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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maqpon_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maqpon_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Maqpon period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maqpon_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Medieval History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mughal_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mughal_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Mughal period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mughal_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dogra_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dogra_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Dogra rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dogra_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1947–48_Kashmir_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1947–48_Kashmir_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>1947–48 Kashmir War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1947–48_Kashmir_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Topography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tourism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mountains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Mountains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mountains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deosai_National_Park" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deosai_National_Park"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Deosai National Park</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deosai_National_Park-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skardu_Fort" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skardu_Fort"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Skardu Fort</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skardu_Fort-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shigar_Fort" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shigar_Fort"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Shigar Fort</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shigar_Fort-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kachura_Lakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kachura_Lakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Kachura Lakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kachura_Lakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satpara_Lake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satpara_Lake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Satpara Lake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satpara_Lake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Satpara_Dam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satpara_Dam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Satpara Dam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satpara_Dam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Skardu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="سكردو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سكردو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81" title="স্কার্দু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্কার্দু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardo" title="Skardo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Skardo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C4%81rdu_(kapital_sa_distrito_sa_Pakistan)" title="Skārdu (kapital sa distrito sa Pakistan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Skārdu (kapital sa distrito sa Pakistan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skardu" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Skardu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skard%C5%AB" title="Skardū – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Skardū" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Skardu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Skardu" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="سکردو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سکردو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Skardu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%91%90" title="스카르두 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스카르두" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82" title="स्कर्दू – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्कर्दू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Skardu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Skardu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3" title="სკარდუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სკარდუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skardu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%81" title="സ്കാർ‌ഡു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്കാർ‌ഡു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82" title="स्कर्दू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्कर्दू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Skardu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Skardu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5" title="スカルドゥ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スカルドゥ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skardu" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="سکردو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سکردو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skardu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Скарду – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скарду" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Skardu" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="اسڪردو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسڪردو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Skardu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Skardu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="ஸ்கர்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஸ்கர்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Skardu&params=35_17_25_N_75_38_40_E_region:PK-GB_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°17′25″N</span> <span class="longitude">75°38′40″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.29028°N 75.64444°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.29028; 75.64444</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maqpon_Dynasty&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqpon Dynasty">Maqpon Dynasty</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City administered by Pakistan in Gilgit–Baltistan</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Skardu</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span title="Urdu-language text"><span lang="ur" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">سکردو</span></span></span></li><li><span title="Balti-language text"><span lang="bft" style="font-size: 125%;">སྐར་མདོ</span></span></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">City administered by Pakistan</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid Color of border surrounding the montage (GFGF FDFGDdefault:black);width:270px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shangrila_resort_skardu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Shangrila_resort_skardu.jpg/270px-Shangrila_resort_skardu.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Shangrila_resort_skardu.jpg/405px-Shangrila_resort_skardu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Shangrila_resort_skardu.jpg/540px-Shangrila_resort_skardu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4628" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barra_Pani,_Deosai_National_Park,_Pakistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Barra_Pani%2C_Deosai_National_Park%2C_Pakistan.jpg/134px-Barra_Pani%2C_Deosai_National_Park%2C_Pakistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Barra_Pani%2C_Deosai_National_Park%2C_Pakistan.jpg/201px-Barra_Pani%2C_Deosai_National_Park%2C_Pakistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Barra_Pani%2C_Deosai_National_Park%2C_Pakistan.jpg/268px-Barra_Pani%2C_Deosai_National_Park%2C_Pakistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trango_Group.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Trango_Group.jpg/134px-Trango_Group.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Trango_Group.jpg/201px-Trango_Group.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Trango_Group.jpg/268px-Trango_Group.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="824" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Storm,_Satpara_Lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Storm%2C_Satpara_Lake.jpg/134px-Storm%2C_Satpara_Lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Storm%2C_Satpara_Lake.jpg/201px-Storm%2C_Satpara_Lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Storm%2C_Satpara_Lake.jpg/268px-Storm%2C_Satpara_Lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manthokha_Waterfalls.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Manthokha_Waterfalls.JPG/134px-Manthokha_Waterfalls.JPG" decoding="async" width="134" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Manthokha_Waterfalls.JPG/201px-Manthokha_Waterfalls.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Manthokha_Waterfalls.JPG/268px-Manthokha_Waterfalls.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div style="font-size:95%">Top left to right: <a href="/wiki/Shangrila_Resort" class="mw-redirect" title="Shangrila Resort">Shangrila Resort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deosai_National_Park" title="Deosai National Park">Deosai National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trango_Towers" title="Trango Towers">Trango Towers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satpara_Lake" title="Satpara Lake">Satpara Lake</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manthokha_Waterfall" title="Manthokha Waterfall">Manthokha Waterfall</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 300px; height: 170px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="170" data-zoom="4" data-overlays="["_30a3dda1c2fa6c35a8a4ceabaffc5d5e2080abe5"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,a,a,300x170.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Skardu&revid=1263546334&groups=_30a3dda1c2fa6c35a8a4ceabaffc5d5e2080abe5" width="300" height="170" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,a,a,300x170@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Skardu&revid=1263546334&groups=_30a3dda1c2fa6c35a8a4ceabaffc5d5e2080abe5 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map of Skardu</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashmir_region._LOC_2003626427_-_showing_sub-regions_administered_by_different_countries.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A map showing Pakistan-administered Gilgit-Baltistan shaded in sage green in the disputed Kashmir region[1]"><img alt="A map showing Pakistan-administered Gilgit-Baltistan shaded in sage green in the disputed Kashmir region[1]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kashmir_region._LOC_2003626427_-_showing_sub-regions_administered_by_different_countries.jpg/250px-Kashmir_region._LOC_2003626427_-_showing_sub-regions_administered_by_different_countries.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kashmir_region._LOC_2003626427_-_showing_sub-regions_administered_by_different_countries.jpg/375px-Kashmir_region._LOC_2003626427_-_showing_sub-regions_administered_by_different_countries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kashmir_region._LOC_2003626427_-_showing_sub-regions_administered_by_different_countries.jpg/500px-Kashmir_region._LOC_2003626427_-_showing_sub-regions_administered_by_different_countries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4597" data-file-height="4920" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">A map showing Pakistan-administered <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a> shaded in <a href="/wiki/Sage_(color)" title="Sage (color)">sage</a> green in the disputed <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> region<sup id="cite_ref-tertiary-kashmir_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tertiary-kashmir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Skardu&params=35_17_25_N_75_38_40_E_region:PK-GB_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°17′25″N</span> <span class="longitude">75°38′40″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.29028°N 75.64444°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.29028; 75.64444</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Administering country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Adm. Unit</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gilgit%E2%80%93Baltistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgit–Baltistan">Gilgit–Baltistan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Gilgit%E2%80%93Baltistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Gilgit–Baltistan">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Skardu_District" title="Skardu District">Skardu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Divisional Administration</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Commissioner</th><td class="infobox-data">Shuja Alam (PAS)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Deputy Inspector General (DIG)</th><td class="infobox-data">Cap. (R) Liaquat Ali Malik (PSP)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">77 km<sup>2</sup> (30 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,228 m (7,310 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(1998)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">26,023<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B5:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+5:00">UTC+5:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Standard_Time" title="Pakistan Standard Time">PKT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gilgitbaltistan.gov.pk/">gilgitbaltistan<wbr />.gov<wbr />.pk</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Skardu</b> (<a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">سکردو</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Urdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Urdu">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Urdu-language romanization"><i lang="ur-Latn">skardū</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan script</a>: སྐར་མདོ, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ur-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[skərduː]</a></span>) is a city located in Pakistan administered <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a> in the disputed <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-tertiary-kashmir_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tertiary-kashmir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skardu serves as the capital of <a href="/wiki/Skardu_District" title="Skardu District">Skardu District</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltistan_Division" title="Baltistan Division">Baltistan Division</a>. It is situated at an average elevation of nearly 2,500 metres (8,202 feet) above sea level in the <a href="/wiki/Skardu_Valley" title="Skardu Valley">Skardu Valley</a>, at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shigar_River" title="Shigar River">Shigar</a> rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPirumshoev_&_Dani,_The_Pamirs,_Badakhshan_and_the_Trans-Pamir_States2003245_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirumshoev_&_Dani,_The_Pamirs,_Badakhshan_and_the_Trans-Pamir_States2003245-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an important gateway to the <a href="/wiki/Eight-thousander" title="Eight-thousander">eight-thousanders</a> of the nearby <a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a> mountain range. The Indus River running through the region separates the Karakoram from the <a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Range" title="Ladakh Range">Ladakh Range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "Skardu" is believed to be derived from the <a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a> word meaning "a lowland between two high places."<sup id="cite_ref-Dani_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dani-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two referenced "high places" are <a href="/wiki/Shigar" title="Shigar">Shigar</a> city, and the high-altitude <a href="/wiki/Satpara_Lake" title="Satpara Lake">Satpara Lake</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dani_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dani-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local people might tend to write the name as སྐར་དོ་ according to how they pronounce it. But the meaning of which, as stated above, corresponds to the Tibetan word མདོ. In the course of the history of Balti, bilabial sound /m/ as a prefix has been lost, and the vowel /o/ has turned into /u/, the same as many other dialects of Tibetan. </p><p>The first mention of Skardu dates to the first half of the 16th century. <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Muhammad_Haidar_Dughlat" title="Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat">Mirza Haidar</a> (1499–1551) described <i>Askardu</i> in the 16th-century text <i>Tarikh-i-Rashidi Baltistan</i> as a district of the area. The first mention of Skardu in European literature was made by Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier" title="François Bernier">François Bernier</a> (1625–1688), who mentions the city by the name of <i>Eskerdou.</i> After his mention, Skardu was quickly drawn into Asian maps produced in Europe, and was first mentioned as <i>Eskerdow</i> the map "Indiae orientalis nec non insularum adiacentium nova descriptio" publisbed by the Dutch engraver <a href="/wiki/Nicolaes_Visscher_II" title="Nicolaes Visscher II">Nicolaes Visscher II</a> between 1680 and 1700.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1501ANI4303_geo.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/1501ANI4303_geo.pdf/page1-220px-1501ANI4303_geo.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/1501ANI4303_geo.pdf/page1-330px-1501ANI4303_geo.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/1501ANI4303_geo.pdf/page1-440px-1501ANI4303_geo.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4350" data-file-height="3331" /></a><figcaption>Map including Skardu (<a href="/wiki/Defense_Mapping_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Mapping Agency">DMA</a>, 1986)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Skardu_Valley" title="Skardu Valley">Skardu Valley</a>, at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus">Indus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shigar_River" title="Shigar River">Shigar Rivers</a>, is 10 kilometres (6 miles) wide by 40 kilometres (25 miles) long. Active erosion in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Karakoram_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakoram Mountains">Karakoram Mountains</a> has resulted in enormous deposits of sediment throughout the Skardu valley.<sup id="cite_ref-Schroder_Jr-2002_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schroder_Jr-2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glaciers from the Indus and Shigar valleys broadened the Skardu valley between 3.2 million years ago up to the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> approximately 11,700 years ago by scientists estimate.<sup id="cite_ref-Schroder_Jr-2002_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schroder_Jr-2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Manthal_Buddha_History_Board.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/The_Manthal_Buddha_History_Board.jpg/220px-The_Manthal_Buddha_History_Board.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/The_Manthal_Buddha_History_Board.jpg/330px-The_Manthal_Buddha_History_Board.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/The_Manthal_Buddha_History_Board.jpg/440px-The_Manthal_Buddha_History_Board.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2370" data-file-height="2033" /></a><figcaption>The Manthal Buddha History Board</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manthal_Rock_(Buddhist_inscriptions),_Skardu,_Mix_view.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Manthal_Rock_%28Buddhist_inscriptions%29%2C_Skardu%2C_Mix_view.JPG/220px-Manthal_Rock_%28Buddhist_inscriptions%29%2C_Skardu%2C_Mix_view.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Manthal_Rock_%28Buddhist_inscriptions%29%2C_Skardu%2C_Mix_view.JPG/330px-Manthal_Rock_%28Buddhist_inscriptions%29%2C_Skardu%2C_Mix_view.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Manthal_Rock_%28Buddhist_inscriptions%29%2C_Skardu%2C_Mix_view.JPG/440px-Manthal_Rock_%28Buddhist_inscriptions%29%2C_Skardu%2C_Mix_view.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Manthal_Buddha_Rock" title="Manthal Buddha Rock">Manthal Buddha Rock</a> dates from the era when the region's population was Buddhist.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Land_of_Giants,_Deosai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_Land_of_Giants%2C_Deosai.jpg/220px-The_Land_of_Giants%2C_Deosai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_Land_of_Giants%2C_Deosai.jpg/330px-The_Land_of_Giants%2C_Deosai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/The_Land_of_Giants%2C_Deosai.jpg/440px-The_Land_of_Giants%2C_Deosai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3925" /></a><figcaption>At an average elevation of 4,114 metres (13,497 ft),<sup id="cite_ref-ÖztürkHakeem2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ÖztürkHakeem2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the nearby <a href="/wiki/Deosai_National_Park" title="Deosai National Park">Deosai Plains</a> form the world's second highest alpine plain.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Skardu region was part of the cultural sphere of Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> as early as the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a> in the mid 7th-century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Dani_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dani-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantric</a> scriptures were found all over <a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a> until about the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Dani_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dani-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the region's close proximity, Skardu remained in contact with tribes near <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>, in what is now <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>'s westernmost province of <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dani-2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dani-2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the dissolution of Tibetan suzerainty over Baltistan around the 9th–10th century CE, Baltistan came under the control of the local <a href="/wiki/Maqpon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqpon Dynasty">Maqpon Dynasty</a>, a dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> extraction,<sup id="cite_ref-Dani_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dani-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which according to local tradition, is said to have been founded after a migrant from <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> named Ibrahim Shah married a local princess.<sup id="cite_ref-Dani_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dani-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maqpon_period">Maqpon period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Maqpon period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output 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Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Maqpon kingdom</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1190–1840</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashmir_Region_November_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Kashmir region. Maqpon Kingdom existed in north in Gilgit Baltistan"><img alt="Map of Kashmir region. Maqpon Kingdom existed in north in Gilgit Baltistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Kashmir_Region_November_2019.jpg/270px-Kashmir_Region_November_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Kashmir_Region_November_2019.jpg/405px-Kashmir_Region_November_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Kashmir_Region_November_2019.jpg/540px-Kashmir_Region_November_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="1566" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map of <i>Kashmir region</i>. Maqpon Kingdom existed in north in <i>Gilgit Baltistan</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data">Skardu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1190</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1840</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Dogra_dynasty" title="Dogra dynasty">Dogra dynasty under the Sikh Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Maqpon kingdom</b> (<a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a>: <span lang="bft" style="font-size: 125%;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">དམག་པོན་རྒྱལ་པོ </span></span>) was located in <a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a>. The <i>Maqpon dynasty</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Balti_people" title="Balti people">Balti</a> royal house based in Skardu, ruled over the region for around 700 years.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kings of the Maqpon dynasty extended the frontiers of Baltistan to as far as <a href="/wiki/Gilgit_Agency" title="Gilgit Agency">Gilgit Agency</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chitral" title="Chitral">Chitral</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the year 1500, Maqpon Bokha was crowned ruler and founded the city of Skardu as his capital.<sup id="cite_ref-Dani_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dani-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Skardu_Fort" title="Skardu Fort">Skardu Fort</a> was established around this time.<sup id="cite_ref-Dani_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dani-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his reign, Makpon Bokha imported craftsmen to Skardu from Kashmir and <a href="/wiki/Chilas" title="Chilas">Chilas</a> to help develop the area's economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Dani_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dani-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While nearby <a href="/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a> fell out of the orbit of Tibetan influence, Skardu's Baltistan region remained connected due to its close proximity to <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDani,_The_Western_Himalayan_States1998221_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDani,_The_Western_Himalayan_States1998221-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the region against which Skardu and neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Khaplu" title="Khaplu">Khaplu</a> routinely fought.<sup id="cite_ref-Dani-2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dani-2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sikhs traditionally believe that <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, visited Skardu during his second <i>udasi</i> journey between 1510 and 1515.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gurudwara Chota Nana Kiana, locally known as Asthan Nanak Peer, is believed to be the place where the Guru stayed in Skardu. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indus_at_Skardu_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Indus_at_Skardu_%281%29.jpg/220px-Indus_at_Skardu_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Indus_at_Skardu_%281%29.jpg/330px-Indus_at_Skardu_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Indus_at_Skardu_%281%29.jpg/440px-Indus_at_Skardu_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5468" data-file-height="3442" /></a><figcaption>Skardu was founded around the year 1500 along the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> where it enters a broad valley at its confluence with the <a href="/wiki/Shigar_River" title="Shigar River">Shigar River</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_History">Medieval History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medieval History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the dissolution of Tibetan suzerainty over Baltistan in the 9th–10th century CE, Baltistan came under control of the local Maqpon dynasty, which, according to local tradition, is said to have been founded after a migrant from <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> named Ibrahim Shah married a local princess.<sup id="cite_ref-Dani_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dani-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 14th century, Muslim scholars from Kashmir crossed <a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a>'s mountains to spread Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Noorbakshia_Islam" title="Noorbakshia Islam">Noorbakshia</a> Sufi order further propagated the faith in Baltistan, and Islam became dominant by the end of the 17th century. With the passage of time a large number also converted to <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> and a few converted to <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the year 1500, Maqpon Bokha was crowned ruler, and founded the city of Skardu as his capital.<sup id="cite_ref-Dani_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dani-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Skardu_Fort" title="Skardu Fort">Skardu Fort</a> was established around this time.<sup id="cite_ref-Dani_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dani-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his reign, King Makpon Bokha imported craftsmen from Kashmir and <a href="/wiki/Chilas" title="Chilas">Chilas</a> to help develop the area's economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Dani_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dani-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While nearby <a href="/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a> fell out of the orbit of Tibetan influence, Baltistan region remained connected due to its close proximity to <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDani,_The_Western_Himalayan_States1998221_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDani,_The_Western_Himalayan_States1998221-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the region which the dynasty routinely fought against.<sup id="cite_ref-Dani-2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dani-2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1500s, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Said_Khan" title="Sultan Said Khan">Sultan Said Khan</a> of the Timurid <a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent Khanate</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> province of China, raided Baltistan.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the threat illustrated by Sultan Said's invasion, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> attention was roused, prompting the 1586 conquest of Baltistan by the Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dani-2_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dani-2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local Maqpon rulers pledged allegiance, and from that point onwards, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Ali_Sher_Khan_Anchan" title="Ali Sher Khan Anchan">Ali Sher Khan Anchan</a>, the kings of Skardu were mentioned as rulers of Little Tibet in the <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2023)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balti_king_ahmed_shah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of a bearded man holding a rifle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Balti_king_ahmed_shah.jpg/220px-Balti_king_ahmed_shah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Balti_king_ahmed_shah.jpg/330px-Balti_king_ahmed_shah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Balti_king_ahmed_shah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Ahmed Shah, the last Maqpon king before the 1840 Dogra invasion</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1580, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Sher_Khan_Anchan" title="Ali Sher Khan Anchan">Ali Sher Khan Anchan</a> became the Maqpon king. He expanded the borders of the kingdom from <a href="/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>. When the Raja of <a href="/wiki/Laddakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Laddakh">Laddakh</a>, Jamyang Namgyal, attacked the principalities in the district of Purik (<a href="/wiki/Kargil" title="Kargil">Kargil</a>), annihilating the Skardu garrison at Kharbu and putting to sword a number of petty Muslim rulers in the Muslim principalities in Purik (Kargil), Ali Sher Khan Anchan left with a strong army by way of <a href="/wiki/Marol" title="Marol">Marol</a> and, bypassing the Laddakhi army, occupied <a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a>, the capital of Laddakh. It appears that the Balti conquest of Laddakh took place in about 1594 A.D. The Raja of Laddakh was ultimately taken prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhasin2006_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhasin2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jina2005_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jina2005-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bakshi1997_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakshi1997-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then Ali Sher Khan Anchan went to march on Gilgit with an army,<sup id="cite_ref-AkasoyBurnett2011_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AkasoyBurnett2011-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and conquered Astore, Gilgit, <a href="/wiki/Hunza_(princely_state)" title="Hunza (princely state)">Hunza</a>, Nagar, and Chilas. From Gilgit he advanced to, and conquered, <a href="/wiki/Chitral" title="Chitral">Chitral</a> and Kafiristan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decline">Decline</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1839, Dogra commander <a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_Kahluria" class="mw-redirect" title="Zorawar Singh Kahluria">Zorawar Singh Kahluria</a> defeated Balti forces in battles at Wanko Pass and the Thano Kun plains, clearing his path for the invasion of the Skardu valley.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He seized Skardu Fort on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Dogra_dynasty" title="Dogra dynasty">Dogra dynasty</a> based in Jammu, under the suzerainty of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPirumshoev_&_Dani,_The_Pamirs,_Badakhshan_and_the_Trans-Pamir_States2003245_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirumshoev_&_Dani,_The_Pamirs,_Badakhshan_and_the_Trans-Pamir_States2003245-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singh's forces massacred a large number of the garrison's defenders, and publicly tortured Kahlon Rahim Khan of Chigtan in front of a crowd of local Baltis and their chiefs.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1845, the region was completely subjugated by the <a href="/wiki/Dogras" title="Dogras">Dogra</a> rulers of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gertel_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gertel-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the last Maqpon King was taken as prisoner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rulers">Rulers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Genealogy of Maqpon rulers:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1190–1220 Ibrahim</li> <li>1220–1250 Astak Sange</li> <li>1250–1280 Zak Sange</li> <li>1280–1310 Bardak Sange</li> <li>1310–1340 Sek Sange</li> <li>1340–1370 Tam Gori Tham</li> <li>1370–1400 Sa Gori Tham</li> <li>1400–1437 Khohkor Sange</li> <li>1437–1464 Ghota Cho Sange</li> <li>1464–1490 Bahram Cho</li> <li>1490–1515 Bo Kha</li> <li>1515–1540 Sher Shah</li> <li>1540–1565 Ali Khan</li> <li>1565–1590 Ghazi Mir</li> <li>1580–1624 <a href="/wiki/Ali_Sher_Khan_Anchan" title="Ali Sher Khan Anchan">Ali Sher Khan Anchan</a></li> <li>1624–1636 Abdal Khan</li> <li>1636–1655 Adam Khan</li> <li>1655–1670 Murad Khan</li> <li>1670–1678 Sher Khan</li> <li>1678–1680 Muhammad Rafi Khan</li> <li>1680–1710 Shir Khan</li> <li>1710–1745 Mohammad Rafi</li> <li>1745–1780 Sultan Murad</li> <li>1780–1785 Azam Khan</li> <li>1785–1787 Mohammad Zafar Khan</li> <li>1787–1811 Ali Shir Khan</li> <li>1811–1840 Ahmed Shah</li></ul> <p>(May 1840 <a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Dogra invasion</a>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery">Gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mighty_Kharpocho_Fort_Skardu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skardu Fort was the seat of power of the Maqpon Dynasty"><img alt="Skardu Fort was the seat of power of the Maqpon Dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_Mighty_Kharpocho_Fort_Skardu.jpg/120px-The_Mighty_Kharpocho_Fort_Skardu.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_Mighty_Kharpocho_Fort_Skardu.jpg/180px-The_Mighty_Kharpocho_Fort_Skardu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_Mighty_Kharpocho_Fort_Skardu.jpg/240px-The_Mighty_Kharpocho_Fort_Skardu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4264" data-file-height="2468" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skardu Fort was the seat of power of the Maqpon Dynasty</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaqchan_Mosque_from_the_street.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Chaqchan Mosque was built in 1370 in Baltistan"><img alt="The Chaqchan Mosque was built in 1370 in Baltistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Chaqchan_Mosque_from_the_street.jpg/120px-Chaqchan_Mosque_from_the_street.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Chaqchan_Mosque_from_the_street.jpg/180px-Chaqchan_Mosque_from_the_street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Chaqchan_Mosque_from_the_street.jpg/240px-Chaqchan_Mosque_from_the_street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Chaqchan_Mosque" title="Chaqchan Mosque">Chaqchan Mosque</a> was built in 1370 in Baltistan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amburiq_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amburiq Mosque was built in the 14th century"><img alt="Amburiq Mosque was built in the 14th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Amburiq_Mosque.jpg/120px-Amburiq_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Amburiq_Mosque.jpg/180px-Amburiq_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Amburiq_Mosque.jpg/240px-Amburiq_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Amburiq_Mosque" title="Amburiq Mosque">Amburiq Mosque</a> was built in the 14th century</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mughal_period">Mughal period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mughal period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1500s, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Said_Khan" title="Sultan Said Khan">Sultan Said Khan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid</a> <a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent Khanate</a>, of what is now <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, raided Skardu and Baltistan.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the threat illustrated by Sultan Said's invasion, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> attention was aroused, prompting the 1586 conquest of Baltistan by the Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dani-2_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dani-2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local Maqpon rulers pledged allegiance, and from that point onwards, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Ali_Sher_Khan_Anchan" title="Ali Sher Khan Anchan">Ali Sher Khan Anchan</a>, the kings of Skardu were mentioned as rulers of Little Tibet in the historiography of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2023)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Mughal forces again incurred into the region during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a> in 1634-6 under the forces of Zafar Khan, to settle a dispute over the throne between Adam Khan and his elder brother Abdul Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPirumshoev_&_Dani,_The_Pamirs,_Badakhshan_and_the_Trans-Pamir_States2003244_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirumshoev_&_Dani,_The_Pamirs,_Badakhshan_and_the_Trans-Pamir_States2003244-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only after this point in the rule of Shah Jahan and <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>, that Skardu's ruling family was firmly under Mughal control.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ability of the Mughal crown to fund expeditions to territories of marginal value, such as Baltistan, emphasises the wealth of the Mughal coffers.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dogra_rule">Dogra rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dogra rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1839, Dogra commander <a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_Kahluria" class="mw-redirect" title="Zorawar Singh Kahluria">Zorawar Singh Kahluria</a> defeated Balti forces in battles at Wanko Pass and the Thano Kun plains, clearing his path to invade the Skardu valley.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He seized Skardu Fort on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Dogra_dynasty" title="Dogra dynasty">Dogra fiefdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPirumshoev_&_Dani,_The_Pamirs,_Badakhshan_and_the_Trans-Pamir_States2003245_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirumshoev_&_Dani,_The_Pamirs,_Badakhshan_and_the_Trans-Pamir_States2003245-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singh's forces massacred a large number of the garrison's defenders, and publicly tortured Kahlon Rahim Khan of <a href="/wiki/Chiktan" title="Chiktan">Chigtan</a> in front of a crowd of local Baltis and their chiefs.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dogra forces failed in their 1841 attempt to conquer <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>. Following their defeat, Ladakhis rebelled against Dogra rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaul-1998_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaul-1998-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baltis under the leadership of Raja Ahmed Shah soon also rebelled against the Dogras, so Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a> dispatched his commander Wazir Lakhpat to recapture Skardu. His forces were able to convince a guard to betray the garrison by leaving a gate unlocked, thereby allowing Dogra forces to recapture the fort and massacre its Balti defenders.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaul-1998_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaul-1998-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The raja of the Baltis was forced to pay an annual tribute to the Dogra maharaja in Jammu, and also to supply the fort's provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaul-1998_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaul-1998-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Dogra victory, Muhammad Shah was crowned Raja of Skardu in return for his loyalty to the Jammu crown during the rebellion, and was able to exercise some power under the Dogra administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaul-1998_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaul-1998-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military commanders held real governing power in the area until 1851, when Kedaru Thanedar was installed as a civilian administrator of Baltistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaul-1998_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaul-1998-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, Skardu and Kargil were governed as a single district.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaul-1998_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaul-1998-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ladakh would later be joined to the district, while Skardu would serve as the district's winter capital, with <a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a> as the summer capital, up until 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaul-1998_36-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaul-1998-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the administration of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehta_Mangal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehta Mangal (page does not exist)">Mehta Mangal</a> between 1875 and 1885, Skardu's <i>Ranbirgarh</i> was built as his headquarters and residence,<sup id="cite_ref-Kaul-1998_36-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaul-1998-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a <a href="/wiki/Cantonment" title="Cantonment">cantonment</a> and various other government buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaul-1998_36-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaul-1998-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sikhs from <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> were also encouraged to migrate to Skardu to set up commercial enterprises during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaul-1998_36-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaul-1998-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sikh population prospered, and continued to grow, eventually also settling in nearby <a href="/wiki/Shigar" title="Shigar">Shigar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khaplu" title="Khaplu">Khaplu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaul-1998_36-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaul-1998-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1947–48_Kashmir_War"><span id="1947.E2.80.9348_Kashmir_War"></span>1947–48 Kashmir War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1947–48 Kashmir War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of British India">Partition of British India</a>, on 22 October 1947, Pakistan launched a <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_tribal_invasion_of_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani tribal invasion of Kashmir">tribal invasion</a> of Kashmir by <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun people">Pashtuns</a> leading to the Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh" title="Hari Singh">Hari Singh</a> acceding to <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gilgit_Scouts" title="Gilgit Scouts">Gilgit Scouts</a>, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/William_Brown_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Brown (British Army officer)">Major William Brown</a>, mutinied on 1 November 1948, bringing the <a href="/wiki/Gilgit_Agency" title="Gilgit Agency">Gilgit Agency</a> under the control of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown,_Gilgit_Rebellion2014264_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown,_Gilgit_Rebellion2014264-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchofield200363–64_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchofield200363–64-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major <a href="/wiki/Aslam_Khan_(Pakistani_brigadier)" title="Aslam Khan (Pakistani brigadier)">Aslam Khan</a> took over the command of the Gilgit Scouts, organized a force of some 600 men from the rebels and local recruits, and launched attacks on the remaining parts of the State under Indian control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDani,_History_of_Northern_Areas_of_Pakistan2001362–_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDani,_History_of_Northern_Areas_of_Pakistan2001362–-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skardu was an important target because Aslam Khan felt that Gilgit could be threatened from there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown,_Gilgit_Rebellion2014268_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown,_Gilgit_Rebellion2014268-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Skardu garrison was defended by a contingent of 6th <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_State_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu and Kashmir State Forces">Jammu and Kashmir Infantry</a> under the command of Col. <a href="/wiki/Sher_Jung_Thapa" title="Sher Jung Thapa">Sher Jung Thapa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Francis-2013_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis-2013-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial attack of the rebels was repulsed, but the city fell into the rebel hands, cutting off supplies to the garrison.<sup id="cite_ref-Francis-2013_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis-2013-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After holding the garrison for 6 months and 3 days, Thapa and his forces surrendered on 14 August 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-Francis-2013_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis-2013-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city of Skardu constitutes a <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">tehsil</a> within Skardu District. Skardu District itself is the part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Baltistan_Division" title="Baltistan Division">Baltistan Division</a>. The Skardu city being a tehsil/taluka is administered by an <a href="/wiki/Assistant_commissioner_(administration)" title="Assistant commissioner (administration)">Assistant Commissioner</a> of BPS-17 belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Administrative_Service" title="Pakistan Administrative Service">Pakistan Administrative service</a> whereas Skardu District is administered by a Deputy Commissioner BPS-19 of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Administrative_Service" title="Pakistan Administrative Service">Pakistan Administrative Service</a>. The Current DC Skardu is Karim Dad Chughtai. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katpana_Skardu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Katpana_Skardu.jpg/220px-Katpana_Skardu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Katpana_Skardu.jpg/330px-Katpana_Skardu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Katpana_Skardu.jpg/440px-Katpana_Skardu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Skardu's Katpana Lake</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Topography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Skardu_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Skardu Airport">Skardu's Airport</a> is situated at an elevation of 2,230 metres (7,320 feet) <a href="/wiki/Above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above sea level">above sea level</a>, though the mountain peaks surrounding Skardu reach elevations of 4,500–5,800 metres (14,800–19,000 feet).<sup id="cite_ref-Schroder_Jr-2002_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schroder_Jr-2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upstream from Skardu are some of the largest glaciers in the world, including the <a href="/wiki/Baltoro_Glacier" title="Baltoro Glacier">Baltoro Glacier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biafo_Glacier" title="Biafo Glacier">Biafo Glacier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chogo_Lungma_Glacier" title="Chogo Lungma Glacier">Chogo Lungma Glacier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schroder_Jr-2002_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schroder_Jr-2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the surrounding glaciers are surrounded by some of the world's tallest mountains, including <a href="/wiki/K2" title="K2">K2</a>, the world's second tallest mountain at 8,611 metres (28,251 feet), <a href="/wiki/Gasherbrum_I" title="Gasherbrum I">Gasherbrum</a> at 8,068 metres (26,470 feet), and <a href="/wiki/Masherbrum" title="Masherbrum">Masherbrum</a> at 7,821 metres (25,659 feet), these are some of the highest peaks in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Schroder_Jr-2002_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schroder_Jr-2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Deosai_National_Park" title="Deosai National Park">Deosai National Park</a>, the world's second highest alpine plain, is located upstream of Skardu as well. Downstream from Skardu is located the <a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a> mountain at 8,126 metres (26,660 feet).<sup id="cite_ref-Schroder_Jr-2002_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schroder_Jr-2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sakadu_City_View.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sakadu_City_View.JPG/220px-Sakadu_City_View.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sakadu_City_View.JPG/330px-Sakadu_City_View.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sakadu_City_View.JPG/440px-Sakadu_City_View.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Skardu is located in a broad valley carved by glaciation.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltoro_glacier_from_air.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Baltoro_glacier_from_air.jpg/220px-Baltoro_glacier_from_air.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Baltoro_glacier_from_air.jpg/330px-Baltoro_glacier_from_air.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Baltoro_glacier_from_air.jpg/440px-Baltoro_glacier_from_air.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Skardu is located near the <a href="/wiki/Baltoro_Glacier" title="Baltoro Glacier">Baltoro Glacier</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers#List_of_longest_glaciers_on_Earth_in_non-polar_regions" title="List of glaciers">one of the world's longest</a> outside a <a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">polar region</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Skardu is located along the Kohistan-Ladakh <a href="/wiki/Terrane" title="Terrane">terrane</a>, formed as a magmatic arch over a <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethyan</a> subduction zone that was later accreted onto the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schroder_Jr-2002_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schroder_Jr-2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region has low seismic activity compared to surrounding regions, suggesting that Skardu is located in a passive structural element of the <a href="/wiki/Main_Central_Thrust" title="Main Central Thrust">Himalayan thrust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schroder_Jr-2002_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schroder_Jr-2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stone in the Skardu region is Katzarah <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schist</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiometric</a> estimated age of 37 to 105 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-Schroder_Jr-2002_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schroder_Jr-2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous complex granitic pegmatites and a few alpine-cleft metamorphic rock deposits are found in the Shigar Valley and its tributaries. Shigar Valley contains the Main Karakoram Thrust separating the metasediments (chlorite to amphibolite grade) on the Asian plate from the southern volcanoclastic rocks of the Kohistan-Ladakh island arc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MoonRise_in_Skardu_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/MoonRise_in_Skardu_City.jpg/220px-MoonRise_in_Skardu_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/MoonRise_in_Skardu_City.jpg/330px-MoonRise_in_Skardu_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/MoonRise_in_Skardu_City.jpg/440px-MoonRise_in_Skardu_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3822" /></a><figcaption>Skardu at dusk</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unexpected_Snow_in_Katpana_Skardu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Unexpected_Snow_in_Katpana_Skardu.jpg/220px-Unexpected_Snow_in_Katpana_Skardu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Unexpected_Snow_in_Katpana_Skardu.jpg/330px-Unexpected_Snow_in_Katpana_Skardu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Unexpected_Snow_in_Katpana_Skardu.jpg/440px-Unexpected_Snow_in_Katpana_Skardu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Sand dunes in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_Desert,_Skardu" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold Desert, Skardu">Cold Desert of Skardu</a> are often covered in snow during winter.</figcaption></figure> <p>Skardu features a <a href="/wiki/Cold_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold semi-arid climate">cold semi-arid climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <i>BSk</i>). The climate of Skardu during the summer is moderated by its mountain setting; the intense heat of lowland Pakistan does not reach it. The mountains block out the summer <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a>, and summer rainfall is thus quite low. However, these mountains result in very severe winter weather. During the April-to-October tourist season, temperatures vary between a maximum of 27 °C (81 °F) and a minimum (in October) 8 °C (46 °F). </p><p>Temperatures can drop to below −10 °C (14 °F) in the December-to-January midwinter period. The lowest recorded temperature was −24.1 °C (−11 °F) on 7 January 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-PMD_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMD-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Skardu </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br />(57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6<br />(85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4<br />(93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0<br />(104.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.0<br />(105.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.0<br />(105.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.2<br />(100.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2<br />(88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9<br />(73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2<br />(61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41.0<br />(105.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br />(43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7<br />(83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6<br />(88.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2<br />(88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2<br />(81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.9<br />(58.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.0<br />(17.6) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.4<br />(24.1) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br />(34.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br />(43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4<br />(56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4<br />(61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4<br />(52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3<br />(39.7) </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.9<br />(28.6) </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.6<br />(21.9) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.1<br />(39.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.1<br />(−11.4) </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.0<br />(−4.0) </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.5<br />(7.7) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1<br />(30.0) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(32.7) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5<br />(45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6<br />(36.7) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.2<br />(24.4) </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.5<br />(14.9) </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.2<br />(1.0) </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−24.1<br />(−11.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D6FFD6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5<br />(1.08) </td> <td style="background: #D4FFD4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(1.02) </td> <td style="background: #C8FFC8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.9<br />(1.45) </td> <td style="background: #CEFFCE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.3<br />(1.23) </td> <td style="background: #D9FFD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3<br />(1.00) </td> <td style="background: #F1FFF1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br />(0.35) </td> <td style="background: #F0FFF0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br />(0.39) </td> <td style="background: #ECFFEC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(0.48) </td> <td style="background: #F0FFF0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3<br />(0.37) </td> <td style="background: #F4FFF4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3<br />(0.29) </td> <td style="background: #F6FFF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(0.22) </td> <td style="background: #E6FFE6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3<br />(0.64) </td> <td style="background: #E9FFE9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">172.7<br />(6.80) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(at 17:00 <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Standard_Time" title="Pakistan Standard Time">PST</a>)</span> </th> <td style="background: #0909FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.3 </td> <td style="background: #3838FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">52.0 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.9 </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6 </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 </td> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2 </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.6 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56.2 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">29.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department<sup id="cite_ref-PMD_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMD-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shangrila,_Lower_Kachura_Lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Shangrila%2C_Lower_Kachura_Lake.jpg/220px-Shangrila%2C_Lower_Kachura_Lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Shangrila%2C_Lower_Kachura_Lake.jpg/330px-Shangrila%2C_Lower_Kachura_Lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Shangrila%2C_Lower_Kachura_Lake.jpg/440px-Shangrila%2C_Lower_Kachura_Lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shangrila_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Shangrila Lake">Shangrila Lake</a> with adjoining Shangrila resort</figcaption></figure> <p>Skardu, along with <a href="/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a>, is a major tourism, trekking and expedition hub in <a href="/wiki/Gilgit%E2%80%93Baltistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgit–Baltistan">Gilgit–Baltistan</a>. The mountainous terrain of the region, which includes four of the world's 14 <a href="/wiki/Eight-thousander" title="Eight-thousander">Eight-thousander</a> peaks, attracts tourists, trekkers and mountaineers from around the world . The main tourist season is from April to October; at other times of the year, the area can be cut off for extended periods by the snowy, freezing winter weather. Skardu now has a scenic airport which is now open for international flights<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> courtesy of companies who relentless lobbied to facilitate international tourist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mountains">Mountains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mountains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamia_masjid(mosque)_skardu._photo_by_me.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Jamia_masjid%28mosque%29_skardu._photo_by_me.jpg/220px-Jamia_masjid%28mosque%29_skardu._photo_by_me.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Jamia_masjid%28mosque%29_skardu._photo_by_me.jpg/330px-Jamia_masjid%28mosque%29_skardu._photo_by_me.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Jamia_masjid%28mosque%29_skardu._photo_by_me.jpg/440px-Jamia_masjid%28mosque%29_skardu._photo_by_me.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Skardu Grand Mosque</figcaption></figure> <p>Accessible from Skardu by road, the nearby <a href="/wiki/Askole" title="Askole">Askole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hushe" title="Hushe">Hushe</a> are the main gateways to the snow-covered 8,000-metre (26,000-<a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">foot</a>) peaks including <a href="/wiki/K2" title="K2">K2</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gasherbrum" title="Gasherbrum">Gasherbrums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broad_Peak" title="Broad Peak">Broad Peak</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Trango_Towers" title="Trango Towers">Trango Towers</a>, and to the huge glaciers of <a href="/wiki/Baltoro_Glacier" title="Baltoro Glacier">Baltoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biafo_Glacier" title="Biafo Glacier">Biafo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trango_Glacier" title="Trango Glacier">Trango</a>. This makes Skardu the main tourist and mountaineering base in the area, which has led to the development of a reasonably extensive tourist infrastructure including shops and hotels. The popularity of the region results in high prices, especially during the main trekking season. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deosai_National_Park">Deosai National Park</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Deosai National Park"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Treks to the <a href="/wiki/Deosai_National_Park" title="Deosai National Park">Deosai National Park</a> and the Deosai Plains, the second highest in the world at 4,114 metres (13,497 ft) above sea level, after the <a href="/wiki/Chang_Tang" class="mw-redirect" title="Chang Tang">Chang Tang</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, either start from or end at Skardu. In the local <a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti language</a>, Deosai is called Byarsa <i>བྱིར་ས</i>, meaning 'summer place'. With an area of approximately 3,000 square kilometres (1,158 sq mi), the plains extend all the way to Ladakh and provide a habitat for <a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">snow leopards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibex" title="Ibex">ibex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_blue_bear" title="Tibetan blue bear">Tibetan blue bears</a> and wild horses.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skardu_Fort">Skardu Fort</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Skardu Fort"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SkarduFortEntrance1167.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/SkarduFortEntrance1167.JPG/220px-SkarduFortEntrance1167.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/SkarduFortEntrance1167.JPG/330px-SkarduFortEntrance1167.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/SkarduFortEntrance1167.JPG/440px-SkarduFortEntrance1167.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Skardu_Fort" title="Skardu Fort">Skardu Fort</a> was built by Raja Ali Sher at the end of the 16th century, and was home to Skardu's local <i>Rajas</i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Skardu_Fort" title="Skardu Fort">Skardu Fort</a> or Kharphocho Fort lies on the eastern face of the Khardrong or Mindoq-Khar ("Castle of Queen Mindoq") hill 15 metres (49 feet) above Skardu town. The fort dates from the 8th century CE and contains an old mosque probably dating back to the arrival of Islam in the 16th century CE. The fort provides a panoramic view of Skardu town, the Skardu valley and the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>. It was built by <a href="/wiki/Maqpon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqpon dynasty">Maqpon dynasty</a> rulers of Baltistan. It was a seven-storey building. Mostly local people say that Kharphocho is made by a ghost as they were servants of the ruler of that time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Kharphocho (Skardu) fort was built on a design similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Leh_Palace" title="Leh Palace">Leh Palace</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>. The name Kharpochhe means the great fort — <i>Khar</i> in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a> means castle or fort and <i>Chhe</i> means great.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shigar_Fort">Shigar Fort</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Shigar Fort"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shigar_fort.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shigar_fort.JPG/170px-Shigar_fort.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shigar_fort.JPG/255px-Shigar_fort.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shigar_fort.JPG/340px-Shigar_fort.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Shigar_Fort" title="Shigar Fort">Shigar Fort</a> is a 400 year old fort in the nearby town of <a href="/wiki/Shigar" title="Shigar">Shigar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Located on the route to the world's second highest mountain, K-2 is Shigar Fort. It is also known as Fong-Khar, which in the local language means the "Palace on the Rock". The complex at Shigar comprises the 400-year-old fort/palace and two more recent buildings: the "Old House" and the "Garden House". The former palace of the Raja of Shigar has been transformed into a 20-room heritage guesthouse, with the grand audience hall serving as a museum of Balti culture and featuring select examples of fine wood-carvings, as well as other heritage objects.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kachura_Lakes">Kachura Lakes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Kachura Lakes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two Kachura lakes in Kachura Valley — the less well-known (Upper) <a href="/wiki/Kachura_Lake" title="Kachura Lake">Kachura Lake</a> and the more famous <a href="/wiki/Shangrila_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Shangrila Lake">Shangrila Lake</a> ("Lower Kachura Lake"). Shangrila Lake is home to the Shangrila Resort hotel complex (possibly the reason for the lake's alternative name), built in a Chinese style and another popular destination for tourists in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan-administered_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan-administered Kashmir">Pakistan-administered Kashmir</a>. </p><p>The resort has a unique restaurant, set up inside the <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> that crashed On 3 October 1953, a DC-3 Aircraft belonging to Orient Airways crashed landed after three minutes of taking off. Although all people on the aircraft survived the crash, the plane never saw another day in the sky. Kachura Lake is famous for its deep blue waters. The lakes, at 2,500 meters in elevation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satpara_Lake">Satpara Lake</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Satpara Lake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Satpara_Lake" title="Satpara Lake">Satpara Lake</a> is Skardu Valley's main lake. In 2002, the Federal Government decided to build a dam on the Satpara Lake allocating $10 million to the project, in 2004. Progress has, however, been slow. Satpara Lake is 6 miles (9.7 km) from Skardu. Satpara Lake is one of the largest fresh water lakes in the countryside offering trout fishing and row boating. This lake is the source of Skardu's drinking water. The dam was mostly completed in 2011 and four powerhouse units are operational; the latest started operation in June 2013. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA_rendezvous-edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/PIA_rendezvous-edit.jpg/220px-PIA_rendezvous-edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/PIA_rendezvous-edit.jpg/330px-PIA_rendezvous-edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/PIA_rendezvous-edit.jpg/440px-PIA_rendezvous-edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines" title="Pakistan International Airlines">Pakistan International Airlines</a> operated one daily flight to <a href="/wiki/Skardu_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Skardu Airport">Skardu Airport</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737-300" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 737-300">Boeing 737-300</a>. It has since been replaced by an <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320_family" title="Airbus A320 family">Airbus A320</a> and further supplemented by an <a href="/wiki/ATR_42" title="ATR 42">ATR 42</a> as of end-2021.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA_Airbus_A320_at_Skardu_International_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PIA_Airbus_A320_at_Skardu_International_Airport.jpg/220px-PIA_Airbus_A320_at_Skardu_International_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PIA_Airbus_A320_at_Skardu_International_Airport.jpg/330px-PIA_Airbus_A320_at_Skardu_International_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PIA_Airbus_A320_at_Skardu_International_Airport.jpg/440px-PIA_Airbus_A320_at_Skardu_International_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A PIA Airbus A320 at Skardu Airport</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The normal road route into Skardu is via the <a href="/wiki/Karakorum_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakorum Highway">Karakorum Highway</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Skardu_Road_(S1)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skardu Road (S1)">Skardu Road (S1)</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Skardu_Valley" title="Skardu Valley">Skardu Valley</a> from it. Roads once linked Skardu to <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a>, though none are open for cross-<a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">LoC</a> travel. </p><p>Skardu's weather can have adverse effects on transport in and out of the region, as Skardu is often snowbound during the winter months. Roads in and out of Skardu can be blocked for extended periods of time, sometimes leaving air travel as the only feasible alternative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 2 December 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Skardu_International_Airport" title="Skardu International Airport">Skardu International Airport</a> was designated and re-inaugurated as an international airport after providing upgrades to the airport to become a tourism hub for <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Flydubai" title="Flydubai">Flydubai</a> has submitted a request to start international operations to and from Skardu airport, which would potentially become the first airline to start international routes from Skardu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satpara_Dam">Satpara Dam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Satpara Dam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Satpara_Dam" title="Satpara Dam">Satpara Dam</a> development project on the <a href="/wiki/Satpara_Lake" title="Satpara Lake">Satpara Lake</a> was inaugurated in 2003. It was completed in 2011. It is 6 km (4 mi) south of Skardu city and is at an elevation of 2,700 metres (8,900 ft) above mean sea level. The main source of water is ice melt from the <a href="/wiki/Deosai_plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Deosai plains">Deosai plains</a> during the summer season. Now Satpara Dam provides drinking water to the whole city of Skardu and agricultural water to major areas of Skardu, for example, Gayoul, Newrangha, Khlangranga, Shigari Khurd, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is a multipurpose project, which will produce 17.36 megawatts hydro generation, irrigate 15,000 acres (61 km<sup>2</sup>) of land and provide 13 cusecs drinking water daily to Skardu city.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amen_Aamir" title="Amen Aamir">Amen Aamir</a>, first woman from Gilgit-Baltistan to qualify as a pilot.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sadpara" title="Ali Sadpara">Ali Sadpara</a> (2 February 1976 – 5 February 2021) was a Pakistani high-altitude mountaineer, born in the village of Sadpara, located near Skardu</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tertiary-kashmir-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tertiary-kashmir_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tertiary-kashmir_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TERTIARY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TERTIARY">tertiary sources</a> (a) through (d), reflecting <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DUE">due weight</a> in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (f) through (h) below, "held" is also considered politicized usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (i) below). <br /> (a) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent"><i>Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent</i></a>, Encyclopaedia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmir%2C+region+Indian+subcontinent&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FKashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span> (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories.";<br /> (b) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPletcher" class="citation cs2">Pletcher, Kenneth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin"><i>Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia</i></a>, Encyclopaedia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aksai+Chin%2C+Plateau+Region%2C+Asia&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Pletcher&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FAksai-Chin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span> (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state."; <br /> (c) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Kashmir", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328"><i>Encyclopedia Americana</i></a>, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006, p. 328, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7172-0139-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7172-0139-6"><bdi>978-0-7172-0139-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kashmir&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Scholastic+Library+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl_cWAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span> C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947"; <br /> (d) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsmańczyk2003" class="citation cs2">Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191"><i>Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M</i></a>, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93922-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93922-5"><bdi>978-0-415-93922-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+United+Nations+and+International+Agreements%3A+G+to+M&rft.pages=1191-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93922-5&rft.aulast=Osma%C5%84czyk&rft.aufirst=Edmund+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfSIMXHMdfkkC%26pg%3DPA1191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute betw een India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China." <br />(e) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2016" class="citation cs2">Talbot, Ian (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eNg_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28"><i>A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas</i></a>, Yale University Press, pp. 28–29, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19694-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19694-8"><bdi>978-0-300-19694-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+South+Asia%3A+Politics%2C+States%2C+Diasporas&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-300-19694-8&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeNg_CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognised in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir."; <br /> (f) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent"><i>Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent</i></a>, Encyclopaedia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmir%2C+region+Indian+subcontinent&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FKashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span> (subscription required) Quote: "... China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962."; <br /> (g) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose2009" class="citation cs2">Bose, Sumantra (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC&pg=PA294"><i>Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace</i></a>, Harvard University Press, pp. 294, 291, 293, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02855-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02855-5"><bdi>978-0-674-02855-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmir%3A+Roots+of+Conflict%2C+Paths+to+Peace&rft.pages=294%2C+291%2C+293&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02855-5&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Sumantra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ACMe9WBdNAC%26pg%3DPA294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million. AJK has six districts: Muzaffarabad, Mirpur, Bagh, Kodi, Rawalakot, and Poonch. Its capital is the town of Muzaffarabad. AJK has its own institutions, but its political life is heavily controlled by Pakistani authorities, especially the military), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control." <br /> (h) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2018" class="citation cs2">Fisher, Michael H. (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166"><i>An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 166, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11162-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11162-2"><bdi>978-1-107-11162-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Environmental+History+of+India%3A+From+Earliest+Times+to+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-107-11162-2&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkZVuDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: "Kashmir’s identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised “Line of Control” still separating Pakistani-held Azad (“Free”) Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir."; <br /> (i) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnedden2015" class="citation cs2">Snedden, Christopher (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5amKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10"><i>Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris</i></a>, Oxford University Press, p. 10, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-621-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-621-3"><bdi>978-1-84904-621-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Kashmir+and+Kashmiris&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-84904-621-3&rft.aulast=Snedden&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5amKCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span> Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'." </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/pakistan/cities/gilgitbaltistan/">"Gilgit-Baltistan: Districts & Places – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gilgit-Baltistan%3A+Districts+%26+Places+%E2%80%93+Population+Statistics%2C+Maps%2C+Charts%2C+Weather+and+Web+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fpakistan%2Fcities%2Fgilgitbaltistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirumshoev_&_Dani,_The_Pamirs,_Badakhshan_and_the_Trans-Pamir_States2003245-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPirumshoev_&_Dani,_The_Pamirs,_Badakhshan_and_the_Trans-Pamir_States2003245_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPirumshoev_&_Dani,_The_Pamirs,_Badakhshan_and_the_Trans-Pamir_States2003245_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPirumshoev_&_Dani,_The_Pamirs,_Badakhshan_and_the_Trans-Pamir_States2003245_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPirumshoev_&_Dani,_The_Pamirs,_Badakhshan_and_the_Trans-Pamir_States2003">Pirumshoev & Dani, The Pamirs, Badakhshan and the Trans-Pamir States 2003</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkardu" class="citation web cs1">Skardu, District. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161124030125/http://www.skardu.pk/skardu/">"Skardu District"</a>. <i>www.skardu.pk</i>. Skardu.pk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skardu.pk/skardu/">the original</a> on 24 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.skardu.pk&rft.atitle=Skardu+District&rft.aulast=Skardu&rft.aufirst=District&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skardu.pk%2Fskardu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dani-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dani_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dani_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dani_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dani_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dani_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dani_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dani_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dani_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dani_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dani_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dani_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dani_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dani_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDani,_The_Western_Himalayan_States1998">Dani, The Western Himalayan States 1998</a>, p. 220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VII-1-62/V-7/page-hr/0091.html.en">"Southern Tibet : vol.7 / Page 91 (Grayscale High Resolution Image)"</a>. <i>dsr.nii.ac.jp</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dsr.nii.ac.jp&rft.atitle=Southern+Tibet+%3A+vol.7+%2F+Page+91+%28Grayscale+High+Resolution+Image%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsr.nii.ac.jp%2Ftoyobunko%2FVII-1-62%2FV-7%2Fpage-hr%2F0091.html.en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schroder_Jr-2002-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schroder_Jr-2002_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schroder_Jr-2002_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schroder_Jr-2002_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schroder_Jr-2002_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schroder_Jr-2002_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schroder_Jr-2002_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schroder_Jr-2002_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schroder_Jr-2002_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schroder_Jr-2002_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroder_Jr2002" class="citation book cs1">Schroder Jr, John F. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AfWJAgAAQBAJ&q=skardu&pg=PA60"><i>Himalaya to the Sea: Geology, Geomorphology and the Quaternary</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134919772" title="Special:BookSources/9781134919772"><bdi>9781134919772</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himalaya+to+the+Sea%3A+Geology%2C+Geomorphology+and+the+Quaternary&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781134919772&rft.aulast=Schroder+Jr&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAfWJAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dskardu%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ÖztürkHakeem2015-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ÖztürkHakeem2015_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2015" class="citation cs2">Ahmed, M. (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v1X1CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA456">"Interdependence of Biodiversity, Applied Ethnobotony and Conservation"</a>, in Münir Öztürk; Khalid Rehman Hakeem; I. Faridah-Hanum; Recep Efe (eds.), <i>Climate Change Impacts on High-Altitude Ecosystems</i>, Springer, p. 456, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-12859-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-12859-7"><bdi>978-3-319-12859-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Interdependence+of+Biodiversity%2C+Applied+Ethnobotony+and+Conservation&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+Impacts+on+High-Altitude+Ecosystems&rft.pages=456&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-319-12859-7&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv1X1CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dani-2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dani-2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dani-2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dani-2_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dani-2_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dani-2_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDani,_The_Western_Himalayan_States1998">Dani, The Western Himalayan States 1998</a>, p. 219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mybaltistan.com/History/History%20of%20Emporor/Maqpon/Urdu/009.htm">"Tareekh e Baltistan"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tareekh+e+Baltistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mybaltistan.com%2FHistory%2FHistory%2520of%2520Emporor%2FMaqpon%2FUrdu%2F009.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindukushtrails.com/tribes-baltis.php?print">"Hindukush Trails > The Tribes > Baltis"</a>. <i>www.hindukushtrails.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hindukushtrails.com&rft.atitle=Hindukush+Trails+%3E+The+Tribes+%3E+Baltis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindukushtrails.com%2Ftribes-baltis.php%3Fprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTikoo2012" class="citation book cs1">Tikoo, Tej K. (30 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kRFvWyqGNzEC&dq=ali+sher+khan+anchan+ladakh&pg=PA109"><i>Kashmir: Its Aborigines and Their Exodus</i></a>. Amber Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781935501343" title="Special:BookSources/9781935501343"><bdi>9781935501343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmir%3A+Its+Aborigines+and+Their+Exodus&rft.pub=Amber+Books+Limited&rft.date=2012-06-30&rft.isbn=9781935501343&rft.aulast=Tikoo&rft.aufirst=Tej+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkRFvWyqGNzEC%26dq%3Dali%2Bsher%2Bkhan%2Banchan%2Bladakh%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDani,_The_Western_Himalayan_States1998221-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDani,_The_Western_Himalayan_States1998221_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDani,_The_Western_Himalayan_States1998221_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDani,_The_Western_Himalayan_States1998">Dani, The Western Himalayan States 1998</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2007" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Surjit Singh (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qw7-kUkHA_0C&pg=PA107"><i>History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1469–1606 C.E</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126908578" title="Special:BookSources/9788126908578"><bdi>9788126908578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Sikh+Gurus+Retold%3A+1469%E2%80%931606+C.E&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788126908578&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Surjit+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqw7-kUkHA_0C%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130615182719/http://www.marafiefoundation.org/Default.aspx?tabid=78">"Baltistan – North Pakistan"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marafiefoundation.org/Default.aspx?=78">the original</a> on 15 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baltistan+%E2%80%93+North+Pakistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marafiefoundation.org%2FDefault.aspx%3F%3D78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.himalmag.com/little-tibet-renaissance-and-resistance-in-baltistan/">"Little Tibet: Renaissance and Resistance in Baltistan"</a>. <i>Himal Southasian</i>. 30 April 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Himal+Southasian&rft.atitle=Little+Tibet%3A+Renaissance+and+Resistance+in+Baltistan&rft.date=1998-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.himalmag.com%2Flittle-tibet-renaissance-and-resistance-in-baltistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdshead2016" class="citation book cs1">Adshead, S. A. M. (27 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tvu-DAAAQBAJ&q=timurid+baltistan&pg=PA144"><i>Central Asia in World History</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349226245" title="Special:BookSources/9781349226245"><bdi>9781349226245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Asia+in+World+History&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft.isbn=9781349226245&rft.aulast=Adshead&rft.aufirst=S.+A.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtvu-DAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtimurid%2Bbaltistan%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skardu.pk/">"Vacations, Holiday, Travel, Climbing, Trekking"</a>. 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Indus Publishing. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-186-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-186-3"><bdi>978-81-7387-186-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amazing+Land+Ladakh%3A+Places%2C+People%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-7387-186-3&rft.au=Sanjeev+Kumar+Bhasin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8IZloNzI8BgC%26q%3Dali%2Bmir%2Bskardu%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jina2005-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jina2005_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrem_Singh_Jina2005" class="citation book cs1">Prem Singh Jina (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qe_nv7mH678C&q=ali+mir+skardu&pg=PA349"><i>Ladakh Profile</i></a>. Kalpaz Publications. p. 349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-437-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-437-8"><bdi>978-81-7835-437-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ladakh+Profile&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=Kalpaz+Publications&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-7835-437-8&rft.au=Prem+Singh+Jina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqe_nv7mH678C%26q%3Dali%2Bmir%2Bskardu%26pg%3DPA349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bakshi1997-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bakshi1997_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.R._Bakshi1997" class="citation book cs1">S.R. Bakshi (1 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_U1LEY1yWmagC"><i>Kashmir: History and People</i></a>. Sarup & Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_U1LEY1yWmagC/page/n93">83</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85431-96-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85431-96-3"><bdi>978-81-85431-96-3</bdi></a>. <q>ali mir skardu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmir%3A+History+and+People&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-85431-96-3&rft.au=S.R.+Bakshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_U1LEY1yWmagC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AkasoyBurnett2011-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AkasoyBurnett2011_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnna_AkasoyCharles_S._F._BurnettRonit_Yoeli-Tlalim2011" class="citation book cs1">Anna Akasoy; Charles S. F. Burnett; Ronit Yoeli-Tlalim (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfWXIfbynwYC&q=ali+sher+khan+gilgit&pg=PA245"><i>Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6956-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6956-2"><bdi>978-0-7546-6956-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Tibet%3A+Interactions+Along+the+Musk+Routes&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6956-2&rft.au=Anna+Akasoy&rft.au=Charles+S.+F.+Burnett&rft.au=Ronit+Yoeli-Tlalim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZfWXIfbynwYC%26q%3Dali%2Bsher%2Bkhan%2Bgilgit%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaulKaul1992" class="citation book cs1">Kaul, Shridhar; Kaul, H. N. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8J3YdskW00sC&q=dogra+skardu&pg=PA75"><i>Ladakh Through the Ages, Towards a New Identity</i></a>. Indus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185182759" title="Special:BookSources/9788185182759"><bdi>9788185182759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ladakh+Through+the+Ages%2C+Towards+a+New+Identity&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9788185182759&rft.aulast=Kaul&rft.aufirst=Shridhar&rft.au=Kaul%2C+H.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8J3YdskW00sC%26q%3Ddogra%2Bskardu%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharak2016" class="citation book cs1">Charak, Sukhdev Singh (8 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_qk-DwAAQBAJ&q=skardu+zorawar&pg=PT49"><i>GENERAL ZORAWAR SINGH</i></a>. New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788123026480" title="Special:BookSources/9788123026480"><bdi>9788123026480</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GENERAL+ZORAWAR+SINGH&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Publications+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+%26+Broadcasting&rft.date=2016-09-08&rft.isbn=9788123026480&rft.aulast=Charak&rft.aufirst=Sukhdev+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_qk-DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dskardu%2Bzorawar%26pg%3DPT49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ali, Manzoom (12 June 2004). 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A. M. (27 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tvu-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA144"><i>Central Asia in World History</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349226245" title="Special:BookSources/9781349226245"><bdi>9781349226245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Asia+in+World+History&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft.isbn=9781349226245&rft.aulast=Adshead&rft.aufirst=S.+A.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtvu-DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skardu.pk/">"Vacations, Holiday, Travel, Climbing, Trekkinpg"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vacations%2C+Holiday%2C+Travel%2C+Climbing%2C+Trekkinpg&rft.pub=Skardu.pk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skardu.pk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirumshoev_&_Dani,_The_Pamirs,_Badakhshan_and_the_Trans-Pamir_States2003244-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPirumshoev_&_Dani,_The_Pamirs,_Badakhshan_and_the_Trans-Pamir_States2003244_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPirumshoev_&_Dani,_The_Pamirs,_Badakhshan_and_the_Trans-Pamir_States2003">Pirumshoev & Dani, The Pamirs, Badakhshan and the Trans-Pamir States 2003</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfridi1988" class="citation book cs1">Afridi, Banat Gul (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mQFuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Baltistan in History</i></a>. Emjay Books International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baltistan+in+History&rft.pub=Emjay+Books+International&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Afridi&rft.aufirst=Banat+Gul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmQFuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Association_for_Tibetan_Studies2006" class="citation book cs1">International Association for Tibetan Studies (1 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SB9mAAAAMAAJ"><i>Tibetan Borderlands: PIATS 2003: Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford, 2003</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004154827" title="Special:BookSources/9789004154827"><bdi>9789004154827</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan+Borderlands%3A+PIATS+2003%3A+Tibetan+Studies%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Tenth+Seminar+of+the+International+Association+for+Tibetan+Studies%2C+Oxford%2C+2003&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.isbn=9789004154827&rft.au=International+Association+for+Tibetan+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSB9mAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale2009" class="citation book cs1">Dale, Stephen F. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316184394" title="Special:BookSources/9781316184394"><bdi>9781316184394</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Empires+of+the+Ottomans%2C+Safavids%2C+and+Mughals&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009-12-24&rft.isbn=9781316184394&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Stephen+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvNmaBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaulKaul1992" class="citation book cs1">Kaul, Shridhar; Kaul, H. N. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8J3YdskW00sC&pg=PA75"><i>Ladakh Through the Ages, Towards a New Identity</i></a>. Indus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185182759" title="Special:BookSources/9788185182759"><bdi>9788185182759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ladakh+Through+the+Ages%2C+Towards+a+New+Identity&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9788185182759&rft.aulast=Kaul&rft.aufirst=Shridhar&rft.au=Kaul%2C+H.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8J3YdskW00sC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharak2016" class="citation book cs1">Charak, Sukhdev Singh (8 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_qk-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT49"><i>GENERAL ZORAWAR SINGH</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climate+Data+Processing+Centre+%28CDPC%29%2C+Pakistan+Meteorological+Department%2C+Karachi&rft.atitle=Skardu+Climate+Data%2C+Mean+for+the+Period+1961+-+2009&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakmet.com.pk%2Fcdpc%2FClimate%2FSkardu_Climate_Data.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arab.news/yftj3">"First international flight from Skardu departs for Dubai with 160 passengers"</a>. <i>Arab News</i>. 22 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC"><i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. IV, Part 1 — The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century — The historical, social and economic setting</i></a>, UNESCO, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1"><bdi>978-92-3-103467-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%2C+Vol.+IV%2C+Part+1+%E2%80%94+The+age+of+achievement%3A+A.D.+750+to+the+end+of+the+fifteenth+century+%E2%80%94+The+historical%2C+social+and+economic+setting&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103467-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D18eABeokpjEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDani,_The_Western_Himalayan_States1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Hasan_Dani" title="Ahmad Hasan Dani">Dani, Ahmad Hasan</a> (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA215">"The Western Himalayan States"</a>, <i>Ibid</i>, UNESCO, pp. 215–225, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1"><bdi>978-92-3-103467-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Western+Himalayan+States&rft.btitle=Ibid&rft.pages=215-225&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103467-1&rft.aulast=Dani&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Hasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D18eABeokpjEC%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChahryar_AdleIrfan_Habib2003" class="citation book cs1">Chahryar Adle; Irfan Habib, eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AzG5llo3YCMC&pg=PA245"><i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. V — Development in contrast: From the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century</i></a>. UNESCO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103876-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103876-1"><bdi>978-92-3-103876-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%2C+Vol.+V+%E2%80%94+Development+in+contrast%3A+From+the+sixteenth+to+the+mid-nineteenth+century&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103876-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAzG5llo3YCMC%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPirumshoev_&_Dani,_The_Pamirs,_Badakhshan_and_the_Trans-Pamir_States2003" class="citation cs2">Pirumshoev, H. S.; <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Hasan_Dani" title="Ahmad Hasan Dani">Dani, Ahmad Hasan</a> (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AzG5llo3YCMC&pg=PA244">"The Pamirs, Badakhshan and the Trans-Pamir States"</a>, <i>Ibid</i>, UNESCO, pp. 225–246, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789231038761" title="Special:BookSources/9789231038761"><bdi>9789231038761</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pamirs%2C+Badakhshan+and+the+Trans-Pamir+States&rft.btitle=Ibid&rft.pages=225-246&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9789231038761&rft.aulast=Pirumshoev&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rft.au=Dani%2C+Ahmad+Hasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAzG5llo3YCMC%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_Gilgit_Rebellion2014" class="citation cs2">Brown, William (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=53BtBQAAQBAJ"><i>Gilgit Rebelion: The Major Who Mutinied Over Partition of India</i></a>, Pen and Sword, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-4112-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-4112-3"><bdi>978-1-4738-4112-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gilgit+Rebelion%3A+The+Major+Who+Mutinied+Over+Partition+of+India&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-4112-3&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D53BtBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDani,_History_of_Northern_Areas_of_Pakistan2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Hasan_Dani" title="Ahmad Hasan Dani">Dani, Ahmad Hasan</a> (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MOltAAAAMAAJ"><i>History of Northern Areas of Pakistan: Upto 2000 A.D.</i></a>, Sang-e-Meel Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-35-1231-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-35-1231-1"><bdi>978-969-35-1231-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Northern+Areas+of+Pakistan%3A+Upto+2000+A.D.&rft.pub=Sang-e-Meel+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-969-35-1231-1&rft.aulast=Dani&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Hasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMOltAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetr1999" class="citation book cs1">Petr, T. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4HESCeJyZcC&pg=PA134"><i>Fish and Fisheries at Higher Altitudes: Asia</i></a>. Food & Agriculture Org. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-104309-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-104309-7"><bdi>978-92-5-104309-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fish+and+Fisheries+at+Higher+Altitudes%3A+Asia&rft.pub=Food+%26+Agriculture+Org.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-92-5-104309-7&rft.aulast=Petr&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ4HESCeJyZcC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Schofield" title="Victoria Schofield">Schofield, Victoria</a> (2003) [2000]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/00book584554548"><i>Kashmir in Conflict</i></a></span>. London and New York: I. B. Taurus & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-898-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-898-3"><bdi>1-86064-898-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmir+in+Conflict&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=I.+B.+Taurus+%26+Co&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-86064-898-3&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F00book584554548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkardu" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jettmar, Karl et al. (1985): <i>Zwischen Gandhara und den Seidenstrassen: Felsbilder am Karakorum Highway: Entdeckungen deutsch-pakistanischer Expeditionen 1979–1984</i>. 1985. Mainz am Rhein, Philipp von Zabern.</li> <li>Jettmar. Karl (1980): <i>Bolor & Dardistan</i>. Karl Jettmar. Islamabad, National Institute of Folk Heritage.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skardu&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Skardu_District" title="Template:Skardu District"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Skardu_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Skardu District (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Skardu_District" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Skardu District"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Populated_places_in_Skardu_District" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Populated places in <a href="/wiki/Skardu_District" title="Skardu District">Skardu District</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arandu,_Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Arandu, Gilgit-Baltistan">Arandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gultari_Valley" title="Gultari Valley">Gultari Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Gham" title="Haji Gham">Haji Gham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korphe" title="Korphe">Korphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newrangha" title="Newrangha">Newrangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakwar" title="Sakwar">Sakwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermik" title="Sermik">Sermik</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Skardu</a> <small>(district headquarters)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stak_Valley" title="Stak Valley">Stak Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thowar" title="Thowar">Thowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tormik_Valley" title="Tormik Valley">Tormik Valley</a></li></ul> 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