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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perioadele_geologice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Perioadele geologice</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Perioadele_geologice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Perioadele geologice subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Perioadele_geologice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Triasic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triasic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Triasic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Triasic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jurasic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurasic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Jurasic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurasic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cretacic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cretacic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Cretacic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cretacic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleogeografie_și_tectonică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleogeografie_și_tectonică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Paleogeografie și tectonică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleogeografie_și_tectonică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clima</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mezozoic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 86 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoso%C3%AFkum" title="Mesosoïkum – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mesosoïkum" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoikum" title="Mesozoikum – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mesozoikum" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoico" title="Mesozoico – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mesozoico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%89" title="حقبة الحياة الوسطى – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حقبة الحياة الوسطى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoicu" title="Mesozoicu – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mesozoicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidistiugal" title="Sidistiugal – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Sidistiugal" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezozoy" title="Mezozoy – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mezozoy" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Мезозой – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мезозой" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Мезазой – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мезазой" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Мэзазой – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэзазой" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Мезозой – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мезозой" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezozoeg" title="Mezozoeg – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mezozoeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezozoik" title="Mezozoik – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mezozoik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mesozoic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezozoikum" title="Mezozoikum – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mezozoikum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Мезозой – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мезозой" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesos%C3%B6ig" title="Mesosöig – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mesosöig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoikum" title="Mesozoikum – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mesozoikum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoikum" title="Mesozoikum – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mesozoikum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%B6%CF%89%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Μεσοζωικός αιώνας – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεσοζωικός αιώνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mesozoic" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezozoiko" title="Mezozoiko – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mezozoiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_mesozoica" title="Era mesozoica – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Era mesozoica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosoikum" title="Mesosoikum – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mesosoikum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoiko" title="Mesozoiko – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mesozoiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="میانه‌زیستی – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میانه‌زیستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesotsooinen_maailmankausi" title="Mesotsooinen maailmankausi – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mesotsooinen maailmankausi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9sozo%C3%AFque" title="Mésozoïque – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mésozoïque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoikum" title="Mesozoikum – frizonă nordică" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mesozoikum" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frizonă nordică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_R%C3%A9_Mh%C3%A9iseas%C3%B3ch" title="An Ré Mhéiseasóch – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ré Mhéiseasóch" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoico" title="Mesozoico – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mesozoico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%95%D7%96%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9F" title="מזוזואיקון – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מזוזואיקון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="मध्यजीवी महाकल्प – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मध्यजीवी महाकल्प" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezozoik" title="Mezozoik – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mezozoik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88_Mezozoyik" title="È Mezozoyik – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="È Mezozoyik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezozoikum" title="Mezozoikum – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mezozoikum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Մեզոզոյան դարաշրջան – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեզոզոյան դարաշրջան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoikum" title="Mesozoikum – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesozoikum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%B0l%C3%ADfs%C3%B6ld" title="Miðlífsöld – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Miðlífsöld" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoico" title="Mesozoico – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mesozoico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="中生代 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中生代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoikum" title="Mesozoikum – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mesozoikum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="მეზოზოური ჯგუფი – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეზოზოური ჯგუფი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Мезозой – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мезозой" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%83%9D%EB%8C%80" title="중생대 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중생대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%C2%AD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Мезозой заманы – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мезозой заманы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoicum" title="Mesozoicum – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mesozoicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84erdm%C3%ABttelalter" title="Äerdmëttelalter – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Äerdmëttelalter" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezozojus" title="Mezozojus – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mezozojus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezozojs" title="Mezozojs – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mezozojs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Мезозоик – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мезозоик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Мезозой эрин – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мезозой эрин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoik" title="Mesozoik – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mesozoik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="သက်လယ်ကပ် – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သက်လယ်ကပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoikum" title="Mesozoikum – germana de jos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mesozoikum" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="germana de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="मेसोजोइक महाकल्प – nepaleză" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मेसोजोइक महाकल्प" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozo%C3%AFcum" title="Mesozoïcum – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mesozoïcum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoikum" title="Mesozoikum – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mesozoikum" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoikum" title="Mesozoikum – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mesozoikum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozo%C3%AFc" title="Mesozoïc – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mesozoïc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9sozo%C3%AFke" title="Mésozoïke – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Mésozoïke" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezozoik" title="Mezozoik – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mezozoik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesos%C3%B2ich" title="Mesosòich – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mesosòich" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7_(%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C)" title="وچکارلا ویلا (جیالوجی) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وچکارلا ویلا (جیالوجی)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="میزوزوئیک – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="میزوزوئیک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoico" title="Mesozoico – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mesozoico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chawpikawsaq_Pacha" title="Chawpikawsaq Pacha – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chawpikawsaq Pacha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Мезозой – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мезозой" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezozoik" title="Mezozoik – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mezozoik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mesozoic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezozoikum" title="Mezozoikum – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mezozoikum" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezozoik" title="Mezozoik – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mezozoik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Мезозоик – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мезозоик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9sozoikum" title="Mésozoikum – sundaneză" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mésozoikum" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoikum" title="Mesozoikum – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mesozoikum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="มหายุคมีโซโซอิก – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหายุคมีโซโซอิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosoiko" title="Mesosoiko – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mesosoiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezozoyik" title="Mezozoyik – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mezozoyik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мезозойська ера – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мезозойська ера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezozoy_eratemasi" title="Mezozoy eratemasi – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mezozoy eratemasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Trung_sinh" title="Đại Trung sinh – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại Trung sinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mesozoic" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="中生代 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="中生代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="中生代 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中生代" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-seng-t%C4%81i" title="Tiong-seng-tāi – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiong-seng-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="中生代 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中生代" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><table class="wikitable" border="1" align="right" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Eon_(geologie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eon (geologie)">Eon</a><sup id="cite_ref-RGB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RGB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Eră </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Milioane de ani </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background:rgb(111,218,237)"><a href="/wiki/Fanerozoic" title="Fanerozoic">Fanerozoic</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(246,236,57)"><a href="/wiki/Neozoic" title="Neozoic">Neozoic</a></td> <td align="right">66,0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(7,202,234)"><b>Mezozoic</b></td> <td align="right">251,0 ± 0,4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(146,195,160)"><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a></td> <td align="right">542,0 ± 1,0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(254,76,104)"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:#efefef;"> </td> <td align="right">2.500 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(254,0,124)"><a href="/wiki/Arhaic" title="Arhaic">Arhaic</a></td> <td align="right">3.800 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(203,3,129)"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean</a></td> <td align="right">ca. 4.570 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Era mezozoică</b> este a doua mare <a href="/wiki/Er%C4%83_(geologie)" title="Eră (geologie)">eră geologică</a> a <a href="/wiki/Fanerozoic" title="Fanerozoic">Fanerozoicului</a>. Se întinde de acum circa 252 milioane ani până acum circa 66 milioane ani. Mai este numită și <b>Epoca Reptilelor</b>, denumire introdusă de paleontologul <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Mantell" title="Gideon Mantell">Gideon Mantell</a> în secolul al XIX-lea, care a observat că Mezozoicul a fost dominat de diapside, cum ar fi <i><a href="/wiki/Iguanodon" title="Iguanodon">Iguanodon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Megalosaurus" title="Megalosaurus">Megalosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Plesiosaurus" title="Plesiosaurus">Plesiosaurus</a></i> și <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pterodactylus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pterodactylus — pagină inexistentă">Pterodactylus</a></i>. Această epocă este de asemenea numită și <b>Epoca Coniferelor</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Mezozoic</i> înseamnă "viața mijlocie", derivată din prefixul grecesc <i>meso-</i>/<i>μεσο-</i> pentru "mijloc" și <i>zōon</i>/<i>ζῷον</i> însemnând "animal" sau "ființă vie".<sup id="cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OnlineEtDict-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Este una dintre cele trei epoci geologice ale Eonului <a href="/wiki/Fanerozoic" title="Fanerozoic">Fanerozoic</a>, precedată de <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> ("viața antică") și succedată de <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> ("viața nouă"). Era este împărțită în trei perioade majore: <a href="/wiki/Triasic" title="Triasic">Triasic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jurasic" title="Jurasic">Jurasic</a> și <a href="/wiki/Cretacic" title="Cretacic">Cretacic</a>, care la rândul lor sunt subdivizate în mai multe epoci și etape. </p><p>Era a început în urma <a href="/wiki/Extinc%C8%9Bia_Permian-Triasic" title="Extincția Permian-Triasic">Extincției Permian-Triasic</a>, cea mai mare extincție din istoria Pământului, și s-a încheiat cu <a href="/wiki/Dispari%C8%9Bia_dinozaurilor" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispariția dinozaurilor">Extincția Cretacic-Terțiar</a>, o altă extincție cunoscută pentru faptul că a ucis dinozaurii non-aviari, precum și alte specii de plante și animale. Mesozoicul a fost un timp al al activităților tectonice, climatice și evolutive semnificative. Supercontinentul <a href="/wiki/Pangea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangea">Pangea</a> s-a desprins treptat în continente separate, care, în cele din urmă au ajuns în pozițiile actuale. Climatul Mezozoicului a fost variat, perioadele calde alternând cu cele reci. Totuși, în general, Pământul era mai fierbinte decât este astăzi. <a href="/wiki/Dinozaur" title="Dinozaur">Dinozaurii</a> au apărut în <a href="/wiki/Triasic_t%C3%A2rziu" title="Triasic târziu">Triasicul târziu</a> și au devenit vertebratele terestre dominante la începutul Jurasicului, ocupând această poziție timp de aproximativ 135 de milioane de ani, până la dispariția lor la sfârșitul Cretacicului. Păsările au apărut pentru prima dată în Jurasic, după ce au evoluat dintr-o ramură a dinozaurilor <a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">theropoda</a>. Primele <a href="/wiki/Mamifere" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamifere">mamifere</a> au apărut în timpul Mezozoicului, dar au rămas de mici dimensiuni - mai puțin de 15 kg - până la Cenozoic. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perioadele_geologice">Perioadele geologice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezozoic&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Perioadele geologice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezozoic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Perioadele geologice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Urmând Paleozoicului, Mesozoicul a durat aproximativ 186 milioane de ani, de la 252.17 milioane de ani în urmă la 66 de milioane de ani în urmă, când a început Era Cenozoică. Acest interval de timp este separat în trei perioade geologice. De la cel mai îndepărtat până la cel mai apropiat: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triasic" title="Triasic">Triasic</a> (252.17 până la 201.3 milioane de ani în urmă; a durat 50.9 de milioane de ani)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurasic" title="Jurasic">Jurasic</a> (201.3 până la 145 milioane de ani în urmă; a durat 56.3 de milioane de ani)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretacic" title="Cretacic">Cretacic</a> (145 până la 66 milioane de ani în urmă; a durat 79 de milioane de ani)</li></ul> <p>Limita inferioară a mezozoicului este stabilită de <a href="/wiki/Extinc%C8%9Bia_Permian-Triasic" title="Extincția Permian-Triasic">Extincția Permian-Triasic</a>, în timpul căreia aproximativ 90% până la 96% din speciile marine și 70% din vertebratele terestre au dispărut.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Limita superioară a mezozoicului este stabilită de <a href="/wiki/Extinc%C8%9Bia_Cretacic-Ter%C8%9Biar" class="mw-redirect" title="Extincția Cretacic-Terțiar">Extincția Cretacic-Terțiar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> care e posibil să fi fost cauzată de impactul care a creat ă[craterul Chicxulub]] din <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Peninsula Yucatán">Peninsula Yucatán</a>. Marile erupțiile vulcanice cretacice se crede, de asemenea, că au contribuit la dispariția cretacic-terțiar. Aproximativ 50% din toate genurile au dispărut, inclusiv toți dinozaurii non-aviari. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Triasic">Triasic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezozoic&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Triasic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezozoic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Triasic"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Triasic" title="Triasic">Triasic</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16505893">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex}}</style> <p>Triasicul variază de la aproximativ 252 milioane la 201 milioane de ani în urmă. Triasicul este un timp din istoria Pământului cuprins între <a href="/wiki/Extinc%C8%9Bia_Permian-Triasic" title="Extincția Permian-Triasic">Extincția Permian</a> și <a href="/wiki/Extinc%C8%9Bia_Triasic-Jurasic" class="mw-redirect" title="Extincția Triasic-Jurasic">Extincția Triasic-Jurasic</a>, două dintre cele cinci mari extincții, și precede perioada Jurasic. Este alcătuit din trei epoci majore: Triasicul timpuriu, Triasicul mijlociu și Triasicul târziu.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Triasicul timpuriu este perioada cuprinsă între aproximativ 252 milioane de ani în urmă până la 247 milioane de ani în urmă și a fost dominată de deșerturi, cum pe atunci Pangea nu era despărțită în continente, iar interiorul era arid. Pământul tocmai fusese martorul unei extincții masive în care 95% din viețuitoare au dispărut. Cele mai obișnuite viețuitoare vertebrale de pe Pământ erau <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lystrosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lystrosaurus — pagină inexistentă">Lystrosaurus</a></i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Labyrinthodont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labyrinthodont — pagină inexistentă">labyrinthodont</a> și <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euparkeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euparkeria — pagină inexistentă">Euparkeria</a></i> împreună cu multe alte creaturi care au reușit să supraviețuiască. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Temnospondyli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temnospondyli — pagină inexistentă">Temnospondyli</a> au evoluat în acest timp și a fost prădătorul dominant pentru o mare parte din Triasic.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Sellosaurus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sellosaurus.jpg/220px-Sellosaurus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sellosaurus.jpg/330px-Sellosaurus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sellosaurus.jpg/440px-Sellosaurus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Plateosaurus" title="Plateosaurus">Plateosaurus</a></i> (un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prosauropod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prosauropod — pagină inexistentă">prosauropod</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Triasicul mijlociu se întinde de la aproximativ 247 milioane la 237 milioane de ani în urmă. Triasicul mijlociu prezintă începutul despărțirii Pangeei și deschiderea <a href="/wiki/Marea_Tethys" class="mw-redirect" title="Marea Tethys">Mării Tethys</a>. Ecosistemul își revenise din devastarea care a fost Extincția din Permian. Algele, buretele, coralii și crustaceele s-au refăcut, iar reptilele au început să devină din ce în ce mai mari. Au apărut noi reptile acvatice, cum ar fi <a href="/wiki/Ihtiozaur" title="Ihtiozaur">ihtiozaurii</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nothosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nothosaurus — pagină inexistentă">nothozaurii</a>. Între timp, pe uscat, au înflorit pădurile de pini, la fel ca grupurile de insecte precum țânțarii și muștele de fructe. Primii crocodili străvechi au evoluat, ceea ce a provocat o concurență cu amfibienii mari, care de atunci au domniat lumea apelor dulci.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Triasicul târziu se întinde de la aproximativ 237 milioane la 201 milioane de ani în urmă. După înflorirea din Triasicul mijlociu, Triasicul târziu a prezentat frecvente perioade scurte de căldură, precum și precipitații moderate (25-50 cm pe an). Recenta reîncălzirea a dus la un boom al evoluției reptiliene pe pământ, dezvoltându-se primii dinozauri adevărați, precum și <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterosaur">pterosaurii</a>. În timpul Triasicului târziu, unele <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynodontia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cynodontia — pagină inexistentă">cynodontia</a> avansate au dat naștere primelor mamaliaforme. Totuși, această schimbare climatică a avut ca rezultat o dispariție mare cunoscută sub numele de <a href="/wiki/Extinc%C8%9Bia_triasic-jurasic" class="mw-redirect" title="Extincția triasic-jurasic">Extincția triasic-jurasic</a>, în care au dispărut mulți <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archosaurs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archosaurs — pagină inexistentă">archosaurs</a> (cu excepția pterosaurilor, dinozaurilor și crocodilomorfilor), majoritatea <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinapside&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinapside — pagină inexistentă">sinapsidelor</a> și aproape toți amfibienii mari, precum și 34% din viața marină, în cea de-a patra extincție în masă a lumii. Cauza este discutabilă.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jurasic">Jurasic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezozoic&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Jurasic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezozoic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Jurasic"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Jurasic" title="Jurasic">Jurasic</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Sericipterus_NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sericipterus_NT.jpg/220px-Sericipterus_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sericipterus_NT.jpg/330px-Sericipterus_NT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sericipterus_NT.jpg/440px-Sericipterus_NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhamphorhynchus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhamphorhynchus — pagină inexistentă">Rhamphorhynchus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Jurasicul variază de la 200 de milioane de ani la 145 de milioane de ani în urmă și prezintă 3 epoci majore: <a href="/wiki/Jurasic_timpuriu" title="Jurasic timpuriu">Jurasicul timpuriu</a>, Jurasicul mijlociu și Jurasicul târziu.<sup id="cite_ref-Carol_Marie_Tang_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carol_Marie_Tang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jurasicul timpuriu se întinde de la 200 de milioane de ani la 175 de milioane de ani în urmă.<sup id="cite_ref-Carol_Marie_Tang_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carol_Marie_Tang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clima era mult mai umedă decât în Triasic, și, ca urmare, lumea era foarte tropicală. Oceanele erau pline de <a href="/wiki/Plesiozaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Plesiozaur">plesiosauri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ihtiozaur" title="Ihtiozaur">ihtiozauri</a> și <a href="/wiki/Ammonoidea" title="Ammonoidea">ammonoidea</a>. Pe pământ, dinozaurii și alți archosauri se luptă pentru a fi rasă dominantă a pământului, cu specii precum <a href="/wiki/Dilophosaurus" title="Dilophosaurus">Dilophosaurus</a> în vârf. Primii crocodili adevărați au evoluat, împingând amfibienii mari spre aproape de dispariție. Peste toate acestea, archosaurus au devenit specia dominantă. Între timp, primele mamifere adevărate au evoluat, rămânând relativ de mici dimensiuni; de exemplu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Castorocauda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castorocauda — pagină inexistentă">Castorocauda</a> s-a adaptat pentru înot, săpare și prinderea peștilor. Primele multituberculoase, cum ar fi Rugosodon, evoluează, în timp ce volaticoterienii ajung la cer. Primele multituberculata, ca <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugosodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rugosodon — pagină inexistentă">Rugosodon</a></i> au evoluat, în timp ce volaticotherinii s-au stins. </p><p>Jurasicul mijlociu se întinde de la 175 milioane la 163 de milioane de ani în urmă<sup id="cite_ref-Carol_Marie_Tang_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carol_Marie_Tang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În timpul acestei epoci, dinozaurii au înflorit ca turme imense de sauropode, cum ar fi <a href="/wiki/Brachiosaurus" title="Brachiosaurus">Brachiosaurus</a> și <a href="/wiki/Diplodocus" title="Diplodocus">Diplodocus</a>. Mulți alți predători s-au dezvoltat, precum Allosaurus. Pădurile de conifere au format o mare parte din păduri. În oceane, plesiosaurii erau destul de obișnuiți, iar ihtiozaurul era înfloritor. Această epocă a fost vârful reptilelor.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Stegosaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Stegosaurus_BW.jpg/220px-Stegosaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Stegosaurus_BW.jpg/330px-Stegosaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Stegosaurus_BW.jpg/440px-Stegosaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Stegosaurus" title="Stegosaurus">Stegosaurus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Jurasicul târziu se întinde de la 163 milioane la 145 milioane de ani în urmă.<sup id="cite_ref-Carol_Marie_Tang_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carol_Marie_Tang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În timpul Jurasicului târziu, primele avialae, precum <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i>, au evoluat din mici dinozauri coelurosaurian. Creșterea nivelelor mărilor au deschis Marea Atlantică, care va continua să crească în timp. Lumea divizată va oferi oportunitatea diversificării de noi dinozauri. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cretacic">Cretacic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezozoic&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Cretacic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezozoic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Cretacic"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Cretacic" title="Cretacic">Cretacic</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"><p> Cretacicul este cea mai lungă perioadă din Mezozoic și are două epoci: Cretacicul timpuriu și Cretacicul târziu.<sup id="cite_ref-Carl_Fred_Koch_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carl_Fred_Koch-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Knight_Tylosaurus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Knight_Tylosaurus.jpg/220px-Knight_Tylosaurus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Knight_Tylosaurus.jpg/330px-Knight_Tylosaurus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Knight_Tylosaurus.jpg/440px-Knight_Tylosaurus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Tylosaurus" title="Tylosaurus">Tylosaurus</a></i> (un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosasaur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mosasaur — pagină inexistentă">mosasaur</a>) vânând un <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiphactinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiphactinus — pagină inexistentă">Xiphactinus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Cretacicul timpuriu se întinde de la 145 milioane la 100 de milioane de ani în urmă.<sup id="cite_ref-Carl_Fred_Koch_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carl_Fred_Koch-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În timpul Cretacicul timpuriu a avut loc expansiunea maritimă și, în consecință, declinul și dispariția sauropodelor (cu excepția Americii de Sud). Unii dinozauri, cum ar fi <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eustreptospondylus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eustreptospondylus — pagină inexistentă">Eustreptospondylus</a></i>, au evoluat pentru a face față apelor de coastă și a insulelor mici ale Europei antice. Alți dinozauri s-au dezvoltat pentru a umple spațiul gol pe care l-a lăsat extincția Jurasic-Cretacic, cum ar fi <i><a href="/wiki/Carcharodontosaurus" title="Carcharodontosaurus">Carcharodontosaurus</a></i> și <i><a href="/wiki/Spinosaurus" title="Spinosaurus">Spinosaurus</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Iguanodon" title="Iguanodon">Iguanodonul</a></i> s-a răspândit pe toate continentele. Anotimpurile și-au reluat influențele, iar polii au rămas sezonier mai rece, dar dinozaurii încă locuiau în această zonă, cum ar fi <i><a href="/wiki/Leaellynasaura" title="Leaellynasaura">Leaellynasaura</a></i> și <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muttaburrasaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muttaburrasaurus — pagină inexistentă">Muttaburrasaurus</a></i>, care au locuit în pădurile polare pe tot parcursul anului. Cum vremea era prea rece pentru crocodili, a fost ultimul bastion pentru amfibieni mari, cum ar fi <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koolasuchus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koolasuchus — pagină inexistentă">Koolasuchus</a></i>. Pterosaurii au devenit mai mari pe măsură ce speciile ca <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapejara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tapejara — pagină inexistentă">Tapejara</a></i> și <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithocheirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ornithocheirus — pagină inexistentă">Ornithocheirus</a></i> au evoluat. Mamiferele au continuat să se extindă; eutriconodonturii au produs prădători destul de mari, asemănători <a href="/wiki/Gluton" title="Gluton">glutonului</a> - prădători precum <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repenomamus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Repenomamus — pagină inexistentă">Repenomamus</a></i> și <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobiconodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gobiconodon — pagină inexistentă">Gobiconodon</a></i>. Teienii timpurii au început să se extindă în metaterieni și eutherieni. </p><p>Cretacicul târziu se întinde de la 100 de milioane la 66 de milioane de ani în urmă. În această epocă s-a manifestat o tendință de răcire a vremii, care a continuat în perioada <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoică</a>. În cele din urmă, tropicele s-au limitat la ecuator și zonele dincolo de liniile tropice au prezentat modificări sezoniere extreme ale vremii. Dinozaurii încă se dezvoltau, deoarece noi specii, cum ar fi <i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurus" title="Tyrannosaurus">Tyrannosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ankylosaurus" title="Ankylosaurus">Ankylosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Triceratops" title="Triceratops">Triceratops</a></i> și hadrosaurii au dominat pe uscat. În oceane, mosasaurii dominau mările, înlocuind rolul ichthyosaurilor, care, după un declin au dispărut în urma evenimentului de graniță cenomanian-turonian. Deși pliosaurii au dispărut în același eveniment, plesiosaurii cu gât lung, cum ar fi <i><a href="/wiki/Elasmosaurus" title="Elasmosaurus">Elasmosaurus</a></i>, au continuat să prospere. Plantele cu flori, care posibil au apărut încă din Triasic, au devenit cu adevărat dominante pentru prima dată. </p><p>Pterosaurii din Cretacicul târziu au intrat în declin din motive neînțelese, înregistrările fosilor descoperite indicând o diversitate mult mai mare decât se credea anterior. Păsările au devenit din ce în ce mai comune și diverse, diversificându-se într-o varietate de forme enantiornithes și ornithurae. Deși în mare parte mici, hesperornithe marine au devenit relativ mari și incapabile să zboare, adaptate la viața în largul mării. Metatherienii și eutherienii primitivi au devenit, de asemenea, obișnuiți și chiar au produs specii mari și specializate precum <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didelphodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Didelphodon — pagină inexistentă">Didelphodon</a></i> și <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schowalteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schowalteria — pagină inexistentă">Schowalteria</a></i>. Totuși, mamiferele dominante erau multituberculatele: cimolodonta în nord și gondwanatheria în sud. </p><p>La sfârșitul Cretacicului, regiunea vulcanică denumită Capcanele Deccan, și alte erupții vulcanice otrăveau atmosfera. Pe măsură ce acest lucru a continuat, se crede că un meteorit mare s-a izbit de Pământ cu 66 de milioane de ani în urmă, creând <a href="/wiki/Craterul_Chicxulub" title="Craterul Chicxulub">Craterul Chicxulub</a> într-un eveniment cunoscut sub numele de <a href="/wiki/Extinc%C8%9Bia_K-T" class="mw-redirect" title="Extincția K-T">Extincția K-T</a>, cel de-al cincilea și cel mai recent eveniment de extincție în masă, în care 75% din formele de viață au dispărut, inclusiv toți dinozaurii nezburători.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toate speciile mai mari de 10 kilograme au dispărut. Epoca dinozaurilor s-a încheiat.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleogeografie_și_tectonică"><span id="Paleogeografie_.C8.99i_tectonic.C4.83"></span>Paleogeografie și tectonică</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezozoic&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Paleogeografie și tectonică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezozoic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Paleogeografie și tectonică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Pangea_animation_03.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Pangea_animation_03.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption>Dispersarea supercontinentului Pangaea</figcaption></figure> <p>În comparație cu construcția muntoasă a placilor convergente de la sfârșitul <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoicului</a>, deformările tectonice din Mezozoic au fost relativ ușoare. Singura <a href="/wiki/Orogenez%C4%83" title="Orogeneză">orogeneză</a> mezozoică majoră a avut loc în ceea ce este acum <a href="/wiki/Arctica" title="Arctica">zona Artică</a> și a creat lanțurile muntoase Brooks (nordul Americii de Nord), Verhohoyansk (estul Siberiei), Cherskiy (nord-estul Siberiei) și munții Khingan din Manciuria. Această orogenie a fost legată de deschiderea <a href="/wiki/Oceanul_Arctic" title="Oceanul Arctic">Oceanului Arctic</a> și de subducția nordului Chinei și a Siberiei sub <a href="/wiki/Oceanul_Pacific" title="Oceanul Pacific">Oceanul Pacific</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cu toate acestea, în Mezozoic, supercontinentul <a href="/wiki/Pangea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangea">Pangea</a> s-a dispersat dramatic. Pangea s-a împărțit treptat într-un continent nordic, <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a>, si un continent sudic, <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>. Aceasta a creat marja continentală pasivă care caracterizează cea mai mare parte a coastei atlantice (de exemplu, de-a lungul coastei de est a SUA) de astăzi.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Până la sfârșitul epocii, continentele au apărut aproape în forma lor actuală. <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a> a devenit <a href="/wiki/America_de_Nord" title="America de Nord">America de Nord</a> și <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, în timp ce <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> s-a împărțit în <a href="/wiki/America_de_Sud" title="America de Sud">America de Sud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> și subcontinentul indian, care s-au ciocnit cu placa asiatică în timpul <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoicului</a>, impactul care a dat naștere munților <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya">Himalaya</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clima">Clima</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezozoic&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Clima" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezozoic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Clima"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Triasicul a fost în general uscat, o tendință care a început în <a href="/wiki/Carbonifer" title="Carbonifer">Carboniferul</a> târziu, și foarte sezonieră, mai ales în interiorul Pangea. Nivelurile scăzute ale mării au putut, de asemenea, să exacerbeze temperaturile extreme. Cu <a href="/wiki/Capacitate_termic%C4%83_masic%C4%83" title="Capacitate termică masică">capacitatea sa termică masică</a> mare, apa acționează ca un rezervor de căldură stabilizator de temperatură, iar zonele de pământ situate lângă corpuri mari de apă — în special oceanele — au mai puțină variație a temperaturii. Deoarece o mare parte a pământului care constituia Pangea era distanțat de oceane, temperaturile au fluctuat foarte mult, iar interiorul Pangeei a cuprins, probabil, zone expansive de deșert. Gresia roșie și mineralele, cum ar fi <a href="/wiki/Sare_gem%C4%83" title="Sare gemă">sarea gemă</a>, susțin aceste concluzii, însă există dovezi că climatul în general uscat al Triasicului a fost punctat de episoadele de precipitații crescute.<sup id="cite_ref-Pretoetal2010_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pretoetal2010-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cele mai importante episoade umede au fost: evenimentul pluvial Carnian și cel din Rhaetian, cu câteva milioane de ani înainte de <a href="/wiki/Extinc%C8%9Bia_Triasic-Jurasic" class="mw-redirect" title="Extincția Triasic-Jurasic">Extincția Triasic-Jurasic</a>. </p><p>Nivelul mării a început să crească în timpul Jurasicului, ceea ce a fost probabil cauzat de o creștere a răspândirii peștelui. Formarea unei cruste noi, sub suprafața apei, a deplasat apele oceanice cu până la 200 m mai mult decât astăzi, inundând zonele de coastă. Mai mult, Pangea a început să se împartă în diviziuni mai mici, aducând o suprafață mai mare de pământ în contact cu oceanul formând <a href="/wiki/Marea_Tethys" class="mw-redirect" title="Marea Tethys">Marea Tethys</a>. Temperaturile au continuat să crească și au început să se stabilizeze. De asemenea, umiditatea a crescut cu apropierea apei, iar deserturile s-au retras. </p><p>Clima din Cretacic este mai puțin sigură și mai contestată. Se crede că nivelurile ridicate de <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_carbon" title="Dioxid de carbon">dioxid de carbon</a> din <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera_P%C4%83m%C3%A2ntului" title="Atmosfera Pământului">atmosferă</a> au determinat ca variația temperaturii de la nord la sud să devină aproape plată: temperaturile erau aproximativ la fel pe toată planeta. Temperaturile medii au fost mai mari decât astăzi cu aproximativ 10 °C. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezozoic&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezozoic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RGB-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RGB_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Los colores corresponden a los códigos RGB aprobados por la Comisión Internacional de Estratigrafía. Disponible en el sitio de la International Commision on Stratigraphy, en <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu/charts/rgb.html">«Standard Color Codes for the Geological Time Scale»</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dean, Dennis R. (<time datetime="1999">1999</time>). <i>Gideon Mantell and the Discovery of Dinosaurs</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 97–98. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0521420482" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0521420482">0521420482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gideon+Mantell+and+the+Discovery+of+Dinosaurs&rft.pages=97-98&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0521420482&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Dennis+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMezozoic" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OnlineEtDict-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Mesozoic&allowed_in_frame=0">„Mesozoic”</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_Etymology_Dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online Etymology Dictionary — pagină inexistentă">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mesozoic&rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DMesozoic%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMezozoic" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Benton M J (<time datetime="2005">2005</time>). <i>When life nearly died: the greatest mass extinction of all time</i>. London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-500-28573-X" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-500-28573-X">0-500-28573-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+life+nearly+died%3A+the+greatest+mass+extinction+of+all+time&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-500-28573-X&rft.au=Benton+M+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMezozoic" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gradstein F, Ogg J, Smith A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521781426"><i>A Geologic Time Scale 2004</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Geologic+Time+Scale+2004&rft.aulast=Gradstein&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Ogg%2C+J&rft.au=Smith%2C+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fuk%2Fcatalogue%2Fcatalogue.asp%3Fisbn%3D0521781426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMezozoic" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Alan Logan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/604667/Triassic-Period/225842/Economic-significance-of-Triassic-deposits">„Triassic”</a>. <i>University of New Brunswick</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+New+Brunswick&rft.atitle=Triassic&rft.au=Alan+Logan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F604667%2FTriassic-Period%2F225842%2FEconomic-significance-of-Triassic-deposits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMezozoic" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Alan Kazlev. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150427233440/http://palaeos.com/mesozoic/triassic/earlytrias.htm">„Early Triassic”</a>. <i>unknown</i>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palaeos.com/mesozoic/triassic/earlytrias.htm">original</a> la <time datetime="2015-04-27">27 aprilie 2015</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2017-09-23">23 septembrie 2017</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unknown&rft.atitle=Early+Triassic&rft.au=Alan+Kazlev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpalaeos.com%2Fmesozoic%2Ftriassic%2Fearlytrias.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMezozoic" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Rubidge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palaeos.com/mesozoic/triassic/midtrias.html">„Middle Triassic”</a>. <i>unknown</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unknown&rft.atitle=Middle+Triassic&rft.au=Rubidge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpalaeos.com%2Fmesozoic%2Ftriassic%2Fmidtrias.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMezozoic" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Graham Ryder; David Fastovsky; Stefan Gartner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kAup0TOL09gC&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false">„Late Triassic Extinction”</a>. <i>Geological Society of America</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Late+Triassic+Extinction&rft.au=Graham+Ryder&rft.au=David+Fastovsky&rft.au=Stefan+Gartner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkAup0TOL09gC%26pg%3DPA19%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMezozoic" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parametru necunoscut <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|last-author-amp=</code> ignorat (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Enchanted Learning. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/mesozoic/triassic/lt.shtml">„Late Triassic life”</a>. <i>Enchanted Learning</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enchanted+Learning&rft.atitle=Late+Triassic+life&rft.au=Enchanted+Learning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enchantedlearning.com%2Fsubjects%2Fdinosaurs%2Fmesozoic%2Ftriassic%2Flt.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMezozoic" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carol_Marie_Tang-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carol_Marie_Tang_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carol_Marie_Tang_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carol_Marie_Tang_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carol_Marie_Tang_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Carol Marie Tang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/308541/Jurassic-Period/257903/Major-subdivisions-of-the-Jurassic-System">„Jurassic Era”</a>. <i>California Academy of Sciences</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Jurassic+Era&rft.au=Carol+Marie+Tang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F308541%2FJurassic-Period%2F257903%2FMajor-subdivisions-of-the-Jurassic-System&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMezozoic" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Enchanted Learning. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/mesozoic/jurassic/mj.shtml">„Middle Jurassic”</a>. <i>Enchanted Learning</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enchanted+Learning&rft.atitle=Middle+Jurassic&rft.au=Enchanted+Learning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enchantedlearning.com%2Fsubjects%2Fdinosaurs%2Fmesozoic%2Fjurassic%2Fmj.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMezozoic" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carl_Fred_Koch-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carl_Fred_Koch_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carl_Fred_Koch_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Carl Fred Koch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/142729/Cretaceous-Period/257709/Major-subdivisions-of-the-Cretaceous-System">„Cretaceous”</a>. <i>Old Dominion University</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Old+Dominion+University&rft.atitle=Cretaceous&rft.au=Carl+Fred+Koch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F142729%2FCretaceous-Period%2F257709%2FMajor-subdivisions-of-the-Cretaceous-System&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMezozoic" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Becker, Luann (<time datetime="2002">2002</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/scientificamerican/journal/v286/n3/pdf/scientificamerican0302-76.pdf">„Repeated Blows”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>286</b>: 76–83. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0302-76">10.1038/scientificamerican0302-76</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11857903">11857903</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2016-01-28">28 ianuarie 2016</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Repeated+Blows&rft.volume=286&rft.pages=76-83&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0302-76&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11857903&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Luann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fscientificamerican%2Fjournal%2Fv286%2Fn3%2Fpdf%2Fscientificamerican0302-76.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMezozoic" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">University of California. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mesozoic/cretaceous/cretaceous.php">„Cretaceous”</a>. <i>University of California</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+California&rft.atitle=Cretaceous&rft.au=University+of+California&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucmp.berkeley.edu%2Fmesozoic%2Fcretaceous%2Fcretaceous.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMezozoic" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Elizabeth Howell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universetoday.com/36697/the-asteroid-that-killed-the-dinosaurs/">„K-T Extinction event”</a>. <i>Universe Today</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universe+Today&rft.atitle=K-T+Extinction+event&rft.au=Elizabeth+Howell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F36697%2Fthe-asteroid-that-killed-the-dinosaurs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMezozoic" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">See Hughes, T.; “ The case for creation of the North Pacific Ocean during the Mesozoic Era” in <i>Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</i>; Volume 18, Issue 1, August 1975, Pages 1-43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Stanley, Steven M. <i>Earth System History</i>. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1999. <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-7167-2882-6" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-7167-2882-6">ISBN: 0-7167-2882-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pretoetal2010-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pretoetal2010_19-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Preto, N.; Kustatscher, E.; Wignall, P.B. (<time datetime="2010">2010</time>). „Triassic climates — State of the art and perspectives”. <i>Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</i>. <b>290</b>: 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2010.03.015">10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.03.015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Triassic+climates+%E2%80%94+State+of+the+art+and+perspectives&rft.volume=290&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2010.03.015&rft.au=Preto%2C+N.&rft.au=Kustatscher%2C+E.&rft.au=Wignall%2C+P.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AMezozoic" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezozoic&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezozoic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear:right;border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0 0 1em 1em;font-size:90%;background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9f9);color:color:var(--color-base, #000);width:230px;padding:2px;spacing:2px;text-align:center;float:right"><div style="float:left;vertical-align:middle"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></div><div style="margin-left:35px;line-height:normal;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> conține materiale multimedia legate de <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mesozoic?uselang=ro">Mezozoic</a></b></span></div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://piru.alexandria.ucsb.edu/collections/animations/Pangea.mov"><i>Despărțirea Pangaeii</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060412183052/http://piru.alexandria.ucsb.edu/collections/animations/Pangea.mov">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2006-04-12">12 aprilie 2006</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Istorie_geologic%C4%83" title="Format:Istorie geologică"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Istorie_geologic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Istorie geologică — pagină inexistentă"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Istorie_geologic%C4%83&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="/wiki/Scara_timpului_geologic" title="Scara timpului geologic">Istoria geologică a Pământului</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenozoic">Era Cenozoică¹<br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">(prezent–66.0 mil.ani)</span></a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Cuaternar" title="Cuaternar">Cuaternar <span style="font-weight:normal;">(prezent–2.588 mil.ani)</span></a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Holocen" title="Holocen">Holocen (prezent–11.784 )</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen">Pleistocen (11.784 –2.588 mil.ani)</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen">Neogen <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2.588–23.03 mil.ani)</span></a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Pliocen" title="Pliocen">Pliocen (2.588–5.333 mil.ani)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen">Miocen (5.333–23.03 mil.ani)</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogen" title="Paleogen">Paleogen <span style="font-weight:normal;">(23.03–66.0 mil.ani)</span></a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Oligocen" title="Oligocen">Oligocen (23.03–33.9 mil.ani)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eocen" title="Eocen">Eocen (33.9–56.0 mil.ani)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paleocen" title="Paleocen">Paleocen (56.0–66.0 mil.ani)</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16513826">.mw-parser-output .navbox{margin:0 auto 0}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-even[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-title[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-even[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-title[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}}</style></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Era Mezozoică¹<br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">(66.0–251.902 mil.ani)</span></a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Cretacic" title="Cretacic">Cretacic <span style="font-weight:normal;">(66.0–145.0 mil.ani)</span></a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Cretacicul_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretacicul Superior">Târziu (66.0–100.5 mil.ani)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cretacicul_timpuriu" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretacicul timpuriu">Timpuriu (100.5–145.0 mil.ani)</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Jurasic" title="Jurasic">Jurasic <span style="font-weight:normal;">(145.0–201.3 mil.ani)</span></a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Jurasicul_t%C3%A2rziu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurasicul târziu">Târziu (145.0–163.5 mil.ani)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurasicul_mijlociu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jurasicul mijlociu — pagină inexistentă">Mijlociu (163.5–174.1 mil.ani)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jurasicul_timpuriu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurasicul timpuriu">Timpuriu (174.1–201.3 mil.ani)</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Triasic" title="Triasic">Triasic <span style="font-weight:normal;">(201.3–251.902 mil.ani)</span></a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Triasicul_T%C3%A2rziu" class="mw-redirect" title="Triasicul Târziu">Târziu (201.3–237 mil.ani)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triasicul_Mijlociu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triasicul Mijlociu — pagină inexistentă">Mijlociu (237–247.2 mil.ani)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triasicul_Timpuriu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triasicul Timpuriu — pagină inexistentă">Timpuriu (247.2–251.902 mil.ani)</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16513826"></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Era Paleozoică¹<br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">(251.902–541.0 mil.ani)</span></a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian <span style="font-weight:normal;">(251.902–298.9 mil.ani)</span></a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Lopingian" title="Lopingian">Lopingian (251.902–259.8 mil.ani)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian (259.8–272.3 mil.ani)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cisuralian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cisuralian — pagină inexistentă">Cisuralian (272.3–298.9 mil.ani)</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Carbonifer" title="Carbonifer">Carbonifer <span style="font-weight:normal;">(298.9–358.9 mil.ani)</span></a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvanian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pennsylvanian — pagină inexistentă">Pennsylvanian (298.9–323.2 mil.ani)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mississippian — pagină inexistentă">Mississippian (323.2–358.9 mil.ani)</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian <span style="font-weight:normal;">(358.9–419.2 mil.ani)</span></a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Devonianul_T%C3%A2rziu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devonianul Târziu — pagină inexistentă">Târziu (358.9–382.7 mil.ani)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Devonianul_Mijlociu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devonianul Mijlociu — pagină inexistentă">Mijlociu (382.7–393.3 mil.ani)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Devonianul_Timpuriu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devonianul Timpuriu — pagină inexistentă">Timpuriu (393.3–419.2 mil.ani)</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian <span style="font-weight:normal;">(419.2–443.8 mil.ani)</span></a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pridoli_(Silurian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pridoli (Silurian) — pagină inexistentă">Pridoli (419.2–423.0 mil.ani)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludlow_(Silurian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludlow (Silurian) — pagină inexistentă">Ludlow (423.0–427.4 mil.ani)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wenlock_(Silurian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wenlock (Silurian) — pagină inexistentă">Wenlock (427.4–433.4 mil.ani)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Llandovery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llandovery — pagină inexistentă">Llandovery (433.4–443.8 mil.ani)</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician <span style="font-weight:normal;">(443.8–485.4 mil.ani)</span></a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordovicianul_T%C3%A2rziu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordovicianul Târziu — pagină inexistentă">Târziu (443.8–458.4 mil.ani)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordovicianul_Mijlociu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordovicianul Mijlociu — pagină inexistentă">Mijlociu (458.4–470.0 mil.ani)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordovicianul_Timpuriu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordovicianul Timpuriu — pagină inexistentă">Timpuriu (470.0–485.4 mil.ani)</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian <span style="font-weight:normal;">(485.4–541.0 mil.ani)</span></a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Furongian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Furongian — pagină inexistentă">Furongian (485.4–497 mil.ani)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrianul_Mijlociu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambrianul Mijlociu — pagină inexistentă">Mijlociu (497–509 mil.ani)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrianul_Timpuriu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambrianul Timpuriu — pagină inexistentă">Timpuriu (509–521 mil.ani)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terreneuvian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terreneuvian — pagină inexistentă">Terreneuvian (521–541.0 mil.ani)</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16513826"></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Eonul Proterozoic²<br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">(541.0 mil.ani–2.5 mld.ani)</span></a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Era Neoproterozoică <span style="font-weight:normal;">(541.0 mil.ani–1 mld.ani)</span></a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ediacaran — pagină inexistentă">Ediacaran (541.0-~635 mil.ani)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Criogenian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criogenian — pagină inexistentă">Criogenian (~635-~720 mil.ani)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tonian — pagină inexistentă">Tonian (~720 mil.ani-1 mld.ani)</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title="Mesoproterozoic">Era Mesoproterozoică <span style="font-weight:normal;">(1–1.6 mld.ani)</span></a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stenian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stenian — pagină inexistentă">Stenian (1-1.2 mld.ani)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ectasian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ectasian — pagină inexistentă">Ectasian (1.2-1.4 mld.ani)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calymmian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calymmian — pagină inexistentă">Calymmian (1.4-1.6 mld.ani)</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title="Paleoproterozoic">Paleoproterozoic era <span style="font-weight:normal;">(1.6–2.5 mld.ani)</span></a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Statherian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statherian — pagină inexistentă">Statherian (1.6-1.8 mld.ani)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orosirian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orosirian — pagină inexistentă">Orosirian (1.8-2.05 mld.ani)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhyacian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhyacian — pagină inexistentă">Rhyacian (2.05-2.3 mld.ani)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Siderian" title="Siderian">Siderian (2.3-2.5 mld.ani)</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16513826"></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Arhaic" title="Arhaic">Eonul Arhaic² <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2.5–4 mld.ani)</span></a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Ere </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoarhaic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neoarhaic — pagină inexistentă">Neoarhaic (2.5–2.8 mld.ani)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezoarhaic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mezoarhaic — pagină inexistentă">Mezoarhaic (2.8–3.2 mld.ani)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paleoarhaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoarhaic">Paleoarhaic (3.2–3.6 mld.ani)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eoarhaic" title="Eoarhaic">Eoarhaic (3.6–4 mld.ani)</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16513826"></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Eonul Hadean² <span style="font-weight:normal;">(4–4.6 mld.ani)</span></a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">  </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em">  </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16513826"></div>  </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2">Mil.ani = milioane de ani în urmă. Mld.ani = miliarde de ani în urmă. ¹ = <a href="/wiki/Fanerozoic" title="Fanerozoic">Eonul Fanerozoic</a>. ² = <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Supereonul Precambrian</a>.<br />Sursă: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2017-02.pdf">(2017/02)</a>. Comisia internationala de stratigrafie - 13 iulie 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3015/fs2007-3015.pdf">Diviziunile timpului geologic</a> USGS - 10 martie 2013. </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16513826"> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate">Control de autoritate</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119469745">cb119469745</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119469745">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4038793-8">4038793-8</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85097131">sh85097131</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573928">00573928</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117573&CON_LNG=ENG">ph117573</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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