin's image appeared in <a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a>'s 2024 <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_commercial" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Bowl commercial">Super Bowl commercial</a> alongside other notable scientific pioneers.<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_Franklin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Publications">edit</a>]</div> Rosalind Franklin's most notable publications are listed below. The last two were published posthumously. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFD._H._BanghamRosalind_E.Franklin1946" class="citation cs2">D. H. Bangham & Rosalind E.Franklin (1946), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KR/B/B/F/R/_/krbbfr.pdf">"Thermal expansion of coals and carbonised coals"</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/Transactions_of_the_Faraday_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactions of the Faraday Society">Transactions of the Faraday Society</a>, 48: 289–295, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FTF946420B289">10.1039/TF946420B289</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KR/B/B/F/R/_/krbbfr.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022, retrieved 14 January 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Faraday+Society&rft.atitle=Thermal+expansion+of+coals+and+carbonised+coals&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E289-%3C%2Fspan%3E295&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FTF946420B289&rft.au=D.+H.+Bangham&rft.au=Rosalind+E.Franklin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofiles.nlm.nih.gov%2FKR%2FB%2FB%2FF%2FR%2F_%2Fkrbbfr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KR/Views/AlphaChron/series/007229/">The Rosalind Franklin Papers</a>, in "Profiles in Science", at <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Medicine">National Library of Medicine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._E._Franklin1949" class="citation cs2">R. E. Franklin (1949), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KR/B/B/F/S/_/krbbfs.pdf">"A study of the fine structure of carbonaceous solids by measurements of true and apparent densities: Part 1. Coals"</a> (PDF), Transactions of the Faraday Society, 45 (3): 274–286, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FTF9494500274">10.1039/TF9494500274</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KR/B/B/F/S/_/krbbfs.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022, retrieved 14 January 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Faraday+Society&rft.atitle=A+study+of+the+fine+structure+of+carbonaceous+solids+by+measurements+of+true+and+apparent+densities%3A+Part+1.+Coals&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E274-%3C%2Fspan%3E286&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FTF9494500274&rft.au=R.+E.+Franklin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofiles.nlm.nih.gov%2FKR%2FB%2FB%2FF%2FS%2F_%2Fkrbbfs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> Per National Library of Medicine above.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._E._Franklin1949" class="citation cs2">R. E. Franklin (1949), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KR/B/B/F/T/_/krbbft.pdf">"A study of the fine structure of carbonaceous solids by measurements of true and apparent densities: Part 2. Carbonized coals"</a> (PDF), Transactions of the Faraday Society, 45 (7): 668–682, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FTF9494500668">10.1039/TF9494500668</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KR/B/B/F/T/_/krbbft.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022, retrieved 14 January 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Faraday+Society&rft.atitle=A+study+of+the+fine+structure+of+carbonaceous+solids+by+measurements+of+true+and+apparent+densities%3A+Part+2.+Carbonized+coals&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E668-%3C%2Fspan%3E682&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FTF9494500668&rft.au=R.+E.+Franklin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofiles.nlm.nih.gov%2FKR%2FB%2FB%2FF%2FT%2F_%2Fkrbbft.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> Per National Library of Medicine above.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._E._Franklin1949" class="citation cs2">R. E. Franklin (1949), "Note sur la structure colloïdale des houilles carbonisées", Bulletin de la Société Chimique de France, 16 (1–2): D53 – D54</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Chimique+de+France&rft.atitle=Note+sur+la+structure+collo%C3%AFdale+des+houilles+carbonis%C3%A9es&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ED53+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ED54%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1949&rft.au=R.+E.+Franklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._E._Franklin1950" class="citation cs2">R. E. Franklin (1950), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KR/B/B/F/V/_/krbbfv.pdf">"On the structure of carbon"</a> (PDF), Journal de Chimie Physique et de Physico-Chimie Biologique, 47 (5–6): 573–575, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1950JCP....47..573F">1950JCP....47..573F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fjcp%2F1950470573">10.1051/jcp/1950470573</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KR/B/B/F/V/_/krbbfv.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022, retrieved 14 January 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+de+Chimie+Physique+et+de+Physico-Chimie+Biologique&rft.atitle=On+the+structure+of+carbon&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E573-%3C%2Fspan%3E575&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fjcp%2F1950470573&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1950JCP....47..573F&rft.au=R.+E.+Franklin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofiles.nlm.nih.gov%2FKR%2FB%2FB%2FF%2FV%2F_%2Fkrbbfv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> Per National Library of Medicine above. Note: this journal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcp.edpsciences.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=98&Itemid=110&lang=en_GB.utf8%2C+en_GB.UT">ceased publication in 1999</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._E._Franklin1950" class="citation cs2">R. E. Franklin (1950), "A rapid approximate method for correcting the low-angle scattering measurements for the influence of the finite height of the X-ray beam", <a href="/wiki/Acta_Crystallographica" title="Acta Crystallographica">Acta Crystallographica</a>, 3 (2): 158–159, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1950AcCry...3..158F">1950AcCry...3..158F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS0365110X50000343">10.1107/S0365110X50000343</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Crystallographica&rft.atitle=A+rapid+approximate+method+for+correcting+the+low-angle+scattering+measurements+for+the+influence+of+the+finite+height+of+the+X-ray+beam&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E159&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1107%2FS0365110X50000343&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1950AcCry...3..158F&rft.au=R.+E.+Franklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._E._Franklin1950" class="citation cs2">R. E. Franklin (1950), "The interpretation of diffuse X-ray diagrams of carbon", Acta Crystallographica, 3 (2): 107–121, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1950AcCry...3..107F">1950AcCry...3..107F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS0365110X50000264">10.1107/S0365110X50000264</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Crystallographica&rft.atitle=The+interpretation+of+diffuse+X-ray+diagrams+of+carbon&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1107%2FS0365110X50000264&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1950AcCry...3..107F&rft.au=R.+E.+Franklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> (In this article, Franklin cites Moffitt)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._E._Franklin1950" class="citation cs2">R. E. Franklin (1950), "Influence of the bonding electrons on the scattering of X-rays by carbon", <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>, 165 (4185): 71–72, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1950Natur.165...71F">1950Natur.165...71F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F165071a0">10.1038/165071a0</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15403103">15403103</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4210740">4210740</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Influence+of+the+bonding+electrons+on+the+scattering+of+X-rays+by+carbon&rft.volume=165&rft.issue=4185&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F165071a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4210740%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15403103&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1950Natur.165...71F&rft.au=R.+E.+Franklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._E._Franklin1951" class="citation cs2">R. E. Franklin (1951), "Les carbones graphitisables et non-graphitisables", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences, Presented by G. Rimbaud, session of 3 January 1951, 232 (3): 232–234</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+rendus+hebdomadaires+des+s%C3%A9ances+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+sciences&rft.atitle=Les+carbones+graphitisables+et+non-graphitisables&rft.volume=232&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E232-%3C%2Fspan%3E234&rft.date=1951&rft.au=R.+E.+Franklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._E._Franklin1951" class="citation cs2">R. E. Franklin (1951), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.iucr.org/q/issues/1951/03/00/a00429/a00429.pdf">"The structure of graphitic carbons"</a> (PDF), Acta Crystallographica, 4 (3): 253–261, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1951AcCry...4..253F">1951AcCry...4..253F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS0365110X51000842">10.1107/S0365110X51000842</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://journals.iucr.org/q/issues/1951/03/00/a00429/a00429.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Crystallographica&rft.atitle=The+structure+of+graphitic+carbons&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E261&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1107%2FS0365110X51000842&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1951AcCry...4..253F&rft.au=R.+E.+Franklin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.iucr.org%2Fq%2Fissues%2F1951%2F03%2F00%2Fa00429%2Fa00429.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._E._BaconR.E._Franklin1951" class="citation cs2">G. E. Bacon & R.E. Franklin (1951), "The alpha dimension of graphite", Acta Crystallographica, 4 (6): 561–562, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1107%2Fs0365110x51001793">10.1107/s0365110x51001793</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Crystallographica&rft.atitle=The+alpha+dimension+of+graphite&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E561-%3C%2Fspan%3E562&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1107%2Fs0365110x51001793&rft.au=G.+E.+Bacon&rft.au=R.E.+Franklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._E._Franklin1951" class="citation cs2">R. E. Franklin (1951), "Crystallite growth in graphitizing and non-graphitizing carbons", <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society A">Proceedings of the Royal Society A</a>, 209 (1097): 196–218, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1951RSPSA.209..196F">1951RSPSA.209..196F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1951.0197">10.1098/rspa.1951.0197</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4126286">4126286</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+A&rft.atitle=Crystallite+growth+in+graphitizing+and+non-graphitizing+carbons&rft.volume=209&rft.issue=1097&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E196-%3C%2Fspan%3E218&rft.date=1951&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4126286%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1951.0197&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1951RSPSA.209..196F&rft.au=R.+E.+Franklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> Downloadable free from doi site, or alternatively from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KR/Views/AlphaChron/series/007229/">The Rosalind Franklin Papers</a> collection at National Library of Medicine</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._E._Franklin1953" class="citation cs2">R. E. Franklin (1953), "Graphitizing and non-graphitizing carbons, their formation, structure and properties", Angewandte Chemie, 65 (13): 353, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fange.19530651311">10.1002/ange.19530651311</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie&rft.atitle=Graphitizing+and+non-graphitizing+carbons%2C+their+formation%2C+structure+and+properties&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=353&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fange.19530651311&rft.au=R.+E.+Franklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._E._Franklin1953" class="citation cs2">R. E. Franklin (1953), "The role of water in the structure of graphitic acid", Journal de Chimie Physique et de Physico-Chimie Biologique, 50: C26, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fjcp%2F195350s1c026">10.1051/jcp/195350s1c026</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+de+Chimie+Physique+et+de+Physico-Chimie+Biologique&rft.atitle=The+role+of+water+in+the+structure+of+graphitic+acid&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=C26&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fjcp%2F195350s1c026&rft.au=R.+E.+Franklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._E._Franklin1953" class="citation cs2">R. E. Franklin (1953), "Graphitizing and nongraphihastizing carbon compounds. Formation, structure and characteristics", Brenstoff-Chemie, 34: 359–361</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brenstoff-Chemie&rft.atitle=Graphitizing+and+nongraphihastizing+carbon+compounds.+Formation%2C+structure+and+characteristics&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E359-%3C%2Fspan%3E361&rft.date=1953&rft.au=R.+E.+Franklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._E._FranklinR._G._Gosling1953" class="citation cs2">R. E. Franklin & R. G. Gosling (25 April 1953), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/franklingosling.pdf">"Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate"</a> (PDF), Nature, 171 (4356): 740–741, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Natur.171..740F">1953Natur.171..740F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F171740a0">10.1038/171740a0</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13054694">13054694</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4268222">4268222</a>, retrieved 15 January 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Molecular+Configuration+in+Sodium+Thymonucleate&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=4356&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E740-%3C%2Fspan%3E741&rft.date=1953-04-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F171740a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4268222%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13054694&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953Natur.171..740F&rft.au=R.+E.+Franklin&rft.au=R.+G.+Gosling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fdna50%2Ffranklingosling.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> Reprint also available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/March2004/March2004Classics.htm">Resonance Classics</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklinGosling1953" class="citation journal cs1">Franklin, R. E.; Gosling, R. G. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS0365110X53001939">"The structure of sodium thymonucleate fibres. I. The influence of water content"</a>. Acta Crystallographica. 6 (8): 673–677. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953AcCry...6..673F">1953AcCry...6..673F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS0365110X53001939">10.1107/S0365110X53001939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Crystallographica&rft.atitle=The+structure+of+sodium+thymonucleate+fibres.+I.+The+influence+of+water+content&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E673-%3C%2Fspan%3E677&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1107%2FS0365110X53001939&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953AcCry...6..673F&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=R.+E.&rft.au=Gosling%2C+R.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1107%252FS0365110X53001939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklinGosling1953" class="citation journal cs1">Franklin, R. E.; Gosling, R. G. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS0365110X53001940">"The structure of sodium thymonucleate fibres. II. The cylindrically symmetrical Patterson function"</a>. Acta Crystallographica. 6 (8): 678–685. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953AcCry...6..678F">1953AcCry...6..678F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS0365110X53001940">10.1107/S0365110X53001940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Crystallographica&rft.atitle=The+structure+of+sodium+thymonucleate+fibres.+II.+The+cylindrically+symmetrical+Patterson+function&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E678-%3C%2Fspan%3E685&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1107%2FS0365110X53001940&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953AcCry...6..678F&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=R.+E.&rft.au=Gosling%2C+R.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1107%252FS0365110X53001940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR.E._FranklinM._Mering1954" class="citation cs2">R.E. Franklin & M. Mering (1954), "La structure de l'acide graphitique", Acta Crystallographica, 7 (10): 661, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1107%2Fs0365110x54002137">10.1107/s0365110x54002137</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Crystallographica&rft.atitle=La+structure+de+l%27acide+graphitique&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=661&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1107%2Fs0365110x54002137&rft.au=R.E.+Franklin&rft.au=M.+Mering&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosalind_FranklinK._C._Holmes.1956" class="citation cs2">Rosalind Franklin & K. C. Holmes. (1956), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KR/B/B/G/G/_/krbbgg.pdf">"The Helical Arrangement of the Protein Sub-Units in Tobacco Mosaic Virus"</a> (PDF), Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 21 (2): 405–406, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0006-3002%2856%2990043-9">10.1016/0006-3002(56)90043-9</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13363941">13363941</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KR/B/B/G/G/_/krbbgg.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022, retrieved 14 January 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochimica+et+Biophysica+Acta&rft.atitle=The+Helical+Arrangement+of+the+Protein+Sub-Units+in+Tobacco+Mosaic+Virus&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E405-%3C%2Fspan%3E406&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0006-3002%2856%2990043-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13363941&rft.au=Rosalind+Franklin&rft.au=K.+C.+Holmes.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofiles.nlm.nih.gov%2FKR%2FB%2FB%2FG%2FG%2F_%2Fkrbbgg.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> Article access per National Library of Medicine above</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosalind_E._FranklinaA._Klug1956" class="citation cs2">Rosalind E. Franklina & A. Klug (1956), "The nature of the helical groove on the tobacco mosaic virus particle X-ray diffraction studies", Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 19 (3): 403–416, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0006-3002%2856%2990463-2">10.1016/0006-3002(56)90463-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13315300">13315300</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochimica+et+Biophysica+Acta&rft.atitle=The+nature+of+the+helical+groove+on+the+tobacco+mosaic+virus+particle+X-ray+diffraction+studies&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E403-%3C%2Fspan%3E416&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0006-3002%2856%2990463-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13315300&rft.au=Rosalind+E.+Franklina&rft.au=A.+Klug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlugAaronJ._T._FinchRosalind_Franklin1957" class="citation cs2">Klug; Aaron; J. T. Finch; Rosalind Franklin (1957), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KR/B/B/G/F/_/krbbgf.pdf">"The Structure of Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus: X-Ray Diffraction Studies"</a> (PDF), Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 25 (2): 242–252, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0006-3002%2857%2990465-1">10.1016/0006-3002(57)90465-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13471561">13471561</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KR/B/B/G/F/_/krbbgf.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022, retrieved 14 January 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochimica+et+Biophysica+Acta&rft.atitle=The+Structure+of+Turnip+Yellow+Mosaic+Virus%3A+X-Ray+Diffraction+Studies&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E242-%3C%2Fspan%3E252&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0006-3002%2857%2990465-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13471561&rft.au=Klug&rft.au=Aaron&rft.au=J.+T.+Finch&rft.au=Rosalind+Franklin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofiles.nlm.nih.gov%2FKR%2FB%2FB%2FG%2FF%2F_%2Fkrbbgf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> Per National Library of Medicine above</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin,_Rosalind,_Aaron_Klug,_J._T._Finch,_and_K._C._Holmes1958" class="citation cs2">Franklin, Rosalind, Aaron Klug, J. T. Finch, and K. C. Holmes (1958), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KR/B/B/G/C/_/krbbgc.pdf">"On the Structure of Some Ribonucleoprotein Particles"</a> (PDF), Discussions of the Faraday Society, 25: 197–198, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FDF9582500197">10.1039/DF9582500197</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KR/B/B/G/C/_/krbbgc.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022, retrieved 14 January 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discussions+of+the+Faraday+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+Structure+of+Some+Ribonucleoprotein+Particles&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E198&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FDF9582500197&rft.au=Franklin%2C+Rosalind%2C+Aaron+Klug%2C+J.+T.+Finch%2C+and+K.+C.+Holmes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofiles.nlm.nih.gov%2FKR%2FB%2FB%2FG%2FC%2F_%2Fkrbbgc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) Per National Library of Medicine</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlug,_AaronRosalind_Franklin1958" class="citation cs2">Klug, Aaron & Rosalind Franklin (1958), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KR/B/B/G/D/_/krbbgd.pdf">"Order-Disorder Transitions in Structures Containing Helical Molecules"</a> (PDF), Discussions of the Faraday Society, 25: 104–110, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FDF9582500104">10.1039/DF9582500104</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KR/B/B/G/D/_/krbbgd.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022, retrieved 14 January 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discussions+of+the+Faraday+Society&rft.atitle=Order-Disorder+Transitions+in+Structures+Containing+Helical+Molecules&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E104-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FDF9582500104&rft.au=Klug%2C+Aaron&rft.au=Rosalind+Franklin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofiles.nlm.nih.gov%2FKR%2FB%2FB%2FG%2FD%2F_%2Fkrbbgd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> Per National Library of Medicine</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlugAaronRosalind_FranklinS._P._F._Humphreys-Owen1959" class="citation cs2">Klug; Aaron; Rosalind Franklin; S. P. F. Humphreys-Owen (1959), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KR/B/B/G/H/_/krbbgh.pdf">"The Crystal Structure of Tipula Iridescent Virus as Determined by Bragg Reflection of Visible Light"</a> (PDF), Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 32 (1): 203–219, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0006-3002%2859%2990570-0">10.1016/0006-3002(59)90570-0</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13628733">13628733</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KR/B/B/G/H/_/krbbgh.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022, retrieved 14 January 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochimica+et+Biophysica+Acta&rft.atitle=The+Crystal+Structure+of+Tipula+Iridescent+Virus+as+Determined+by+Bragg+Reflection+of+Visible+Light&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E219&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0006-3002%2859%2990570-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13628733&rft.au=Klug&rft.au=Aaron&rft.au=Rosalind+Franklin&rft.au=S.+P.+F.+Humphreys-Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofiles.nlm.nih.gov%2FKR%2FB%2FB%2FG%2FH%2F_%2Fkrbbgh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> Per National Library of Medicine</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin,_RosalindDonald_L._D._CasparAaron_Klug1959" class="citation cs2">Franklin, Rosalind; Donald L. D. Caspar; Aaron Klug (1959), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KR/B/B/J/V/_/krbbjv.pdf">"Chapter XL: The Structure of Viruses as Determined by X-Ray Diffraction"</a> (PDF), Plant Pathology: Problems and Progress, 1908–1958, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>, pp. 447–461, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KR/B/B/J/V/_/krbbjv.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022, retrieved 14 January 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XL%3A+The+Structure+of+Viruses+as+Determined+by+X-Ray+Diffraction&rft.btitle=Plant+Pathology%3A+Problems+and+Progress%2C+1908%E2%80%931958&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E447-%3C%2Fspan%3E461&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Franklin%2C+Rosalind&rft.au=Donald+L.+D.+Caspar&rft.au=Aaron+Klug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofiles.nlm.nih.gov%2FKR%2FB%2FB%2FJ%2FV%2F_%2Fkrbbjv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> Per National Library of Medicine</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_Franklin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women_in_science" title="Timeline of women in science">Timeline of women in science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Payne-Gaposchkin" title="Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin">Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin</a>, astronomer who discovered the most elemental composition of <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin:_The_Dark_Lady_of_DNA" title="Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA">Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_Franklin&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_Franklin&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nlm-bio-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nlm-bio_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nlm-bio_1-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/KR/p-nid/183">"The Rosalind Franklin Papers, Biographical Information"</a>. profiles.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 13 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=profiles.nlm.nih.gov&rft.atitle=The+Rosalind+Franklin+Papers%2C+Biographical+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofiles.nlm.nih.gov%2Fps%2Fretrieve%2FNarrative%2FKR%2Fp-nid%2F183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nlm-coal-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nlm-coal_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nlm-coal_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nlm-coal_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nlm-coal_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nlm-coal_2-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/KR/p-nid/186">"The Rosalind Franklin Papers, The Holes in Coal: Research at BCURA and in Paris, 1942–1951"</a>. profiles.nlm.nih.gov. 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Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 13 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spartacus+Educational&rft.atitle=Rosalind+Franklin&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Simkin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspartacus-educational.com%2FSCfranklinR.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geni.com/people/Hans-John-Eisenstadter-Ellis/6000000004979539587">"Hans (John) Mathias Eisenstadter Ellis"</a>. Geni. 31 July 1900. 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United Synagogue Women. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theus.org.uk/article/biography-dark-lady-notting-hill">the original</a> on 4 June 2016. 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(March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.personal.rdg.ac.uk/~scsharip/REF_paper.pdf">"Rosalind Franklin's work on coal, carbon, and graphite"</a> (PDF). 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B. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1063734">"A Proposed Structure For The Nucleic Acids"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 39 (2): 84–97. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953PNAS...39...84P">1953PNAS...39...84P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.39.2.84">10.1073/pnas.39.2.84</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1063734">1063734</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16578429">16578429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=A+Proposed+Structure+For+The+Nucleic+Acids&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1063734%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16578429&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.39.2.84&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953PNAS...39...84P&rft.aulast=Pauling&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Corey%2C+R.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1063734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CobbComfort2023-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CobbComfort2023_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CobbComfort2023_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CobbComfort2023_85-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CobbComfort2023_85-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CobbComfort2023_85-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CobbComfort2023_85-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CobbComfort2023_85-6">g</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Cobb" title="Matthew Cobb">Cobb, Matthew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_C._Comfort" title="Nathaniel C. Comfort">Comfort, Nathaniel</a> (25 April 2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-01313-5">What Rosalind Franklin truly contributed to the discovery of DNA's structure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>, 616 657–660 See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/matthewcobb/status/1650877644529975296">twitter thread</a> by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Cobb" title="Matthew Cobb">Matthew Cobb</a>, 25 April 2023 / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/nccomfort/status/1650883271478132741">duplicate thread</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_C._Comfort" title="Nathaniel C. Comfort">Nathaniel C. Comfort</a>, 25 April 2023 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard1990" class="citation book cs1">Hubbard, Ruth (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsofwomens00hubb/page/60">The Politics of Women's Biology</a>. Rutgers State University. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsofwomens00hubb/page/60">60</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-1490-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-1490-8"><bdi>0-8135-1490-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Women%27s+Biology&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Rutgers+State+University&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8135-1490-8&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsofwomens00hubb%2Fpage%2F60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> "The Double Helix", p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> "The Double Helix", p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-zallen-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zallen_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zallen_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZallen2003" class="citation journal cs1">Zallen, Doris T. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F425015b">"Despite Franklin's work, Wilkins earned his Nobel"</a>. Nature. 425 (6953): 15. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.425...15Z">2003Natur.425...15Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F425015b">10.1038/425015b</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12955113">12955113</a>. <q>(Crick's 31 December 1961 letter to Jacques Monod) However, the data which really helped us to obtain the structure was mainly obtained by Rosalind Franklin</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Despite+Franklin%27s+work%2C+Wilkins+earned+his+Nobel&rft.volume=425&rft.issue=6953&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12955113&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F425015b&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Natur.425...15Z&rft.aulast=Zallen&rft.aufirst=Doris+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F425015b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> "All hands to the pump" letter is preserved in the Crick archives at the University of California, San Diego, and was posted as part of their Web collection. It is also quoted by both Maddox, p 204, and Olby. </li> <li id="cite_note-Maddox_207-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maddox_207_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maddox_207_91-1">b</a> Maddox, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-Olby-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olby_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olby_92-1">b</a> Olby, p. 418. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8k35xs6/entire_text/">"J. Craig Venter Institute History of Molecular Biology Collection: MS 001"</a>. oac.cdlib.org. J. Craig Venter Institute Archives. 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oac.cdlib.org&rft.atitle=J.+Craig+Venter+Institute+History+of+Molecular+Biology+Collection%3A+MS+001&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foac.cdlib.org%2Ffindaid%2Fark%3A%2F13030%2Fc8k35xs6%2Fentire_text%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Olby, p. 474. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated13-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated13_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated13_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated13_95-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin,_R._E.R._G._Gosling1953" class="citation journal cs1">Franklin, R. E.; R. G. Gosling (April 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/franklingosling.pdf">"Molecular configuration in sodium thymonucleate"</a> (PDF). Nature. 171 (4356): 740–741. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Natur.171..740F">1953Natur.171..740F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F171740a0">10.1038/171740a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13054694">13054694</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4268222">4268222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Molecular+configuration+in+sodium+thymonucleate&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=4356&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E740-%3C%2Fspan%3E741&rft.date=1953-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F171740a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4268222%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13054694&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953Natur.171..740F&rft.au=Franklin%2C+R.+E.&rft.au=R.+G.+Gosling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fdna50%2Ffranklingosling.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> [Reproduction with interpretation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklinGosling2004" class="citation journal cs1">Franklin, Rosalind E.; Gosling, R. G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/009/03/0084-0088">"Molecular configuration in sodium thymonucleate"</a>. Resonance. 9 (3): 84–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02834994">10.1007/BF02834994</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123270020">123270020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resonance&rft.atitle=Molecular+configuration+in+sodium+thymonucleate&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02834994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A123270020%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Rosalind+E.&rft.au=Gosling%2C+R.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ias.ac.in%2Farticle%2Ffulltext%2Freso%2F009%2F03%2F0084-0088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988">] </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> 10 April 1953, Franklin postcard to Crick asking permission to view model. The original is in the Crick archives at the University of California, San Diego. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Holt, J. (2002). </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_98-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson,_J._D.Crick,_F._H.1953" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, J. D.; Crick, F. H. (April 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf">"Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid"</a> (PDF). Nature. 171 (4356): 737–738. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Natur.171..737W">1953Natur.171..737W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F171737a0">10.1038/171737a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13054692">13054692</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4253007">4253007</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Molecular+structure+of+nucleic+acids%3B+a+structure+for+deoxyribose+nucleic+acid&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=4356&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E737-%3C%2Fspan%3E738&rft.date=1953-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F171737a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4253007%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13054692&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953Natur.171..737W&rft.au=Watson%2C+J.+D.&rft.au=Crick%2C+F.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fdna50%2Fwatsoncrick.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated12-99"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated12_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkins,_M._H.A._R._StokesH._R._Wilson1953" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkins, M. H.; A. R. Stokes; H. R. Wilson (April 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/wilkins.pdf">"Molecular structure of deoxypentose nucleic acids"</a> (PDF). 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Mair Eleri Morgan Thomas. BMJ 2015; 350 doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h2627 (Published 18 May 2015)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Maddox, p. 284. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Maddox, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Maddox, p. 292. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Maddox, p. 301. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Maddox, p. 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> GRO Register of Deaths: JUN 1958 5c 257 CHELSEA – Rosalind E. Franklin, age 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Maddox, pp. 305–307. </li> <li id="cite_note-nova-photo51-164"><a href="#cite_ref-nova-photo51_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/photo51/elkin.html">"Defending Franklin's Legacy"</a>. Secret of Photo 51. <a href="/wiki/Nova_(American_TV_program)" title="Nova (American TV program)">NOVA</a>. Retrieved 10 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Secret+of+Photo+51&rft.atitle=Defending+Franklin%27s+Legacy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fphoto51%2Felkin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988">Along with genetic predisposition; opinion of CSU's Lynne Osman Elkin; see also March 2003 Physics Today </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Maddox, p.320. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2011" class="citation news cs1">Murray, Ruby J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dumbofeather.com/conversation/historical-profile-rosalind-franklin/">"Historical Profile: Rosalind Franklin"</a>. Dumbo Feather. 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Retrieved 13 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rosalind+Franklin&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Faso%2Fdatabank%2Fentries%2Fbofran.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harding2006-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Harding2006_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2006" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Sandra (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=snuYsNzTqOwC&q=%22The+Double+Helix%22+sexism&pg=PA71">"Sexist criticism of Watson's memoir"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b6jZAAAAMAAJ">Science and Social Inequality: Feminist and Postcolonial Issues</a>. Urbana: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07304-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07304-5"><bdi>978-0-252-07304-5</bdi></a>. 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Oregon State University Libraries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/dna/quotes/rosalind_franklin.html">the original</a> on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quotes+by+or+related+to+Rosalind+Franklin&rft.pub=Oregon+State+University+Libraries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscarc.library.oregonstate.edu%2Fcoll%2Fpauling%2Fdna%2Fquotes%2Frosalind_franklin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> McGrayne, p. 318. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlynn2008" class="citation journal cs1">Glynn, J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.2007.0052">"Rosalind Franklin: 50 years on"</a>. Notes and Records of the Royal Society. 62 (2): 253–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.2007.0052">10.1098/rsnr.2007.0052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Rosalind+Franklin%3A+50+years+on&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E255&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.2007.0052&rft.aulast=Glynn&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsnr.2007.0052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Glynn, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Crick, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wertheimer2007-189"><a href="#cite_ref-Wertheimer2007_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertheimerClamarSiderits2007" class="citation book cs1">Wertheimer, Michael; Clamar, Aphrodite; Siderits, Mary Anne (2007). "The Case of the Purloined Picture: Rosalind Franklin and the Keystone of the Double Helix". In Gavin, Eileen A.; Clamar, Aphrodite; Siderits, Mary Anne (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qVdvhZ0R540C">Women of Vision: Their Psychology, Circumstances, and Successes</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-0253-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-0253-9"><bdi>978-0-8261-0253-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Case+of+the+Purloined+Picture%3A+Rosalind+Franklin+and+the+Keystone+of+the+Double+Helix&rft.btitle=Women+of+Vision%3A+Their+Psychology%2C+Circumstances%2C+and+Successes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8261-0253-9&rft.aulast=Wertheimer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Clamar%2C+Aphrodite&rft.au=Siderits%2C+Mary+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqVdvhZ0R540C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Maddox, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Maddox, pp. 177–178. </li> <li id="cite_note-Maddox,_p._196-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maddox,_p._196_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maddox,_p._196_192-1">b</a> Maddox, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Crick (1988), p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Elkin, L.O. 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New York: Garland Publishing. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-2760-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-2760-8"><bdi>978-0-8153-2760-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+Today%3A+An+Issues+Approach&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=58&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-2760-8&rft.aulast=Minkoff&rft.aufirst=Eli&rft.au=Baker%2C+Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyOKsUSGMWBYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreager2003" class="citation web cs1">Creager, Angela (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141112163501/http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/crystallizing-a-life-in-science">"Crystallizing a Life in Science"</a>. American Scientist. Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/crystallizing-a-life-in-science">the original</a> on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Scientist&rft.atitle=Crystallizing+a+Life+in+Science&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Creager&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanscientist.org%2Fbookshelf%2Fpub%2Fcrystallizing-a-life-in-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwaby2015" class="citation book cs1">Swaby, Rachel (2015). Headstrong 52 women who changed science – and the world. New York: Broadway Books. pp. 108–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-44679-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-44679-1"><bdi>978-0-553-44679-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Headstrong+52+women+who+changed+science+%E2%80%93+and+the+world&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E108-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.pub=Broadway+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-553-44679-1&rft.aulast=Swaby&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStasiak2003" class="citation journal cs1">Stasiak, Andrzej (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1315822">"The First Lady of DNA"</a>. EMBO Reports. 4 (1): 14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.embor.embor723">10.1038/sj.embor.embor723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1315822">1315822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EMBO+Reports&rft.atitle=The+First+Lady+of+DNA&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1315822%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.embor.embor723&rft.aulast=Stasiak&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1315822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Wilkins, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Maddox, p. 312. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Wilkins, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Maddox, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Perutz's papers are in the Archive of the J. Craig Venter institute and Science Foundation in Rockville Maryland, which were purchased as part of the Jeremy Norman Archive of Molecular Biology; quoted in Ferry, Georgina, 2007. Max Perutz and the Secret of Life. Published in the UK by Chatto & Windus (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7011-7695-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7011-7695-4">0-7011-7695-4</a>), and in the USA by the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Science, 27 June 1969, pp. 207–212, also reprinted in the Norton critical edition of The Double Helix, edited by Gunther Stent. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Watson (1969). </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Maddox, p. 316. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttar2013" class="citation journal cs1">Attar, N (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3663117">"Raymond Gosling: the man who crystallized genes"</a>. Genome Biology. 14 (4): 402. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2013-14-4-402">10.1186/gb-2013-14-4-402</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3663117">3663117</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23651528">23651528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology&rft.atitle=Raymond+Gosling%3A+the+man+who+crystallized+genes&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=402&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3663117%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23651528&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fgb-2013-14-4-402&rft.aulast=Attar&rft.aufirst=N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3663117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitt2023" class="citation web cs1">Levitt, Dan (25 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/25/opinions/dna-structure-discovery-rosalind-franklin-levitt-scn/index.html">"Opinion: 70 years ago, the structure of DNA was revealed. 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Retrieved 30 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rosalind+Franklin%27s+Role+in+DNA+Discovery%2C+Once+Ignored%2C+Is+Told+Anew+in+Song+-+%22Double+Helix%2C%22+at+Bay+Street+Theater%2C+illuminates+the+British+scientist%27s+contributions%2C+which+became+the+basis+for+James+Watson+and+Francis+Crick%27s+1953+breakthrough.&rft.date=2023-05-29&rft.aulast=Rosenfield&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F05%2F29%2Ftheater%2Frosalind-franklin-double-helix-musical.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNotte2024" class="citation web cs1">Notte, Jason (10 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/pfizer-super-bowl-ad-cancer-science-queen/">"Pfizer Super Bowl Ad Fights Cancer With Science and Queen"</a>. www.adweek.com. Retrieved 12 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.adweek.com&rft.atitle=Pfizer+Super+Bowl+Ad+Fights+Cancer+With+Science+and+Queen&rft.date=2024-02-10&rft.aulast=Notte&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adweek.com%2Fbrand-marketing%2Fpfizer-super-bowl-ad-cancer-science-queen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/super-bowl-2024-chiefs-49ers/card/pfizer-s-first-super-bowl-commercial-touts-scientific-discoveries-v9XMxy5LtcyZkh8fnjnL">"Pfizer's First Super Bowl Commercial Touts Scientific Discoveries"</a>. WSJ. Retrieved 12 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WSJ&rft.atitle=Pfizer%27s+First+Super+Bowl+Commercial+Touts+Scientific+Discoveries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Flivecoverage%2Fsuper-bowl-2024-chiefs-49ers%2Fcard%2Fpfizer-s-first-super-bowl-commercial-touts-scientific-discoveries-v9XMxy5LtcyZkh8fnjnL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_Franklin&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2005" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Andrew (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0191579505">J. D. Bernal: The Sage of Science</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920565-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920565-3"><bdi>978-0-19-920565-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+D.+Bernal%3A+The+Sage+of+Science&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920565-3&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D0191579505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryson2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Bryson" title="Bill Bryson">Bryson, Bill</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YjAnfhsAQ8wC">A Short History of Nearly Everything</a>. London: Black Swan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-552-99704-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-552-99704-8"><bdi>0-552-99704-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Nearly+Everything&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Black+Swan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-552-99704-8&rft.aulast=Bryson&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYjAnfhsAQ8wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrickWatson1953" class="citation cs2">Crick, F.; Watson, J. (1953), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/SC/B/B/Y/W/_/scbbyw.pdf">"Molecular structure of nucleic acids"</a> (PDF), Nature, 171 (4356): 737–738, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Natur.171..737W">1953Natur.171..737W</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F171737a0">10.1038/171737a0</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13054692">13054692</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4253007">4253007</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/SC/B/B/Y/W/_/scbbyw.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Molecular+structure+of+nucleic+acids&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=4356&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E737-%3C%2Fspan%3E738&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F171737a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4253007%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13054692&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953Natur.171..737W&rft.aulast=Crick&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Watson%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofiles.nlm.nih.gov%2FSC%2FB%2FB%2FY%2FW%2F_%2Fscbbyw.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrick1988" class="citation book cs1">Crick, Francis (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatmadpursuit00fran">What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery</a>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-09137-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-09137-7"><bdi>0-465-09137-7</bdi></a>. <q>what mad pursuit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Mad+Pursuit%3A+A+Personal+View+of+Scientific+Discovery&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-465-09137-7&rft.aulast=Crick&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhatmadpursuit00fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Elkin, L. O., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=PHTOAD000056000003000042000001&idtype=cvips">Rosalind Franklin and the Double Helix</a> <a href="/wiki/Physics_Today" title="Physics Today">Physics Today</a> March 2003, pp. 42–48.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin,_R._E.1950" class="citation cs2">Franklin, R. E. (January 1950), "Influence of the bonding electrons on the scattering of X-rays by carbon", <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>, 165 (4185): 71–72, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1950Natur.165...71F">1950Natur.165...71F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F165071a0">10.1038/165071a0</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15403103">15403103</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4210740">4210740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Influence+of+the+bonding+electrons+on+the+scattering+of+X-rays+by+carbon&rft.volume=165&rft.issue=4185&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=1950-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F165071a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4210740%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15403103&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1950Natur.165...71F&rft.au=Franklin%2C+R.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerry2007" class="citation book cs1">Ferry, Georgina (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wHYVQbYTnKYC">Max Perutz and the Secret of Life</a>. London: Chatto & Windus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-7695-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-7695-2"><bdi>978-0-7011-7695-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Max+Perutz+and+the+Secret+of+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7011-7695-2&rft.aulast=Ferry&rft.aufirst=Georgina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwHYVQbYTnKYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin,_R._E.1955" class="citation cs2">Franklin, R. E. (1955), "Structure of tobacco mosaic virus", Nature, 175 (4452): 379–381, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1955Natur.175..379F">1955Natur.175..379F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F175379a0">10.1038/175379a0</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14356181">14356181</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1109700">1109700</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Structure+of+tobacco+mosaic+virus&rft.volume=175&rft.issue=4452&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E379-%3C%2Fspan%3E381&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F175379a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1109700%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14356181&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1955Natur.175..379F&rft.au=Franklin%2C+R.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin1956" class="citation cs2">Franklin, R. E. (1956), "Structure of Tobacco Mosaic Virus: Location of the Ribonucleic Acid in the Tobacco Mosaic Virus Particle", Nature, 177 (4516): 928–30, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1956Natur.177..928F">1956Natur.177..928F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F177928b0">10.1038/177928b0</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4167638">4167638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Structure+of+Tobacco+Mosaic+Virus%3A+Location+of+the+Ribonucleic+Acid+in+the+Tobacco+Mosaic+Virus+Particle&rft.volume=177&rft.issue=4516&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E928-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4167638%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F177928b0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1956Natur.177..928F&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=R.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlynn2012" class="citation book cs1">Glynn, Jenifer (2012). My Sister Rosalind Franklin. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969962-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969962-9"><bdi>978-0-19-969962-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Sister+Rosalind+Franklin&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969962-9&rft.aulast=Glynn&rft.aufirst=Jenifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Holt, J. (2002) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcb.berkeley.edu/courses/mcb61/Photo_Finish_Rosalind_Franklin.doc">Photo Finish: Rosalind Franklin and the great DNA race</a>" The New Yorker October</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudson1996" class="citation book cs1">Judson, Horace Freeland (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zgQpAQAAMAAJ">The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology</a>. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87969-478-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87969-478-4"><bdi>978-0-87969-478-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eighth+Day+of+Creation%3A+Makers+of+the+Revolution+in+Biology&rft.pub=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Laboratory+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-87969-478-4&rft.aulast=Judson&rft.aufirst=Horace+Freeland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzgQpAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddox2003" class="citation book cs1">Maddox, Brenda (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rosalindfranklin00madd">Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA</a>. London: Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-655211-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-655211-0"><bdi>0-00-655211-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rosalind+Franklin%3A+The+Dark+Lady+of+DNA&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-00-655211-0&rft.aulast=Maddox&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frosalindfranklin00madd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrayne1998" class="citation book cs1">McGrayne, Sharon Bertsch (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-PqK3zxkRrIC">Nobel Prize Women in Science: Their Lives, Struggles, and Momentous Discoveries</a> (Rev ed.). Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-07270-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-07270-0"><bdi>978-0-309-07270-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nobel+Prize+Women+in+Science%3A+Their+Lives%2C+Struggles%2C+and+Momentous+Discoveries&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.edition=Rev&rft.pub=Joseph+Henry+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-309-07270-0&rft.aulast=McGrayne&rft.aufirst=Sharon+Bertsch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-PqK3zxkRrIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Cecil1994" class="citation book cs1">Robert Cecil, Olby (1994) [1974]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s_UmoMXRTIYC">The Path to the Double Helix: The Discovery of DNA</a> (Unabridged, corrected and enlarged Dover ed.). New York: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-68117-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-68117-3"><bdi>0-486-68117-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Path+to+the+Double+Helix%3A+The+Discovery+of+DNA&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Unabridged%2C+corrected+and+enlarged+Dover&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-486-68117-3&rft.aulast=Robert+Cecil&rft.aufirst=Olby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds_UmoMXRTIYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolcovar2006" class="citation book cs1">Polcovar, Jane (2006). Rosalind Franklin and the Structure of Life. Greensboro, N.C.: Morgan Reynolds Publishing Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59935-022-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59935-022-6"><bdi>978-1-59935-022-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rosalind+Franklin+and+the+Structure+of+Life&rft.place=Greensboro%2C+N.C.&rft.pub=Morgan+Reynolds+Publishing+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59935-022-6&rft.aulast=Polcovar&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayre1987" class="citation book cs1">Sayre, Anne (1987) [1975]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hcuOPwAACAAJ">Rosalind Franklin and DNA</a> (Reissued ed.). New York: W.W. Norton and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-32044-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-32044-8"><bdi>0-393-32044-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rosalind+Franklin+and+DNA&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Reissued&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+and+Company&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-393-32044-8&rft.aulast=Sayre&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhcuOPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegev2000" class="citation book cs1">Segev, Tom (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lu_nXv6BCwkC">One Palestine, Complete Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate</a>. Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-4848-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-4848-0"><bdi>0-8050-4848-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Palestine%2C+Complete+Jews+and+Arabs+Under+the+British+Mandate&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8050-4848-0&rft.aulast=Segev&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlu_nXv6BCwkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson,_James_D.1980" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_D._Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="James D. Watson">Watson, James D.</a> (1980) [1968], <a href="/wiki/The_Double_Helix" title="The Double Helix">The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA</a>, Norton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-01245-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-01245-X"><bdi>0-393-01245-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Double+Helix%3A+A+Personal+Account+of+the+Discovery+of+the+Structure+of+DNA&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-393-01245-X&rft.au=Watson%2C+James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Watson, J. Letter to <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>, 164, p. 1539, 27 (1969).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkins2005" class="citation book cs1">Wilkins, Maurice (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HwIJ6CG3r3QC">The Third Man of the Double Helix: the autobiography of Maurice Wilkins</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280667-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280667-X"><bdi>0-19-280667-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Man+of+the+Double+Helix%3A+the+autobiography+of+Maurice+Wilkins&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-280667-X&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHwIJ6CG3r3QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2019" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Gareth (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CdeuDwAAQBAJ">Unravelling the Double Helix</a>. New York: Pegasus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64313-215-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64313-215-0"><bdi>978-1-64313-215-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unravelling+the+Double+Helix&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pegasus+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-64313-215-0&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCdeuDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYockey2004" class="citation book cs1">Yockey, Hubert P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dBKOpEq-eY8C">Information Theory, Evolution, and The Origin of Life</a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80293-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80293-2"><bdi>978-0-521-80293-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+Theory%2C+Evolution%2C+and+The+Origin+of+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80293-2&rft.aulast=Yockey&rft.aufirst=Hubert+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdBKOpEq-eY8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_Franklin&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Rosalind Franklin <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=5856648">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=5856648&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Rosalind Franklin <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=5856648">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=5856648&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2007" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Andrew (2007). J.D. Bernal: The Sage of Science. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920565-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920565-3"><bdi>978-0-19-920565-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.D.+Bernal%3A+The+Sage+of+Science&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920565-3&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomet1995" class="citation book cs1">Chomet, Seweryn, ed. (1995). D.N.A.: Genesis of a Aiscovery. England: Newman-Hemisphere. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56700-138-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56700-138-9"><bdi>978-1-56700-138-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D.N.A.%3A+Genesis+of+a+Aiscovery&rft.place=England&rft.pub=Newman-Hemisphere&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-56700-138-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrick1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Crick, Francis</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatmadpursuit00fran">What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery</a>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-09138-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-09138-5"><bdi>0-465-09138-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Mad+Pursuit%3A+A+Personal+View+of+Scientific+Discovery&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-465-09138-5&rft.aulast=Crick&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhatmadpursuit00fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickerson2005" class="citation book cs1">Dickerson, Richard E. (2005). Present at the Flood: How Structural Molecular Biology Came about. Sunderland: Sinauer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87893-168-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87893-168-6"><bdi>0-87893-168-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Present+at+the+Flood%3A+How+Structural+Molecular+Biology+Came+about&rft.place=Sunderland&rft.pub=Sinauer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-87893-168-6&rft.aulast=Dickerson&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinch2008" class="citation book cs1">Finch, John (2008). A Nobel Fellow on Every Floor: A History of the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology. Cambridge: Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84046-940-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84046-940-0"><bdi>978-1-84046-940-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Nobel+Fellow+on+Every+Floor%3A+A+History+of+the+Medical+Research+Council+Laboratory+of+Molecular+Biology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Medical+Research+Council+Laboratory+of+Molecular+Biology&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84046-940-0&rft.aulast=Finch&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbons2012" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbons, Michelle G (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1095169">"Reassessing Discovery: Rosalind Franklin, Scientific Visualization, and the Structure of DNA"</a>. Philosophy of Science. 79: 63–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F663241">10.1086/663241</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42283328">42283328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+of+Science&rft.atitle=Reassessing+Discovery%3A+Rosalind+Franklin%2C+Scientific+Visualization%2C+and+the+Structure+of+DNA&rft.volume=79&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F663241&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42283328%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=Michelle+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1095169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHager1995" class="citation book cs1">Hager, Thomas (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forceofnaturelif00hage">Force of Nature: The Life of Linus Pauling</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-80909-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-80909-5"><bdi>0-684-80909-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Force+of+Nature%3A+The+Life+of+Linus+Pauling&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-684-80909-5&rft.aulast=Hager&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforceofnaturelif00hage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorace1996" class="citation book cs1">Horace, Freeland Judson (1996) [1977]. The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology (Expanded ed.). Plainview, N.Y: CSHL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87969-478-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87969-478-5"><bdi>0-87969-478-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eighth+Day+of+Creation%3A+Makers+of+the+Revolution+in+Biology&rft.place=Plainview%2C+N.Y&rft.edition=Expanded&rft.pub=CSHL+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-87969-478-5&rft.aulast=Horace&rft.aufirst=Freeland+Judson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlynn1996" class="citation book cs1">Glynn, Jenifer (22 February 1996). "Rosalind Franklin, 1920–1958". In Shils, Edward; Blacker, Carmen (eds.). Cambridge Women: Twelve Portraits. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 267–282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-48287-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-48287-9"><bdi>0-521-48287-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1159781718">1159781718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rosalind+Franklin%2C+1920%E2%80%931958&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Women%3A+Twelve+Portraits&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E267-%3C%2Fspan%3E282&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996-02-22&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1159781718&rft.isbn=0-521-48287-9&rft.aulast=Glynn&rft.aufirst=Jenifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlug2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Klug, Aaron</a> (2004). "R.E. Franklin". In Matthew, H.C.G.; Harrison, Brian (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_0198613865">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: From the Earliest Times to the Year 2000</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-861411-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-861411-X"><bdi>0-19-861411-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=R.E.+Franklin&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography%3A+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Year+2000&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-861411-X&rft.aulast=Klug&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_0198613865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlug2004" class="citation book cs1">Klug, Aaron (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dnachangingscien0000unse/page/5">"The discovery of the DNA Double Helix"</a>. In Krude, Torsten (ed.). DNA: Changing Science and Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dnachangingscien0000unse/page/5">5–27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-82378-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-82378-1"><bdi>0-521-82378-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+the+DNA+Double+Helix&rft.btitle=DNA%3A+Changing+Science+and+Society&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=5-27&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-521-82378-1&rft.aulast=Klug&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdnachangingscien0000unse%2Fpage%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlby1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Olby" title="Robert Olby">Olby, Robert</a> (1974). "Rosalind Elsie Franklin". In Gillispie, Charles Coulston (ed.). Dictionary of Scientific Biography. V.10. New York: Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-10121-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-10121-1"><bdi>0-684-10121-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rosalind+Elsie+Franklin&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography.+V.10&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-684-10121-1&rft.aulast=Olby&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlby1994" class="citation book cs1">Olby, Robert (1994). The Path to The Double Helix: The Discovery of DNA (Unabridged, corrected and enlarged Dover ed.). New York: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-68117-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-68117-3"><bdi>0-486-68117-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Path+to+The+Double+Helix%3A+The+Discovery+of+DNA&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Unabridged%2C+corrected+and+enlarged+Dover&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-486-68117-3&rft.aulast=Olby&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlby,_R.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Olby, R. (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01397">"Quiet debut for the double helix"</a>. Nature. 421 (6921): 402–405. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.421..402O">2003Natur.421..402O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01397">10.1038/nature01397</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12540907">12540907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Quiet+debut+for+the+double+helix&rft.volume=421&rft.issue=6921&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E402-%3C%2Fspan%3E405&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12540907&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature01397&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Natur.421..402O&rft.au=Olby%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnature01397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaitTait2004" class="citation book cs1">Tait, Sylvia A.S.; Tait, James F. (2004). A Quartet of Unlikely Discoveries. London: Athena Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84401-343-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84401-343-2"><bdi>978-1-84401-343-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Quartet+of+Unlikely+Discoveries&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Athena+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84401-343-2&rft.aulast=Tait&rft.aufirst=Sylvia+A.S.&rft.au=Tait%2C+James+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkins2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Wilkins, Maurice</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_x_MKGY3mVQC">The Third Man of the Double Helix: The Autobiography of Maurice Wilkins</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280667-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280667-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280667-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/252699170">252699170</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220506100448/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/_/_x_MKGY3mVQC?hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Man+of+the+Double+Helix%3A+The+Autobiography+of+Maurice+Wilkins&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F252699170&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280667-3&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_x_MKGY3mVQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2019" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Gareth (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CdeuDwAAQBAJ">Unravelling the Double Helix</a>. New York: Pegasus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64313-215-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64313-215-0"><bdi>978-1-64313-215-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unravelling+the+Double+Helix&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pegasus+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-64313-215-0&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCdeuDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_Franklin&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rosalind_Franklin" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rosalind Franklin">Rosalind Franklin</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has an author profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/author/Q7474" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/author/Q7474">Rosalind Franklin</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161205171531/http://www.rosalindfranklinsociety.org/">"The Rosalind Franklin Society"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rosalindfranklinsociety.org/">the original</a> on 5 December 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rosalind+Franklin+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rosalindfranklinsociety.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cwp.library.ucla.edu/Phase2/Franklin,_Rosalind@841234567.html">"Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958)"</a>. Contributions of 20th century women to physics. UCLA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Contributions+of+20th+century+women+to+physics&rft.atitle=Rosalind+Franklin+%281920%E2%80%931958%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcwp.library.ucla.edu%2FPhase2%2FFranklin%2C_Rosalind%40841234567.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himetop.wikidot.com/rosalind-franklin">"Rosalind Franklin"</a>. The History of Medicine Topographical Database.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+of+Medicine+Topographical+Database&rft.atitle=Rosalind+Franklin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhimetop.wikidot.com%2Frosalind-franklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Recordings by <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a> at <a href="/wiki/Web_of_Stories" title="Web of Stories">Web of Stories</a>: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webofstories.com/play/aaron.klug/12">"12. Work at Birkbeck and meeting Rosalind Franklin"</a>. Web of Stories.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Web+of+Stories&rft.atitle=12.+Work+at+Birkbeck+and+meeting+Rosalind+Franklin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webofstories.com%2Fplay%2Faaron.klug%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webofstories.com/play/aaron.klug/13">"13. Work with Rosalind Franklin"</a>. Web of Stories.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Web+of+Stories&rft.atitle=13.+Work+with+Rosalind+Franklin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webofstories.com%2Fplay%2Faaron.klug%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webofstories.com/play/aaron.klug/17">"17. Rosalind Franklin and the discovery of DNA"</a>. Web of Stories.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Web+of+Stories&rft.atitle=17.+Rosalind+Franklin+and+the+discovery+of+DNA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webofstories.com%2Fplay%2Faaron.klug%2F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webofstories.com/play/aaron.klug/18">"18. After Rosalind Franklin's death"</a>. Web of Stories.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Web+of+Stories&rft.atitle=18.+After+Rosalind+Franklin%27s+death&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webofstories.com%2Fplay%2Faaron.klug%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin2003" class="citation news cs1">Franklin, Stephen (24 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2895681.stm">"My aunt, the DNA pioneer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. Retrieved 4 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=My+aunt%2C+the+DNA+pioneer&rft.date=2003-04-24&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F2895681.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Elkin, Lynne Osman (March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1570771">"Rosalind Franklin and the double helix"</a>. Physics Today. 56 (3): 42–48. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PhT....56c..42E">2003PhT....56c..42E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1570771">10.1063/1.1570771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Rosalind+Franklin+and+the+double+helix&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1570771&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003PhT....56c..42E&rft.aulast=Elkin&rft.aufirst=Lynne+Osman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1063%252F1.1570771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiper1998" class="citation journal cs1">Piper, Anne (April 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cwp.library.ucla.edu/articles/franklin/piper.html">"Light on a dark lady"</a>. Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 23 (4): 151–154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0968-0004%2898%2901194-3">10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01194-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9584620">9584620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Biochemical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Light+on+a+dark+lady&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E154&rft.date=1998-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0968-0004%2898%2901194-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9584620&rft.aulast=Piper&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcwp.library.ucla.edu%2Farticles%2Ffranklin%2Fpiper.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Franklin, Rosalind Elsie (1920–1958), crystallographer". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F37413">10.1093/ref:odnb/37413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Franklin%2C+Rosalind+Elsie+%281920%E2%80%931958%29%2C+crystallographer&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F37413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Aaron_Klug" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Aaron Klug">Sir Aaron Klug</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/science/dna-article.pdf">"Clue to chemistry of heredity found"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 13 June 1953. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/science/dna-article.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Clue+to+chemistry+of+heredity+found&rft.date=1953-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fpackages%2Fpdf%2Fscience%2Fdna-article.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> The first American newspaper coverage of the discovery of the structure of DNA.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkin" class="citation web cs1">Elkin, Lynne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/franklin-rosalind">"Rosalind Elsie Franklin 1920–1958"</a>. Jewish Women's Encyclopedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Women%27s+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Rosalind+Elsie+Franklin+1920%E2%80%931958&rft.aulast=Elkin&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjwa.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Ffranklin-rosalind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/photo51/">"Secret of Photo 51"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secret+of+Photo+51&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fphoto51%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> Website for television program first broadcast in 2003</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KR/">"The Rosalind Franklin Papers"</a>. Profiles in Science. <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Library_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Library of Medicine">U.S. National Library of Medicine</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Profiles+in+Science&rft.atitle=The+Rosalind+Franklin+Papers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofiles.nlm.nih.gov%2FKR%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1573">"The Papers of Rosalind Franklin"</a>. Archivesearch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archivesearch&rft.atitle=The+Papers+of+Rosalind+Franklin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Frepositories%2F9%2Fresources%2F1573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"> Documents from the <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Archives_Centre" title="Churchill Archives Centre">Churchill Archives Centre</a>, Cambridge. Also available at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wellcomelibrary.org/collections/digital-collections/makers-of-modern-genetics/digitised-archives/rosalind-franklin/">"The Rosalind Franklin papers"</a>. Wellcome Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wellcome+Library&rft.atitle=The+Rosalind+Franklin+papers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwellcomelibrary.org%2Fcollections%2Fdigital-collections%2Fmakers-of-modern-genetics%2Fdigitised-archives%2Frosalind-franklin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/histcomp/franklin-re_auth/index-tl.html">"Rosalind Franklin publications"</a>. Garfield Library. University of Pennsylvania.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Garfield+Library&rft.atitle=Rosalind+Franklin+publications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgarfield.library.upenn.edu%2Fhistcomp%2Ffranklin-re_auth%2Findex-tl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/dna/people/franklin.html">"Rosalind Franklin 1920–1958"</a>. Linus Pauling and the race for DNA, a documentary history.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linus+Pauling+and+the+race+for+DNA%2C+a+documentary+history&rft.atitle=Rosalind+Franklin+1920%E2%80%931958&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscarc.library.oregonstate.edu%2Fcoll%2Fpauling%2Fdna%2Fpeople%2Ffranklin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2008" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, T. Dennis (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caer.uky.edu/energeia/PDF/vol6-6.pdf">"The role of activated charcoal in plant tissue culture"</a> (PDF). Biotechnology Advances. 26 (6): 618–631. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biotechadv.2008.08.003">10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.08.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18786626">18786626</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.caer.uky.edu/energeia/PDF/vol6-6.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biotechnology+Advances&rft.atitle=The+role+of+activated+charcoal+in+plant+tissue+culture&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E618-%3C%2Fspan%3E631&rft.date=2008-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biotechadv.2008.08.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18786626&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=T.+Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caer.uky.edu%2Fenergeia%2FPDF%2Fvol6-6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2015" class="citation news cs1">Cobb, Matthew (23 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jun/23/sexism-in-science-did-watson-and-crick-really-steal-rosalind-franklins-data">"Sexism in science: did Watson and Crick really steal Rosalind Franklin's data?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 4 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sexism+in+science%3A+did+Watson+and+Crick+really+steal+Rosalind+Franklin%27s+data%3F&rft.date=2015-06-23&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2015%2Fjun%2F23%2Fsexism-in-science-did-watson-and-crick-really-steal-rosalind-franklins-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConlon2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Conlon, Anne Marie (3 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/people/rosalind-franklin/">"Rosalind Franklin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Rosalind+Franklin&rft.date=2020-08-03&rft.aulast=Conlon&rft.aufirst=Anne+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Fpeople%2Frosalind-franklin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobbComfort2023" class="citation journal cs1">Cobb, Matthew; Comfort, Nathaniel (25 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-023-01313-5">"What Rosalind Franklin truly contributed to the discovery of DNA's structure"</a>. Nature. 616 (7958): 657–660. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Natur.616..657C">2023Natur.616..657C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-023-01313-5">10.1038/d41586-023-01313-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37100935">37100935</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258314143">258314143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=What+Rosalind+Franklin+truly+contributed+to+the+discovery+of+DNA%27s+structure&rft.volume=616&rft.issue=7958&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E657-%3C%2Fspan%3E660&rft.date=2023-04-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-023-01313-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258314143%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37100935&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Natur.616..657C&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Comfort%2C+Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fd41586-023-01313-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitt2023" class="citation web cs1">Levitt, Dan (25 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/25/opinions/dna-structure-discovery-rosalind-franklin-levitt-scn/index.html">"Opinion: 70 years ago, the structure of DNA was revealed. Was Rosalind Franklin robbed?"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 25 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+70+years+ago%2C+the+structure+of+DNA+was+revealed.+Was+Rosalind+Franklin+robbed%3F&rft.date=2023-04-25&rft.aulast=Levitt&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2023%2F04%2F25%2Fopinions%2Fdna-structure-discovery-rosalind-franklin-levitt-scn%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosalind+Franklin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:King%27s_College_DNA" title="Template:King's College DNA"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:King%27s_College_DNA" title="Template talk:King's College DNA"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:King%27s_College_DNA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:King's College DNA"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="DNA_structure_research_at_King&#039;s_College_London_1947–195963" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">DNA structure research at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a> 1947–1959</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rosalind Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Gosling" title="Raymond Gosling">Raymond Gosling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randall_(physicist)" title="John Randall (physicist)">John Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Stokes" title="Alec Stokes">Alexander Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Wilson" title="Herbert Wilson">Herbert Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_51" title="Photo 51">Photo 51</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:DNA-fragment-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/DNA-fragment-3D-vdW.png/45px-DNA-fragment-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/DNA-fragment-3D-vdW.png/68px-DNA-fragment-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/DNA-fragment-3D-vdW.png/90px-DNA-fragment-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_biology_(timeline)253" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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biology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">timeline</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields, disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anatomy" title="History of anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biochemistry" title="History of biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" title="History of biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ecology" title="History of ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">Evolutionary thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_genetics" title="History of genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geology" title="History of geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_immunology" title="Timeline of immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_model_organisms" title="History of model organisms">Model organisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_biology" title="History of molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" title="History of molecular evolution">Molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_phycology" title="History of phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">Plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_RNA_biology" title="History of RNA biology">RNA biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_zoology_through_1859" title="History of zoology through 1859">Zoology (through 1859)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_zoology_since_1859" class="mw-redirect" title="History of zoology since 1859">Zoology (since 1859)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories, concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">Germ theory of disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology" title="Central dogma of molecular biology">Central dogma of molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_chain_of_being" title="Great chain of being">Great chain of being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">Hierarchy of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_gene%E2%80%93one_enzyme_hypothesis" title="One gene–one enzyme hypothesis">One gene–one enzyme hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocell" title="Protocell">Protocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_world" title="RNA world">RNA world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_hypothesis" title="Sequence hypothesis">Sequence hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_generation" title="Spontaneous generation">Spontaneous generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">History of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology" title="Philosophy of biology">Philosophy of biology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teleology_in_biology" title="Teleology in biology">Teleology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" title="History of the creation–evolution controversy">History of the creation-evolution controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldtian_science" title="Humboldtian science">Humboldtian science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">Natural theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_biology" title="Category:History of biology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Rosalind_Franklin_award_of_the_Royal_Society106" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rosalind_Franklin_Award_Laureates" title="Template:Rosalind Franklin Award Laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Rosalind_Franklin_Award_Laureates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Rosalind Franklin Award Laureates (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rosalind_Franklin_Award_Laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rosalind Franklin Award Laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Rosalind_Franklin_award_of_the_Royal_Society106" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_Award" title="Rosalind Franklin Award">Laureates</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rosalind Franklin</a> award of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laureates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2024 <a href="/wiki/Jess_Wade" title="Jess Wade">Jess Wade</a></li> <li>2023 <a href="/wiki/Karen_Johnson_(scientist)" title="Karen Johnson (scientist)">Karen Johnson</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/Diane_Saunders" title="Diane Saunders">Diane Saunders</a></li> <li>2021 <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Imber" title="Suzanne Imber">Suzanne Imber</a></li> <li>2020 <a href="/wiki/Julia_Gog" title="Julia Gog">Julia Gog</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Nguyen_TK_Thanh" title="Nguyen TK Thanh">Nguyen TK Thanh</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/Tamsin_Mather" title="Tamsin Mather">Tamsin Mather</a></li> <li>2017 <a href="/wiki/Essi_Viding" title="Essi Viding">Essi Viding</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/Jo_Dunkley" title="Jo Dunkley">Jo Dunkley</a></li> <li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Carpenter" title="Lucy Carpenter">Lucy Carpenter</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/Rachel_McKendry" title="Rachel McKendry">Rachel McKendry</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Sarah-Jayne_Blakemore" title="Sarah-Jayne Blakemore">Sarah-Jayne Blakemore</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/Polly_Arnold" title="Polly Arnold">Polly Arnold</a></li> <li>2011 <a href="/wiki/Francesca_Happ%C3%A9" title="Francesca Happé">Francesca Happé</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Blundell" title="Katherine Blundell">Katherine Blundell</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/Sunetra_Gupta" title="Sunetra Gupta">Sunetra Gupta</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Maguire" title="Eleanor Maguire">Eleanor Maguire</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Ottoline_Leyser" title="Ottoline Leyser">Ottoline Leyser</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Brand" title="Andrea Brand">Andrea Brand</a></li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/Christine_Davies" title="Christine Davies">Christine Davies</a></li> <li>2004 <a href="/wiki/Carol_V._Robinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Carol V. Robinson">Carol V. Robinson</a></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Sue_Gibson_(chemist)" title="Sue Gibson (chemist)">Susan Gibson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7474#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2649" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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