CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Historiography of the French Revolution - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"fe0885a1-3638-4cc6-81f1-b9f82acf1f6a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution","wgTitle":"Historiography of the French Revolution","wgCurRevisionId":1253432066,"wgRevisionId":1253432066,"wgArticleId":406597,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: postscript","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from July 2015","CS1: abbreviated year range","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Pages with missing ISBNs","Articles containing French-language text","Historiography of the French Revolution","Lists of historians", "Bibliographies of wars and conflicts","Works about the French Revolution"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution","wgRelevantArticleId":406597,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled": false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3138382","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements", "mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Carlyle_French-Revolution_Ed-1895_Chapman-And-Hall_London.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1744"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Carlyle_French-Revolution_Ed-1895_Chapman-And-Hall_London.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1162"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="930"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Historiography of the French Revolution - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution rootpage-Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Historiography+of+the+French+Revolution" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Historiography+of+the+French+Revolution" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Historiography+of+the+French+Revolution" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Historiography+of+the+French+Revolution" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_and_19th-century_historians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_and_19th-century_historians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Contemporary and 19th-century historians</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_and_19th-century_historians-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary and 19th-century historians subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_and_19th-century_historians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Burke_and_Barruel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burke_and_Barruel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Burke and Barruel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burke_and_Barruel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adolphe_Thiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adolphe_Thiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Adolphe Thiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adolphe_Thiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-François_Mignet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#François_Mignet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>François Mignet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-François_Mignet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thomas_Carlyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thomas_Carlyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Thomas Carlyle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thomas_Carlyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jules_Michelet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jules_Michelet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Jules Michelet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jules_Michelet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alexis_de_Tocqueville" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alexis_de_Tocqueville"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Alexis de Tocqueville</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alexis_de_Tocqueville-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hippolyte_Taine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hippolyte_Taine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Hippolyte Taine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hippolyte_Taine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_historians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_historians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Other historians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_historians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th-century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th-century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>20th-century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-20th-century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 20th-century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-20th-century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jean_Jaurès" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jean_Jaurès"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Jean Jaurès</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jean_Jaurès-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphonse_Aulard_and_academic_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphonse_Aulard_and_academic_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Alphonse Aulard and academic studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphonse_Aulard_and_academic_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cochin_and_Gaxotte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cochin_and_Gaxotte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cochin and Gaxotte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cochin_and_Gaxotte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albert_Mathiez" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albert_Mathiez"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Albert Mathiez</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albert_Mathiez-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georges_Lefebvre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georges_Lefebvre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Georges Lefebvre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georges_Lefebvre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albert_Soboul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albert_Soboul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Albert Soboul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albert_Soboul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alfred_Cobban_and_revisionist_historians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alfred_Cobban_and_revisionist_historians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Alfred Cobban and revisionist historians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alfred_Cobban_and_revisionist_historians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robert_Palmer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robert_Palmer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Robert Palmer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robert_Palmer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-François_Furet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#François_Furet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>François Furet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-François_Furet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_20th-century_historians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_20th-century_historians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Other 20th-century historians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_20th-century_historians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_historiography_(1980s_to_present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_historiography_(1980s_to_present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern historiography (1980s to present)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_historiography_(1980s_to_present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern historiography (1980s to present) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_historiography_(1980s_to_present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cultural studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_and_gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_and_gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Women and gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_and_gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decolonisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decolonisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Decolonisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decolonisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trans-Atlantic_and_global_histories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trans-Atlantic_and_global_histories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Trans-Atlantic and global histories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trans-Atlantic_and_global_histories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_contemporary_historians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_contemporary_historians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Other contemporary historians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_contemporary_historians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Historiography of the French Revolution</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 6 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-6" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">6 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تأريخ الثورة الفرنسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تأريخ الثورة الفرنسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Ιστοριογραφία της Γαλλικής Επανάστασης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιστοριογραφία της Γαλλικής Επανάστασης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiograf%C3%ADa_de_la_Revoluci%C3%B3n_francesa" title="Historiografía de la Revolución francesa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historiografía de la Revolución francesa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Historiographie de la Révolution française – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Historiographie de la Révolution française" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiografi_Revolusi_Prancis" title="Historiografi Revolusi Prancis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Historiografi Revolusi Prancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Историография Великой французской революции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Историография Великой французской революции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3138382#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&oldid=1253432066" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&id=1253432066&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistoriography_of_the_French_Revolution"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistoriography_of_the_French_Revolution"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3138382" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Field of historical study</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlyle_French-Revolution_Ed-1895_Chapman-And-Hall_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Carlyle_French-Revolution_Ed-1895_Chapman-And-Hall_London.jpg/240px-Carlyle_French-Revolution_Ed-1895_Chapman-And-Hall_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Carlyle_French-Revolution_Ed-1895_Chapman-And-Hall_London.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Carlyle's <i><a href="/wiki/The_French_Revolution:_A_History" title="The French Revolution: A History">The French Revolution: A History</a></i>, edition of Chapman & Jones, London, 1895.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>historiography of the French Revolution</b> stretches back over two hundred years. </p><p>Contemporary and 19th-century writings on the Revolution were mainly divided along ideological lines, with conservative historians condemning the Revolution, liberals praising the Revolution of 1789, and radicals defending the democratic and republican values of 1793. By the 20th-century, revolutionary history had become professionalised, with scholars paying more attention to the critical analysis of primary sources from public archives. </p><p>From the late 1920s to the 1960s, social and economic interpretations of the Revolution, often from a <a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Marxist</a> perspective, dominated the historiography of the Revolution in France. This trend was challenged by revisionist historians in the 1960s who argued that class conflict was not a major determinant of the course of the Revolution and that political expediency and historical contingency often played a greater role than social factors. </p><p>In the 21st-century, no single explanatory model has gained widespread support. The historiography of the revolution has become more diversified, exploring areas such as cultural histories, gender relations, regional histories, visual representations, transnational interpretations, and decolonisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpang2003_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpang2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2004_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, there persists a very widespread agreement that the French Revolution was the watershed between the premodern and modern eras of Western history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpang2003_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpang2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_and_19th-century_historians">Contemporary and 19th-century historians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Contemporary and 19th-century historians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first writings on the French revolution were near contemporaneous with events and mainly divided along ideological lines. These included <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>'s conservative critique <i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> (1790) and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>'s response <i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> (1791).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudé198812–14_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudé198812–14-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012486–487_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012486–487-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1815, narrative histories dominated, often based on first-hand experience of the revolutionary years. By the mid-19th century, more scholarly histories appeared, written by specialists and based on original documents and a more critical assessment of contemporary accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012486–487_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012486–487-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dupuy identifies three main strands in 19th-century historiography of the revolution. The first is represented by reactionary writers who rejected the revolutionary ideals of popular sovereignty, civil equality, and the promotion of rationality, progress and personal happiness over religious faith. The second stream is those writers who celebrated the democratic republican values of the revolution. The third stream is those liberal writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Germaine de Staël</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a>, who accepted the necessity of reforms establishing a constitution and the rights of man, but rejected state interference with private property and individual rights even if supported by a democratic majority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012487–488_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012487–488-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doyle states that the three streams can be described as the reactionary, the radical and the liberal, or simply right, left and centre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018440_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018440-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burke_and_Barruel">Burke and Barruel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Burke and Barruel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> (1790) Burke presented an influential conservative interpretation of the Revolution, arguing that the Old Regime was stable and viable and was only in need of moderate reform. The Revolution was a conspiracy of philosophers and literary men who undermined faith in religion, monarchy, and the established social order, inciting "the swinish multitude" to create disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudé198812Doyle2018440_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudé198812Doyle2018440-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, conspiracy theories were rife in the highly charged political atmosphere, with the <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Abbé Barruel</a>, in perhaps the most influential work <i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_Illustrating_the_History_of_Jacobinism" title="Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism">Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism</a></i> (1797–1798), arguing that <a href="/wiki/Freemasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasons">Freemasons</a> and other dissidents had been responsible for an attempt to destroy the monarchy and the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adolphe_Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Adolphe Thiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolph Thiers</a>' <i>Histoire de la Révolution française</i> (published 1823-27) was the first major work of the liberal tradition of French historiography. The complete work of ten volumes sold ten thousand sets, and was particularly popular in liberal circles and among younger Parisians. Written during the Restoration, the book praised the principles, leaders and accomplishments of the 1789 Revolution. The heroes were Mirabeau, Lafayette, and other moderate leaders. Thiers condemned Marat, Robespierre and the other radical leaders, and also condemned the monarchy, aristocracy and clergy for their inability to change. The book played a notable role in undermining the legitimacy of the Bourbon regime of <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a>, and bringing about the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> of 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_la_Croix_de_Castries198344–45_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_la_Croix_de_Castries198344–45-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thiers' history was widely praised in France and won him a seat in the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a> in 1834.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiral198641_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiral198641-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kidron describes Thiers' history as: "historical determinism with a romantic aura."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron196860_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidron196860-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thiers believed that impersonal historical forces were stronger than the will of human actors and that each phase of the Revolution was inevitable. Nevertheless, he distinguished between the positive phase of the Revolution from 1789-91 when the bourgeoisie wrested power from an oppressive and inefficient Old Regime, and the regrettable phase from 1793 when violence and dictatorship were made necessary by war and other circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron196860_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidron196860-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="François_Mignet"><span id="Fran.C3.A7ois_Mignet"></span>François Mignet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: François Mignet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mignet" title="François Mignet">François Mignet</a> published his <i>Histoire de la Révolution française</i> in 1824. Writing in the liberal tradition, Mignet saw the Revolution of 1789 as the result of a growing, more prosperous and better educated bourgeoisie which challenged the inequalities of the old regime. The liberal aristocrats and middle classes that led the revolution sought to establish a constitution, representative institutions, and equal political and civil rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudé198813_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudé198813-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018444_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018444-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mignet's views on historical necessity were similar to those of Thiers. According to Kidron, Mignet's history is notable for its lack of moral judgment and it presentation of the Terror as the acts of a war government against its enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron196860_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidron196860-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thomas_Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Thomas Carlyle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>'s three-volume <i><a href="/wiki/The_French_Revolution,_A_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The French Revolution, A History">The French Revolution, A History</a></i> (1837) was a major example of narrative history of the romantic school. Carlyle rejected Thiers' deterministic view of history which emphasised inexorable historical forces over individual moral responsibility. Carlyle was more interested in the lived experience of individuals and declared that Mirabeau, Danton and Napoleon were the three great men of the Revolution. He rejected ideological interpretations of the Revolution, insisting on "facts, facts, no theory."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron1968134–136_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidron1968134–136-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His research made him hostile to the <a href="/wiki/Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondins</a> and radicals of the Revolution, but he refused to endorse a politically liberal interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron1968144–145_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidron1968144–145-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His position on revolutionary violence was ambiguous; he abhorred it, but found it understandable in the context of the misery of the common people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron1968146Doyle2018444_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidron1968146Doyle2018444-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aulard praised his use of the available sources and called him, "Impartial...but neither calm nor without feeling."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron1968131_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidron1968131-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jules_Michelet">Jules Michelet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Jules Michelet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Jules Michelet</a> (1798–1874) published his multi-volume <i>Histoire de la Révolution française</i> between 1847 and 1856. Influenced by Vico, MIchelet placed more importance on the masses than individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron1968213_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidron1968213-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He portrayed the revolution as a spontaneous uprising of the French people against poverty and oppression and in the name of republican equality,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudé198813Doyle2018441–442_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudé198813Doyle2018441–442-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and emphasised that the Revolution achieved the unification and legislative reconstruction of France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron1968213_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidron1968213-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michelet was critical of Robespierre and the Jacobins but blamed counter-revolutionaries for provoking the Terror.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron1968218_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidron1968218-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rudé and Doyle place Michelet in the radical, democratic republican tradition,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudé198813Doyle2018441–442_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudé198813Doyle2018441–442-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Kidron describes the work as romantic, liberal and nationalist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron1968192_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidron1968192-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Furet" title="François Furet">François Furet</a> said Michelet's history is, "the cornerstone of all revolutionary historiography and is also a literary monument."<sup id="cite_ref-:62_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alexis_de_Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Alexis de Tocqueville"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a>'s work <i>L'Ancien Régime et la Révolution</i> (<a href="/wiki/The_Old_Regime_and_the_Revolution" title="The Old Regime and the Revolution">The Old Regime and the Revolution</a>,1856) was very influential in the English-speaking world of the 19th-century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron1968219–221_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidron1968219–221-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tocqueville was a political liberal who argued that the Revolution was led by thinkers without practical experience who had put too much emphasis on equality over liberty. The democratic egalitarian tendency of the Revolution had laid the groundwork for the destruction of liberty by Napoleon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018445_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018445-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tocqueville's contributions to the historiography of the Revolution included his extensive use of the recently opened French archives and his stress that the Revolution had multiple causes, including the King's attempts at reform:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron1968219_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidron1968219-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The social order destroyed by a revolution is almost always better than that which immediately precedes it, and experience shows that the most dangerous moment for a bad government is generally that in which it sets about reform."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Tocqueville, the Revolution was not a result of misery and oppression: education and the economy were growing and ownership of land was becoming more diversified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudé198814–15_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudé198814–15-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He emphasised the social structure of the Old Regime, the origins of specific economic and legal grievances, and the continuity of administrative centralisation from the Old Regime to the Revolutionary years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron1968219_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidron1968219-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hippolyte_Taine">Hippolyte Taine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hippolyte Taine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Hippolyte Taine</a> (1828–1893) in his <i>Origines de la France contemporaine</i> (1875–94) used archival sources extensively and his interpretation emphasised the role of popular action. His interpretation was conservative and marked by hostility towards the revolution and revolutionary crowds which he claimed were mainly composed of criminal elements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012488_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012488-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudé198895_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudé198895-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that revolutionaries were mainly motivated by the transfer of property, and rejected any distinction between the revolution of 1789 and that of 1793.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron1968227–229_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidron1968227–229-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians such as Shafer argue that his interpretation was influenced by his negative experience of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune of 1871</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012488_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012488-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an admirer of Burke, English conservative principles and "scientific" history based on contemporary documents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron1968227–229_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidron1968227–229-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had a major influence on right wing historians of the twentieth century including <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Cochin_(historian)" title="Augustin Cochin (historian)">Augustin Cochin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gaxotte" title="Pierre Gaxotte">Pierre Gaxotte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018441_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018441-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_historians">Other historians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other historians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other significant 19th-century historians of the revolution include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a> (1811–1882) – Blanc's 13-volume <i>Histoire de la Révolution française</i> (1847–1862) displays <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">utopian socialist</a> views, and sympathizes with <a href="/wiki/Jacobinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobinism">Jacobinism</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Gosselin" title="Théodore Gosselin">Théodore Gosselin</a> (1855–1935) – Better known by the pseudonym "G. Lenotre".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sorel" title="Albert Sorel">Albert Sorel</a> (1842–1906) – Diplomatic historian; <i>L'Europe et la Révolution française</i> (8 volumes, 1895–1904); introductory section of this work translated as <i>Europe under the Old Regime</i> (1947).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Edgar Quinet</a> (1803–1875) – Late Romantic anti-Catholic nationalist.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th-century">20th-century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 20th-century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The broad distinction between conservative, democratic-republican and liberal interpretations of the Revolution persisted in the 20th-century, although historiography became more nuanced, with greater attention to critical analysis of documentary evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012488_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012488-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018440_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018440-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the late 1920s to the 1960s, social and economic analysis of the Revolution, often from a Marxist perspective, dominated the historiography of the Revolution in France. This historical trend has been variously called "Marxist, "classic", "Jacobin" or "history from below" and is associated with historians such as <a href="/wiki/Albert_Mathiez" title="Albert Mathiez">Albert Mathiez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Lefebvre" title="Georges Lefebvre">Georges Lefebvre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Soboul" title="Albert Soboul">Albert Soboul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012489_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012489-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudé198816–19_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudé198816–19-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1960s, the dominance of social and economic interpretations of the Revolution emphasising class conflict was challenged by revisionist historians such as <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cobban" title="Alfred Cobban">Alfred Cobban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Furet" title="François Furet">François Furet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012490_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012490-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jean_Jaurès"><span id="Jean_Jaur.C3.A8s"></span>Jean Jaurès</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Jean Jaurès"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a> (1859–1914) wrote a three-volume <i>Histoire socialiste de la Révolution française</i> (published 1901-04). He analysed the political, social and economic aspects of the Revolution from a socialist perspective. His thesis was that the Revolution established a bourgeois democratic republic which set the preconditions for the emergence of a socialist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018442_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018442-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His history was also notable for its detailed study of the peasantry and urban poor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudé198817–18_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudé198817–18-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a parliamentarian, he was instrumental in establishing the state-funded "Jaurès Commission", responsible for publishing historical documents and monographs on the Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012488_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012488-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphonse_Aulard_and_academic_studies">Alphonse Aulard and academic studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Alphonse Aulard and academic studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Victor_Alphonse_Aulard" title="François Victor Alphonse Aulard">Alphonse Aulard</a> (1849–1928) was the first professional historian of the Revolution; he promoted graduate studies, scholarly editions, and learned journals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989881–889_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989881–889-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETendler2013_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETendler2013-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was appointed to the first National Chair in the History of the French Revolution at the Sorbonne in 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETendler2013651_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETendler2013651-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He trained advanced students, founded the <i>Société de l'Histoire de la Révolution</i>, edited the scholarly journal <i>La Révolution française,</i> and assembled and published many key primary sources. His major works on the French Revolution include <i>Histoire politique de la Révolution française</i> (A political history of the French revolution, 1901), <i>La Révolution française et le régime féodale</i> (The French revolution and feudalism, 1919) and <i>Le Christianisme et la Révolution française</i> (Christianity and the French Revolution, 1925).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETendler2013_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETendler2013-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aulard's historiography was based on <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a>. The assumption was that methodology was all-important and the historian's duty was to present in chronological order the duly verified facts, to analyse relations between facts, and provide the most likely interpretation. Full documentation based on research in the primary sources was essential. Aulard's books focused on institutions, public opinion, elections, parties, parliamentary majorities, and legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989881–889_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989881–889-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a leading historian in the radical tradition, arguing that the democratic republic was the logical culmination of the Revolution. The suspension of the constitution in 1793 and the Terror that followed were necessary expedients to defeat the counter revolution and push through necessary social welfare reforms. Aulard, however, was critical of the excesses of Robespierre, his hero being Danton.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018442_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018442-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to Aulard,</p><blockquote><p>From the social point of view, the Revolution consisted in the suppression of what was called the feudal system, in the emancipation of the individual, in greater division of landed property, the abolition of the privileges of noble birth, the establishment of equality, the simplification of life.... The French Revolution differed from other revolutions in being not merely national, for it aimed at benefiting all humanity."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cochin_and_Gaxotte">Cochin and Gaxotte</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cochin and Gaxotte"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Cochin_(historian)" title="Augustin Cochin (historian)">Augustin Cochin</a> (1876–1916) was a conservative critic of the Revolution whose work was influenced by Taine. He argued that there was a continuous tradition linking pre-revolutionary intellectual groups, the freemasons and the Jacobins. His major works include his posthumously published essays <i>Les Sociétés de Pensée et la Démocratie</i> ('Intellectual societies and democracy', published 1921) and <i>La Révolution et la Libre Pensée</i> ('The Revolution and free thought', published 1924). Furet praised Cochin's "rigorous conceptualisation" of the Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018441,_447_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018441,_447-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gaxotte" title="Pierre Gaxotte">Pierre Gaxotte</a> (1895–1982) was a Royalist critic of the revolution. In his study <i>The French Revolution</i> (1928) he drew on Cochin's work to argue that the Revolution was a conspiracy inspired by pre-revolutionary intellectual societies and was inherently violent from the beginning. The work of Cochin and Gaxotte became the dominant interpretation of the Revolution in <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> but fell out of favour after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018441_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018441-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albert_Mathiez">Albert Mathiez</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Albert Mathiez"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Albert_Mathiez" title="Albert Mathiez">Albert Mathiez</a> (1874–1932) was a Marxist historian who argued that the Revolution of 1789 was a result of class conflict between the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie, and was followed by conflict between the bourgeoisie and the <a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">sans-culottes</a>, who were a proto-proletariat. He defended Robespierre, arguing that the Terror was necessary to defend the democratic republican revolution and that the Jacobins were overthrown when they tried to carry out a property revolution. The Revolution ended on <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Fall of Maximilien Robespierre">9 Thermidor</a>, after which there was only reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018443_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018443-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mathiez established the Society for Robespierrist Studies and its journal, the <i>Annales Historiques de la Révolution française</i>. His major works include <i>La Révolution française</i> (3 vol. 1922–1924) and <i>La Vie chère et le movement social sous la Terreur</i> (1927). Mathiez was a leading figure in what came to be known as the Marxist, Jacobin or "classic" school of French revolutionary historiography.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012489_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012489-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georges_Lefebvre">Georges Lefebvre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Georges Lefebvre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lefebvre" title="Georges Lefebvre">Georges Lefebvre</a> (1874–1959) was a Marxist historian who wrote detailed studies of the French peasantry (<i>Les paysans du Nord</i> (1924)), <i>The Great Fear of 1789</i> (1932, first English translation 1973) and revolutionary crowds, as well as a general history of the Revolution <i>La Révolution française</i> (published 1951–1957). He argued that the Revolution represented the triumph of the bourgeoisie and that the Terror was a reaction to an aristocratic plot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018443_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018443-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He presented the peasantry as active participants in the Revolution who held a fundamentally anti-capitalist worldview.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones1990_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones1990-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lefebvre held the Chair of French Revolution History at the Sorbonne from 1939 until 1955. He mentored a generation of historians who generally wrote cultural, social and economic interpretations defending the achievements of the Revolution. These historians included Albert Soboul, George Rudé, Richard Cobb, and Franco Venturi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012489_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012489-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albert_Soboul">Albert Soboul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Albert Soboul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Albert_Soboul" title="Albert Soboul">Albert Soboul</a> (1914–1982) was a leading Marxist historian who was Chair of French Revolution History at the Sorbonne from 1968 to 1982 and president of the <i>Société des Études Robespierristes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012489_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012489-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He specialised in the analysis of popular movements during the Revolution and detailed studies of the sans-culottes. In <i>Les Sansculottes Parisiens en l’An II</i> (Paris, 1958; English translation, <i>The Parisian Sans-Culottes and the French Revolution, 1793-4,</i> 1964) he argued that the sans-culottes reflected a popular movement which drove the radicalisation of the Revolution. In his general history of the Revolution (<i>Histoire de la Révolution française</i>, published 1962) he argued that the Revolution represented the culmination of the long economic and social evolution which made the bourgeoisie the dominant class.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018444_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018444-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alfred_Cobban_and_revisionist_historians">Alfred Cobban and revisionist historians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Alfred Cobban and revisionist historians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cobban" title="Alfred Cobban">Alfred Cobban</a> (1901–1968) challenged Marxist social and economic explanations of the revolution in two important works, <i>The Myth of the French Revolution</i> (1955) and <i>Social Interpretation of the French Revolution</i> (1964). Cobban argued that the revolution was primarily a political conflict rather than a social one. The revolution wasn't initiated by a rising capitalist bourgeoisie but rather by a declining class of lawyers and office holders, and feudalism had virtually disappeared before the Revolution. The victors of the Revolution were large and small conservative property owners, a result which retarded economic development.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012489_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012489-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudé198820_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudé198820-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American historian George V. Taylor also challenged the class conflict interpretation of the Revolution. In ‘Noncapitalist Wealth and the Origins of the French Revolution’ (1967) and other essays, he argued that there was little economic conflict between the old regime nobility and capitalists and that the share of wealth represented by capitalist enterprises was small. He concluded that the Revolution was not primarily a social one, but a political revolution with social consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018445–446_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018445–446-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robert_Palmer">Robert Palmer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Robert Palmer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>The Age of the Democratic Revolution</i> (2 volumes, 1959–64) <a href="/wiki/Robert_Roswell_Palmer" title="Robert Roswell Palmer">Robert Palmer</a> argued against "French exceptionalism". He provided a global interpretation of the Revolution, arguing that the revolutionary conflicts of the second half of the 18th-century amounted to an “Atlantic revolution” or “western revolution”.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012489_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012489-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Palmer: “All revolutions since 1800, in Europe, Latin America, Asia, and Africa, have learned from the eighteenth-century Revolution of Western Civilization.” <a href="/wiki/David_Armitage_(historian)" title="David Armitage (historian)">David Armitage</a> comments: “That judgment might seem guilty of almost every current scholarly sin—Eurocentrism, essentialism, teleology, diffusionism—but it captured the essence of Palmer’s endeavor: to understand the present through the past with the perspective of the longue durée.”<sup id="cite_ref-:242_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:242-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Palmer's thesis was rejected by both Marxists and French nationalists. Marvin R. Cox states that Marxist historians accused Palmer of "a brief to provide historical legitimacy for NATO," while French nationalists said it diminished the importance of the French Revolution as an historical event.<sup id="cite_ref-:252_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:252-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:242_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:242-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armitage also criticised Palmer for his omissions: “Its omission of the Haitian Revolution and of Iberian America—not to mention the absence of the enslaved, women, and much cultural history—implied that Palmer was afraid to acknowledge the truly radical elements of the age of revolution, that he was blind to its exclusions and complacent about its failed promises.”<sup id="cite_ref-:242_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:242-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="François_Furet"><span id="Fran.C3.A7ois_Furet"></span>François Furet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: François Furet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Furet" title="François Furet">François Furet</a> (1927–1997) was a leading French critic of "Jacobin-Marxist" interpretations of the Revolution. In their influential <i>La Revolution française</i> (1965), Furet and Denis Richet argued for the primacy of political decisions, contrasting the reformist period of 1789-91 with the following interventions of the urban masses which led to radicalisation and an ungovernable situation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012490_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012490-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furet later argued that a clearer distinction needed to be made between analyses of political events, and of social and economic changes which usually take place over a much longer period than the Jacobin-Marxist school allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudé198822–23_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudé198822–23-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also stated that Jacobin-Marxist interpretations of the revolution harboured a totalitarian tendency, and anachronistically viewed the Revolution in the light of the Russian revolution of October 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012490_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012490-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furet, however, conceded that the Jacobin-Marxist school had increased the understanding of the role of peasants and the urban masses in the revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudé198823_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudé198823-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influenced by Alexis de Tocqueville and Augustin Cochin, Furet argued that the French should stop seeing the revolution as the key to all aspects of modern French history.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other major works by Furet include <i>Penser la Révolution Française</i> (1978; translated as <i>Interpreting the French Revolution</i> 1981) and <i>A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution</i> (1989).<sup id="cite_ref-:18_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:19_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_20th-century_historians">Other 20th-century historians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other 20th-century historians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some other influential historians of this period are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sorel" title="Albert Sorel">Albert Sorel</a> (1842–1906) – Diplomatic historian: <i>Europe et la Révolution française</i> (eight volumes, 1895–1904); introductory section of this work translated as <i>Europe under the Old Regime</i> (1947).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Labrousse" title="Ernest Labrousse">Ernest Labrousse</a> (1895–1988) – Performed extensive economic research on 18th-century France.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rud%C3%A9" title="George Rudé">George Rudé</a> (1910–1993) – Another of Lefebvre's protégés, did further work on the popular side of the Revolution, including: <i>The Crowd in the French Revolution</i> (1959).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobb" title="Richard Cobb">Richard Cobb</a> (1917–1996) was a leading exponent of "history from below" who wrote detailed studies of both provincial and city life, avoiding the revisionism debate by "keeping his nose very close to the ground".<sup id="cite_ref-:27_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His major works include <i>Les armées révolutionnaires</i> (published 1961-63, translated as <i>The People's Armies</i> in 1987).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_historiography_(1980s_to_present)"><span id="Modern_historiography_.281980s_to_present.29"></span>Modern historiography (1980s to present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Modern historiography (1980s to present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the 1980s, Western scholars largely abandoned Marxist interpretations of the revolution in terms of bourgeoisie-proletarian class struggle as anachronistic. However, no new explanatory model has gained widespread support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpang2003119–147_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpang2003119–147-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2004323–351_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2004323–351-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historiography of the revolution has become more diversified, exploring areas such as cultural histories, regional histories, visual representations, transnational interpretations, and decolonisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012490_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012490-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_studies">Cultural studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cultural studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the 1980s, there was a proliferation of interpretations based on the study of language and popular culture, in which the Revolution was largely viewed as a symptom of deeper cultural trends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018448–449_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018448–449-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the more prominent works include: </p> <ul><li>Robert Darnton <i>The Literary Underground of the Old Regime</i> (1982)</li> <li>Keith Michael Baker <i>Inventing the French Revolution</i> (1990)</li> <li>R. Chartier, <i>The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution</i> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Hunt" title="Lynn Hunt">Lynn Hunt</a>, <i>Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution</i> (1984), and <i>The Family Romance of the French Revolution</i> (1992).<sup id="cite_ref-:31_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:31-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:322_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:322-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_and_gender">Women and gender</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Women and gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Late 20th-century studies of women and the revolution emphasised the role of women as participants in the revolution but their exclusion from revolutionary political institutions and full citizenship rights. More recent studies have concentrated on the experiences of specific female groups such as teachers, writers, prostitutes, rural women and those associated with the military and have argued that women were often able to promote new notions of citizenship and challenge gendered power relations.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some key works include: </p> <ul><li>Joan B. Landes, <i>Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution</i> (1988)</li> <li>Hufton, Olwen, <i>Women and the Limits of Citizenship in the French Revolution</i> (Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1992)</li> <li>Melzer, S. E. and L. W. Rabine, eds., Rebel Daughters: <i>Women and the French Revolution</i> (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1992).</li> <li>Godineau, Dominique., <i>The Women of Paris and their French Revolution</i> (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1998)</li> <li>Jennifer Ngaire Heuer, <i>The Family and the Nation: Gender and Citizenship in Revolutionary France, 1789–1830</i> (Ithaca, NY, 2005)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decolonisation">Decolonisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Decolonisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent studies of the French colonies have largely abandoned the Jacobin-Marxist approach of classic studies such as <a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">C. L. R. James</a>' <i>The Black Jacobins</i> (1938) and <a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire" title="Aimé Césaire">Aimé Césaire's</a> <i>Toussaint Louverture: La Révolution française et le problème colonia</i>l (1960). Scholars such as Michel-Rolph Traillot and Anthony Hurley have emphasised the cultural traditions of colonial slaves, arguing that the Haitian revolution was not a derivative of the French revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012490_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012490-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trans-Atlantic_and_global_histories">Trans-Atlantic and global histories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Trans-Atlantic and global histories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trans-Atlantic and global interpretations of the French Revolution have become a major field of study. Important recent histories include Suzanne Desan, Lynn Hunt, and William Max Nelson (eds), <i>The French Revolution in Global Perspective</i> (Ithaca, NY, 2013); David Armitage and Sanjay Subrahmanyan (eds), <i>The Age of Revolutions in Global Context</i> (Basingstoke, 2010); and Wim Klooster, <i>Revolutions in the Atlantic World; a comparative history</i> (New York, 2009).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_contemporary_historians">Other contemporary historians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other contemporary historians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Simon Schama</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Citizens:_A_Chronicle_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution">Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution</a></i> (1989) is a popular narrative history in the tradition of Cobban and Furet. Schama argues that violence was an essential element of the Revolution from 1789 and that the revolution ended with the fall of Robespierre in 1794.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018447_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018447-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Doyle_(historian)" title="William Doyle (historian)">William Doyle</a>, a British revisionist historian who wrote <i>The Origins of the French Revolution</i> (1980) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_History_of_the_French_Revolution" title="The Oxford History of the French Revolution">The Oxford History of the French Revolution</a></i> (2nd edition 2002). Doyle argues that the outbreak of the revolution was a result of political miscalculation rather than social conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018446_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018446-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Tackett" title="Timothy Tackett">Timothy Tackett</a> has written a number of histories of the Revolution including <i>When the King Took Flight</i> (2004), <i>Becoming a Revolutionary</i> (2006), and <i>The Coming of the Terror in the French Revolution</i> (2015).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Works mentioned, by date of first publication: </p> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke, Edmund</a> (1790). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reflectionsonre03burkgoog"><i>Reflections on the Revolution in France</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+the+Revolution+in+France&rft.date=1790&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freflectionsonre03burkgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel, Augustin</a> (1797). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mmoirespourserv00barrgoog"><i>Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire du Jacobinisme</i></a>. Fauche.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moires+pour+servir+%C3%A0+l%27Histoire+du+Jacobinisme&rft.pub=Fauche&rft.date=1797&rft.aulast=Barruel&rft.aufirst=Augustin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmmoirespourserv00barrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers, Adolphe</a> (1823–1827). <i>Histoire de la Révolution française</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+R%C3%A9volution+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.date=1823%2F1827&rft.aulast=Thiers&rft.aufirst=Adolphe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mignet" title="François Mignet">Mignet, François</a> (1824). <i>Histoire de la Révolution française</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+R%C3%A9volution+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.date=1824&rft.aulast=Mignet&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot, François</a> (1830). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histoiredelacivi01guizuoft"><i>Histoire de la civilisation en France</i></a>. Paris, Pichon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+civilisation+en+France&rft.pub=Paris%2C+Pichon&rft.date=1830&rft.aulast=Guizot&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoiredelacivi01guizuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle, Thomas</a> (1837). <i>The French Revolution: A History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Revolution%3A+A+History&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Carlyle&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet, Jules</a> (1847–1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histoiredelarvo19michgoog"><i>Histoire de la Révolution française</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+R%C3%A9volution+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.date=1847%2F1856&rft.aulast=Michelet&rft.aufirst=Jules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoiredelarvo19michgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville, Alexis de</a> (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lancienrgimeetl02tocqgoog"><i>L'Ancien régime et la révolution</i></a>. Lévy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Ancien+r%C3%A9gime+et+la+r%C3%A9volution&rft.pub=L%C3%A9vy&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Tocqueville&rft.aufirst=Alexis+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flancienrgimeetl02tocqgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span> Usually translated as <i>The Old Regime and the French Revolution</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Blanc, Louis</a> (1847–1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histoiredelarvol06blan"><i>Histoire de la Révolution française</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+R%C3%A9volution+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.date=1847%2F1862&rft.aulast=Blanc&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoiredelarvol06blan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine, Hippolyte</a> (1875–1893). <i>Origines de la France contemporaine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origines+de+la+France+contemporaine&rft.date=1875%2F1893&rft.aulast=Taine&rft.aufirst=Hippolyte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sorel" title="Albert Sorel">Sorel, Albert</a> (19 April 1895). <i>L'Europe et la Révolution française</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Europe+et+la+R%C3%A9volution+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.date=1895-04-19&rft.aulast=Sorel&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span> Introductory part translated as <i>Europe under the Old Regime</i> (1947).</li> <li>Aulard, François-Alphonse. <i>The French Revolution, a Political History, 1789–1804</i> (4 vol. 3rd ed. 1901; English translation 1910); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolutio02mialgoog">volume 1 1789–1792 online</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_UJMJAQAAIAAJ">Volume 2 1792–95 online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Mathiez" title="Albert Mathiez">Mathiez, Albert</a> (1922–27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/larvolutionfra01mathuoft"><i>La Révolution française</i></a>. Paris, Colin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+R%C3%A9volution+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.pub=Paris%2C+Colin&rft.date=1922%2F1927&rft.aulast=Mathiez&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flarvolutionfra01mathuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lefebvre" title="Georges Lefebvre">Lefebvre, Georges</a> (1924). <i>Les paysans du Nord</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+paysans+du+Nord&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Lefebvre&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Cochin, Augustin (1925). <i>Les Sociétés de pensée et la Révolution en Bretagne</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s+de+pens%C3%A9e+et+la+R%C3%A9volution+en+Bretagne&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Cochin&rft.aufirst=Augustin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gaxotte" title="Pierre Gaxotte">Gaxotte, Pierre</a> (1928). <i>La Révolution française</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+R%C3%A9volution+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Gaxotte&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lefebvre, Georges (1932). <i>La Grande Peur de 1789</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Grande+Peur+de+1789&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Lefebvre&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span> Translated as <i>The Great Fear of 1789</i> (1973).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lefebvre, Georges (1939). <i>Quatre-Vingt-Neuf</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quatre-Vingt-Neuf&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Lefebvre&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span> Translated as <i>The Coming of the French Revolution</i> (1947).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Guérin, Daniel (1946). <i>La lutte de classes sous la Première République</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+lutte+de+classes+sous+la+Premi%C3%A8re+R%C3%A9publique&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Gu%C3%A9rin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lefebvre, Georges (1957). <i>La Révolution française</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+R%C3%A9volution+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Lefebvre&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span> Translated in two volumes: <i>The French Revolution from its origins to 1793</i> (1962), and <i>The French Revolution from 1793 to 1799</i> (1967).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Rudé, George (1959). <i>The Crowd in the French Revolution</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crowd+in+the+French+Revolution&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Rud%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Rudé, George (1988). <i>The French Revolution: Its Causes, Its History and Its Legacy After 200 Years</i>. Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1555841508" title="Special:BookSources/978-1555841508"><bdi>978-1555841508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Revolution%3A+Its+Causes%2C+Its+History+and+Its+Legacy+After+200+Years&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-1555841508&rft.aulast=Rud%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Cobban, Alfred (1963). <i>The Social Interpretation of the French Revolution</i>. Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Interpretation+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Cobban&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Cobb, Richard (1968). <i>Les armées révolutionnaires</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+arm%C3%A9es+r%C3%A9volutionnaires&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span> Translated as <i>The People's Armies</i> (1987).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Soboul, Albert (1968). <i>Les Sans-Culottes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Sans-Culottes&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Soboul&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span> Translated as <i>The Sans-Culottes</i> (1972).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Furet" title="François Furet">Furet, François</a> (1978). <i>Penser la Révolution française</i>. Gallimard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penser+la+R%C3%A9volution+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Furet&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span> Translated as <i>Interpreting the French Revolution</i> (1981).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Darnton, Robert (1982). <i>The Literary Underground of the Old Regime</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literary+Underground+of+the+Old+Regime&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Darnton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Lynn (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsculturec00hunt"><i>Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520052048" title="Special:BookSources/9780520052048"><bdi>9780520052048</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics%2C+Culture%2C+and+Class+in+the+French+Revolution&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780520052048&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsculturec00hunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Doyle, William (1988). <i>Origins of the French Revolution</i>. Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Doyle, William (1989). <i>The Oxford History of the French Revolution</i>. Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Furet, François; Mona Ozouf (1988). <i>Dictionnaire critique de la Révolution Française</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+critique+de+la+R%C3%A9volution+Fran%C3%A7aise&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Furet&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Mona+Ozouf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span> Translated as <i>A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution</i> (1989).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gauchet, Marcel (1989). <i>La Révolution des droits de l'homme</i>. Gallimard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+R%C3%A9volution+des+droits+de+l%27homme&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Gauchet&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Schama, Simon</a> (1989). <i>Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution</i>. Knopf.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizens%3A+A+Chronicle+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Schama&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Baker, Keith Michael (1990). <i>Inventing the French Revolution</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+French+Revolution&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Keith+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Hunt" title="Lynn Hunt">Hunt, Lynn</a> (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/familyromanceoft00hunt"><i>The Family Romance of the French Revolution</i></a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Family+Romance+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffamilyromanceoft00hunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Connelly, Owen (1993). <i>The French Revolution and Napoleonic Era</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Revolution+and+Napoleonic+Era&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Connelly&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dale_K._Van_Kley" title="Dale K. Van Kley">Van Kley, Dale K.</a> (1996). <i>The Religious Origins of the French Revolution</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religious+Origins+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Van+Kley&rft.aufirst=Dale+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodineau1998" class="citation book cs1">Godineau, Dominique (1998). <i>The Women of Paris and their French Revolution</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Women+of+Paris+and+their+French+Revolution&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Godineau&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hufton, Olwen (1999). <i>Women and the Limits of Citizenship in the French Revolution</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+the+Limits+of+Citizenship+in+the+French+Revolution&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Hufton&rft.aufirst=Olwen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Steel, Mark (2003). <i>Vive La Revolution</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vive+La+Revolution&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Steel&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Tackett, Timothy (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whenkingtookflig00timo"><i>When the King Took Flight</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674010543" title="Special:BookSources/9780674010543"><bdi>9780674010543</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+the+King+Took+Flight&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780674010543&rft.aulast=Tackett&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhenkingtookflig00timo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeuer2005" class="citation book cs1">Heuer, Jennifer Ngaire (2005). <i>The Family and the Nation: Gender and Citizenship in Revolutionary France, 1789–1830</i>. New York: Ithaca.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Family+and+the+Nation%3A+Gender+and+Citizenship+in+Revolutionary+France%2C+1789%E2%80%931830&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ithaca&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Heuer&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+Ngaire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Tackett, Timothy (2006). <i>Becoming a Revolutionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+a+Revolutionary&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Tackett&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Heller, Henry (2006). <i>The Bourgeois Revolution in France: 1789–1815</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bourgeois+Revolution+in+France%3A+1789%E2%80%931815&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpang2003-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpang2003_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpang2003_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpang2003">Spang (2003)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2004-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2004_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBell2004">Bell (2004)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudé198812–14-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudé198812–14_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRudé1988">Rudé (1988)</a>, pp. 12–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012486–487-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012486–487_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012486–487_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuy2012">Dupuy (2012)</a>, pp. 486–487.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012487–488-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012487–488_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuy2012">Dupuy (2012)</a>, pp. 487–488.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018440-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018440_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018440_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoyle2018">Doyle (2018)</a>, p. 440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudé198812Doyle2018440-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudé198812Doyle2018440_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRudé1988">Rudé (1988)</a>, p. 12; <a href="#CITEREFDoyle2018">Doyle (2018)</a>, p. 440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:42_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Tombs1996" class="citation book cs1">Robert Tombs (1996). "Paranoia". <i>France 1814–1914</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-49314-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-49314-5"><bdi>0-582-49314-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paranoia&rft.btitle=France+1814%E2%80%931914&rft.place=London&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-582-49314-5&rft.au=Robert+Tombs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_la_Croix_de_Castries198344–45-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_la_Croix_de_Castries198344–45_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_la_Croix_de_Castries1983">De la Croix de Castries (1983)</a>, pp. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiral198641-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiral198641_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuiral1986">Guiral (1986)</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidron196860-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron196860_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron196860_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron196860_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKidron1968">Kidron (1968)</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudé198813-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudé198813_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRudé1988">Rudé (1988)</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018444-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018444_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018444_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoyle2018">Doyle (2018)</a>, p. 444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidron1968134–136-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron1968134–136_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKidron1968">Kidron (1968)</a>, pp. 134–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidron1968144–145-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron1968144–145_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKidron1968">Kidron (1968)</a>, pp. 144–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidron1968146Doyle2018444-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron1968146Doyle2018444_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKidron1968">Kidron (1968)</a>, p. 146; <a href="#CITEREFDoyle2018">Doyle (2018)</a>, p. 444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidron1968131-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron1968131_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKidron1968">Kidron (1968)</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidron1968213-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron1968213_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron1968213_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKidron1968">Kidron (1968)</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudé198813Doyle2018441–442-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudé198813Doyle2018441–442_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudé198813Doyle2018441–442_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRudé1988">Rudé (1988)</a>, p. 13; <a href="#CITEREFDoyle2018">Doyle (2018)</a>, pp. 441–442.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidron1968218-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron1968218_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKidron1968">Kidron (1968)</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidron1968192-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron1968192_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKidron1968">Kidron (1968)</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:62-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:62_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">François Furet, <i>Revolutionary France 1770–1880</i> (1992), p. 571</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidron1968219–221-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron1968219–221_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKidron1968">Kidron (1968)</a>, pp. 219–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018445-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018445_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoyle2018">Doyle (2018)</a>, p. 445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidron1968219-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron1968219_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron1968219_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKidron1968">Kidron (1968)</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tocqueville quoted in Rudé (1968). p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudé198814–15-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudé198814–15_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRudé1988">Rudé (1988)</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012488-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012488_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012488_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012488_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012488_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuy2012">Dupuy (2012)</a>, p. 488.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudé198895-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudé198895_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRudé1988">Rudé (1988)</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidron1968227–229-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron1968227–229_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidron1968227–229_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKidron1968">Kidron (1968)</a>, pp. 227–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018441-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018441_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018441_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoyle2018">Doyle (2018)</a>, p. 441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012489-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012489_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012489_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012489_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012489_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012489_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012489_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuy2012">Dupuy (2012)</a>, p. 489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudé198816–19-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudé198816–19_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRudé1988">Rudé (1988)</a>, pp. 16–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012490-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012490_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012490_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012490_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012490_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy2012490_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuy2012">Dupuy (2012)</a>, p. 490.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018442-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018442_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018442_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoyle2018">Doyle (2018)</a>, p. 442.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudé198817–18-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudé198817–18_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRudé1988">Rudé (1988)</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989881–889-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989881–889_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989881–889_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuretOzouf1989">Furet & Ozouf (1989)</a>, pp. 881–889.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETendler2013-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETendler2013_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETendler2013_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTendler2013">Tendler (2013)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETendler2013651-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETendler2013651_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTendler2013">Tendler (2013)</a>, p. 651.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Aulard_in_Arthur_Tilley1922" class="citation book cs1">A. Aulard in Arthur Tilley, ed. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernfrancecomp00tilluoft"><i>Modern France. A Companion to French Studies</i></a>. Cambridge UP. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernfrancecomp00tilluoft/page/115">115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+France.+A+Companion+to+French+Studies&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=1922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernfrancecomp00tilluoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018441,_447-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018441,_447_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoyle2018">Doyle (2018)</a>, pp. 441, 447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018443-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018443_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018443_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoyle2018">Doyle (2018)</a>, p. 443.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones1990-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones1990_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1990" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Peter M. (Spring 1990). "Georges Lefebvre and the Peasant Revolution: Fifty Years on". <i>French Historical Studies</i>. <b>16</b> (3). Fairfax: JSTOR. George Mason U. Lib.: 645–663. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F286492">10.2307/286492</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/286492">286492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Georges+Lefebvre+and+the+Peasant+Revolution%3A+Fifty+Years+on&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=645-663&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F286492&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F286492%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Peter+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudé198820-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudé198820_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRudé1988">Rudé (1988)</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018445–446-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018445–446_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoyle2018">Doyle (2018)</a>, pp. 445–446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:242-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:242_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:242_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:242_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2014" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Robert (2014). <i>The Age of Democratic Revolution, a political history of Europe and America 1760-1800</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. xv–xxii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16128-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16128-0"><bdi>978-0-691-16128-0</bdi></a>(First published in two volumes 1959-64)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Democratic+Revolution%2C+a+political+history+of+Europe+and+America+1760-1800&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=xv-xxii&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-691-16128-0&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:252-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:252_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">‘Palmer and Furet: A Reassessment of The Age of the Democratic Revolution’, <i>Historical Reflections</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudé198822–23-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudé198822–23_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRudé1988">Rudé (1988)</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudé198823-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudé198823_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRudé1988">Rudé (1988)</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:17_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Friguglietti and Barry Rothaus, "Interpreting vs. Understanding the Revolution: François Furet and Albert Soboul," <i>Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750–1850: Proceedings, 1987,</i> (1987) Vol. 17, pp. 23–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:18_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claude Langlois, "Furet's Revolution," <i>French Historical Studies</i>, Fall 1990, Vol. 16 Issue 4, pp. 766–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:19_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donals Sutherland, "An Assessment of the Writings of François Furet," <i>French Historical Studies</i>, Fall 1990, Vol. 16 Issue 4, pp. 784–91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:27-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:27_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Troyansky, review of Hunt's <i>Politics, Culture, and Class</i>. From <i>The History Teacher</i>, 20, 1 (November 1986), pp. 136–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpang2003119–147-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpang2003119–147_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpang2003">Spang (2003)</a>, pp. 119–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2004323–351-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2004323–351_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBell2004">Bell (2004)</a>, pp. 323–351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018448–449-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018448–449_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoyle2018">Doyle (2018)</a>, pp. 448–449.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:31-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:31_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William H. Sewell. Review of <i>Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution</i> by Lynn Hunt. <i>Theory and Society</i>, 15, 6 (November 1986), pp. 915–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:322-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:322_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeff Goodwin. Review of <i>The Family Romance of the French Revolution</i> by Lynn Hunt. <i>Contemporary Sociology</i>, 23, 1 (January 1994), pp. 71–72; quote from Madelyn Gutwirth. "Sacred Father; Profane Sons: Lynn Hunt's French Revolution". <i>French Historical Studies</i>, 19, 2 (Autumn 1995), pp. 261–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesan2018" class="citation journal cs1">Desan, Suzanne (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shy079">"Recent Historiography on the French Revolution and Gender"</a>. <i>Journal of Social History</i>. <b>52</b> (3): 567–69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=Recent+Historiography+on+the+French+Revolution+and+Gender&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=567-69&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Desan&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshy079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndress2015" class="citation book cs1">Andress, David, ed. (2015). "Foreword". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639748.002.0007"><i>The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution</i></a> (Online ed.). Oxford Academic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+Academic&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199639748.002.0007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018447-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018447_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoyle2018">Doyle (2018)</a>, p. 447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018446-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2018446_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoyle2018">Doyle (2018)</a>, p. 446.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, David A (2004). "Class, consciousness, and the fall of the bourgeois revolution". <i>Critical Review</i>. <b>16</b> (2–3): 323–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08913810408443613">10.1080/08913810408443613</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144241323">144241323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Review&rft.atitle=Class%2C+consciousness%2C+and+the+fall+of+the+bourgeois+revolution&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=323-51&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08913810408443613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144241323%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=David+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_la_Croix_de_Castries1983" class="citation book cs1">De la Croix de Castries, René (1983). <i>Monsieur Thiers</i>. Librarie Académique Perrin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-262-00299-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-262-00299-1"><bdi>2-262-00299-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monsieur+Thiers&rft.pub=Librarie+Acad%C3%A9mique+Perrin&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=2-262-00299-1&rft.aulast=De+la+Croix+de+Castries&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2018" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, William (2018). <i>The Oxford History of the French Revolution</i> (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198804932" title="Special:BookSources/9780198804932"><bdi>9780198804932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780198804932&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupuy2012" class="citation book cs1">Dupuy, Pascal (2012). "The Revolution in History, Commemoration, and Memory". In McPhee, Peter (ed.). <i>A Companion to the French Revolution</i>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 486–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444335644" title="Special:BookSources/9781444335644"><bdi>9781444335644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Revolution+in+History%2C+Commemoration%2C+and+Memory&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+French+Revolution&rft.pages=486-7&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781444335644&rft.aulast=Dupuy&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuretOzouf1989" class="citation book cs1">Furet, François; Ozouf, Mona, eds. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bGxiE6jvzOcC"><i>A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution</i></a>. Harvard UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674177284" title="Special:BookSources/9780674177284"><bdi>9780674177284</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+Dictionary+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.pub=Harvard+UP&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780674177284&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbGxiE6jvzOcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuiral1986" class="citation book cs1">Guiral, Pierre (1986). <i>Adolphe Thiers ou De la nécessité en politique</i>. Paris: Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2213018251" title="Special:BookSources/2213018251"><bdi>2213018251</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adolphe+Thiers+ou+De+la+n%C3%A9cessit%C3%A9+en+politique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=2213018251&rft.aulast=Guiral&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidron1968" class="citation book cs1">Kidron, Hedva Ben-Israel (1968). <i>English historians on the French Revolution</i>. London: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+historians+on+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Kidron&rft.aufirst=Hedva+Ben-Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudé1988" class="citation book cs1">Rudé, George (1988). <i>The French Revolution: Its Causes, Its History and Its Legacy After 200 Years</i>. Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1555841508" title="Special:BookSources/978-1555841508"><bdi>978-1555841508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Revolution%3A+Its+Causes%2C+Its+History+and+Its+Legacy+After+200+Years&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-1555841508&rft.aulast=Rud%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpang2003" class="citation journal cs1">Spang, Rebecca L (2003). "Paradigms and Paranoia: How modern Is the French Revolution?". <i>American Historical Review</i>. <b>108</b> (1): 119–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F533047">10.1086/533047</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/533047">10.1086/533047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Paradigms+and+Paranoia%3A+How+modern+Is+the+French+Revolution%3F&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=119-47&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F533047&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F533047%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Spang&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTendler2013" class="citation journal cs1">Tendler, Joseph (2013). "Alphonse Aulard Revisited". <i>European Review of History</i>. <b>20</b> (4): 649–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13507486.2012.763159">10.1080/13507486.2012.763159</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143535928">143535928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Review+of+History&rft.atitle=Alphonse+Aulard+Revisited&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=649-69&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13507486.2012.763159&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143535928%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tendler&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Thiers, Louis Adolphe"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Thiers,_Louis_Adolphe">"Thiers, Louis Adolphe" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thiers%2C+Louis+Adolphe&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndress2013" class="citation journal cs1">Andress, David (2013). "Polychronicon: Interpreting the French Revolution". <i>Teaching History</i> (150): 28–29. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43260509">43260509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Teaching+History&rft.atitle=Polychronicon%3A+Interpreting+the+French+Revolution&rft.issue=150&rft.pages=28-29&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43260509%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Andress&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerJoseph_Zizek1998" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Keith Michael; Joseph Zizek (1998). "The American Historiography of the French Revolution". In Anthony Molho; Gordon S. Wood (eds.). <i>Imagined Histories: American Historians Interpret the Past</i>. Princeton University Press. pp. 349–92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+American+Historiography+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.btitle=Imagined+Histories%3A+American+Historians+Interpret+the+Past&rft.pages=349-92&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Keith+Michael&rft.au=Joseph+Zizek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Bell, David A., and Yair Mintzker, eds. <i>Rethinking the age of revolutions: France and the birth of the modern world</i> (Oxford UP, 2018.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, David A (Winter 2014). "Questioning the Global Turn: The Case of the French Revolution". <i>French Historical Studies</i>. <b>37</b> (1): 1–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00161071-2376501">10.1215/00161071-2376501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Questioning+the+Global+Turn%3A+The+Case+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-24&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00161071-2376501&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=David+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinton1963" class="citation book cs1">Brinton, Crane (1963). <i>A Decade of Revolution: 1789–1799</i> (2nd ed.). pp. 293–302.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Decade+of+Revolution%3A+1789%E2%80%931799&rft.pages=293-302&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Brinton&rft.aufirst=Crane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavanaugh1972" class="citation journal cs1">Cavanaugh, Gerald J (1972). "The Present State of French Revolutionary Historiography: Alfred Cobban and Beyond". <i>French Historical Studies</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 587–606. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F286200">10.2307/286200</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/286200">286200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Present+State+of+French+Revolutionary+Historiography%3A+Alfred+Cobban+and+Beyond&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=587-606&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F286200&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F286200%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cavanaugh&rft.aufirst=Gerald+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenser2019" class="citation journal cs1">Censer, Jack R. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshy081">"The French Revolution is Not Over: An Introduction"</a>. <i>Journal of Social History</i>. <b>52</b> (3): 543–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshy081">10.1093/jsh/shy081</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149714265">149714265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=The+French+Revolution+is+Not+Over%3A+An+Introduction&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=543-44&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshy081&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149714265%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Censer&rft.aufirst=Jack+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjsh%252Fshy081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenser2019" class="citation journal cs1">Censer, Jack R. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshy082">"Intellectual History and the Causes of the French Revolution"</a>. <i>Journal of Social History</i>. <b>52</b> (3): 545–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshy082">10.1093/jsh/shy082</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150297989">150297989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=Intellectual+History+and+the+Causes+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=545-54&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshy082&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150297989%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Censer&rft.aufirst=Jack+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjsh%252Fshy082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenser1999" class="citation journal cs1">Censer, Jack (1999). "Social Twists and Linguistic Turns: Revolutionary Historiography a Decade after the Bicentennial". <i>French Historical Studies</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 139–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F286705">10.2307/286705</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/286705">286705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Social+Twists+and+Linguistic+Turns%3A+Revolutionary+Historiography+a+Decade+after+the+Bicentennial&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=139-67&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F286705&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F286705%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Censer&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenser1987" class="citation journal cs1">Censer, Jack (1987). "The Coming of a New Interpretation of the French Revolution". <i>Journal of Social History</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 295–309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsh%2F21.2.295">10.1353/jsh/21.2.295</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3788145">3788145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=The+Coming+of+a+New+Interpretation+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=295-309&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjsh%2F21.2.295&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3788145%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Censer&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheney2019" class="citation journal cs1">Cheney, Paul (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshy074">"The French Revolution's Global Turn and Capitalism's Spatial Fixes"</a>. <i>Journal of Social History</i>. <b>52</b> (3): 575–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshy074">10.1093/jsh/shy074</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85505432">85505432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=The+French+Revolution%27s+Global+Turn+and+Capitalism%27s+Spatial+Fixes&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=575-83&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshy074&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85505432%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cheney&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjsh%252Fshy074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobban1999" class="citation book cs1">Cobban, Alfred (1999). <i>The social interpretation of the French Revolution</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521661515" title="Special:BookSources/9780521661515"><bdi>9780521661515</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+social+interpretation+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780521661515&rft.aulast=Cobban&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span> rejects Marxist models</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobban1945" class="citation journal cs1">Cobban, Alfred (1945). "Historical Revision No CVII. The Beginning of the French Revolution". <i>History</i>. <b>30</b> (111): 90–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1945.tb00879.x">10.1111/j.1468-229X.1945.tb00879.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable//24402690">/24402690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Historical+Revision+No+CVII.+The+Beginning+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=111&rft.pages=90-98&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1945.tb00879.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F%2F24402690%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cobban&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span> covers the older studies.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConner1990" class="citation journal cs1">Conner, Susan P. (1990). "In the Shadow of the Guillotine and in the Margins of History: English-Speaking Authors View Women in the French Revolution". <i>Journal of Women's History</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 244–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjowh.2010.0075">10.1353/jowh.2010.0075</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144010907">144010907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Women%27s+History&rft.atitle=In+the+Shadow+of+the+Guillotine+and+in+the+Margins+of+History%3A+English-Speaking+Authors+View+Women+in+the+French+Revolution&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=244-60&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjowh.2010.0075&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144010907%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Conner&rft.aufirst=Susan+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox1993" class="citation journal cs1">Cox, Marvin R. (1993). "Tocqueville's Bourgeois Revolution". <i>Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 279–307. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41298973">41298973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Reflections+%2F+R%C3%A9flexions+Historiques&rft.atitle=Tocqueville%27s+Bourgeois+Revolution&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=279-307&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41298973%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Marvin+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2001" class="citation journal cs1">Cox, Marvin R. (2001). "Furet, Cobban and Marx: The Revision of the "Orthodoxy" Revisited". <i>Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques</i>. <b>27</b> (1): 49–77. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41299194">41299194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Reflections+%2F+R%C3%A9flexions+Historiques&rft.atitle=Furet%2C+Cobban+and+Marx%3A+The+Revision+of+the+%22Orthodoxy%22+Revisited&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-77&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41299194%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Marvin+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>D'Antuono, Giuseppina. "Historiographical heritages: Denis Diderot and the men of the French Revolution." <i>Diciottesimo Secolo</i> 6 (2021): 161-168. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oajournals.fupress.net/index.php/ds/article/download/11696/12429">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2006" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Peter (2006). <i>The Debate on the French Revolution</i>. Manchester University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Debate+on+the+French+Revolution&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span>. Basic survey of the historiography<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesan2019" class="citation journal cs1">Desan, Suzanne (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshy079">"Recent Historiography on the French Revolution and Gender"</a>. <i>Journal of Social History</i>. <b>52</b> (3): 566–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshy079">10.1093/jsh/shy079</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149683075">149683075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=Recent+Historiography+on+the+French+Revolution+and+Gender&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=566-74&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshy079&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149683075%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Desan&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjsh%252Fshy079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesan2000" class="citation journal cs1">Desan, Suzanne (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/11842">"What's after Political Culture? Recent French Revolutionary Historiography"</a>. <i>French Historical Studies</i>. <b>23</b> (1): 163–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00161071-23-1-163">10.1215/00161071-23-1-163</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154870583">154870583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=What%27s+after+Political+Culture%3F+Recent+French+Revolutionary+Historiography&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=163-96&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00161071-23-1-163&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154870583%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Desan&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F11842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Desan, Suzanne. "Recent Historiography on the French Revolution and Gender." <i>Journal of Social History</i> 52.3 (2019): 566-574. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jsh/article-pdf/52/3/566/27457936/shy079.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Disch, Lisa. "How could Hannah Arendt glorify the American Revolution and revile the French? Placing On Revolution in the historiography of the French and American Revolutions." <i>European Journal of Political Theory</i> 10.3 (2011): 350–71.</li> <li>Douthwaite, Julia V. “On Seeing the Forest through the Trees: Finding Our Way through Revolutionary Politics, History, and Art.” <i>Eighteenth-Century Studies</i> 43#2 2010, pp. 259–63. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25642185">online</a></li> <li>Doyle, William. <i>The Oxford history of the French revolution</i> (Oxford UP, 2018).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2001" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, William (2001). <i>Origins of the French Revolution</i> (3rd ed.). pp. 1–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198731744" title="Special:BookSources/0198731744"><bdi>0198731744</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.pages=1-40&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0198731744&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dunne, John. "Fifty Years of Rewriting the French Revolution: Signposts Main Landmarks and Current Directions in the Historiographical Debate," <i>History Review.</i> (1998) pp. 8ff.</li> <li>Edelstein, Melvin. <i>The French Revolution and the Birth of Electoral Democracy</i> (Routledge, 2016).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1978" class="citation journal cs1">Ellis, Geoffrey (1978). "The 'Marxist Interpretation' of the French Revolution". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>93</b> (367): 353–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXCIII.CCCLXVII.353">10.1093/ehr/XCIII.CCCLXVII.353</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/567066">567066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+%27Marxist+Interpretation%27+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=367&rft.pages=353-76&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXCIII.CCCLXVII.353&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F567066%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Farmer, Paul. <i>France Reviews its Revolutionary Origins</i> (1944) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Friguglietti, James, and Barry Rothaus, "Interpreting vs. Understanding the Revolution: François Furet and Albert Soboul," <i>Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750–1850: Proceedings, 1987</i> (1987) Vol. 17, pp. 23–36</li> <li>Furet, François and Mona Ozouf, eds. <i>A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution</i> (1989), 1120pp; long essays by scholars; strong on history of ideas and historiography (esp pp. 881–1034) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Critical-Dictionary-French-Revolution/dp/0674177282/">excerpt and text search</a>; 17 essays on leading historians, pp. 881–1032</li> <li>Furet, François. <i>Interpreting the French revolution</i> (1981). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Germani, Ian, and Robin Swayles. <i>Symbols, myths and images of the French Revolution</i>. University of Regina Publications. 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88977-108-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88977-108-6">978-0-88977-108-6</a></li> <li>Gershoy, Leo. <i>The French Revolution and Napoleon</i> (2nd ed. 1964), scholarly survey <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Geyl, Pieter. <i>Napoleon for and Against</i> (1949), 477 pp; reviews the positions of major historians regarding Napoleon</li> <li>Guillaume, Lancereau. "Unruly Memory and Historical Order: The Historiography of the French Revolution between Historicism and Presentism (1881-1914)." <i>História da Historiografia: International Journal of Theory and History of Historiography</i> 14.36 (2021): 225-256 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redalyc.org/journal/5977/597770073009/597770073009.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Hanson, Paul R. <i>Contesting the French Revolution</i> (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1405160837/">excerpt and text search</a>, combines analytic history and historiography</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hanson, Paul R. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshy075">"Political History of the French Revolution since 1989"</a>. <i>Journal of Social History</i>. <b>52</b> (3): 584–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshy075">10.1093/jsh/shy075</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150289715">150289715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=Political+History+of+the+French+Revolution+since+1989&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=584-92&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshy075&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150289715%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjsh%252Fshy075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Heller, Henry. <i>The Bourgeois Revolution in France (1789–1815)</i> (Berghahn Books, 2006) defends Marxist model</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeuer2007" class="citation journal cs1">Heuer, Jennifer (2007). "Liberty 'And' Death: The French Revolution". <i>History Compass</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 175–200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2006.00362.x">10.1111/j.1478-0542.2006.00362.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=Liberty+%27And%27+Death%3A+The+French+Revolution&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=175-200&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2006.00362.x&rft.aulast=Heuer&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hobsbawm, Eric J. <i>Echoes of the Marseillaise: two centuries look back on the French Revolution</i> (Rutgers University Press, 1990) by an English Marxist }</li> <li>Hutton, Patrick H. "The role of memory in the historiography of the french revolution." <i>History and Theory</i> 30.1 (1991): 56–69.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Israel" title="Jonathan Israel">Israel, Jonathan</a>. <i>Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from The Rights of Man to Robespierre</i> (2014)</li> <li>Jones, Rhys. "Time Warps During the French Revolution." <i>Past & Present</i> 254.1 (2022): 87-125.</li> <li>Kafker, Frank A. and James M. Laux, eds. <i>The French Revolution: Conflicting Interpretations</i> (5th ed. 2002)</li> <li>Kaplan, Steven Laurence. <i>Farewell, Revolution: The Historians' Feud, France, 1789/1989</i> (1996), focus on historians <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Farewell-Revolution-Historians-Feud-France/dp/0801482712/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Kaplan, Steven Laurence. <i>Farewell, Revolution: Disputed Legacies, France, 1789/1989</i> (1995); focus on bitter debates re 200th anniversary <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Farewell-Revolution-Disputed-Legacies-France/dp/0801427185/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kates,_Gary" class="mw-redirect" title="Kates, Gary">Kates, Gary</a>, ed. <i>The French Revolution: Recent Debates and New Controversies</i> (2nd ed. 2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/French-Revolution-Controversies-Rewriting-Histories/dp/0415358337/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Kim, Minchul. "Volney and the French Revolution." Journal of the History of Ideas 79.2 (2018): 221–42.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangloisTacket1990" class="citation journal cs1">Langlois, Claude; Tacket, Timothy (1990). "Furet's Revolution". <i>French Historical Studies</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 766–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F286319">10.2307/286319</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/286319">286319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Furet%27s+Revolution&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=766-76&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F286319&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F286319%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Langlois&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft.au=Tacket%2C+Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lewis, Gwynne. <i>The French Revolution: Rethinking the Debate</i> (1993) 142 pp</li> <li>Lyons, Martyn. <i>Napoleon Bonaparte and the legacy of the French Revolution</i> (Macmillan, 1994)</li> <li>McManners, J. "The Historiography of the French Revolution," in A. Goodwin, editor, The <i>New Cambridge Modern History: volume VIII: The American and French Revolutions, 1763–93</i> (1965) 618–52 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12812">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPhee,_Peter2012" class="citation book cs1">McPhee, Peter, ed. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hj9dY-JAzw0C&pg=PR15"><i>A Companion to the French Revolution</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. xv–xxiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118316412" title="Special:BookSources/9781118316412"><bdi>9781118316412</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+French+Revolution&rft.pages=xv-xxiv&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781118316412&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHj9dY-JAzw0C%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaza1989" class="citation journal cs1">Maza, Sarah (1989). "Politics, Culture, and the Origins of the French Revolution". <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>61</b> (4): 704–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F468342">10.1086/468342</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1881465">1881465</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144366402">144366402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Politics%2C+Culture%2C+and+the+Origins+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=704-23&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144366402%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1881465%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F468342&rft.aulast=Maza&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Parker, Noel. <i>Portrayals of Revolution: Images, Debates and Patterns of thought on the French Revolution</i> (1990) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoot1989" class="citation journal cs1">Root, Hilton L. (1989). "The Case Against George Lefebvre's Peasant Revolution". <i>History Workshop Journal</i>. <b>28</b>: 88–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhwj%2F28.1.88">10.1093/hwj/28.1.88</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Workshop+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Case+Against+George+Lefebvre%27s+Peasant+Revolution&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=88-102&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhwj%2F28.1.88&rft.aulast=Root&rft.aufirst=Hilton+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rigney, Ann. <i>The Rhetoric of Historical Representation: Three Narrative Histories of the French Revolution</i> (Cambridge UP, 2002) covers Alphonse de Lamartine, Jules Michelet and Louis Blanc. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenfeld2019" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenfeld, Sophia (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshy078">"The French Revolution in Cultural History"</a>. <i>Journal of Social History</i>. <b>52</b> (3): 555–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshy078">10.1093/jsh/shy078</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149798697">149798697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=The+French+Revolution+in+Cultural+History&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=555-65&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshy078&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149798697%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rosenfeld&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjsh%252Fshy078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Scott, Samuel F. and Barry Rothaus, eds. <i>Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution, 1789–1799</i> (2 vol 1984), short essays by scholars</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottChristofferson1999" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, Michael; Christofferson (1999). "An Antitotalitarian History of the French Revolution: Francois Furet's Penser la Revolution francaise in the Intellectual Politics of the Late 1970s". <i>French Historical Studies</i>. <b>22</b> (4): 557–611. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F286759">10.2307/286759</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/286759">286759</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154051700">154051700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=An+Antitotalitarian+History+of+the+French+Revolution%3A+Francois+Furet%27s+Penser+la+Revolution+francaise+in+the+Intellectual+Politics+of+the+Late+1970s&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=557-611&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154051700%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F286759%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F286759&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Christofferson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkocpol1989" class="citation journal cs1">Skocpol, Theda (1989). "Reconsidering the French Revolution in World-Historical Perspective". <i>Social Research</i>. <b>56</b> (1): 53–70. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40970534">40970534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Research&rft.atitle=Reconsidering+the+French+Revolution+in+World-Historical+Perspective&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-70&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40970534%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Skocpol&rft.aufirst=Theda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span> sociological approach</li> <li>Sole, Jacques. "Historiography of the French Revolution," in Michael Bentley, ed. <i>Companion to Historiography</i> (1997) ch 19 pp. 509–25</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland1990" class="citation journal cs1">Sutherland, Donald (1990). "An Assessment of the Writings of Franco̧is Furet". <i>French Historical Studies</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 784–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F286321">10.2307/286321</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/286321">286321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=An+Assessment+of+the+Writings+of+Franco%CC%A7is+Furet&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=784-91&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F286321&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F286321%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistoriography+of+the+French+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tarrow, Sidney. “‘Red of Tooth and Claw’: The French Revolution and the Political Process – Then and Now.” <i>French Politics, Culture & Society</i> 29#1 2011, pp. 93–110. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42843692">online</a></li> <li>Walton, Charles. "Why the neglect? Social rights and French Revolutionary historiography." <i>French History</i> 33.4 (2019): 503–19.</li> <li>Williamson, George S. "Retracing the Sattelzeit: thoughts on the historiography of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras." <i>Central European History</i> 51.1 (2018): 66-74 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.archive.org/work/2am3a4ji2bhblfmyqhjkz2bobu/access/wayback/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/65AFB6BA470B8496A4DBC9D336B17D12/S0008938918000262a.pdf/div-class-title-retracing-the-span-class-italic-sattelzeit-span-thoughts-on-the-historiography-of-the-french-revolutionary-and-napoleonic-eras-div.pdf">online</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.go4prep.com/french-revolution-france-ki-kranti-in-hindi/">French Revolution History in Hindi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-france.net/">H-France</a> daily discussion email list</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_Revolution" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_Revolution" title="Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Revolution" title="Template talk:French Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Timeline of the French Revolution">Timeline</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France_(1791%E2%80%9392)" title="Kingdom of France (1791–92)">Constitutional monarchy</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">Republic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Glossary of the French Revolution">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_journals_appearing_under_the_French_Revolution" title="List of journals appearing under the French Revolution">Journals</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Musée de la Révolution française">Museum</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Significant_civil_and_political_events_by_year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Significant civil and political events by year</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1788</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Tiles" title="Day of the Tiles">Day of the Tiles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(7 Jun 1788)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Vizille" title="Assembly of Vizille">Assembly of Vizille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jul 1788)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_Third_Estate%3F" title="What Is the Third Estate?">What Is the Third Estate?</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jan 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon_riots" title="Réveillon riots">Réveillon riots</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Apr 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Convocation of the Estates General</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 May 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France#Illness" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Death of the Dauphin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 June 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath" title="Tennis Court Oath">Tennis Court Oath</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jun 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jul 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fear" title="Great Fear">Great Fear</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_feudalism_in_France" title="Abolition of feudalism in France">Abolition of Feudalism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–11 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Versailles" title="Women's March on Versailles">Women's March on Versailles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Oct 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biens_nationaux" title="Biens nationaux">Nationalization of the Church properties</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Nov 1789)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1790</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parlement#Abolition" title="Parlement">Abolition of the Parlements</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Feb–Jul 1790)</span></li> <li>Abolition of the <a href="/wiki/French_nobility#The_abolition_of_privileges_during_the_French_Revolution" title="French nobility">Nobility</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Jun 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration" title="Fête de la Fédération">Fête de la Fédération</a></i> <small>(14 Jul 1790)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1791</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">Flight to Varennes</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Jun 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars_massacre" title="Champ de Mars massacre">Champ de Mars massacre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jul 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Pillnitz" title="Declaration of Pillnitz">Declaration of Pillnitz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Aug 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">The Constitution of 1791</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_(France)" title="Legislative Assembly (France)">National Legislative Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1792</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">France declares war</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Apr 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Manifesto" title="Brunswick Manifesto">Brunswick Manifesto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jul 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(1789%E2%80%931795)" title="Paris Commune (1789–1795)">Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jun 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792" title="Insurrection of 10 August 1792">10th of August</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Aug 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Massacres" title="September Massacres">September Massacres</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sep 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First republic declared</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1793</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">Execution of Louis XVI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jan 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Tribunal" title="Revolutionary Tribunal">Revolutionary Tribunal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_General_Security" title="Committee of General Security">Committee of General Security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_31_May_%E2%80%93_2_June_1793" title="Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793">Fall of the Girondists</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Jun 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat#Death" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Assassination of Marat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jul 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">Levée en masse</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Aug 1793)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Marat" title="The Death of Marat">The Death of Marat</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(painting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Suspects" title="Law of Suspects">Law of Suspects</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Sep 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette#Trial_and_execution_(14–16_October_1793)" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette is guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(16 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution#The_Revolution_and_the_Church" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Anti-clerical laws</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(throughout the year)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1794</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton#Life" title="Georges Danton">Danton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins#Trial_and_execution" title="Camille Desmoulins">Desmoulins guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Prairial" title="Law of 22 Prairial">Law of 22 Prairial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a> guillotined <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">White Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Fall 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins#Fall_from_power" title="Jacobins">Closing of the Jacobin Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Nov 1794)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1795–6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_12_Germinal_Year_III" title="Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III">Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Apr 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_III" title="Constitution of the Year III">Constitution of the Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Aug 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directoire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1795–99)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Hundred" title="Council of Five Hundred">Council of Five Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ancients" title="Council of Ancients">Council of Ancients</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">13 Vendémiaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">5 Oct 1795</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Equals" title="Conspiracy of the Equals">Conspiracy of the Equals</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(May 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1797</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Fructidor" title="Coup of 18 Fructidor">Coup of 18 Fructidor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congress_of_Rastatt" title="Second Congress of Rastatt">Second Congress of Rastatt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1798</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Flor%C3%A9al_Year_VI" title="Law of 22 Floréal Year VI">Law of 22 Floréal Year VI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 May 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1799</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_30_Prairial_VII" title="Coup of 30 Prairial VII">Coup of 30 Prairial VII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Nov 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII" title="Constitution of the Year VIII">Constitution of the Year VIII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Dec 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Revolutionary_campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Revolutionary campaigns</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1792_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1792</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun_(1792)" title="Battle of Verdun (1792)">Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thionville_(1792)" title="Siege of Thionville (1792)">Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy" title="Battle of Valmy">Valmy</a></li> <li>Royalist Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">Vendée</a></li> <li>Dauphiné</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Goddess" title="Column of the Goddess">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1792)" title="Siege of Mainz (1792)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jemappes" title="Battle of Jemappes">Jemappes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1792)" title="Siege of Namur (1792)">Namur</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Namur_(1792)" class="extiw" title="fr:Siège de Namur (1792)">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1793_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1793 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1793</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neerwinden_(1793)" title="Battle of Neerwinden (1793)">Battle of Neerwinden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Famars" title="Battle of Famars">Battle of Famars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Sardinia" title="French expedition to Sardinia">Expedition to Sardinia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaiserslautern" title="Battle of Kaiserslautern">Battle of Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1793)" title="Siege of Mainz (1793)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wattignies" title="Battle of Wattignies">Battle of Wattignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hondschoote" title="Battle of Hondschoote">Battle of Hondschoote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bellegarde_(1793)" title="Siege of Bellegarde (1793)">Siege of Bellegarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peyrestortes" title="Battle of Peyrestortes">Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Toulon">Siege of Toulon</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">First Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Truillas" title="Battle of Truillas">Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">Second Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26–27 Dec 1793)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1794_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1794</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-en-Cauchies" title="Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies">Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Boulou" title="Second Battle of Boulou">Second Battle of Boulou</a> (Pyrenees) <span style="font-size:85%;">(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tourcoing" title="Battle of Tourcoing">Battle of Tourcoing</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tournay_(1794)" title="Battle of Tournay (1794)">Battle of Tournay</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_First_of_June" title="Glorious First of June">Glorious First of June</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1794)">Battle of Fleurus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aldenhoven_(1794)" title="Battle of Aldenhoven (1794)">Battle of Aldenhoven</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Oct 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1795_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1795</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Peace of Basel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1796_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1796</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796%E2%80%931797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796–1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lonato" title="Battle of Lonato">Battle of Lonato</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3–4 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castiglione" title="Battle of Castiglione">Battle of Castiglione</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Theiningen" title="Battle of Theiningen">Battle of Theiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neresheim" title="Battle of Neresheim">Battle of Neresheim</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amberg" title="Battle of Amberg">Battle of Amberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Battle of Würzburg">Battle of Würzburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rovereto" title="Battle of Rovereto">Battle of Rovereto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassano" title="Battle of Bassano">First Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmendingen" title="Battle of Emmendingen">Battle of Emmendingen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(19 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schliengen" title="Battle of Schliengen">Battle of Schliengen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bassano" title="Second Battle of Bassano">Second Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calliano" title="Battle of Calliano">Battle of Calliano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6–7 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcole" title="Battle of Arcole">Battle of Arcole</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15–17 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Ireland_(1796)" title="French expedition to Ireland (1796)">Ireland expedition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1797_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1797</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796-1797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796-1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_January_1797" title="Action of 13 January 1797">Naval Engagement off Brittany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rivoli" title="Battle of Rivoli">Battle of Rivoli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14–15 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_25_January_1797" title="Action of 25 January 1797">Battle of the Bay of Cádiz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Leoben" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Leoben">Treaty of Leoben</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuwied_(1797)" title="Battle of Neuwied (1797)">Battle of Neuwied</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Oct 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1798_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1798</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Switzerland" title="French invasion of Switzerland">French invasion of Switzerland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 January – 17 May 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French Invasion of Egypt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798#French_landing" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_War_(1798)" title="Peasants' War (1798)">Peasants' War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1799_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1799</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Siege of Acre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrach" title="Battle of Ostrach">Battle of Ostrach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stockach_(1799)" title="Battle of Stockach (1799)">Battle of Stockach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magnano" title="Battle of Magnano">Battle of Magnano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassano_(1799)" title="Battle of Cassano (1799)">Battle of Cassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27–28 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Zurich" title="First Battle of Zurich">First Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–7 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trebbia_(1799)" title="Battle of Trebbia (1799)">Battle of Trebbia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17–20 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_(1799)" title="Battle of Novi (1799)">Battle of Novi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Aug 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zurich" title="Second Battle of Zurich">Second Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25–26 Sep 1799)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1800_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1800 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1800</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Alessandria" title="Convention of Alessandria">Convention of Alessandria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden" title="Battle of Hohenlinden">Battle of Hohenlinden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Dec 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">League of Armed Neutrality</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1800–02)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1801_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1801 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1801</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Feb 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Florence" title="Treaty of Florence">Treaty of Florence</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Mar 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_campaign" title="Algeciras campaign">Algeciras campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Jul 1801)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1802</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1802)" title="Treaty of Paris (1802)">Treaty of Paris</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jun 1802)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Military_leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military leaders</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eustache_Charles_d%27Aoust" title="Eustache Charles d'Aoust">Eustache Charles d'Aoust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Augereau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Augereau">Pierre Augereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Beauharnais" title="Alexandre de Beauharnais">Alexandre de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Brune" title="Guillaume Brune">Guillaume Brune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Carteaux" title="Jean François Carteaux">Jean François Carteaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Championnet" title="Jean-Étienne Championnet">Jean-Étienne Championnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bertin_Gaston_Chapuis_de_Tourville" title="Charles Bertin Gaston Chapuis de Tourville">Chapuis de Tourville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Philippe,_Comte_de_Custine" title="Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine">Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Desaix" title="Louis Desaix">Louis Desaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dugommier" title="Jacques François Dugommier">Jacques François Dugommier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Alexandre_Dumas" title="Thomas-Alexandre Dumas">Thomas-Alexandre Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Charles François Dumouriez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Marie_Barth%C3%A9lemy_Ferino" title="Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino">Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Charles_de_Flers" title="Louis-Charles de Flers">Louis-Charles de Flers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grenier" title="Paul Grenier">Paul Grenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Grouchy,_marquis_de_Grouchy" title="Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy">Emmanuel de Grouchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maurice_Hatry" title="Jacques Maurice Hatry">Jacques Maurice Hatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Hoche" title="Lazare Hoche">Lazare Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jean-Baptiste Jourdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Christophe_de_Kellermann" title="François Christophe de Kellermann">François Christophe de Kellermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Jean-Baptiste Kléber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Choderlos_de_Laclos" title="Pierre Choderlos de Laclos">Pierre Choderlos de Laclos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Leclerc_(general,_born_1772)" title="Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)">Charles Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lecourbe" title="Claude Lecourbe">Claude Lecourbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Lefebvre" title="François Joseph Lefebvre">François Joseph Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Macdonald" title="Étienne Macdonald">Étienne Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Marbot" title="Jean-Antoine Marbot">Jean-Antoine Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Marbot" title="Marcellin Marbot">Marcellin Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9verin_Marceau" title="François Séverin Marceau">François Séverin Marceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon-Adrien_Jeannot_de_Moncey" title="Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey">Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Victor_Marie_Moreau" title="Jean Victor Marie Moreau">Jean Victor Marie Moreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier,_Duke_of_Tr%C3%A9vise" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise">Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Jacques_Osten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Jacques Osten (page does not exist)">Pierre-Jacques Osten</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Jacques_Osten" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Jacques Osten">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oudinot" title="Nicolas Oudinot">Nicolas Oudinot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine-Dominique_de_P%C3%A9rignon" title="Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon">Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_de_Gouvion_Saint-Cyr" title="Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr">Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Louis_Joseph_Sch%C3%A9rer" title="Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer">Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Mathieu-Philibert_S%C3%A9rurier" title="Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier">Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Souham" title="Joseph Souham">Joseph Souham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Gabriel_Suchet" title="Louis-Gabriel Suchet">Louis-Gabriel Suchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Henri_Belgrand_de_Vaubois" title="Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois">Belgrand de Vaubois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Victor_Perrin" title="Claude-Victor Perrin">Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Navy#18th_century" title="French Navy">French Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Alexandre_L%C3%A9on_Durand_Linois" title="Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois">Charles-Alexandre Linois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Alvinczi" title="József Alvinczi">József Alvinczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9bastien_Charles_Joseph_de_Croix,_Count_of_Clerfayt" title="François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt">Count of Clerfayt <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Aloys_zu_F%C3%BCrstenberg" title="Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg">Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Freiherr_von_Hotze" title="Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze">Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze <span style="font-size:85%;">(Swiss)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf,_Count_von_Kalckreuth" title="Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth">Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kray" title="Paul Kray">Pál Kray <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eugene,_Prince_of_Lambesc" title="Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc">Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc <span style="font-size:85%;">(French)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Anton_Karl,_Count_Baillet_de_Latour" title="Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour">Maximilian Baillet de Latour <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mack_von_Leiberich" title="Karl Mack von Leiberich">Karl Mack von Leiberich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ritter_von_Otto" title="Rudolf Ritter von Otto">Rudolf Ritter von Otto <span style="font-size:85%;">(Saxon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Vitus_von_Quosdanovich" title="Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich">Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Heinrich_XV_of_Reuss-Plauen" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen">Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_von_Szoboszl%C3%B3" title="Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló">Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp_Sebottendorf" title="Karl Philipp Sebottendorf">Karl Philipp Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_Sigmund_von_Wurmser" title="Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser">Dagobert von Wurmser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby" title="Ralph Abercromby">Ralph Abercromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Saumarez,_1st_Baron_de_Saumarez" title="James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez">James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Pellew,_1st_Viscount_Exmouth" title="Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth">Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korsakov" title="Alexander Korsakov">Alexander Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rosenberg" title="Andrei Rosenberg">Andrei Rosenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)#Charles_IV,_decline_and_fall_(1788–1808)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Firm%C3%ADn_de_Carvajal,_Conde_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Firmín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión">Luis Firmin de Carvajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ricardos" title="Antonio Ricardos">Antonio Ricardos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Other_significant_figures_and_factions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other significant figures and factions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Society_of_1789" title="Patriotic Society of 1789">Patriotic Society of 1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric,_duc_de_la_Rochefoucauld-Liancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt">François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Ren%C3%A9_Guy_le_Chapelier" title="Isaac René Guy le Chapelier">Isaac René Guy le Chapelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Nicolas de Condorcet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillants</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Club_de_Clichy" title="Club de Clichy">monarchiens</a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Elliott" title="Grace Elliott">Grace Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaud_II_de_La_Porte" title="Arnaud II de La Porte">Arnaud de La Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Sifrein_Maury" title="Jean-Sifrein Maury">Jean-Sifrein Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie,_marquis_de_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy">François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Mathieu_Dumas" title="Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas">Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Barnave" title="Antoine Barnave">Antoine Barnave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre-Th%C3%A9odore-Victor,_comte_de_Lameth" title="Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth">Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Malo_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lameth" title="Charles Malo François Lameth">Charles Malo François Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ch%C3%A9nier" title="André Chénier">André Chénier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Rewbell" title="Jean-François Rewbell">Jean-François Rewbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Jordan_(politician)" title="Camille Jordan (politician)">Camille Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Madame de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Antoine_de_Boissy_d%27Anglas" title="François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas">Boissy d'Anglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Royer-Collard" title="Pierre Paul Royer-Collard">Pierre Paul Royer-Collard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Brissot" title="Jacques Pierre Brissot">Jacques Pierre Brissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Roland_de_la_Plati%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière">Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Roland" title="Madame Roland">Madame Roland</a></li> <li>Father <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Henri Grégoire">Henri Grégoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Étienne Clavière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Corday" title="Charlotte Corday">Charlotte Corday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Jean_H%C3%A9rault_de_S%C3%A9chelles" title="Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles">Marie Jean Hérault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Treilhard" title="Jean Baptiste Treilhard">Jean Baptiste Treilhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Victurnien_Vergniaud" title="Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud">Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve" title="Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve">Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Debry" title="Jean Debry">Jean Debry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Olympe de Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Robert_Lindet" title="Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet">Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_de_La_R%C3%A9velli%C3%A8re-L%C3%A9peaux" title="Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux">Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plain" title="The Plain">The Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès">de Cambacérès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lebrun" title="Charles-François Lebrun">Charles-François Lebrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Cambon" title="Pierre-Joseph Cambon">Pierre-Joseph Cambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe Égalité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Merlin" title="Antoine Christophe Merlin">Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Mounier" title="Jean Joseph Mounier">Jean Joseph Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Samuel_du_Pont_de_Nemours" title="Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours">Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Neufch%C3%A2teau" class="mw-redirect" title="François de Neufchâteau">François de Neufchâteau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">Montagnards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Georges Danton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Jean-Paul Marat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins" title="Camille Desmoulins">Camille Desmoulins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Louis Antoine de Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Barras" title="Paul Barras">Paul Barras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_le_Peletier,_marquis_de_Saint-Fargeau" title="Louis-Michel le Peletier, marquis de Saint-Fargeau">Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Couthon" title="Georges Couthon">Georges Couthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ducos" title="Roger Ducos">Roger Ducos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Collot_d%27Herbois" title="Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois">Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Voulland" title="Jean-Henri Voulland">Jean-Henri Voulland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Antoine_Merlin_de_Douai" title="Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai">Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Quentin_Fouquier-Tinville" title="Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville">Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Le_Bas" title="Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas">Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Guillaume_Alexis_Vadier" title="Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier">Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Amar" title="Jean-Pierre-André Amar">Jean-Pierre-André Amar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Antoine,_comte_Prieur-Duvernois" title="Claude Antoine, comte Prieur-Duvernois">Prieur de la Côte-d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Prieur de la Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Romme" title="Gilbert Romme">Gilbert Romme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bon_Saint-Andr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Bon Saint-André">Jean Bon Saint-André</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Lambert_Tallien" title="Jean-Lambert Tallien">Jean-Lambert Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Pierre Louis Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Saliceti" title="Antoine Christophe Saliceti">Antoine Christophe Saliceti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9bertists" title="Hébertists">Hébertists</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s" title="Enragés">Enragés</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Jacques Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Nicolas_Billaud-Varenne" title="Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne">Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gaspard_Chaumette" title="Pierre Gaspard Chaumette">Pierre Gaspard Chaumette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Momoro" title="Antoine-François Momoro">Antoine-François Momoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Nicolas_Vincent" title="François-Nicolas Vincent">François-Nicolas Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chabot" title="François Chabot">François Chabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_No%C3%ABl_Bouchotte" title="Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte">Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Joseph_Gobel" title="Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel">Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hanriot" title="François Hanriot">François Hanriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Jacques Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislas-Marie_Maillard" title="Stanislas-Marie Maillard">Stanislas-Marie Maillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Varlet" title="Jean-François Varlet">Jean-François Varlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Th%C3%A9ophile_Victor_Leclerc" title="Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc">Theophile Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Lacombe" title="Claire Lacombe">Claire Lacombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_L%C3%A9on" title="Pauline Léon">Pauline Léon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Henri, Prince of Condé">Louis Henri, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé">Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fesch" title="Joseph Fesch">Joseph Fesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Donatien_Le_Ray_de_Chaumont" title="Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont">Jacques-Donatien Le Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Lamoignon_de_Malesherbes" title="Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes">Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A9sa_Tallien" title="Thérésa Tallien">Thérésa Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gui-Jean-Baptiste_Target" title="Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target">Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Th%C3%A9ot" title="Catherine Théot">Catherine Théot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Louise_of_Savoy,_Princesse_de_Lamballe" title="Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe">Madame de Lamballe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_du_Barry" title="Madame du Barry">Madame du Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">Louis de Breteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chouan" title="Jean Chouan">Jean Chouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">Loménie de Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">Charles Alexandre de Calonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Duval_d%27Epr%C3%A9mesnil" title="Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil">Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_the_French_Revolution" title="List of people associated with the French Revolution">List of people associated with the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordeliers" title="Cordeliers">Cordeliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on_Club" title="Panthéon Club">Panthéon Club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Friends_of_Truth" title="Society of the Friends of Truth">Social Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Influential_thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Influential thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Les Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacharsis_Cloots" title="Anacharsis Cloots">Anacharsis Cloots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois_Daunou" title="Pierre Claude François Daunou">Pierre Claude François Daunou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Cultural_impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cultural impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_France" title="Cockade of France">Cockade of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag of France</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscadin" title="Muscadin">Muscadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Metric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Reason" title="Temple of Reason">Temple of Reason</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">Sans-culottes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Women in the French Revolution">Women in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incroyables_and_merveilleuses" title="Incroyables and merveilleuses">Incroyables and merveilleuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Symbolism in the French Revolution">Symbolism in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historiography of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Influence of the French Revolution">Influence of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_during_the_French_Revolution_and_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="List of films set during the French Revolution and French Revolutionary Wars">Films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_historiography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_historiography" title="Template:Military historiography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_historiography" title="Template talk:Military historiography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_historiography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military historiography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_historiography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">Military history</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_museums" title="List of military museums">List of military museums</a></b></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-18th century<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade#Legacy" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catharism#Historical_and_current_scholarship" title="Catharism">Catharism debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Crusades" title="Historiography of the Crusades">Crusades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_the_crusades" title="Islamic views on the crusades">Islamic views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Historiography of the Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Origins of the Eighty Years' War">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon#Historiography" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars#Historiography" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorian_invasion" title="Dorian invasion">Dorian invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />century conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Coalition_Wars(1792–1815)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">Coalition Wars</a><br />(1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">French Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_pre-revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French pre-revolution (page does not exist)">Pre-revolution</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9r%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Prérévolution française">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Russian_School_(French_Revolution)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Russian School (French Revolution) (page does not exist)">New Russian School</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%AB%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_XVIII_%D0%B2." class="extiw" title="ru:«Новая русская школа» в историографии Французской революции XVIII в.">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e#Historiography" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_studies" title="Napoleonic studies">Napoleonic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia#Historical_assessment" title="French invasion of Russia">Invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo#Historical_importance" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li></ul></li> <li>Franco-Prussian War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Franco-Prussian_War" title="Causes of the Franco-Prussian War">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paris_Commune" title="Historiography of the Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of the Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857#Historiography" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paraguayan_War" title="Historiography of the Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Historiography of the War of 1812">War of 1812</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li>War of the Pacific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Causes of the War of the Pacific">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_English_aid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myth of English aid (page does not exist)">Myth of English aid</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito_de_la_ayuda_inglesa" class="extiw" title="es:Mito de la ayuda inglesa">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">World War I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Causes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Color_book" title="Color book">Color books</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Fischer_(historian)#Fischer_thesis" title="Fritz Fischer (historian)">Fischer thesis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> (<a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Causes of the Armenian genocide">Causes of the Armenian genocide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriotic_consent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patriotic consent (page does not exist)">Patriotic consent</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consentement_patriotique" class="extiw" title="fr:Consentement patriotique">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_famine_of_1917%E2%80%931919" title="Persian famine of 1917–1919">Persian famine of 1917–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_keg_of_Europe" title="Powder keg of Europe">Powder keg of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan#History" title="Schlieffen Plan">Schlieffen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1914" title="Spirit of 1914">Spirit of 1914</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1917" title="Spirit of 1917">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (page does not exist)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Историография Брестского мира">ru</a>]</span></li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Treaty_ofVersailles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles#Historical_assessments" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of<br />Versailles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations#Analysis" title="World War I reparations">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">Article 231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_inquiry_into_guilt_for_World_War_I" title="Reichstag inquiry into guilt for World War I">Reichstag inquiry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_burning_of_Smyrna" title="Responsibility for the burning of Smyrna">Burning of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War#Aftermath_and_legacy" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Causes of the Polish–Soviet War">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spanish Civil War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Background</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_II" title="Historiography of World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg#Post-war_controversy" title="Blitzkrieg">"Blitzkrieg" concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_front_versus_narrow_front_controversy_in_World_War_II" title="Broad front versus narrow front controversy in World War II">Broad vs. narrow front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="Historiography of German resistance to Nazism">German resistance to Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_foreign_policy_debate" title="Nazi foreign policy debate">Nazi foreign policy debate</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact#Postwar_commentary_on_motives_of_Stalin_and_Hitler" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_offensive_plans_controversy" title="Soviet offensive plans controversy">Soviet offensive plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising#Soviet_stance" title="Warsaw Uprising">Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Historiography of the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Winter_War" title="Aftermath of the Winter War">Winter War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Winter_War" title="Background of the Winter War">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_the_Winter_War" title="Spirit of the Winter War">Spirit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">The Holocaust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_bombing_debate" title="Auschwitz bombing debate">Auschwitz bombing debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism%E2%80%93intentionalism_debate" title="Functionalism–intentionalism debate">Functionalism–intentionalism debate</a></li> <li>In relation to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_and_the_Nakba" title="The Holocaust and the Nakba">Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust#Historiography" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pius_Wars" title="Pius Wars">Pius Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Polish_death_camp%22_controversy" title=""Polish death camp" controversy">"Polish death camp"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="Historiography of the Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Australia" title="Battle for Australia">"Battle for Australia"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943#Historiography" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine</a></li> <li>Second Sino-Japanese War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Nanjing_Massacre" title="Historiography of the Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Battle_of_France" title="Historiography of the Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guilty_Men" title="Guilty Men">Guilty Men</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sistancialisme" title="Résistancialisme">Résistancialisme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Vichy_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Vichy France (page does not exist)">Vichy France</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_du_r%C3%A9gime_de_Vichy" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie du régime de Vichy">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Cold_War" title="Historiography of the Cold War">Cold War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Cold_War" title="Origins of the Cold War">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war#Historiography" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ongoing_Nakba" title="Ongoing Nakba">Ongoing Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism_as_settler_colonialism" title="Zionism as settler colonialism">Zionism as settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malayan Emergency <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Background and causes of the Malayan Emergency">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Algerian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of the Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li>Six-Day War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Six-Day_War" title="Origins of the Six-Day War">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iranian revolution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Iranian revolution">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_and_memory_of_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Legacy and memory of the Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Falklands_War" title="Aftermath of the Falklands War">Falklands War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_sovereignty_dispute" title="Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute">Sovereignty dispute</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sri Lankan civil war <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war">Origins</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Cold War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Russo-Georgian War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Background of the Russo-Georgian War">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Responsibility for the Russo-Georgian War">Responsibility</a></li></ul></li> <li>Syrian revolution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Syrian revolution">Causes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_thesis" title="Conflict thesis">Conflict thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_gunpowder_and_gun_transmission" title="Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission">Gunpowder and gun transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_mangonel_myth" title="Torsion mangonel myth">Torsion mangonel myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_genocide" title="War and genocide">War and genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_historiography" title="Category:Military historiography">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3138382#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2008115099">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564367905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&oldid=1253432066">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&oldid=1253432066</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Category:Historiography of the French Revolution">Historiography of the French Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_historians" title="Category:Lists of historians">Lists of historians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bibliographies_of_wars_and_conflicts" title="Category:Bibliographies of wars and conflicts">Bibliographies of wars and conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_about_the_French_Revolution" title="Category:Works about the French Revolution">Works about the French Revolution</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">CS1 maint: postscript</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2015" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2015">Use dmy dates from July 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_abbreviated_year_range" title="Category:CS1: abbreviated year range">CS1: abbreviated year range</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_missing_ISBNs" title="Category:Pages with missing ISBNs">Pages with missing ISBNs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 October 2024, at 23:26<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-rjp5s","wgBackendResponseTime":203,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.327","walltime":"1.535","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12070,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":431519,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15532,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":268515,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1259.257 1 -total"," 35.75% 450.141 10 Template:Military_navigation"," 26.50% 333.716 60 Template:Cite_book"," 21.04% 264.910 1 Template:French_Revolution_navbox"," 17.15% 215.987 70 Template:Sfnp"," 12.73% 160.289 29 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.76% 97.679 4 Template:Lang"," 5.29% 66.667 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.13% 64.613 1 Template:Reflist"," 4.65% 58.591 4 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.841","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20873600,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA._Aulard_in_Arthur_Tilley1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndress2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndress2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakerJoseph_Zizek1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrinton1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCavanaugh1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCenser1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCenser1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCenser2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCheney2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCobban1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCobban1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConner1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_la_Croix_de_Castries1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoyle2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoyle2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDupuy2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuretOzouf1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGodineau1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuiral1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeuer2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeuer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKidron1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangloisTacket1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaza1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcPhee,_Peter2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Tombs1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoot1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenfeld2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudé1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScottChristofferson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkocpol1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpang2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutherland1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTendler2013\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 60,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 29,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Historiography Of The French Revolution\"] = 1,\n [\"French Revolution navbox\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 8,\n [\"Military historiography\"] = 1,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnmp\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 70,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-cc877b49b-6fhhv","timestamp":"20241127132952","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Historiography of the French Revolution","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3138382","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3138382","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-12-18T08:03:20Z","dateModified":"2024-10-25T23:26:55Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/54\/Carlyle_French-Revolution_Ed-1895_Chapman-And-Hall_London.jpg","headline":"Wikimedia list article"}</script> </body> </html>