CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91362c45adc981fc',cH: 'nAEOz8SUM..e5Iokgw42yvno5.C8AeC9eJuv_IIbUjo-1739799455-1.2.1.1-WcEBJPs6leWZZeBhx587D010NfnWEFkot8FiYMIa_6HztX_VIo6WPUeb7hFUsWI4',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=brief%20intervention&__cf_chl_tk=A_cAHS9jClUO_aSXu6YvIyZ2_5IYwPDFKRuDQAU12Kw-1739799455-1.0.1.1-JKB09PkoJbIBL9fcrbgIVrncLprj2fkRFQ5jTAgK0tk",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739799455',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=brief%20intervention&__cf_chl_f_tk=A_cAHS9jClUO_aSXu6YvIyZ2_5IYwPDFKRuDQAU12Kw-1739799455-1.0.1.1-JKB09PkoJbIBL9fcrbgIVrncLprj2fkRFQ5jTAgK0tk",md: "bCJvM0YR9Rj2FnUsaakUH1B0fEjmg7ege0X3a1ONo8c-1739799455-1.2.1.1-EPAY7KSnKmffz2UTiUgxuJtY694n1p8IJLAAxPLC3UN_Of7mvzY1biNj9ORcnnUgV6pExa9ZPTLt0rdNGNDjv2855jbFodNYPHWLWeSw4ohaPwGU7XWEHetlsOKYJsih4ZHdpdp8DbQAETGU9cTLgrL2btnCKh_yW4yOCJdY4l9a07twO0SxqR7p2pNxHcq0NpBcYELSvUWgctdeGO2ubnpijLSasYqm4tQtPGtISrAW7.sULLoXfpHDSZL_zJvewjJ6FYnijXaQ93U4X5R27FiukGncnnc.n3R23tpiiQIHhx_obgSoFpE7s_2ouh_S.Z8bScNse2K6hYLJP8iAJiyXhprsrlkrqZ28CQ0XVJJ_SQiiaEeAC2AfeTUFfz6EDzP9eASORYGCF53IYn6HtNljBoth5Z1VoH3o68x4rtjGbDin6wukRdXW53M7gxJCeQKywiaY76hQzLlnjoyNXB6E_gqksmjrW7aLdykKXN3nIoDNQM.MdF_26qPr8xbCXJSvc3nl4oWNdIWbT7AVkRgemvJ7GaLi4x4lq2_0wiW5PsLXcErxNdn6OZ_RqdtVoQgGcB0M3opf39Wt2NoNg4i8Ih.AGvvWeMv5O98gG3ko6PQD8VSrdSELDSKEdM5cQu5g0HfstcA410YXCW1NLo_nns.pHaeoTqaHewuTy.gu9A2UR.zIixUJ5lwLgF2jEWlN5BA.CbVvqM5bA1YW9vBJt8es4rqZ3Sn2bFXNJ3VIiDPjDpn0MEkSfOwQqooMTeeKDrsXnCUZ8Lym32wea8Llk_TxWZq.ysYuMV_LPTrJfJ7jhfmb4N2w3Pf7VwxkdSHf0wl5UVhH3B7PMbwBgoH7Ihdrtrb.9k4AU01ClYgvoL1SMZbb1nW5qtcMlemYTWT0wf6oLSeGj6dF.OKyO8lPhcIT70F7XJWT6fRaaGkD2ZJwOvUoimOKbAHkThpxewnVXL7zgnnm3y7fRvgz6PdLrAllH8HkiIcsRnmqUMFgpInlfpOjY.btNGiPy_EXUl4Bx0LNaNjlEiqO6.6yxKcVk5gV6ccuQjz08CcxdXjO8lEBX05r58sZjfV2npefu71hWJwR9nGo66nnP5Rlx4xaYcFYv_sDMMpGdG4t1MU5d7tdXbMy4HzboEuSBatOlhYGf19mdjirx7fHHd0fWMnVXIOkxRJtwFuSYtKPsWTrq6sDkHsORvd.c0Z5eviSpVw.JF2AwVLc_5hQKAUznADCD3XFmRCi.PyOrwN3u7Q0Myc79VEkxsya4uE2kbPDfFeFEMxJh.2eU4c5khPbn6yLgplo.ReoVNjGkwmjrWwcBKfAqohLr3cjKzIDJKu0BFOvcehqgTxW1xuvjP8MpWAkwtEVMTTejQUu7PC3At4buhaQyaQqwrxO7Tq7uv3wrmjd7KQQeGL9YXASWJjUj9qE.MEDlfa43AF6_nJfpcdeee2ErWBH18dkOvcpzk8IlzKIDwdDEkVbV6UTL0mX.fD345evKHj9NHfEZbSzsf8Bf9k19_dY68FD0Nn2.8bUgIuidK0tmM.rBVz.s.g_rAHlKcjvefFkYlYcM_LyDRmOsp3kIDFasp45ANiqiV8Y5_RDvbFgW5ABO7E5pfD_vHzrlMLGGKb_4jVpbylbftCZx6ZExyfBiuy2P5RBwL1U5d1KQrMALcua8bAamZz207cwZvcBzzyBAxMHPG4qCbmVsxtaekuIzWGo5RXUeBCe7XXWOP5p9CqZrvRHst7zCs3pafGVDwF.NA3bd8ILStjGhCWELKa8Ez2sRb138EpWaP0VQ.bc9pF639CMGUkrPHqc8iE33hKRkFJTvcOpwNbvtwKjKQV6g3zWF2MIW8yFXjIvpW7YUeaE7NXkwkUFsnWoXE.FqkR4kVidF1jrivX_lz4Ywh0NFbvZ8SamyeM9caax5LKh0uHTCJHydzKf5Rvi3J4yC0fTPPHNA2vGgL0",mdrd: "ueWMo6UHMx.LpXEbL5QgNAlHlN.ssnWL8Tw18W.kpRc-1739799455-1.2.1.1-h4h0vI0oVlqS_PHgzR8juCM2fvw7RVbhloFgye86IZbycbAXjolagHYdbyaSD4JxG2Uyyww6gfOMc_USjb5IX.T3_.PMqlw.DctgQzpRBlV1SUJYZA5eF03r9JRt9ABtXoBZTor695tXu2e3v2D655eXMHEEswrLaeX_iOAUyiezejuzKBnwlQVsb.BGyfDOnnP5HNKzZAGmZkMRd6ll3gbgiGV5DEj2JMw6TsybHLCRNwVfS9wghSz_PVAhlgpDSWAVPpmfxxnFhyzrYu37Tp3nAvHqT8Zwr_7kxW3VkufyyBNAK__3rZKvVOsH3bNMAif6Oek2o3PWUEUXw3.QxIlSRMphu2tCvPdFsA_FiyvrrEgvrMn2bWB9_EkmQBuHywv3bAiWtGtO3QG7CMh3inFkEsuGUzFJ2VLihtQ9esW_sK9oukFHh9Gjmr03C907WHZDQvmmdOuSPNFl0d5yNv.NhTI9OHaYlckdOfv8NIgBd8kvs.Q0T.qrgp3AQr1MWcy0wgp2xJrt1l_IRX6ZX0QifKEqTe4QMi4PpIkizWKRnr7vyIvxcHoik.cVIUgxBrmWEgRwojITLYERPLXz2ztMpFrN19EtH.43SNKh5dkqVMNP0IJwa0y9OI5rEzNjQZMigusSHlgO9hfituACHyYbLdqPPqffpDWgBeBInV5RuxSpoTbnanRm0nz..MmeVvD_Yvzyc_PTw7wtmclfmaBMwQ9L_k8f.14bbkzfH2KrJEXFbigX2C5LfRMg0IKaN___sihm5u9k7Y9LFGTZW5Q7zjegXtVK2_5iObT2bpqkVfM2T9.MTaDKOww8vLOEaaDijwq_fBHC5x8wCnYZsPQL3qyxGCFInoYiFCr8uC6ZSfVk.3qnSeyEUODS3LpIr0o9PcwJWxHPx4ae1iu82NTScyY0bPNAWWIPI9wnnwhYjVQRpVw4zeoFrPGVxvoHdQn2w0ql64aJm8yCOkpz0ThMMWkAIp5xvLZkvb1MDTpaOfYSMXJOMYN6SzE6RXbqfFeitO5g4tPM9MOz1RBZm0t4dfyy8ScCFEEa5Jp3mKDqRTKrCGhco9lqGnS.Wu0st4zkPp.qujy94rhVi1RyU.w7g.ScxipOmCSoIS9mSoapAE21y0syKZzg1Chok_hDYIHSX6uJb.8eiK.OSn8o45s65CDPbDalnZBlcW9kNoNukShleWSjguDFpIMT2f9NU9mDkxBlQ7lZn.JLnaHIPjtY015HBlkUV0dJ.eRfVMgLd1x4BEKXB9MY6Efm15cVQQs0zPzMZNQui27zxHoWs4UZjPYjfA5BQyqrtns6NWYUTJ2jdqTZuznthrTAthklfO4.LdRFPa.xNTYDwxFBOgMXlfASraC02TfkYwrnyO3S9l_0eiU4qwxXh_oxHLAbiBG6LXIvVOBYIDvB8MArV3tXRhkQvPHiydeqAZYt1yG2VFy.TCoyv.PWDXt8kY.GClcaqDaUxVNYhmhlN6x8y8orBZCnwLa.BYl1NfChr6AsNCnC.SSX7CncBneIbCRxIj8Act8dbbU7tv0.Oh09XJT5rwMrDAoYru4vXFoi3Xr7t08QJkerVwFLENqbKnH4wZI95Huq56ZH08.F1bZQG4WamH3v59b6urN4q3_3tE0TZMQLguHJJBlCJFHLhb_f5s5VmLkKadJ3L9ZQx2f12.8OsuyI6Nzv9IwQDY6vi8Gty4gSqCpquVUP5DTBi7qOH3iU.i0cXyUCnP3Nindt93LOWn8mTjni6sJ4dhjmCwg7t3CSku3QQIPSDiEpWWhtZta69ZhRd4Y1lOYkPHWxYKLGn2N32hbscfqRzNEVan0EtDLm48DDY55X.KV.42kqnRT4dGUa3NKCIYGW8BvzuLTUSaXw6ObhPZQTrkVj.fmL1YpzQLW5BEYrju4NSuDZT2eyOWZPrWRrahmvH2j_M_yX50hVC2bUXWLEizjCWkOjcUt1.O0FESvOl1mBsBDm0lvac.8ga.BzGJ_TD2darA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91362c45adc981fc';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=brief%20intervention&__cf_chl_rt_tk=A_cAHS9jClUO_aSXu6YvIyZ2_5IYwPDFKRuDQAU12Kw-1739799455-1.0.1.1-JKB09PkoJbIBL9fcrbgIVrncLprj2fkRFQ5jTAgK0tk" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>