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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wallace Smith Broecker</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Broecker" title="Wallace Broecker – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Wallace Broecker" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Smith_Broecker" title="Wallace Smith Broecker – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wallace Smith Broecker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Broecker" title="Wallace Broecker – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wallace Broecker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Smith_Broecker" title="Wallace Smith Broecker – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wallace Smith Broecker" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Broecker" title="Wallace Broecker – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wallace Broecker" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Broecker" title="Wallace Broecker – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Wallace Broecker" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Broecker" title="Wallace Broecker – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wallace Broecker" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1" title="والاس بروكر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="والاس بروكر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Smith_Broecker" title="Wallace Smith Broecker – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wallace Smith Broecker" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American geochemist (1931–2019)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Wallace Smith Broecker</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wally_Broecker,_c._2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wally_Broecker%2C_c._2010.jpg/220px-Wally_Broecker%2C_c._2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wally_Broecker%2C_c._2010.jpg/330px-Wally_Broecker%2C_c._2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wally_Broecker%2C_c._2010.jpg/440px-Wally_Broecker%2C_c._2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Broecker c. 2010</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1931-11-29</span>)</span>November 29, 1931<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 18, 2019<span style="display:none">(2019-02-18)</span> (aged 87)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (BA, PhD)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Global_Warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Warming">Global Warming</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Grace Carder</li> <li>Elizabeth Clark</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ewing_Medal" title="Maurice Ewing Medal">Maurice Ewing Medal</a> (1979)<br /> <a href="/wiki/A.G._Huntsman_Award_for_Excellence_in_the_Marine_Sciences" title="A.G. Huntsman Award for Excellence in the Marine Sciences">A.G. Huntsman Medal</a> (1985)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Vetlesen_Prize" title="Vetlesen Prize">Vetlesen Prize</a> (1987)<br /><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Agassiz_Medal" title="Alexander Agassiz Medal">Alexander Agassiz Medal</a> (1986)<br /><a href="/wiki/Urey_Medal_(European_Association_of_Geochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Urey Medal (European Association of Geochemistry)">Urey Medal</a> (1990)<br /><a href="/wiki/Wollaston_Medal" title="Wollaston Medal">Wollaston Medal</a> (1990)<br /><a href="/wiki/Roger_Revelle_Medal" title="Roger Revelle Medal">Roger Revelle Medal</a> (1995)<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> (1996)<br /><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Prize_for_Environmental_Achievement" title="Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement">Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement</a> (2002)<br /><a href="/wiki/Crafoord_Prize" title="Crafoord Prize">Crafoord Prize</a> (2006) <br /> <a href="/wiki/BBVA_Foundation_Frontiers_of_Knowledge_Award" title="BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award">BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award</a> (2008)<br /><a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa_Award_in_Science" title="Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science">Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science</a> (2012)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category">Geochronology, chemical oceanography, climate change</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data">Columbia University, Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory; Arizona State University, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Wallace "Wally" Smith Broecker</b> (November 29, 1931 – February 18, 2019) was an American geochemist. He was the Newberry Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, a scientist at Columbia's <a href="/wiki/Lamont%E2%80%93Doherty_Earth_Observatory" title="Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory">Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory</a> and a sustainability fellow at <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He developed the idea of a global <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">"conveyor belt"</a> linking the circulation of the global ocean and made major contributions to the science of the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a> and the use of chemical tracers and isotope dating in oceanography. Broecker popularized the term "<a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>". He received the <a href="/wiki/Crafoord_Prize" title="Crafoord Prize">Crafoord Prize</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vetlesen_Prize" title="Vetlesen Prize">Vetlesen Prize</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallace_Smith_Broecker&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in Chicago in 1931,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he attended <a href="/wiki/Wheaton_College,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheaton College, Illinois">Wheaton College</a> and interacted with <a href="/wiki/J._Laurence_Kulp" title="J. Laurence Kulp">J. Laurence Kulp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Werner_Gast" title="Paul Werner Gast">Paul Gast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Turekian" title="Karl Turekian">Karl Turekian</a>. At Wheaton, he met his wife Grace Carder. Broecker then transferred to <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, graduating in 1953 with a B.A. and a Ph.D. in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Columbia, he worked at the <a href="/wiki/Lamont%E2%80%93Doherty_Earth_Observatory" title="Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory">Lamont Geological Observatory</a><sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ewing" title="Maurice Ewing">W. Maurice Ewing</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hermann_Bucher" title="Walter Hermann Bucher">Walter Bucher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975, Broecker popularized the term <i><a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a></i> when he published a paper titled: <i>"Climatic Change: Are we on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?"</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the phrase had previously appeared in a 1957 newspaper report about <a href="/wiki/Roger_Revelle" title="Roger Revelle">Roger Revelle</a>'s research.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Broecker co-wrote an account of climate science with the science journalist, Robert Kunzig. This included a discussion of the work of Broecker's Columbia colleague <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Lackner" title="Klaus Lackner">Klaus Lackner</a> in capturing CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> from the atmosphere—which Broecker believed must play a vital role in reducing emissions and countering global warming. Broecker was described in the New York Times as a <a href="/wiki/Climate_engineering" title="Climate engineering">geoengineering</a> pioneer.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Broecker had 8 children, 7 grandchildren, and 7 great-grandchildren. His wife Grace E. Broecker (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Carder</span>) died in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were together for 53 years. Broecker married Elizabeth Clark in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died of <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">congestive heart failure</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in New York City on February 18, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Days before his death, he gave a livestreamed video message to his fellow scientists, where he said that humankind was not moving quickly enough to stop global warming and urged the scientific community to "seriously study more extreme solutions to the <a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">climate crisis</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallace_Smith_Broecker&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has an <i>author</i> profile for <i><b><a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/author/Q911079" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/author/Q911079">Wallace Smith Broecker</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <p>Broecker's areas of research included <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">geochronology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_oceanography" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical oceanography">chemical oceanography</a>, including oceanic mixing based on <a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotope</a> distribution. This included research on the <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">biogeochemical cycles</a> of the element <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> and on the record of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_(general_concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change (general concept)">climate change</a> contained in <a href="/wiki/Polar_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar ice">polar ice</a> and ocean sediments.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Broecker authored more than 500 journal articles and 17 books.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is perhaps best known for his discovery of the role played by the ocean in triggering the <a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">abrupt climate changes</a> which punctuated glacial time, in particular the development and popularization of the idea of a global <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">"ocean conveyor"</a> linking the circulation of the world's oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his contributions stretch far beyond the "conveyor"; his work is the foundation of carbon cycle science, and his applications of radiocarbon to paleoceanography are landmarks in the field. His work with chemical tracers in the ocean is integral to modern chemical oceanography; indeed, his textbook "Tracers in the Sea", authored with Tsung-Hung Peng, is still cited in the contemporary literature 25 years after its publication.<sup id="cite_ref-PentreathRadioecology_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PentreathRadioecology-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Broecker wrote about his research, on mode changes in the thermohaline circulation: "We have clear evidence that different parts of the earth's climate system are linked in very subtle yet dramatic ways. The climate system has jumped from one mode of operation to another in the past. We are trying to understand how the earth's climate system is engineered, so we can understand what it takes to trigger mode switches. Until we do, we cannot make good predictions about future climate change."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fellowships_and_awards">Fellowships and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallace_Smith_Broecker&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fellowships and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Broecker was a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>, Foreign Member of the Royal Society, a resident member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">American Geophysical Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Geosciences_Union" title="European Geosciences Union">European Geophysical Union</a>. He received the <a href="/wiki/A.G._Huntsman_Award_for_Excellence_in_the_Marine_Sciences" title="A.G. Huntsman Award for Excellence in the Marine Sciences">A.G. Huntsman Award for Excellence in the Marine Sciences</a> from the Royal Society of Canada in 1985, the <a href="/wiki/Crafoord_Prize" title="Crafoord Prize">Crafoord Prize</a> in <a href="/wiki/Geoscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoscience">Geoscience</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> in 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ewing_Medal" title="Maurice Ewing Medal">Maurice W. Ewing Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">American Geophysical Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Agassiz_Medal" title="Alexander Agassiz Medal">Alexander Agassiz Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Urey_Medal_(European_Association_of_Geochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Urey Medal (European Association of Geochemistry)">Urey Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Association_of_Geochemistry" title="European Association of Geochemistry">European Association of Geochemistry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/V._M._Goldschmidt_Award" title="V. M. Goldschmidt Award">V. M. Goldschmidt Award</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Geochemical_Society" title="Geochemical Society">Geochemical Society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Goldschmidt_Award_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldschmidt_Award-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Vetlesen_Prize" title="Vetlesen Prize">Vetlesen Prize</a> from the <a href="/wiki/G._Unger_Vetlesen_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation">G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wollaston_Medal" title="Wollaston Medal">Wollaston Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_London" title="Geological Society of London">Geological Society of London</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Roger_Revelle_Medal" title="Roger Revelle Medal">Roger Revelle Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">American Geophysical Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Prize_for_Environmental_Achievement" title="Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement">Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Planet_Prize" title="Blue Planet Prize">Blue Planet Prize</a> from <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Asahi_Glass_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Asahi Glass Foundation (page does not exist)">The Asahi Glass Foundation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Franklin_Institute_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="The Franklin Institute Awards">2008 Benjamin Franklin Medal</a> in Earth and Environmental Science <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from The <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the 2008 <a href="/wiki/BBVA_Foundation_Frontiers_of_Knowledge_Award" title="BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award">BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award</a> in Climate Change.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balzan_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Balzan_2008.jpg/220px-Balzan_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Balzan_2008.jpg/330px-Balzan_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Balzan_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>Broecker (right) with the other 2008 <a href="/wiki/Balzan_Prize" title="Balzan Prize">Balzan Prize</a> winners and <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano" title="Giorgio Napolitano">Giorgio Napolitano</a>, President of Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2008 Broecker was the recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Balzan_Prize" title="Balzan Prize">Balzan Prize</a> for outstanding achievement in science. His citation was made by Enric Banda (Research Professor of Geophysics at the Institute of Earth Sciences in Barcelona):<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For his extraordinary contributions to the understanding of climate change through his discoveries concerning the role of the oceans and their interactions with the atmosphere, as well as the role of glacial changes and the records contained in ice cores and ocean sediments. His contributions have been significant in understanding both gradual and abrupt climate change.</p></blockquote> <p>In 2009, Broecker was awarded the <a href="/wiki/BBVA_Foundation_Frontiers_of_Knowledge_Award" title="BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award">BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award</a> in the Climate Change category for his research into the world's oceans, pioneering "the development of Earth System Science as the basis for understanding global climate change, both past and present". The award certificate also highlights "his holistic approach", which has led him to identify "the mechanisms of abrupt climate change".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Broecker received honorary doctorates from <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University" title="Southern Methodist University">Southern Methodist University</a>, among others. On May 28, 2015, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by Harvard University.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_books">Selected books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallace_Smith_Broecker&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Selected books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="no" class="citation cs2">Broecker, Wallace S.; Oversby, Virginia M. (1971), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~broecker/Chemical%20Equilibria.pdf"><i>Chemical Equilibria in the Earth</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill#Education" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill Education</a>, p. 304, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-007997-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-007997-8"><bdi>0-07-007997-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+Equilibria+in+the+Earth&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-07-007997-8&rft.aulast=Broecker&rft.aufirst=Wallace+S.&rft.au=Oversby%2C+Virginia+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldeo.columbia.edu%2F~broecker%2FChemical%2520Equilibria.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallace+Smith+Broecker" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="no" class="citation cs2">— (1974), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemicaloceanogr0000broe/page/214"><i>Chemical oceanography</i></a>, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemicaloceanogr0000broe/page/214">214</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-506437-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-506437-1"><bdi>0-15-506437-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+oceanography&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-15-506437-1&rft.aulast=Broecker&rft.aufirst=Wallace+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemicaloceanogr0000broe%2Fpage%2F214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallace+Smith+Broecker" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="no" class="citation cs2">—; Peng, Tsung-Hung (1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~broecker/Home_files/TracersInTheSea_searchable.pdf"><i>Tracers in the Sea</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Eldigio Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9617511-0-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9617511-0-X"><bdi>0-9617511-0-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tracers+in+the+Sea&rft.pub=Eldigio+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-9617511-0-X&rft.aulast=Broecker&rft.aufirst=Wallace+S.&rft.au=Peng%2C+Tsung-Hung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldeo.columbia.edu%2F~broecker%2FHome_files%2FTracersInTheSea_searchable.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallace+Smith+Broecker" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="no" class="citation cs2">— (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~broecker/How%20to%20Build%20a%20Hsbitable%20Planet.pdf"><i>How to Build a Habitable Planet</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Eldigio Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9617511-2-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9617511-2-6"><bdi>0-9617511-2-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Build+a+Habitable+Planet&rft.pub=Eldigio+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-9617511-2-6&rft.aulast=Broecker&rft.aufirst=Wallace+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldeo.columbia.edu%2F~broecker%2FHow%2520to%2520Build%2520a%2520Hsbitable%2520Planet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallace+Smith+Broecker" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="no" class="citation cs2">—; Peng, Tsung-Hung (1993), <i>Greenhouse puzzles</i>, <a href="/wiki/Lamont%E2%80%93Doherty_Earth_Observatory" title="Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory">Lamont–Doherty Geological Observatory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greenhouse+puzzles&rft.pub=Lamont%E2%80%93Doherty+Geological+Observatory+of+Columbia+University&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Broecker&rft.aufirst=Wallace+S.&rft.au=Peng%2C+Tsung-Hung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallace+Smith+Broecker" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="no" class="citation cs2">— (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~broecker/Home_files/GlacialWorld.pdf"><i>The glacial world according to Wally</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Eldigio Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+glacial+world+according+to+Wally&rft.pub=Eldigio+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Broecker&rft.aufirst=Wallace+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldeo.columbia.edu%2F~broecker%2FHome_files%2FGlacialWorld.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallace+Smith+Broecker" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="no" class="citation cs2">— (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~broecker/Home_files/GreenhousePuzzles.pdf"><i>Greenhouse puzzles: Keeling's world, Martin's world, Walker's world</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Eldigio Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greenhouse+puzzles%3A+Keeling%27s+world%2C+Martin%27s+world%2C+Walker%27s+world&rft.pub=Eldigio+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Broecker&rft.aufirst=Wallace+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldeo.columbia.edu%2F~broecker%2FHome_files%2FGreenhousePuzzles.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallace+Smith+Broecker" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="no" class="citation cs2">—; Kunzig, Robert (2008), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fixingclimatewha00broe"><i>Fixing Climate: What Past Climate Changes Reveal About the Current Threat--and How to Counter It</i></a></span>, Hill and Wang, US/Profile Books, UK, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-4501-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-4501-3"><bdi>978-0-8090-4501-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fixing+Climate%3A+What+Past+Climate+Changes+Reveal+About+the+Current+Threat--and+How+to+Counter+It&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang%2C+US%2FProfile+Books%2C+UK&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8090-4501-3&rft.aulast=Broecker&rft.aufirst=Wallace+S.&rft.au=Kunzig%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffixingclimatewha00broe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallace+Smith+Broecker" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="no" class="citation cs2">— (2010), <i>The Great Ocean Conveyor, Discovering the Trigger for Abrupt Climate Change</i>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14354-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14354-5"><bdi>978-0-691-14354-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Ocean+Conveyor%2C+Discovering+the+Trigger+for+Abrupt+Climate+Change&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14354-5&rft.aulast=Broecker&rft.aufirst=Wallace+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallace+Smith+Broecker" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="no" class="citation cs2">— (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~broecker/Home_files/A%20Geochemist%20in%20his%20Garden%20of%20Eden.pdf"><i>A Geochemist in his Garden of Eden</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Eldigio Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Geochemist+in+his+Garden+of+Eden&rft.pub=Eldigio+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Broecker&rft.aufirst=Wallace+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldeo.columbia.edu%2F~broecker%2FHome_files%2FA%2520Geochemist%2520in%2520his%2520Garden%2520of%2520Eden.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallace+Smith+Broecker" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallace_Smith_Broecker&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal#Artificial_trees" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal#Artificial trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geophysicists" title="List of geophysicists">List of geophysicists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallace_Smith_Broecker&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sustainability.asu.edu/person/wallace-broecker/">Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability – Arizona State University</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/vetlesen/recipients/1987/broecker_bio.html">Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory – The Earth Institute – Columbia University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130803121827/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/vetlesen/recipients/1987/broecker_bio.html">Archived</a> August 3, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/archive/summer12/features4">"Wallace Broecker '53 Battles the Angry Climate Beast | Columbia College Today"</a>. <i>www.college.columbia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.college.columbia.edu&rft.atitle=Wallace+Broecker+%2753+Battles+the+Angry+Climate+Beast+%7C+Columbia+College+Today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.college.columbia.edu%2Fcct%2Farchive%2Fsummer12%2Ffeatures4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallace+Smith+Broecker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earth.columbia.edu/articles/view/2246">"Wallace S. Broecker - The Earth Institute - Columbia University"</a>. <i>www.earth.columbia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.earth.columbia.edu&rft.atitle=Wallace+S.+Broecker+-+The+Earth+Institute+-+Columbia+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earth.columbia.edu%2Farticles%2Fview%2F2246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallace+Smith+Broecker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/archive/summer12/features4">"Wallace Broecker '53 Battles the Angry Climate Beast | Columbia College Today"</a>. <i>www.college.columbia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.college.columbia.edu&rft.atitle=Wallace+Broecker+%2753+Battles+the+Angry+Climate+Beast+%7C+Columbia+College+Today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.college.columbia.edu%2Fcct%2Farchive%2Fsummer12%2Ffeatures4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallace+Smith+Broecker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroecker1975" class="citation journal cs1">Broecker, W. S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2018</span>. <q>Most mornings, before settling down to work, Broecker takes a walk with his wife, Elizabeth Clark, a technician at Lamont whom he married last October.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NJ.com&rft.atitle=N.J.+scientist+who+coined+%27global+warming%27+term+tries+to+avoid+the+limelight+35+years+later&rft.date=2010-08-08&rft.aulast=Gruen&rft.aufirst=Abby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Fbusiness%2Findex.ssf%2F2010%2F08%2Fbergen_county_scientist_who_co.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallace+Smith+Broecker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenenergytimes.org/2019/03/04/wallace-smith-broecker-the-grandfather-of-climate-science-leaves-a-final-warning-for-earth/">"Wallace Smith Broecker, the 'grandfather' of climate science, leaves a final warning for Earth"</a>. <i>Green Energy Times</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Earth+and+Environmental+Sciences&rft.atitle=Faculty+and+Instructional+Staff%3A+Wallace+S.+Broecker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebcenter.ldeo.columbia.edu%2Fpeople.nsf%2F571fc08d39383f1185256efc004fcb7e%2F85190ba5e1cfe7c685256ef300647df4%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallace+Smith+Broecker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Wallace+S.+Broecker&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DWallace%2BS.%2BBroecker%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallace+Smith+Broecker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crafoordprize.se/prizesawarded.4.2f692b3510dbfce3396800010039.html">Crafoord prize in geoscience 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=55">National Science Foundation – The President's National Medal of Science</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eag.eu.com/Urey.html">European Association of Geochemistry (EAG)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldschmidt_Award-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goldschmidt_Award_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geochemsoc.org/honors/awards/vmgoldschmidtaward">"V.M. Goldschmidt Award"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geochemical_Society" title="Geochemical Society">Geochemical Society</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415170425/https://www.geochemsoc.org/honors/awards/vmgoldschmidtaward">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2021</span>. <q>1987 Wallace S. Broecker</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geochemical+Society&rft.atitle=V.M.+Goldschmidt+Award&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geochemsoc.org%2Fhonors%2Fawards%2Fvmgoldschmidtaward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallace+Smith+Broecker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100819015708/http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gsl/null/lang/en/page750.html">"Wollaston Medal"</a>. <i>Award Winners since 1831</i>. <a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_London" title="Geological Society of London">Geological Society of London</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gsl/null/lang/en/page750.html">the original</a> on August 19, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Award+Winners+since+1831&rft.atitle=Wollaston+Medal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geolsoc.org.uk%2Fgsl%2Fnull%2Flang%2Fen%2Fpage750.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallace+Smith+Broecker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fi.edu/franklinawards/08/laureate_bf_earth-broecker.html">"Franklin Institute Laureate Award Page"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120730/http://www.fi.edu/franklinawards/08/laureate_bf_earth-broecker.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 30, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Franklin+Institute+Laureate+Award+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fi.edu%2Ffranklinawards%2F08%2Flaureate_bf_earth-broecker.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallace+Smith+Broecker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frontiersofknowledgeawards-fbbva.es/galardonados/wallace-s-broecker-2/">"Wallace S. Broecker"</a>. <i>Premios Fronteras</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Premios+Fronteras&rft.atitle=Wallace+S.+Broecker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontiersofknowledgeawards-fbbva.es%2Fgalardonados%2Fwallace-s-broecker-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallace+Smith+Broecker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-09/gc-bfa090808.php">"Balzan Foundation announced 2008 prize winners"</a>. <i>EurekAlert!</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EurekAlert%21&rft.atitle=Balzan+Foundation+announced+2008+prize+winners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fpub_releases%2F2008-09%2Fgc-bfa090808.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallace+Smith+Broecker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.premiosfronterasdelconocimiento.es/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/05/PR_Frontiers_Climate_change_1st_ed_eng.pdf">"Wallace S. Broecker, pioneer in the study of global warming, wins the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>BBVA Foundation</i>. January 13, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBVA+Foundation&rft.atitle=Wallace+S.+Broecker%2C+pioneer+in+the+study+of+global+warming%2C+wins+the+BBVA+Foundation+Frontiers+of+Knowledge+Award&rft.date=2009-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premiosfronterasdelconocimiento.es%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F2%2F2017%2F05%2FPR_Frontiers_Climate_change_1st_ed_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallace+Smith+Broecker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2015" class="citation web cs1">Rosenberg, John S. (May 28, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harvardmagazine.com/2015/05/harvard-honorary-degree-recipients">"Harvard's 2015 Honorary-degree Recipients"</a>. <i>Harvard Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Magazine&rft.atitle=Harvard%27s+2015+Honorary-degree+Recipients&rft.date=2015-05-28&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fharvardmagazine.com%2F2015%2F05%2Fharvard-honorary-degree-recipients&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWallace+Smith+Broecker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallace_Smith_Broecker&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturalhistorymag.com/htmlsite/1001/1001_feature.html">Glaciers That Speak in Tongues and other tales of global warming, by Wallace S. Broecker</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716223520/http://thebradbrooksshow.com/Guests/august-31-2008-dr-wallace-broecker-c02-fixing-climate.html">Interview with Wally Broecker, August 31, 2008</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/6923-1">Oral History interview transcript with Wallace S. Broecker on 29 December 1995, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a> - Session I</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/6923-2">Oral History interview transcript with Wallace S. Broecker on 8 May 1997, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a> - Session II</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/6923-3">Oral History interview transcript with Wallace S. Broecker on 6 June 1997, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a> - Session III</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/23909-1">Oral History interview transcript with Wallace S. Broecker on 14 November 1997, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a> - Session I</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/23909-2">Oral History interview transcript with Wallace S. Broecker on 21 December 1997, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a> - II</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/1975-scientist-predicts-global-warming">Canadian Broadcast Corporation audio interview with Wallace S. Broecker 21 April, 1975, CBC Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frontiersofknowledgeawards-fbbva.es/galardonados/wallace-s-broecker-2/">BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Awards</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Barnes (respiratory scientist)">Peter Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Bates" title="Gillian Bates">Gillian Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Berkovic" title="Samuel Berkovic">Samuel Berkovic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bickle" title="Michael Bickle">Michael Bickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bloxham" title="Jeremy Bloxham">Jeremy Bloxham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Boger" title="David Boger">David Boger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bruce" title="Peter Bruce">Peter Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cates" title="Michael Cates">Michael Cates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Cloke" title="Geoffrey Cloke">Geoffrey Cloke</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165492" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165492">Richard Cogdell</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Cole" title="Stewart Cole">Stewart Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Coupland" title="George Coupland">George Coupland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._R._Ellis" title="George F. R. Ellis">George F. R. Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Everitt_(scientist)" title="Barry Everitt (scientist)">Barry Everitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Andre Geim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamon_Gordon" title="Siamon Gordon">Siamon Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Rosemary_Grant" title="Peter and Rosemary Grant">Rosemary Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grahame_Hardie" title="Grahame Hardie">Grahame Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Harris_(neuroscientist)" title="Bill Harris (neuroscientist)">Bill Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Higham" title="Nicholas Higham">Nicholas Higham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_A._Hyman" title="Anthony A. Hyman">Anthony A. Hyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Kinloch" title="Tony Kinloch">Anthony Kinloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Leakey" title="Richard Leakey">Richard Leakey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Levitt" title="Malcolm Levitt">Malcolm Levitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoline_Leyser" title="Ottoline Leyser">Ottoline Leyser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Linden" title="Paul Linden">Paul Linden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Littlewood" title="Peter Littlewood">Peter Littlewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravinder_N._Maini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravinder N. Maini">Ravinder N. Maini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mair,_Baron_Mair" title="Robert Mair, Baron Mair">Robert Mair, Baron Mair</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166756" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166756">Michael Malim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165205" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165205">Andrew McMahon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24453739" class="extiw" title="d:Q24453739">Richard Moxon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Peacock" title="John A. Peacock">John A. Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Perkins" title="Ed Perkins">Edward Arend Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166032" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166032">Stephen Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniela_Rhodes" title="Daniela Rhodes">Daniela Rhodes</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166806" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166806">Morgan Sheng</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Colin_Sherrington" title="David Colin Sherrington">David C. Sherrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Tao" title="Terence Tao">Terence Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronica_van_Heyningen" title="Veronica van Heyningen">Veronica van Heyningen</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165848" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165848">David Lee Wark</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Wooley" title="Trevor Wooley">Trevor Wooley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Zisserman" title="Andrew Zisserman">Andrew Zisserman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wallace Broecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">James Cronin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Falkow" title="Stanley Falkow">Stanley Falkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Fenchel" title="Tom Fenchel">Tom Fenchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_P._Ostriker" title="Jeremiah P. Ostriker">Jeremiah P. Ostriker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_O._Rabin" title="Michael O. Rabin">Michael O. Rabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_M._Rubin" title="Gerald M. Rubin">Gerald M. Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Guy_Wolynes" title="Peter Guy Wolynes">Peter Wolynes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honorary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onora_O%27Neill" title="Onora O'Neill">Onora O'Neill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911079#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911079#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911079#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/91274095">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1454213/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjMwTh9kMqrYcRYvDbPQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/103439522X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82122243">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124181534">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124181534">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00434448">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990001112&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/466601">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069974187">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Broecker, Wally, 1931-"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000190251&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201613595">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810685201505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007445588305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14094818">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00754023?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4816-0903">ORCID</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=223367">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=35493743100">Scopus</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/796399">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd103439522X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/103439522X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033301506">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w60g3tq4">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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