Internet History Sourcebooks: Medieval Sourcebook

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Internet History Sourcebooks: Medieval Sourcebook</title> <style type="text/css">  </style> </head> <body>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-N23XC1HXST"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-N23XC1HXST'); </script>  <div id="header_new"> <div id="header_new_left"> <a href="http://www.fordham.edu"><img src="http://www.fordham.edu/site/styles/img/logo-universal.png" alt="Fordham"></a> </div> <div id="header_new_right">  <div align="right" id="searchbox" style="padding-top:.5em;"> <form method="get" action="https://www.fordham.edu/_search/s/search.html"> <input type="text" name="query"> <input 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href="/Halsall/sbookmap.asp">Maps</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/medfilms.asp">Medieval Films</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/search.asp">Search</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/help.asp">Help</a></p> <hr /> <span class="navHeaderText">Selected Sources Sections</span> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1a.asp">Studying History</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1b.asp">End of Rome</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1c.asp">Byzantium</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1d.asp">Islam</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1e.asp">Roman Church</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1f.asp">Early Germans</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1ff.asp">Anglo-Saxons</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1g.asp">Celtic World</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1h.asp">Carolingians</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1i.asp">10 C Collapse</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1j.asp">Economic Life</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1k.asp">Crusades</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1l.asp">Empire & Papacy</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1m.asp">France</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1n.asp">England</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1o.asp">Celtic States</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1oo.asp">Nordic Europe</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1p.asp">Iberia</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1q.asp">Italy</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1qq.asp">Eastern Europe</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1r.asp">Intellectual Life</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1s.asp">Medieval Church</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1t.asp">Jewish Life</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1u.asp">Social History</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1v.asp">Sex & Gender</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1w.asp">States & Society</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1x.asp">Renaissance</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1y.asp">Reformation</a> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/sbook1z.asp">Exploration</a> <hr /> <a class="level1Links" href="/Halsall/thanks.asp">IHSP Credits</a> <br /> </td> </tr> </table></td> <td id="tbl_rightnav" valign="top"> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="12" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td> <p align="left" class="H_Title">Internet Medieval Sourcebook</p> <p align="left" class="H_Title"> Selected Sources Index</p> <p class="H_body_text">Editor: <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#9bf2f3e8ebdbfdf4e9fff3faf6b5feffeea4e8eef9f1fef8efa6d6fefff2feedfaf7bbc8f4eee9f8fef9f4f4f0">Paul Halsall</a><br /> <br /> The Internet Medieval Sourcebook is located at the <br /> <a href="https://www.fordham.edu/mvst/">Fordham University Center for Medieval Studies</a>.</p> <hr /> <p class="H_body_text">The Selected Sources section works as follows: </p> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">This <strong>Selected Sources Index page</strong> shows all sections and sub sections. These have also been regularized in a consistent hierarchy. This should allow rapid review of where texts are. </li> <li class="H_body_text">You can also easily access the sub-section pages by chosing section title on the left of each page.</li> </ul> <hr /> <strong><p class="H_Subitle"><b>Bad Links</b> </p></strong> <p><span class="H_body_text">1. This project is both very large and fairly old in Internet terms. At the time it was begun (1996), it was not clear that web sites [and the documents made available there] would often turn out to be transient. As a result there is a process called "link rot" - which means that a "broken link" is a result of someone having taken down a web page. In some cases some websites have simply reorganized sub-directories without creating forwarding links. Regular efforts are made to remove bad links.<br /> <br /> 2. All links to documents marked [at IHSP] should be working. <i><br /> <br /> </i>3. Users may attempt to locate texts not currently available, or where the links have changed via <a href="http://www.archive.org/web/web.php"> The Internet Archive/Way Back Machine</a>. Alternately, a search via <a href="https://www.google.com">Google</a> may locate another site where the document is available.<b><br /> </b></span></p> <hr /> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="10" height="407"> <tr> <td width="90" height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text" style="font-weight: bold">Sub-<br /> Indexes</td> <td width="100%" height="21" valign="top"> <p class="H_body_text" style="font-weight: bold">Subjects covered by the source texts in each sub-section.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="90" height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1a.asp">Studying History</a></td> <td width="100%" height="21" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="prim" id="prim"></a>Using Primary Sources</li> <li class="H_body_text">Close Reading</li> <li class="H_body_text">Medieval Documents</li> <li class="H_body_text">Accessing Medieval Documents</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Uses of History</li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr class="H_body_text"> <td colspan="2" valign="top" style="font-weight: bold">The End of Rome & the Three Successor Civilizations</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="90" height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1b.html">End of the Classical World</a></td> <td width="100%" height="21" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="pagan" id="pagan"></a>Pagan Late Antiquity </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Late Antique Government and Culture</li> <li class="H_body_text">The "Fall" of the Roman Empire</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="christla" id="christla"></a>Christian Late Antiquity </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Early Christianity After 100</li> <li class="H_body_text">Persecution of Christians</li> <li class="H_body_text">The "Triumph" of the Church</li> <li class="H_body_text">Persecution by Christians/The End of Paganism</li> <li class="H_body_text">Early Dogmatic Disputes </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Disputes over the Trinity: Arianism</li> <li class="H_body_text">Disputes over Christology: Nestorianism and Monophysitism</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">The World of the Church Fathers </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Eastern Fathers</li> <li class="H_body_text">Western Fathers</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Christianity and Classical Learning</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="goths" id="goths"></a>The German Impact </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Early Germans</li> <li class="H_body_text">Invading Germans/Other "Barbarians"</li> </ul> </li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="90" height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1c.asp">Byzantium</a></td> <td width="100%" height="21" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="byz1" id="byz1"></a>General</li> <li class="H_body_text">Foundations</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="byz-just" id="byz-just"></a>Justinian (b.483- r.527-d.565) </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Justinian and Theodora</li> <li class="H_body_text">Government</li> <li class="H_body_text">Society and Economy</li> <li class="H_body_text">Church Policy</li> <li class="H_body_text">Wars</li> <li class="H_body_text">Buildings</li> <li class="H_body_text">Laws</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="byz-just2" id="byz-just2"></a>After Justinian</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="byz-icon" id="byz-icon"></a>Iconoclasm</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="byz-imp" id="byz-imp"></a>Byzantine Imperial Centuries (843-1204) </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Macedonian Dynasty</li> <li class="H_body_text">Eleventh Century Conflicts</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Komnenoi</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">The Final Centuries </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">The Crusades and Latin Empire (1204-1261)</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Nicean Period</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Palaiologoi</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Peloponnese and Mistra</li> <li class="H_body_text">Trebizond</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Fall of Constantinople and Aftermath</li> <li class="H_body_text">After Byzantium</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="byz-rel" id="byz-rel"></a>Byzantine Religion </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">General Religion</li> <li class="H_body_text">Ecclesiastical Organization</li> <li class="H_body_text">Theology</li> <li class="H_body_text">Spirituality</li> <li class="H_body_text">Liturgy</li> <li class="H_body_text">Sanctity</li> <li class="H_body_text">Monasticism</li> <li class="H_body_text">Heresy and Dissent</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="byz-com" id="byz-com"></a>The Byzantine Commonwealth </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Syria</li> <li class="H_body_text">Armenia</li> <li class="H_body_text">Bulgaria</li> <li class="H_body_text">Serbia/Montenegro</li> <li class="H_body_text">Vikings</li> <li class="H_body_text">Inner Asia</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="byz-russia" id="byz-russia"></a>The Byzantine Commonwealth: Russia</li> <li class="H_body_text">Accounts of Byzantium by Others</li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="90" height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1d.asp">Islam</a></td> <td width="100%" height="21" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text">General</li> <li class="H_body_text">Pre-Islamic Arabia</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="islam1" id="islam1"></a>Muhammad and Foundations - to 632 CE</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="islam-exp" id="islam-exp"></a>Islamic Expansion and Empire - to 750 CE</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="islam-later" id="islam-later"></a>The Abbasid Caliphate - after 750 CE </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Politics</li> <li class="H_body_text">Philosophy</li> <li class="H_body_text">Science</li> <li class="H_body_text">Literature</li> <li class="H_body_text">Crusades</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Al-Andalus: Muslim Spain</li> <li class="H_body_text">Muslim Persia</li> <li class="H_body_text">Egypt and North Africa</li> <li class="H_body_text">Muslim Religious Development </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Muslim Life </li> <li class="H_body_text">The Sunni Tradition</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Shia Tradition</li> <li class="H_body_text">Sufism</li> <li class="H_body_text">Relations with Other Religions</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">The Turks</li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr class="H_body_text"> <td colspan="2" valign="top" style="font-weight: bold">The Formation of Latin Christendom</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="90" height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1e.asp">The Church</a></td> <td width="100%" height="21" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="romchurch" id="romchurch"></a>The Rise of the Church of Rome</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="monks1" id="monks1"></a>Monasticism to A.D. 900 </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Eastern Origins</li> <li class="H_body_text">Celtic Monasticism</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Benedictine Movement</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="conversion" id="conversion"></a>The Conversion of Europe </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Franks</li> <li class="H_body_text">Celtic Missions</li> <li class="H_body_text">England</li> <li class="H_body_text">Germany</li> <li class="H_body_text">Scandinavia</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Slavs</li> <li class="H_body_text">Rus</li> <li class="H_body_text">Other Missionary Areas</li> </ul> </li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="90" height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1f.asp">Early Germanic States</a></td> <td width="100%" height="21" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text">Romanized (Christian) Goths </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Vandals</li> <li class="H_body_text">Ostrogoths</li> <li class="H_body_text">Visgoths</li> <li class="H_body_text">Lombards</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Non-Christian Germans </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Franks</li> <li class="H_body_text">Northlands/Scandinavia</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Germanic Cultures</li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <td height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1ff.asp">Anglo-Saxons</a></td> <td height="21" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text">Britain after the Romans</li> <li class="H_body_text">Anglo-Saxons</li> <li class="H_body_text">Arthuriana</li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="90" height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1g.asp">Celtic World</a></td> <td width="100%" height="21" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="celtic1" id="celtic1"></a>The Celtic Loss of Britain</li> <li class="H_body_text">Wales</li> <li class="H_body_text">Scotland</li> <li class="H_body_text">Ireland</li> <li class="H_body_text">Brittany</li> <li class="H_body_text">Celtic Christianity</li> <li class="H_body_text">Celtic Literature </li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="90" height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1h.asp">Carolingians and After</a></td> <td width="100%" height="21" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="carol" id="carol"></a>The Rise of the Carolingian Dynasty and Papal Support </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Charles Martel</li> <li class="H_body_text">Pepin</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Charlemagne </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Personality</li> <li class="H_body_text">Wars</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Legal and Social Documents</li> <li class="H_body_text">Carolingian Culture</li> <li class="H_body_text">Carolingian and later East Francia (Germany)</li> <li class="H_body_text">Carolingian and later West Francia (France)</li> <li class="H_body_text">Carolingian Decline and Division</li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr class="H_body_text"> <td colspan="2" valign="top" style="font-weight: bold">Western Collapse and Recovery</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="90" height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1i.asp">Crisis, Recovery, Feudalism?</a></td> <td width="100%" height="21" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text">External Attacks: Vikings: Magyars: Arabs </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">The Collapse of Security</li> <li class="H_body_text">A Castellan Revolution</li> <li class="H_body_text">Viking Adventures</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Viking World</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="feud1" id="feud1"></a>Feudalism? </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Essay on the Problem</li> <li class="H_body_text">Online Reviews of Fiefs and Vassals</li> <li class="H_body_text">Oaths and Contracts</li> <li class="H_body_text">Methods of  Land Transfer </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Inheritance</li> <li class="H_body_text">Grants</li> <li class="H_body_text">Fiefs</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Methods of Government</li> <li class="H_body_text">Methods of Supporting an Army</li> <li class="H_body_text">Development of the Later Legal Terminology of "Feudalism"</li> <li class="H_body_text">A Militarized Society</li> <li class="H_body_text">Monetization of Military Activity</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="westrec" id="westrec"></a>The Ottonian Dynasty and After</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Y1K Problem: The Year 1000</li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="90" height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1j.asp">Economic Life</a></td> <td width="100%" height="21" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="comrev" id="comrev"></a>Economic Life Before the 11th Century </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Late Antique Italy</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Merovingian Era</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Carolingian Economy</li> <li class="H_body_text">Anglo-Saxon England</li> <li class="H_body_text">Celtic World</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Roots of the Commercial Revolution </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Population Growth</li> <li class="H_body_text">Attitude Towards Work</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Control and Granting of Rights</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Trade and Commerce </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Money and Coinage</li> <li class="H_body_text">Credit</li> <li class="H_body_text">Fairs and Markets</li> <li class="H_body_text">State Interference in Trade</li> <li class="H_body_text">Sea Trade</li> <li class="H_body_text">Long Distance Trade</li> <li class="H_body_text">Mid-Distance Trade</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Slave Trade</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Hanse</li> <li class="H_body_text">Tolls</li> <li class="H_body_text">Book-Keeping</li> <li class="H_body_text">Business Contracts</li> <li class="H_body_text">Prices</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">The Rise of Towns </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">The Communal Movement</li> <li class="H_body_text">Bourgeois Institutions: Gilds </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Craft Gilds</li> <li class="H_body_text">Gild Merchants</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Legal Controls</li> <li class="H_body_text">Urban Cultures</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Industries </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">General</li> <li class="H_body_text">Mining</li> <li class="H_body_text">Tanning</li> <li class="H_body_text">Cloth Manufacture</li> <li class="H_body_text">Masonry</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">The State and the Economy </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Taxation</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">The Church and the Economy </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">General</li> <li class="H_body_text">Tithes</li> <li class="H_body_text">Tax Exemptions</li> <li class="H_body_text">Monastic Property </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Cartulary of Saint Trond</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Slavery and Serfdom</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Economic Thought</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="rural" id="rural"></a>Rural Life </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">The Peasantry </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Farming Activity</li> <li class="H_body_text">Legal Position</li> <li class="H_body_text">Peasant Customary Obligations</li> <li class="H_body_text">Peasant Revolts</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Manorialism</li> <li class="H_body_text">Archeology of Medieval Villages</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">The Big Picture</li> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">The Medieval Economy in the Context of Ancient and Modern Economies</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Crucial Role of Egypt</li> <li class="H_body_text">World Systems Theory</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Great Transition</li> </ul> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="90" height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1k.asp">Crusades</a></td> <td width="100%" height="21" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="crusade1" id="crusade1"></a>General</li> <li class="H_body_text">Background</li> <li class="H_body_text">The First Crusade </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Urban II's Speech, 1095 </li> <li class="H_body_text">Attacks on the Jews</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Journeys and Battles of the Crusade</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Historians of the First Crusade</li> <li class="H_body_text">"Crusades" after the First Crusade</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">The Kingdom of Jerusalem </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Government</li> <li class="H_body_text">Economics</li> <li class="H_body_text">Cultures</li> <li class="H_body_text">Christian Muslim Interaction </li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">The Crusader Orders </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">General</li> <li class="H_body_text">Templars</li> <li class="H_body_text">Hospitallers</li> <li class="H_body_text">Teutonic Knights</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">The Second Crusade and Aftermath </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Calling the Crusade</li> <li class="H_body_text">Successes and Failures</li> <li class="H_body_text">Criticism of the Crusade</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">The Third Crusade </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Latin Problems</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Loss of Jerusalem</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Failure of Europe's Monarchs</li> <li class="H_body_text">The German Crusade of 1197</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">The Fourth Crusade</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Fifth and Later Crusades </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">St Louis' Crusades</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Fall of the Latin East</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">The Effects of the Crusade Ideal in the West</li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr class="H_body_text"> <td colspan="2" valign="top" style="font-weight: bold">Varieties of Medieval States</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="90" height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1l.asp">Empire and Papacy</a></td> <td width="100%" height="21" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="emppope1" id="emppope1"></a>Introductory Essay</li> <li class="H_body_text">Phase I: The Invesituture Controversy </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Emergence of Reform Ideology</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Conflict over Invesitures </li> <li class="H_body_text">Solutions</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="emppope2" id="emppope2"></a>Phase II: Barbarossa: The Empire at its Height </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">General</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Besan莽on Episode 1157</li> <li class="H_body_text">Barbarossa and Alexander III</li> <li class="H_body_text">Barbarossa in Italy</li> <li class="H_body_text">Canonical Response</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Innocent III: The Papacy at its Height</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="HRE1" id="HRE1"></a>The Holy Roman Empire: Frederick II and After </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Frederick II</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Empire's Regions</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="emppope3" id="emppope3"></a>The Papacy Overreaches </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Papal Claims</li> <li class="H_body_text">Reaction: Political</li> <li class="H_body_text">Reaction: Intellectual and Theological </li> </ul> </li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="90" height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1m.asp">France</a></td> <td width="100%" height="21" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="france1" id="france1"></a>General</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Regions of the Kingdom of France</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Rise of Capetian France </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Louis VI</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">The France of Philip II Augustus</li> <li class="H_body_text">St. Louis (King Louis IX)</li> <li class="H_body_text">Philip IV</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Apanage System</li> <li class="H_body_text">Burgundy</li> <li class="H_body_text">Paris</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Hundred Years War </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Joan of Arc</li> </ul> </li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="90" height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1n.asp">England</a></td> <td width="100%" height="21" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text">Norman England </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">The Conquest 1066</li> <li class="H_body_text">William I: Administration & the Domesday Book</li> <li class="H_body_text">William II</li> <li class="H_body_text">Henry I and the Norman Regnum</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Angevin England </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Henry II </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">The Man and His Family</li> <li class="H_body_text">Thomas Becket</li> <li class="H_body_text">Wars</li> <li class="H_body_text">Administration & Origins of Common Law</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Richard I Lionheart</li> <li class="H_body_text">England under Angevin Rule </li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="england1" id="england1"></a>Parliamentary Origins in England </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Common Law: A Law of Real Property</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Barons Revolt and Magna Carta</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Struggle of Henry III and His Barons</li> <li class="H_body_text">Parliament Coalesces</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Later Medieval England </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Government</li> <li class="H_body_text">Henry III</li> <li class="H_body_text">Edward I</li> <li class="H_body_text">Legal Texts </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Select Pleas</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Yorkists and Lancastrians</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Tudor Victory</li> </ul> </li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="90" height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1o.asp">Celtic States</a></td> <td width="100%" height="21" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="scotland1" id="scotland1"></a>Scotland </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="ireland1" id="ireland1"></a>Ireland</li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <td height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1oo.asp">Nordic Europe</a></td> <td height="21" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text">General</li> <li class="H_body_text">Sweden</li> <li class="H_body_text">Denmark</li> <li class="H_body_text">Norway</li> <li class="H_body_text">Orkney, Shetland, and Faroees</li> <li class="H_body_text">Iceland</li> <li class="H_body_text">Greenland</li> <li class="H_body_text">Vinland</li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="90" height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1p.asp">Iberia</a></td> <td width="100%" height="21" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="spain1" id="spain1"></a>General</li> <li class="H_body_text">Visigothic Spain</li> <li class="H_body_text">Al-Andulus: Moorish Spain</li> <li class="H_body_text">The "Reconquista"</li> <li class="H_body_text">Leon and Castile</li> <li class="H_body_text">Aragon </li> <li class="H_body_text">Portugal</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Life of Christian Spain</li> <li class="H_body_text">Seferad: Jewish Spain </li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <td height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1q.asp">Italy</a></td> <td height="21" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="italy1" id="italy2"></a>General</li> <li class="H_body_text">South Italy</li> <li class="H_body_text">Sicily</li> <li class="H_body_text">Florence</li> <li class="H_body_text">Milan</li> <li class="H_body_text">Venice</li> <li class="H_body_text">Other Cities</li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="90" height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1qq.asp">Eastern Europe</a></td> <td width="100%" height="21" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text">General</li> <li class="H_body_text">Bulgaria</li> <li class="H_body_text">Serbia</li> <li class="H_body_text">Rus' and Russia</li> <li class="H_body_text">Poland and Lithuania</li> <li class="H_body_text">Czech Lands</li> <li class="H_body_text">Hungary</li> <li class="H_body_text">Romanians</li> <li class="H_body_text">Northern Crusades</li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr class="H_body_text"> <td colspan="2" valign="top" style="font-weight: bold">The Flowering of Western Medieval Civilization</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="90" height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1r.asp">Intellectual Life</a></td> <td width="100%" height="21" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text">General</li> <li class="H_body_text">Carolingian Thought</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="12th" id="12th"></a>11th-12th Century Thought </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Legal Studies</li> <li class="H_body_text">Philosophy: The Emergence of the Scholastic Approach</li> <li class="H_body_text">Jewish Thinkers</li> <li class="H_body_text">Intuitive Theology</li> <li class="H_body_text">Abelard and Heloise</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Discovery of the Individual?</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="13th" id="13th"></a>13th-14th Century Scholasticism </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Educational Institutions</li> <li class="H_body_text">Theology and Philosophy</li> <li class="H_body_text">Aquinas</li> <li class="H_body_text">Bonaventure</li> <li class="H_body_text">Averro毛ists</li> <li class="H_body_text">Nominalists</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Rhetoric</li> <li class="H_body_text">Medieval Political Thought</li> <li class="H_body_text">Science and Technology</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="westlit1" id="westlit1"></a>Western European Literature </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">General</li> <li class="H_body_text">Epic</li> <li class="H_body_text">Lyric</li> <li class="H_body_text">Romance</li> <li class="H_body_text">Drama</li> </ul> </li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="90" height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1s.asp">High Medieval Church</a></td> <td width="100%" height="21" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="monks2" id="monks2"></a>Western Monasticism - After A.D. 900 </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Benedictines</li> <li class="H_body_text">Cluny</li> <li class="H_body_text">Cistercians</li> <li class="H_body_text">Carthusians</li> <li class="H_body_text">Other Orders</li> <li class="H_body_text">Women's Monasticism </li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="critic1" id="critic1"></a>The Mendicant Orders </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Franciscans</li> <li class="H_body_text">Dominicans</li> <li class="H_body_text">Other Orders</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">The Secular Clergy </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Cathedral Chapters</li> <li class="H_body_text">Parish Pastoral Clergy</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Medieval Heresy </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">General</li> <li class="H_body_text">Waldensianism</li> <li class="H_body_text">Catharism</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Inquisition</li> <li class="H_body_text">Lollardy</li> <li class="H_body_text">Hussites</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="spirit1" id="spirit1"></a>Christian Spirituality </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">The Life of Christ</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Cultus of the Virgin Mary</li> <li class="H_body_text">Saints and Relics</li> <li class="H_body_text">Pilgrimage</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Sacramental System </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">The Eucharist</li> <li class="H_body_text">Penance</li> <li class="H_body_text">Confirmation</li> <li class="H_body_text">Heaven, Hell, and In Between</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Aspects of Popular Beliefs</li> </ul> </li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="90" height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1t.asp">Jewish Life</a></td> <td width="100%" height="21" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="jewish" id="jewish"></a>General</li> <li class="H_body_text">Jewish Communities and Individuals </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Khazaria</li> <li class="H_body_text">In Islam</li> <li class="H_body_text">In Christian Iberia</li> <li class="H_body_text">In France/Germany</li> <li class="H_body_text">Relations between Christians and Jews</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Jewish Economic Activity</li> <li class="H_body_text">Jews and the State</span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Roman Empire</li> <li class="H_body_text">Islam</li> <li class="H_body_text">Christian Iberia</li> <li class="H_body_text">France/Germany</li> <li class="H_body_text">England</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Jewish Intellectual and Religious Life</li> <li class="H_body_text">Anti-Semitism</li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="90" height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1u.asp">Social History</a></td> <td width="100%" height="21" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text">General</li> <li class="H_body_text">Social Classes </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Slaves </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">The Slave Trade</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Church and Slavery</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Peasants</li> <li class="H_body_text">Aristocracies</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="people1" id="people1"></a>Medieval People Reflected in Literature </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Langland</li> <li class="H_body_text">Chaucer</li> <li class="H_body_text">Villon</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="law1" id="law1"></a>Law: Theory and Practice</li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="90" height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1v.asp">Sex and Gender</a></td> <td width="100%" height="21" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="women1" id="women1"></a>Women's Roles </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">General</li> <li class="H_body_text">Women in Religion</li> <li class="H_body_text">Women as Writers</li> <li class="H_body_text">Women in Politics</li> <li class="H_body_text">Noblewomen</li> <li class="H_body_text">"Middle" Class Women</li> <li class="H_body_text">Towns Women</li> <li class="H_body_text">Peasant Women</li> <li class="H_body_text">Jewish Women</li> <li class="H_body_text">Women at Home</li> <li class="H_body_text">Women at Work Outside the Home</li> <li class="H_body_text">Women in Business Activities</li> <li class="H_body_text">Woman and Misogyny</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="men" id="men"></a>Men's Roles</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="sex1" id="sex1"></a>Constructions of Sexuality and Gender </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">General</li> <li class="H_body_text">Legal Control of Sexualuty</li> <li class="H_body_text">Theological Norms</li> <li class="H_body_text">Homoerotic/Transgendered Subcultures</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="marr1" id="marr1"></a>Marriage </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">General</li> <li class="H_body_text">Theology</li> <li class="H_body_text">Law and Marriage</li> <li class="H_body_text">Married Lives</li> </ul> </li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr class="H_body_text"> <td colspan="2" valign="top" style="font-weight: bold">Transformations</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="90" height="23" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1w.asp">States and Society</a></td> <td width="100%" height="23" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="14th" id="14th"></a>The "Calamitous" 14th Century </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">A Malthusian Crisis?</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Black Death</li> <li class="H_body_text">Warfare</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="conc1" id="conc1"></a>Ecclesiastical Disarray </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">The Great Schism</li> <li class="H_body_text">Conciliarism</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Papal Response</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="latemed1" id="latemed1"></a>Late Medieval Governments </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">The Empire</li> <li class="H_body_text">Italy</li> <li class="H_body_text">France </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Joan of Arc</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">England</li> </ul> </li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="90" height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1x.asp">Renaissance</a></td> <td width="100%" height="21" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="ren1" id="ren1"></a>Early Italian Humanism </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Dante</li> <li class="H_body_text">Petrarch</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Artists</li> <li class="H_body_text">Politics and Politicians</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Arts of Civilization</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Northern Renaissance</li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="90" height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1y.asp">Reformation</a></td> <td width="100%" height="21" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="ref1" id="ref1"></a>General</li> <li class="H_body_text">Protestant Reformation </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Luther</li> <li class="H_body_text">Calvin</li> <li class="H_body_text">Radicals</li> <li class="H_body_text">Religious Wars</li> <li class="H_body_text">England</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Catholic Reformation</li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="90" height="21" valign="top" class="H_body_text"><a href="sbook1z.asp">Exploration and Expansion</a></td> <td width="100%" height="21" valign="top"><ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a name="expan1" id="expan1"></a>General </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Drang Nach Osten</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Western Orientalism</li> <li class="H_body_text">Maritime Exploration and Conquest </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Portuguese Exploration</li> <li class="H_body_text">Columbus</li> </ul> </li> </ul></td> </tr> </table> <hr /> <span class="H_body_text">NOTES: copyrighted means the text is not available for free distribution. Links to files at other site are indicated by [At some indication of the site name or location]. No indication means that the text file is local. <font color="#D05653">WEB</font> indicates a link to one of small number of high quality web sites which provide either more texts or an especially valuable overview.</span> <hr /> <span class="H_body_text">NOTE: The date of inception of the Internet Medieval Sourcebook was 1/20/1996. Links to files at other site are indicated by [At <some indication of the site name or location>]. No indication means that the text file is local. <font color="#D05653">WEB</font> indicates a link to one of small number of high quality web sites which provide either more texts or an especially valuable overview. </span> <hr/> <p><span class="H_body_text">The <i>Internet Medieval Sourcebook</i> is part of the <em><a href="index.asp">Internet History Sourcebooks Project</a></em></span>. <span class="H_body_text">The Internet History Sourcebooks Project is located at the <a href="https://www.fordham.edu/history/">History Department</a> of  <a href="http://www.fordham.edu">Fordham University</a>, New York. The Internet Medieval Sourcebook, and other medieval components of the project, are located at the <a href="https://www.fordham.edu/mvst">Fordham University Center for Medieval Studies</a>.The IHSP recognizes the contribution of Fordham University, the Fordham University History Department, and the Fordham Center for Medieval Studies in providing web space and server support for the project. The IHSP is a project independent of Fordham University.   Although the IHSP seeks to follow all applicable copyright law, Fordham University is not the institutional owner, and is not liable as the result of any legal action.</span><br /> <br /> <span class="H_body_text"><i> </i>©</span> <span class="H_body_text">Site Concept and Design: <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#a1c8c9d2d1e1c7ced3c5c9c0cc8fc4c5d49ed2d4c3cbc4c2d59cf2ced4d3c2c4c3cececad281f1d3cecbc4c2d5">Paul Halsall</a></span> <span class="H_body_text"></span><span class="H_body_text"> created 26 Jan 1996: latest revision 15 February 2025</span> <span class="H_body_text"> [<a href="../cv.asp">CV</a>] </span></p> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script></body> </html>

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