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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><title>Exodus 23 Study Bible</title><link rel="canonical" href="https://biblehub.com/study/chapters/exodus/23.htm"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/chapnew2.css" type="text/css" media="Screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/chaptersummaries/spec.css" type="text/css" media="Screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/print.css" type="text/css" media="Print" /><script type="application/javascript" src="https://scripts.webcontentassessor.com/scripts/8a2459b64f9cac8122fc7f2eac4409c8555fac9383016db59c4c26e3d5b8b157"></script><script src='https://qd.admetricspro.com/js/biblehub/biblehub-layout-loader-revcatch.js'></script><script id='HyDgbd_1s' src='https://prebidads.revcatch.com/ads.js' type='text/javascript' async></script><script>(function(w,d,b,s,i){var cts=d.createElement(s);cts.async=true;cts.id='catchscript'; cts.dataset.appid=i;cts.src='https://app.protectsubrev.com/catch_rp.js?cb='+Math.random(); document.head.appendChild(cts); }) (window,document,'head','script','rc-anksrH');</script></head><body><div id="fx"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" id="fx2"><tr><td><iframe width="100%" height="30" scrolling="no" src="../cmenus/exodus/23.htm" align="left" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div><div id="blnk"></div><div align="center"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="maintable"><tr><td><div id="fx5"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" id="fx6"><tr><td><iframe width="100%" height="245" scrolling="no" src="/bsb/topmenuchap/exodus/23-1.htm" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table></div><div align="center"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="maintable3"><tr><td><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" id="announce"><tr><td><div id="l1"><div id="breadcrumbs"><a href="http://biblehub.com">Bible</a> > <a href="/study/exodus/">Study</a> > Exodus 23</div><div id="anc"><iframe src="/anc.htm" width="100%" height="27" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe></div><div id="anc2"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"><tr><td><iframe src="/anc2.htm" width="100%" height="27" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div></div></td></tr></table><div id="movebox2"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"><tr><td><iframe src="/berean/menu.htm" width="100%" height="48" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table><table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td><div id="topheading"><a href="../exodus/22.htm" title="Exodus 22">◄</a> Exodus 23 <a href="../exodus/24.htm" title="Exodus 24">►</a></div></td></tr></table></div><div align="center" class="Jump"><a href="/study/exodus/" title="Book Study">Book Study</a> • <a href="/study/exodus/1-1.htm" title="Verse Study">Verse Study</a> • <a href="/questions/exodus/23.htm" title="Bible Study Questions">Study Que</a></div><div align="center" class="maintable2"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"><tr><td><div id="leftbox"><div class="padleft"><div class="vheading">Summary</div><b>The Three Feasts of Pilgrimage</b><p>This chapter serves as a vital reminder that the pathway to a just, peaceful, and holy society is rooted in fairness, compassion, and obedience to God's laws. We are challenged to uphold these principles in our daily lives, knowing that divine guidance, blessings, and protection are assured for those who follow God's commands faithfully.<p><span class="hdglist">Commandments of Conduct (Verses 1-8)</span><p>The chapter begins with admonishments against spreading false reports, perverting justice, and accepting bribes. Instructions on how to treat enemies’ animals, as well as the poor and foreigners, are also given, emphasizing the importance of justice and compassion.<p><span class="hdglist">Sabbath and Land Rest (Verses 9-11)</span><p>God commands the observance of the Sabbath for both man and animals, and the practice of letting the land lie fallow every seventh year to provide for the poor and wild animals.<p><span class="hdglist">Feasts and Offerings (Verses 12-18)</span><p>The Israelites are commanded to observe three annual feasts: the Feast of Unleavened Bread, Harvest, and Ingathering. Guidelines for offerings and a prohibition against cooking a young goat in its mother’s milk are also detailed.<p><span class="hdglist">The Divine Guide and Conquest (Verses 19-33)</span><p>God promises the guidance of an angel in their journey and conquest. There are strong injunctions against idolatry, and a promise of blessings, protection, and gradual conquest of Canaan is given.<p>This chapter lays out the societal norms and laws the Israelites must abide by, from being honest in testimonies and dealings, observing the Sabbath, to how they are to treat foreigners and the poor. Furthermore, it outlines religious practices including the observance of feasts and offerings, and their responsibility to honor God exclusively. Lastly, it provides reassurance of God’s protection and guidance in their conquest of Canaan.<div class="chap"><div class="vheading2">Teaching Points</div><b><a href="/topical/j/justice_and_fairness.htm">Justice and Fairness</a></b><br><a href="/exodus/23.htm">Exodus 23:1-3</a> emphasizes the importance of truthfulness and impartiality. You shall not spread a false report. Do not join the wicked by being a malicious witness. God calls His people to uphold justice without favoritism or deceit.<br><br><b><a href="/topical/c/compassion_for_enemies.htm">Compassion for Enemies</a></b><br>Verses 4-5 instruct us to help even our enemies in need. If you encounter your enemy’s stray ox or donkey, you must return it to him. This reflects God's command to love our enemies and act with kindness.<br><br><b><a href="/topical/s/sabbath_and_rest.htm">Sabbath and Rest</a></b><br>In verses 10-12, God commands a Sabbath rest for the land and people. Six days you shall do your work, but on the seventh day you must rest. This principle underscores the importance of rest and reliance on God’s provision.<br><br><b><a href="/topical/f/feasts_and_worship.htm">Feasts and Worship</a></b><br>Verses 14-17 outline the three annual feasts. Three times a year you are to celebrate a feast to Me. These feasts remind us of God’s deliverance and provision, calling us to regular worship and remembrance.<br><br><b><a href="/topical/o/obedience_and_blessing.htm">Obedience and Blessing</a></b><br>Verses 20-33 promise God’s guidance and blessing for obedience. If you listen carefully to His voice and do all that I say, I will be an enemy to your enemies. Obedience to God brings His protection and favor.<div class="vheading2">Practical Applications</div><b><a href="/topical/c/commit_to_truth.htm">Commit to Truth</a></b><br>In our daily interactions, commit to speaking truth and avoiding gossip or false reports. Uphold integrity in all circumstances.<br><br><b><a href="/topical/s/show_kindness_to_all.htm">Show Kindness to All</a></b><br>Look for opportunities to help those who may not be your friends, reflecting God’s love and mercy even to those who oppose you.<br><br><b><a href="/topical/h/honor_the_sabbath.htm">Honor the Sabbath</a></b><br>Make time for rest and worship, trusting in God’s provision and prioritizing spiritual renewal.<br><br><b><a href="/topical/c/celebrate_god's_faithfulness.htm">Celebrate God’s Faithfulness</a></b><br>Regularly participate in worship and remembrance of God’s work in your life, fostering a heart of gratitude.<br><br><b><a href="/topical/s/seek_god's_guidance.htm">Seek God’s Guidance</a></b><br>In decisions and challenges, seek to obey God’s commands, trusting in His promise to guide and protect you.<div class="vheading2">People</div>1. <b><a href="/topical/g/god.htm">God (Yahweh)</a></b><br>The primary speaker in <a href="/bsb/exodus/23.htm">Exodus 23</a>, giving laws and instructions to the Israelites. The Hebrew name used is יְהוָה (YHWH), often rendered as "LORD" in English translations.<br><br>2. <b><a href="/topical/t/the_angel.htm">The Angel</a></b><br>Mentioned in <a href="/exodus/23-20.htm">Exodus 23:20</a>, this is the messenger sent by God to guide and protect the Israelites on their journey. The Hebrew word for angel is מַלְאָךְ (mal'akh), meaning "messenger."<br><br>3. <b><a href="/topical/t/the_israelites.htm">The Israelites</a></b><br>The recipients of the laws and instructions given by God through Moses. They are the descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel.<br><br>4. <b><a href="/topical/m/moses.htm">Moses</a></b><br>Although not directly mentioned in this chapter, Moses is the implied intermediary through whom God communicates these laws to the Israelites.<br><br>5. <b><a href="/topical/t/the_canaanites.htm">The Canaanites</a></b><br>Referred to indirectly as the inhabitants of the land that God promises to the Israelites. They are part of the broader group of nations that God will drive out before the Israelites.<br><br>6. <b><a href="/topical/t/the_amorites,_hittites,_perizzites,_canaanites,_hivites,_and_jebusites.htm">The Amorites, Hittites, Perizzites, Canaanites, Hivites, and Jebusites</a></b><br>These specific groups are mentioned in <a href="/exodus/23-23.htm">Exodus 23:23</a> as the nations that God will drive out from the land before the Israelites.<div class="vheading2">Places</div>1. <b><a href="/topical/t/the_promised_land.htm">The Promised Land</a></b><br>While not explicitly named in this chapter, the "land" is frequently referenced as the destination for the Israelites. It is described as a land flowing with milk and honey, representing abundance and divine blessing. The Hebrew term for land, "אֶרֶץ" (eretz), is used to denote this promised territory.<br><br>2. <b><a href="/topical/t/the_wilderness.htm">The Wilderness</a></b><br>Mentioned as part of the journey, the wilderness represents the challenging terrain the Israelites must traverse. The Hebrew word "מִדְבָּר" (midbar) is used, often symbolizing a place of testing and reliance on God.<br><br>3. <b><a href="/topical/t/the_sea_of_the_philistines.htm">The Sea of the Philistines</a></b><br>This refers to the Mediterranean Sea, which borders the land of the Philistines. The Philistines were one of the peoples inhabiting the land that the Israelites were to conquer.<br><br>4. <b><a href="/topical/t/the_red_sea.htm">The Red Sea</a></b><br>Known in Hebrew as "יַם-סוּף" (Yam Suph), the Red Sea is a significant landmark in the Israelites' exodus from Egypt, symbolizing God's deliverance and power.<br><br>5. <b><a href="/topical/t/the_euphrates_river.htm">The Euphrates River</a></b><br>This river marks the northern boundary of the land promised to the Israelites. The Hebrew term "פְּרָת" (Perath) is used, indicating a vast territory that extends to this great river.<div class="vheading2">Events</div>1. <b><a href="/topical/p/prohibition_of_false_reports_and_justice.htm">Prohibition of False Reports and Justice</a></b><br>The chapter begins with a command against spreading false reports and joining hands with the wicked to be a malicious witness (<a href="/exodus/23.htm">Exodus 23:1</a>). The Hebrew root for "false" (שָׁוְא, shav) implies deceit or emptiness.<br><br>2. <b><a href="/topical/i/impartiality_in_justice.htm">Impartiality in Justice</a></b><br>The Israelites are instructed not to follow the crowd in doing wrong or show favoritism in a lawsuit (<a href="/exodus/23-2.htm">Exodus 23:2-3</a>). The emphasis is on justice and fairness, regardless of social status.<br><br>3. <b><a href="/topical/r/return_of_lost_property.htm">Return of Lost Property</a></b><br>If one encounters an enemy's ox or donkey going astray, they must return it (<a href="/exodus/23-4.htm">Exodus 23:4</a>). This law underscores the importance of integrity and kindness, even towards adversaries.<br><br>4. <b><a href="/topical/a/assistance_to_overburdened_animals.htm">Assistance to Overburdened Animals</a></b><br>If an enemy's donkey is lying under its burden, one must help to lift it up (<a href="/exodus/23-5.htm">Exodus 23:5</a>). This reflects the Hebrew principle of compassion and responsibility.<br><br>5. <b><a href="/topical/j/justice_for_the_poor.htm">Justice for the Poor</a></b><br>The text warns against denying justice to the poor in lawsuits (<a href="/exodus/23-6.htm">Exodus 23:6</a>). The Hebrew word for "justice" (מִשְׁפָּט, mishpat) is central to the legal and ethical teachings of the Torah.<br><br>6. <b><a href="/topical/a/avoidance_of_false_charges.htm">Avoidance of False Charges</a></b><br>There is a prohibition against false charges and the killing of the innocent and righteous, as God will not acquit the guilty (<a href="/exodus/23-7.htm">Exodus 23:7</a>).<br><br>7. <b><a href="/topical/r/rejection_of_bribes.htm">Rejection of Bribes</a></b><br>The Israelites are instructed not to accept bribes, as they blind the clear-sighted and corrupt the words of the righteous (<a href="/exodus/23-8.htm">Exodus 23:8</a>).<br><br>8. <b><a href="/topical/t/treatment_of_foreigners.htm">Treatment of Foreigners</a></b><br>The text commands fair treatment of foreigners, reminding the Israelites of their own experience in Egypt (<a href="/exodus/23-9.htm">Exodus 23:9</a>).<br><br>9. <b><a href="/topical/s/sabbath_year_for_the_land.htm">Sabbath Year for the Land</a></b><br>Every seventh year, the land is to lie fallow, allowing the poor and wild animals to eat what grows naturally (<a href="/exodus/23-10.htm">Exodus 23:10-11</a>). This practice is rooted in the Hebrew concept of rest and provision.<br><br>10. <b><a href="/topical/s/sabbath_day_observance.htm">Sabbath Day Observance</a></b><br>The Israelites are reminded to work for six days and rest on the seventh, allowing rest for themselves, their servants, and animals (<a href="/exodus/23-12.htm">Exodus 23:12</a>).<br><br>11. <b><a href="/topical/a/avoidance_of_other_gods.htm">Avoidance of Other Gods</a></b><br>The text warns against mentioning the names of other gods, emphasizing exclusive worship of Yahweh (<a href="/exodus/23-13.htm">Exodus 23:13</a>).<br><br>12. <b><a href="/topical/t/three_annual_festivals.htm">Three Annual Festivals</a></b><br>Instructions are given for the observance of three annual festivals: the Feast of Unleavened Bread, the Feast of Harvest, and the Feast of Ingathering (<a href="/exodus/23-14.htm">Exodus 23:14-17</a>).<br><br>13. <b><a href="/topical/o/offering_of_firstfruits.htm">Offering of Firstfruits</a></b><br>The Israelites are commanded to bring the best of their firstfruits to the house of the Lord (<a href="/exodus/23-19.htm">Exodus 23:19</a>).<br><br>14. <b><a href="/topical/p/prohibition_of_boiling_a_young_goat.htm">Prohibition of Boiling a Young Goat</a></b><br>The chapter concludes with a prohibition against boiling a young goat in its mother's milk (<a href="/exodus/23-19.htm">Exodus 23:19</a>), a command that has been interpreted in various ways, including dietary laws.<div class="vheading2">Connections to Additional Scriptures</div><b> Justice and Truth </b><br><a href="/proverbs/12-22.htm">Proverbs 12:22</a> - Lying lips are detestable to the LORD, but those who deal faithfully are His delight.<br><br><b> Loving Enemies </b><br><a href="/matthew/5-44.htm">Matthew 5:44</a> - But I tell you, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you.<br><br><b> Sabbath Rest </b><br><a href="/mark/2-27.htm">Mark 2:27</a> - Then Jesus declared, 'The Sabbath was made for man, not man for the Sabbath.'<br><br><b> Obedience and Blessing </b><br><a href="/deuteronomy/28.htm">Deuteronomy 28:1-2</a> - If you fully obey the LORD your God and carefully follow all His commands I give you today, the LORD your God will set you high above all the nations on earth.<div class="vheading2">Prayer Points</div>Pray for a heart committed to truth and justice, asking God to help you uphold integrity in all areas of life.<br><br>Ask God to give you a spirit of compassion and kindness, even towards those who may oppose you.<br><br>Seek God’s help in honoring the Sabbath, finding rest and renewal in Him.<br><br>Thank God for His faithfulness and provision, and ask for a heart that remembers and celebrates His goodness.<br><br>Pray for guidance and strength to obey God’s commands, trusting in His promises of protection and blessing.<div class="vheading2">Bible Study Questions</div><p class="que"><span class="count">1.</span> What are the dangers of spreading false reports as highlighted in this passage?<p class="que"><span class="count">2.</span> How can we apply the principle of not siding with the crowd when they are wrong in today's society?<p class="que"><span class="count">3.</span> What does the command to help an enemy's overburdened animal teach us about compassion and empathy?<p class="que"><span class="count">4.</span> How can we ensure justice for the poor in our communities today?<p class="que"><span class="count">5.</span> In what ways does the command not to accept a bribe speak to integrity in leadership?<p class="que"><span class="count">6.</span> How can we implement the practice of Sabbath rest in our lives today?<p class="que"><span class="count">7.</span> How might the command to let the land rest and lie fallow apply to modern concepts of sustainable farming and caring for the environment?<p class="que"><span class="count">8.</span> What does the passage say about our attitude towards foreigners and how can this inform current discussions on immigration?<p class="que"><span class="count">9.</span> How can we observe God's feasts in a way that honors Him today?<p class="que"><span class="count">10.</span> What does the command not to cook a young goat in its mother’s milk teach us about respect for life and creation?<p class="que"><span class="count">11.</span> How does God's promise to send an angel reflect His care for His people?<p class="que"><span class="count">12.</span> What lessons can we learn from the gradual conquest of Canaan instead of instant victory?<p class="que"><span class="count">13.</span> How might the principle of progressive conquest apply to our personal goals and spiritual growth?<p class="que"><span class="count">14.</span> What does this chapter teach us about the dangers of idolatry?<p class="que"><span class="count">15.</span> In what ways are we tempted to make covenants with "foreign gods" in our lives today?<p class="que"><span class="count">16.</span> How can we ensure that we do not serve 'foreign gods' in our lives today?<p class="que"><span class="count">17.</span> How can we apply the principle of "not oppressing a foreign resident" in our communities and nations today?<p class="que"><span class="count">18.</span> How does the promise of God removing sickness resonate with us in the present day?<p class="que"><span class="count">19.</span> How does this chapter instruct us on our treatment of the poor and the marginalized in society?<p class="que"><span class="count">20.</span> What lessons can we learn from God's specific commands about sacrifices and feasts, and how can we apply those lessons to our worship today?</div><div class="vheading2">Topics</div>1. <b><a href="/topical/j/justice_and_fairness.htm">Justice and Fairness (Exodus 23:1-3)</a></b><br>This section emphasizes the importance of honesty and integrity in legal matters. It warns against spreading false reports, following the crowd in wrongdoing, and showing partiality to the poor in lawsuits. The Hebrew word for "false" (שָׁוְא, shav) implies deceit or emptiness.<br><br>2. <b><a href="/topical/t/treatment_of_enemies.htm">Treatment of Enemies (Exodus 23:4-5)</a></b><br>Instructions are given on how to treat one's enemies with kindness, such as returning a stray animal or helping with a burden. This reflects the Hebrew concept of "shalom" (שָׁלוֹם), meaning peace and wholeness, even towards adversaries.<br><br>3. <b><a href="/topical/j/justice_for_the_poor.htm">Justice for the Poor (Exodus 23:6-9)</a></b><br>The text commands not to deny justice to the poor and to avoid false charges. It also reminds the Israelites of their own experience as foreigners in Egypt, using the Hebrew word "ger" (גֵּר) for "foreigner," emphasizing empathy and justice.<br><br>4. <b><a href="/topical/s/sabbath_laws.htm">Sabbath Laws (Exodus 23:10-12)</a></b><br>These verses outline the sabbatical year and the weekly Sabbath, emphasizing rest for the land, servants, and animals. The Hebrew root "shabat" (שָׁבַת) means to cease or rest, highlighting the importance of rest and renewal.<br><br>5. <b><a href="/topical/t/three_annual_festivals.htm">Three Annual Festivals (Exodus 23:14-17)</a></b><br>Instructions are given for the observance of three major feasts: the Feast of Unleavened Bread, the Feast of Harvest, and the Feast of Ingathering. These festivals are times of remembrance and thanksgiving, with the Hebrew word "chag" (חַג) meaning festival or feast.<br><br>6. <b><a href="/topical/s/sacrificial_laws.htm">Sacrificial Laws (Exodus 23:18-19)</a></b><br>Guidelines are provided for offering sacrifices, including the prohibition of offering blood with leavened bread and the command to bring the firstfruits to the house of the Lord. The Hebrew term "bikkurim" (בִּכּוּרִים) refers to the firstfruits, symbolizing dedication to God.<br><br>7. <b><a href="/topical/t/the_angel_and_the_promised_land.htm">The Angel and the Promised Land (Exodus 23:20-23)</a></b><br>God promises to send an angel to guide and protect the Israelites as they enter the Promised Land. The Hebrew word "malak" (מַלְאָךְ) means messenger or angel, indicating divine guidance and protection.<br><br>8. <b><a href="/topical/c/conquest_and_covenant.htm">Conquest and Covenant (Exodus 23:24-33)</a></b><br>Instructions are given for the conquest of the land and the importance of not adopting the practices of the inhabitants. The covenant relationship with God is emphasized, with the Hebrew word "berit" (בְּרִית) meaning covenant, highlighting the commitment to God's laws and commands.<div class="vheading2">Themes</div>1. <b><a href="/topical/j/justice_and_fairness.htm">Justice and Fairness</a></b><br>Exodus 23 emphasizes the importance of justice and fairness in legal matters. The chapter begins with instructions against spreading false reports and siding with the wicked (<a href="/exodus/23.htm">Exodus 23:1</a>). The Hebrew root for "false" (שָׁוְא, shav) implies deceit or emptiness, highlighting the moral obligation to uphold truth.<br><br>2. <b><a href="/topical/i/impartiality_in_judgment.htm">Impartiality in Judgment</a></b><br>The text instructs not to show favoritism to the poor in lawsuits (<a href="/exodus/23-3.htm">Exodus 23:3</a>) and to avoid perverting justice by siding with the majority or showing partiality to the rich (<a href="/exodus/23-6.htm">Exodus 23:6</a>). The Hebrew word for "pervert" (נָטָה, natah) suggests a deviation from the right path, underscoring the need for impartiality.<br><br>3. <b><a href="/topical/s/sabbath_and_rest.htm">Sabbath and Rest</a></b><br>The chapter reiterates the command for the Sabbath rest, extending it to the land, servants, and animals (<a href="/exodus/23-10.htm">Exodus 23:10-12</a>). The Hebrew term for "rest" (שָׁבַת, shavat) is rooted in the idea of ceasing work, reflecting God's creation pattern and care for all creation.<br><br>4. <b><a href="/topical/f/feasts_and_worship.htm">Feasts and Worship</a></b><br>Instructions for the three annual feasts—Unleavened Bread, Harvest, and Ingathering—are given (<a href="/exodus/23-14.htm">Exodus 23:14-17</a>). These feasts are times of worship and remembrance, with the Hebrew word for "feast" (חַג, chag) indicating a pilgrimage or festival, emphasizing communal worship and gratitude.<br><br>5. <b><a href="/topical/d/divine_guidance_and_protection.htm">Divine Guidance and Protection</a></b><br>God promises to send an angel to guide and protect the Israelites as they enter the Promised Land (<a href="/exodus/23-20.htm">Exodus 23:20-23</a>). The Hebrew word for "angel" (מַלְאָךְ, mal'akh) means messenger, signifying divine presence and guidance.<br><br>6. <b><a href="/topical/c/covenant_faithfulness.htm">Covenant Faithfulness</a></b><br>The chapter underscores the importance of faithfulness to God's covenant, warning against making covenants with the inhabitants of the land and their gods (<a href="/exodus/23-32.htm">Exodus 23:32-33</a>). The Hebrew root for "covenant" (בְּרִית, berit) conveys a binding agreement, highlighting the exclusivity of Israel's relationship with God.<br><br>7. <b><a href="/topical/b/blessings_for_obedience.htm">Blessings for Obedience</a></b><br>Promises of blessings, such as health, fertility, and victory over enemies, are contingent upon obedience to God's commands (<a href="/exodus/23-25.htm">Exodus 23:25-31</a>). 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